CIRCUIT OPERATION

We used Colpitts Oscillator to generate our Carrier frequency and pass this through a
high pass filter (C8 and R8). After filtering the carrier frequency, it is then modulated by the
modulating signal generated from function generator (XFG1) through an emitter modulator,
having an amplitude of 10 mVp, and a frequency of 1 kHz. The modulated wave is then filtered
by a high pass filter (C2 and R12) and is fed to the RF amplifier. The output of RF is in the
collector of Q4 and is connected to the antenna.

CIRCUIT BLOCK CONSTITUENTS

Colpitts Oscillator
It uses an LC tank to produce an oscillation at a certain frequency. Its distinguishing
feature is the voltage divider made of two series capacitors across an inductor. Its output is
connected to its input in a feedback loop containing the parallel LC circuit. The LC tank sets the
frequency of oscillation, and it is approximately equal to the resonant frequency of the tank
circuit.
Emitter Modulator
It is basically a small signal amplifier, but a modulating signal is applied to the emitter of
transistor. The modulating signal varies the gain of the amplifier at a sinusoidal rate equal to the
frequency of the modulating signal and can be expressed as: Av = Aq[1+nsin(2fmt)], where Aq is
the amplifier voltage gain without modulation, and Av, the amplifier voltage gain with
modulation. The modulating signal drives the circuit into both saturation and cut-off states,
producing the nonlinear amplification necessary for modulation to occur. The collector
waveform includes the carrier, upper and lower side frequencies, as well as a component at the
modulating frequency. Coupling capacitor removes the modulating signal frequency from the
waveform, producing a symmetrical AM envelope at Vout.
RF Power Amplifier
It is used to convert a low-power radio-frequency signal into a larger signal of significant
power, typically for driving the antenna of a transmitter. Since emitter modulator is a low-level
AM modulator where less modulating signal power is required to achieve a high percentage of
modulation, feeding the output of the emitter modulator in the RF power amplifier would enable
the system to drive the antenna of the transmitter.