Asi Limit State Steel Connection Design Series - Part 2 - 2009

STEEL CONSTRUCTIONEDITORIAL
ASI Limit State Steel Connections Design Series Part 22009

The Rigid Connection Design Series is a specialist series devoted to the design of connections in structural steel in
accordance with current Australian Standard AS 4100 (Ref. 1), reflecting the current state of knowledge of connection
behaviour from test results. Part 2 covers rigid connections for open sections and includes recommended design
models for a range of rigid connections.
The Connection Design Series is divided into design guides with each written by weighing the evidence to provide
recommended design models based in part on the design procedures used in equivalent publications and/or published
papers. Each design guide also contains design capacity tables based on the recommended design model.
Each design guide is intended to provide a design model which gives a reasonable estimate of connection design
capacity and effort has been expended in researching and developing design models which can be justified on the
basis of the available research and current design practice. It is to be emphasised that for the connections model
presented, the design model is not the only possible model.
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STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 42 NUMBER 2 - SEPTEMBER 2009
ASI LIMIT STATE STEEL CONNECTION DESIGN SERIES PART 2 2009

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY
by
T.J. HOGAN
Consultant & Former Director, SCP Consulting Pty Ltd, Sydney
Consultant to Australian Steel Institute
1. INTRODUCTION
This new Structural Steel Connection Design Series
(the Connection Series), published by the Australian
Steel Institute (ASI) covers the theory for the design of
connection parts including bolting and welding as well
as individual connection types, both simple and rigid.
Connections have a major engineering and economic
importance in steel structures influencing design,
detailing, fabrication and erection costs. Standardisation
of design approach integrated with industry detailing
preferences is the key to minimising costs at each
stage.
2. BACKGROUND
The ASI was formed in 2002 through the merger of the
Australian Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) and
the Steel Institute of Australia (SIA). The former AISC
published a series of design manuals giving guidance
on the design of structural connections in steelwork
over the last 30 years.
The former AISC published the first Steel Connection
Series in 1978 at which time connection design theories
were developed for the purpose of generating and
publishing connection capacity tables. The first three
editions were released in permissible stress format.
The fourth edition Design of Structural Connections
(often referred to as the Green Book) was released
in 1994 in limit state format (Ref. 2) but there was
no subsequent release of a limit state companion
document containing connection design capacity
tables.
The former AISC also published a manual containing
standardised detailing for simple connections,
accompanied by load tables (Ref. 3) in 1985.
The ASI has updated References 2 and 3 by way of
this new Connection Series dealing with individual
connections for members of open sections. Part
1, as the first tranche of the series, covers simple
connections for this category of members. Part 2,
as the second tranche, covers rigid connections and
splices again for members of open sections.
Each individual connection type in the Connection

Series contains in a single DESIGN GUIDE
standardised detailing and design capacity tables
for the connection covered by that publication,
derived using the recommended design model in
that publication. The connections dealt with are those
presently in common use in Australia and reflect the
types of connections covered within the earlier AISC
Standardised Structural Connections (Ref. 3).
3. PUBLICATIONS
The Connection Series has been published in two
tranches:
Part 1: Simple ConnectionsOpen Sections, 2007,
comprising:
Design capacity tables for structural steel, Volume 3:
Simple connectionsOpen sections (Ref. 4)
Handbook 1: Design of structural steel connections
(Ref. 5)
Design Guide 1: Bolting in structural steel connections
(Ref. 6)
Design Guide 2: Welding in structural steel connections
(Ref. 7)
Design Guide 3: Web side plate connections (Ref. 8)
Design Guide 4: Flexible end plate connections
(Ref. 9)
Design Guide 5: Angle cleat connections (Ref. 10)
Design Guide 6: Seated connections (Ref. 11)
Details of these publications were presented by Hogan
and Munter at Reference 12 in 2007.
Part 2: Rigid ConnectionsOpen Sections, 2009,
comprising:
Design capacity tables for structural steel, Volume 4
Rigid connectionsOpen sections (Ref. 13)
Design Guide 10: Bolted moment end plate beam
splice connections (Ref. 14)
Design Guide 11: Welded beam to column moment
connections (Ref. 15)
Design Guide 12: Bolted end plate to column moment
connections (Ref. 16)
Design Guide 13: Splice connections (Ref. 17)
This publication covers the design guides in Part 2.
(a) Web side plate - Design Guide 3
(b) Flexible end plate - Design Guide 4
(c) Angle cleat - Design Guide 5
FIGURE 1. SIMPLE CONNECTIONS IN PART 1 OF CONNECTION SERIES

4. SCOPE AND BASIS
The Connection Series comprises specialist
publications devoted to the design of connections in
structural steel in accordance with current Australian
codes of practice, while incorporating the current state
of international knowledge of connection behaviour
from test results. In some instances, the test evidence
is sparse and in other instances the evidence is
contradictory or clouded. Each DESIGN GUIDE for
an individual connection type has been written by
weighing the evidence to provide a recommended
design model based in part on the design procedures
used in equivalent international publications and/or
published papers.
Each individual connection DESIGN GUIDE is intended
to provide a design model which gives a reasonable
estimate of connection design capacity and effort has
been expended in researching and developing design
models which can be justified on the basis of the
available research and current design practice. It is to
be emphasised that the design model presented is not

the only possible model and attention is drawn to the
disclaimer at the beginning of each publication as to its
applicability and use.
The recommended design model for a connection
wherever possible is referenced back to the Handbook
for that type of connection. Revision of the ASI
connection detailing was based on surveys of best
practice in the Australian steel industry.
Part 1 of the Connection Series is for simple
construction where the connections at the ends
of members are assumed not to develop bending
moments. Connections between members in simple
construction must be capable of deforming to provide
the required rotation at the connection and are required
to not develop a level of restraining bending moment
which adversely affects any part of the structure. The
rotation capacity of the connection must be provided
by the detailing of the connection and must have been
demonstrated experimentally. The connection is then
required to be considered as subject to reaction shear

forces acting at any eccentricity appropriate to the
connection detailing. Examples of simple connections
provided in the design capacity tables (Ref. 4) include
those shown in Figure 1 as well as a variety of seated
connection variations (Ref. 11).
Part 2 of the Connection Series includes connections
for rigid construction where the connections are
assumed to have sufficient rigidity to hold the original
angles between the members unchanged. The joint
deformations must be such that they have no significant

influence on the distribution of the action effects nor
on the overall deformation of the frame. Examples of
rigid connections included in design capacity tables
V4 (Ref. 13) include:
bolted moment end plate splice (Figure 2)
welded beam to column moment connection (Figure 3)
bolted moment end plate to column connection (Figure 4)
bolted cover plate splice (Figure 5)
bolted/welded cover plate splice (Figure 6)
welded splice (Figure 7)
FIGURE 2. TYPICAL DETAILING FOR UNSTIFFENED VARIATIONS OF EXTENDED BOLTED MOMENT END PLATE
FIGURE 3. TYPICAL WELDED BEAM TO COLUMN MOMENT CONNECTION
FIGURE 4. TYPICAL DETAILING FOR 4 BOLT UNSTIFFENED BOLTED END PLATE TO COLUMN CONNECTION
(6 bolt and 8 bolt similar)
FIGURE 5. TYPICAL DETAILING OF BOLTED COVER PLATE SPLICE
FIGURE 6. TYPICAL DETAILING OF BOLTED/WELDED COVER PLATE SPLICE
FIGURE 7. TYPICAL DETAILING OF WELDED SPLICE

5. CONSIDERATIONS IN CONNECTION DESIGN
In structural steel connections, there are two
fundamental considerations:
the connection designer requires a reasonable

estimate of connection strength in order that a
connection will be economical (not over-designed)
and safe (design capacity exceeds design actions);
and
the connection must be detailed in such a way
that it is economical to fabricate and erect, while
recognising that the connection detailing may
have an important impact on the strength of the
connection.
Any design model for assessing the strength of a

connection must take account of the following four
elements:
the strength of the fasteners (bolts and welds);
the strength of the connection components (plates,

flat bars, angles, gusset plates);
the strength of the connected member in the

vicinity of the connection; and
the strength of the supporting member in the

vicinity of the connection.
Codes for the design of steel structures primarily deal

with member design as a whole, rather than specifically
allowing for local effects and provide only the basic
information on fastener design. No code specifies a
detailed design procedure for any type of connection

leaving the assessment of how a connection behaves
and how its behaviour should be allowed for in design
to the individual designer. This presents the designer
with a substantial task considering the large number of
different connection types that may be encountered,
each requiring individual research and assessment.
A Connection Series such as this seeks to assist the
designer by providing guidance to reduce the task
considerably.
In all types of structural steel, it is the structural steel
connections which account for the greater part of
the fabrication cost. Failure to appreciate this could
therefore mistakenly lead to placing all the emphasis
on minimising steel mass when the greatest potential
for economy is in the rationalisation of the connection
design and detailing.
The objective of the Connection Series is to provide
such a rationalised approach to the design, detailing
and fabrication of selected structural steel connections.
The benefits of this approach are many, including:
Providing the designer with a range of safe and

economical connections accompanied by design
capacity tables;
Eliminating the need for repetitive computation by

structural engineers;
Allowing scope for the fabricator to produce

connection components by production engineering
methods and to develop standard jigs and fixtures
for assembly;
Advantages that can be expected to flow

from industry rationalisation, such as better
communication, better availability of materials and
suitable components; and
Most importantly, a considerable impetus towards

improving the economy, and therefore the
competitive position of structural steelwork in the
Australian building industry.
There is no valid reason for diversity in detailing the

selected connections contained in this Connection
Series and one of the prime objectives of the ASI
approach is to minimise variation by providing only
selected connection configurations containing all
essential elements for each connection type. The
selected connection configurations provided should
prove acceptable to designers, fabricators and
erectors.
The design capacity tables presented in the Design

Capacity Tables V3 and V4 and the individual DESIGN
GUIDES have been developed by adopting selected
connection configurations involving:
steel grade
connection components
welds
bolts
hole geometry
bolt pitches
bolt gauge lines
When using the connection design capacity tables for

a selected connection configuration, tedious design
calculations are eliminated to a large extent. Certain
design checks which relate to the supporting member
or to general frame design may still be required. The
design capacity tables apply to structural steelwork
connections that are essentially statically loaded.
Connections subject to dynamic loads or subject to
fatigue require additional considerations.
6. DESIGN MODELS ADOPTED
The basis for selecting the recommended design
models are detailed in Sections 2.3 and 2.4 of
Handbook 1 (Ref. 5). A detailed explanation of each
recommended design model is contained in the
relevant Design Guide (Refs. 14,15, 16, 17).
The design models meet the requirements of AS 4100 by
providing a rational and recognised design model for a
range of common steel connections, the design model
in each design guide reflecting engineering principles
and known connection behaviour from experimental
data. The emphasis in all publications is on practical
design models whose assumptions are transparent to
the user. The model in each design guide is related
to current codes of Standards Australia in respect
of member and fastener design and member and
fastener mechanical properties which are presented
in Handbook 1 (Ref. 5).
The philosophy of each DESIGN GUIDE is the same
as that described in Reference 5, being as follows:
Take into account overall connection behaviour

and carry out an appropriate analysis in order to
determine a realistic distribution of forces within the
connection;
Ensure that each component or fastener in each

action path has sufficient capacity to transmit the
applied action; and
Recognise that this procedure can only give a

connection where equilibrium is capable of being
achieved but where compatibility is unlikely to be
satisfied and therefore ensure that the connection
elements are capable of ductile behaviour if so
required.
The design models contained within the DESIGN

GUIDES are considered to be applicable only to
connections which are essentially statically loaded.
Connections subject to dynamic loads, earthquake
loads or fatigue applications may require additional
considerations.
7. DESIGN CAPACITY TABLES FOR
STRUCTURAL STEEL, V4: RIGID
CONNECTIONS, OPEN SECTIONS (RIGID
CONNECTIONS DCTS, V4)REF. 13
This publication is intended as a replacement for
Reference 3. It contains no information on the design
model used for an individual connection leaving that
to the individual DESIGN GUIDE for that connection
but contains extracts of the typical details and design
capacity tables from DESIGN GUIDES 10 TO 13.
Hence, it serves as a ready source of typical details
and load capacity tables for those users not interested
in the detailed treatment contained in each DESIGN
GUIDE.
The DCT V4 contains the following material extracted
from the relevant design guide for inclusion:
Description of connection
Typical detailing of connection
Recommended design modelsummary of design

checks
Design capacity tables for selected configurations
For each connection, the Summary of Design Checks

indicates:
Which design checks have been considered in

preparing the design capacity tables
Which design checks must be done after selecting

the required connection details from the design
capacity tables. These checks primarily relate to
checking local effects on the supporting member,
particularly any column stiffening required.
10
The design capacity tables are presented so that,

knowing the supported member size and design
actions on the connection, the required connection
components, bolt numbers and weld sizes are
simply read from the relevant table for the selected
configuration. Being rigid connections, the design
actions are:
bending moment M*
shear force V*
axial force N*
The following connection types have been included in

the Rigid Connections DCTs, V4:
(a) Bolted moment end plate beam splice connection,
see Figure 2 (all information extracted from Design
Guide 10, Reference 14).
(b) Welded beam to column moment connection, see
Figure 3 (all information extracted from Design
(c) Bolted end plate to column moment connection,
see Figure 4 (all information extracted from Design
(d) Bolted cover plate splice connection, see Figure
5 (all information extracted from Design Guide 13,
Reference 17).
(e) Bolted/welded cover plate splice connection, see
Figure 6 (all information extracted from Design
(f) Fully welded splice, see Figure 7 (all information
extracted from Design Guide 13, Reference 17).
All these connections fall into the RIGID
CONSTRUCTION form of construction permitted by
AS 4100 (Ref. 1). Rigid construction has the following
qualities (see Handbook 1, Reference 5).
Rigid constructionFor rigid construction the
connections are assumed to have sufficient rigidity
to hold the original angles between the members
unchanged. The joint deformations must be such that
they have no significant influence on the distribution
of the action effects nor on the overall deformation of
the frame.
AS 4100 allows for three forms of construction which
relate to the behaviour of the connections. It then
requires that the design of the connections be such
that the structure is capable of resisting all design
actions, calculated by assuming that the connections
are appropriate to the form of construction of the

structure or structural part. The design of the
connections required is to be consistent with the form
of construction assumed.
Column stiffeners
Grade 250 plate or Grade 300 flat bars
Flange cover plates for splices
The standard parameters used in DCT V4 and DESIGN

GUIDES 10 to 13 are as follows:
Grade 250 plate of various width/thickness

combinations although in some instances suitable
width/thickness combinations are available which
means that a flat bar can be substituted.
Steel Grades
(a) Supported members
Grade 300 to AS 3679

Part 1 (Ref. 19)
Part 2 (Ref. 19)
(b) Flat bar strip components Grade 300 to AS 3679

Part 1 (Ref. 19)
(c) Plate components

(Ref. 20)
Bolts
8. BOLTED MOMENT END PLATE BEAM SPLICE

CONNECTIONDESIGN GUIDE 10 (REF 14)
Extended bolted end plate moment connections are a
very common form of connection in rigid construction,
being used as beam-to-column connections in regular
rectangular steel framed structures and as ridge and
knee connections in portal framed buildings.
Bolted end plate beam-to-column moment connections
are dealt with in DESIGN GUIDE 12. DESIGN
GUIDE 10 deals with:
24 or 20 mm high strength structural bolts to

AS 1252 (Ref. 21)
bolted moment end plate beam splice connections

(Figure 2(a));
22 mm diameter holes (M20), 26 mm diameter

holes (M24)
bolted moment end

(Figure 2(b)); and
bolted moment end plate mitred knee connection

(Figures 2(c)).
Welds
5 mm, 6 mm, 8 mm or 10 mm fillet welds OR full
penetration butt welds
E48XX or W50X welding electrodes to the relevant
Australian Standard (Refs 22, 23, 24, 25)
Hole geometry
Bolt pitch 70 mm (M20), 80 mm (M24)
Bolt gauge varies according to application
End plates
plate
apex connection
Design Guide 10 is restricted to extended end plate

connections in five forms:
four bolt unstiffened end plate (Figure 8(a));
four bolt stiffened end plate (Figure 8(b));
eight bolt stiffened end plate (Figure 8(c));
six bolt unstiffened end plate (Figure 8(d)); and
eight bolt unstiffened end plate (Figure 8(e)).
Grade 250 plate of various width/thickness

combinations
11
FIGURE 8. FORMS OF EXTENDED BOLTED END PLATE CONNECTION

In this connection, both the flanges and the web of
the I-section beam are welded to the end plate using
either:
full penetration butt welds; or
partial penetration butt welds; or
double sided fillet welds.
The bolts are tensioned bolts, Grade 8.8 to AS 1252

(Ref. 21), used in bearing-type mode (category 8.8/TB).
Friction-type (non-slip, category 8.8/TF) bolts are not
required. End plates are Grade 250 plate to AS 3678
(Ref. 20).
The recommended design model is based on
Reference 26, American Institute of Steel Construction
Design Guide 4, Second Edition, plus some input from
Reference 27, Design Guide 16.
Literature reviews on the extended moment end plate
connection may be found in Reference 2 (up until
1990) as well as Reference 26 (up until 2003).
Essentially for the unstiffened extended bolted moment
end plate connection, only three elements need to be
considered as follows:
weld design;
end plate design; and
bolt design,
while the stiffened form of the connection also requires

consideration of the design of the stiffeners and
stiffener welds.
12
The following assumptions are an inherent part of the

recommended design model:
(1) Yield line analysis is employed for the design of the
end plate when subject to the bolt forces on the
tension side of the connection.
(2) Bolt prying forces are not a consideration since the
end plate thickness is designed so as to prevent
the development of prying forces (THICK plate
model).
(3) Bolts are fully tensioned in 8.8/TB category.
(4) The detailing requirements of DESIGN CHECK
NO. 1 are complied with (see Ref. 14).
(5) All of the shear force on a connection is assumed
to be resisted by the bolts on the compression side
of the connection.
(6) Beam web to end plate welds in the vicinity of the
bolts on the tension side of the connection are
designed to develop the yield stress of the beam
web, irrespective of the level of design bending
moment at the connection.
(7) Only the beam web to end plate weld between the
mid-depth of the beam and the inside face of the
beam compression flange is assumed to resist
design shear force at the connection.
(8) The flanges of the beam carry the design bending
moment in the beam at the connection via tension
and compression flange forces acting at a lever arm
approximating the depth between flange centroids.
These flange forces must be transferred into the
end plate via the flange welds.
(9) Any design axial force (tension or compression)

will be carried in the beam flanges in proportion
to the areas of each, and must also be transferred
proportionately through the flange welds into the
end plate.
An overview of the theory and the mechanics of how
the connection is assumed to behave is contained in
Reference 26. A brief explanation is contained at the
relevant DESIGN CHECK, while thick and thin end
plate behaviour is discussed in Appendix A of Design
Guide 10.
The following DESIGN CAPACITY TABLES are

provided in DESIGN GUIDE 10 and DCT V4, derived
using DESIGN CHECK NOS 1 to 9 inclusive.
Four bolt unstiffened end plate
Design moment capacity of connection Mconn

Four bolt unstiffened end plate; M24 bolts 8.8/
TB category threads excluded from shear plane;
Welded beam/Universal beam sections > 300 mm
deep

Four bolt unstiffened end plate; M20 bolts 8.8/
TB category threads excluded from shear plane;
Universal beam sections > 200 mm deep
Summary of design checks in DESIGN GUIDE 10:

DESIGN CHECK NO. 1Detailing requirements
DESIGN CHECK NO. 2Design capacity of welds to
beam flanges
Four bolt stiffened end plate

Four bolt stiffened end plate; M24 bolts 8.8/TB
category threads excluded from shear plane;
deep

Four bolt stiffened end plate; M20 bolts 8.8/TB

beam web
DESIGN CHECK NO. 4Design capacity of bolts at
tension flange
DESIGN CHECK NO. 5Design capacity of bolts in
shear
DESIGN CHECK NO. 6Design capacity of end plate
at tension flange
in shear
Six bolt unstiffened end plate

Six bolt unstiffened end plate; M24 bolts 8.8/TB
deep

Six bolt unstiffened end plate; M20 bolts 8.8/TB
DESIGN CHECK NO. 8Design requirements for

stiffener to end plate
DESIGN CHECK NO. 9Design capacity of stiffener
welds to end plate
For full details of all DESIGN CHECKS refer to DESIGN
GUIDE 10 (Reference 14).
Two methods of the distribution of forces from the
above design actions are presented in DESIGN
GUIDE 10 for use in the recommended design model
in the various design checks.
Eight bolt stiffened end plate
The design capacity tables in DESIGN GUIDE 10 and

DCT V4 considers all DESIGN CHECKS appropriate
to each table.

Eight bolt stiffened end plate; M24 bolts 8.8/TB
Welded beam and universal beam sections
> 520 mm deep
13
9. WELDED BEAM TO COLUMN MOMENT

CONNECTIONDESIGN GUIDE 11 (REF. 15)
FIGURE 9. TYPICAL WELDED BEAM TO COLUMN MOMENT CONNECTION

Structurally, the simplest rigid beam-to-column
moment connection is the welded moment connection,
although it is a connection which does require precision
in fabrication and fit-up. This connection must have
the required strength as well as restricting rotation. In
some cases, a high degree of ductility and resistance
to local buckling are also necessary.
latter is the more common form of the connection in

Australia at the present time.
In this connection, both flanges and the web of the

I-section beam are welded to the column using either:
(b) the column flange which is subject to bending action

due to the beam flange forcesthis effect is most
serious in the region stressed by the beam tension
flange but also occurs at the beam compression
flange;
full penetration butt welds; or
partial penetration butt welds; or
The beam can be either field welded to the column

(unusual) which requires an erection cleat or can
be shop welded to the column with a bolted splice
adjacent to the beam-to-column connection so that
the column comes to site with a short stub of beam
attached prepared for a beam splice connection. The
14
Areas of the I-section column which require checking

and which may require subsequent stiffening are:
(a) the column web adjacent to the compression flange
of the beam which may cripple or buckle;
(c) the column web which may be subject to a large

resultant shear force when the bending moments in
two beams at an interior connection differ by a large
amount, or when a one-sided beam-to-column
moment connection is involved. The resultant
column shear force due to the imbalance of the
design bending moments must be compared with
the design capacity of the column web in shear in
order to determine if shear stiffening is required.
Stiffening of the column may be effected by one or

more of the following:
local removal of column flange and welding in of

thicker plate (Figure 10c);
doubler plates to the flange of the column (Figure 10a);
doubler plates to the web of the column (Figure 10b);
tension stiffeners behind the column tension flange

(Figures 11a, 11b);
compression stiffeners behind the column

compression flange (Figures 11c, 11d, 11e);
diagonal shear stiffeners (Figure 11f).
Doubler plates are used to increase the strength of the

web or flange by the addition of additional thickness.
Transverse stiffeners are used to increase the
strength of the column flange or web at the location of
concentrated force on the column flange by acting as
load-bearing stiffeners.
The flanges of the rigidly connected incoming beam
is assumed to carry most of the design bending
approximating the beam depth minus the flange
thickness. These flange forces must be transferred
through the flange welds into the column flange where
they act as concentrated line forces on the column
flange.
FIGURE 10. COLUMN DOUBLER PLATE TYPES AND COLUMN FLANGE REPLACEMENT ALTERNATIVE
15
FIGURE 11. COLUMN STIFFENER TYPES

The shear force at the connection is assumed to be
carried primarily through the web of the beam at the
connection, which must be transferred through the
web weld into the column flange.
from the flanges of the beam into the column. The

column must be able to accept the line forces without
web buckling, web crippling, shear failure of the web or
local flexural failure of the flange occurring.
Any design axial force (tension or compression) is

assumed to be either carried in the beam flanges and
web in proportion to the areas of each or carried by
the flanges alone, and must be transferred through the
relevant welds into the column flange.
The recommended design model is virtually identical

to the design model used in References 2 and 28, both
in terms of weld design and the assessment of column
stiffening requirements, although most reliance is
placed on the design provisions of Reference 28 and
AS 4100 (Ref. 1).
Apart from the design of the welds, the principal concern

with the welded beam-to-column moment connection
is with the transmission of the concentrated line forces
16
The following is a list of the DESIGN CHECKS in

DESIGN GUIDE 11:
Summary of design checksBeam welds

DESIGN CHECK NO. 1Design capacity of flange
welds to beam
DESIGN CHECK NO. 2Design capacity of web
welds to beam
Summary of design checksUnstiffened column
DESIGN CHECK NO. 3Local bending of column
flange at beam tension flange
Summary of design checksColumns with

transverse stiffeners
DESIGN CHECK NO. 15Column with transverse
stiffeners at tension flange
stiffeners at compression flange
diagonal shear stiffeners
DESIGN CHECK NO. 6Column web crippling at

beam compression flange
The following Design Capacity Tables are provided in

DESIGN GUIDE 11 and DCT V4, derived using DESIGN
CHECK NOS 1 and 2. Column stiffening requirements
must be separately assessed using DESIGN CHECK
NOS 3 to 8 inclusive. Design of column stiffeners can
be carried out using DESIGN CHECK NOS 9 to 17
inclusive. DESIGN CHECKS 3 to 17 inclusive may be
found in DESIGN GUIDE 11.
DESIGN CHECK NO. 7Column web compression

buckling
Configuration AFull penetration butt welds to

flanges and webs
DESIGN CHECK NO. 8Column web panel in shear
Summary of design checksColumns with

doubler plates
Universal beams Grade 300, Design section

moment and web capacities
Welded beams Grade 300, Design section moment

and web capacities
DESIGN CHECK NO. 4Local yielding of column

web at beam tension flange
web at beam compression flange

Configuration BFillet welds required to develop

section moment capacity


Universal beams Grade 300, Weld configurations

to achieve design section moment capacity, Ms
DESIGN CHECK NO. 12Crippling of column web at

Welded beams Grade 300, Weld configurations to

achieve design section moment capacity, Ms
Configuration CFillet welds to flanges and web
DESIGN CHECK NO. 13Compression buckling of

column web
DESIGN CHECK NO. 14Shear on column web
panel
Universal beams Grade 300Design moment

capacity of welded connection with 10 mm flange
fillet welds and 8 mm web welds
Universal beams Grade 300Design moment

capacity of welded connection with 8 mm flange
fillet welds and 6 mm web welds
17
10. BOLTED END PLATE TO COLUMN MOMENT

CONNECTIONDESIGN GUIDE 12 (REF. 16)
FIGURE 12. BOLTED END PLATE TO COLUMN MOMENT CONNECTIONS
Bolted end plate moment connections are a very

common form of connection in rigid construction,
being used as beam-to-column connections in regular
rectangular steel framed structures and as rafter-tocolumn connections in portal frame buildings.
Bolted end plate to column moment connections are
dealt with in this DESIGN GUIDE while DESIGN
GUIDE 10 deals with (see Section 7):
bolted moment end plate beam splice connections
bolted moment end plate apex connections
mitred bolted moment end plate knee connections
This Section is restricted to extended end plate

connections in five forms:
18
four bolt unstiffened end plate (Figure 8a)
four bolt stiffened end plate (Figure 8b)
eight bolt stiffened end plate (Figure 8c)
six bolt unstiffened end plate (Figure 8d)
eight bolt unstiffened end plate (Figure 8e)
The connection comprises:
a relatively thick end plate, usually 16 to 32 mm in

thickness;
beam or rafter welded to the end plate in the

fabrication shop;
Grade 8.8 tensioned bolts which connect the end

plate to the column flange, 8.8/TB category;
any column stiffening required.
In this connection, both the flanges and the web of

the I-section beam are welded to the end plate using
either:
full penetration butt welds; OR
partial penetration butt welds; OR
The bolts are tensioned bolts, Grade 8.8 to AS 1252

(Ref. 21), used in bearing-type mode (category 8.8/
TB). Friction-type (non-slip, category 8.8/TF) bolts
are not required. End plates are Grade 250 plate to
AS 3678 (Ref. 20).
Areas of the I-section column which require checking
and which may require subsequent stiffening are:
(a) the column web adjacent to the compression flange
of the beam which may cripple or buckle;
concentrated force on the column flange by acting as

load-bearing stiffeners.
The recommended design model for the end plate/
bolts/welds is based on Reference 26, American
Institute of Steel Construction Design Guide 4, Second
Edition, plus some input from Reference 27 and other
references.
Literature reviews on the extended moment end plate
connection may be found in Reference 2 (up until
1990) as well as Reference 26 (up until 2003).
Essentially for the unstiffened end plate connection,
only three elements need to be considered:
weld design;
end plate design; and
bolt design,
(b) the column flange which is subject to bending action

due to the beam flange forcesthis effect is most
serious in the region stressed by the beam tension
flange but also occurs at the beam compression
flange;
while the stiffened form of the connection also

requires consideration of the design of the stiffeners
and stiffener welds. Reference 28 is the basis for the
assessment of column stiffening requirements and the
assessment of the strength of stiffened columns.
(c) the column web which may be subject to a large

resultant shear force when the bending moments in
two beams at an interior connection differ by a large
amount, or when a one-sided beam-to-column
moment connection is involved. The resultant
column shear force due to the imbalance of the
design bending moments must be compared with
the design capacity of the column web in shear, in
order to determine if shear stiffening is required.
The following assumptions are an inherent part of the

recommended design model:
Stiffening of the column may be effected by any one or

more of the following (see DESIGN GUIDE 12 (Ref. 16)
and Figures 10 and 11):
local removal of column flange and welding in of

thicker plate;
doubler plates to the flange of the column;
doubler plates to the web of the column;
tension stiffeners behind the column flange;
compression stiffeners behind the column flange;
diagonal shear stiffeners.
Doubler plates are used to increase the strength of the

web or flange by the addition of additional thickness.
Transverse stiffeners are used to increase the
strength of the column flange or web at the location of
(1) yield line analysis is employed for the design of the

end plate when subject to the bolt forces on the
tension side of the connection;
(2) bolt prying forces are not a consideration since the
resulting end plate thickness is such as to prevent
the development of prying forces (THICK plate
model);
(3) bolts are fully tensioned in 8.8/TB category;
(4) the detailing requirements of DESIGN CHECK NO. 1
are complied with (see Ref. 16);
(5) all of the shear force on a connection is assumed
to be resisted by the bolts on the compression side
of the connection;
(6) beam web to end plate welds in the vicinity of the
bolts on the tension side of the connection are
designed to develop the yield stress of the beam
web, irrespective of the level of design bending
moment at the connection;
(7) only the beam web to end plate weld between the
mid-depth of the beam and the radius to the inside
face of the beam compression flange is assumed
to resist design shear force at the connection;
19
(8) the flanges of the beam carry the design bending

approximating the depth between flange centroids.
These flange forces must be transferred through
into the end plate via the welds and then into the
column flange;

in shear
(9) any design axial force (tension or compression)

will be carried in the beam flanges in proportion
to the areas of each, and must also be transferred
proportionately through the flange welds into the
end plate.
Summary of checksUnstiffened column
An overview of the theory and the mechanics of how

the connection is assumed to behave is contained in
Reference 26. A brief explanation is contained at the
relevant DESIGN CHECK, while thick and thin end
plate behaviour is discussed in Appendix A of DESIGN
GUIDE 12.
DESIGN CHECK NO. 8Design requirements for

stiffener to end plate
DESIGN CHECK NO. 9Design capacity of stiffener
welds to end plate

DESIGN CHECK NO. 13Column web crippling at
Apart from the design of the end plate/bolts/welds,

the principal concern with the bolted beam-to-column
end plate moment connection is with the transmission
of the concentrated forces from the end plate into the
column. The column must be able to accept the forces
without web buckling, web crippling, shear failure of the
web or local flexural failure of the flange occurring.
DESIGN CHECK NO. 14Column web compression

buckling
The recommended design model is virtually identical

to the design model used in References 2, 26 and
28 in terms of the assessment of column stiffening
requirements, although most reliance is placed on the
design provisions of Reference 28 and AS 4100 (Ref. 1).

flange with flange doubler plates at beam tension
flange

DESIGN GUIDE 12:
Summary of checksEnd plate, welds, bolts
DESIGN CHECK NO. 15Column web panel in

shear
Summary of checksColumns with doubler
plates

web with doubler plates at beam tension flange
web with doubler plates at beam compression flange
DESIGN CHECK NO. 1Detailing requirements
DESIGN CHECK NO. 19Crippling of column web

with doubler plates at beam compression flange

welds to beam
DESIGN CHECK NO. 20Compression buckling of

column web with doubler plates

welds to beam
DESIGN CHECK NO. 21Column web panel with

doubler plates in shear

tension flange
Summary of checksColumns with transverse

stiffeners

shear

stiffeners at tension flange

at tension flange

stiffeners at compression flange
20

diagonal shear stiffeners
The design capacity tables in DESIGN GUIDE 12 and
DCT V4 only consider DESIGN CHECK NOS 1 to 9.
All the remaining DESIGN CHECKS relate to column
stiffening and must be carried out in addition to suit the
column to which the beam is connected.
Four bolt stiffened end plate

Four bolt stiffened end plateM24 bolts 8.8/TB
category threads included in shear plane
Unhaunched welded beam/universal beam
sections > 300 mm deep

Four bolt stiffened end plateM20 bolts 8.8/
TB category threads included in shear plane
Unhaunched universal beam sections > 200 mm
deep
For full details of all DESIGN CHECKS refer to DESIGN

GUIDE 12 (Ref. 16).
The following Design Capacity Tables are provided
in DESIGN GUIDE 12 and DCT V4, derived using
DESIGN CHECK NOS 1 TO 9 inclusive.
Column stiffening requirements must be separately
assessed using DESIGN CHECK NOS 10 to 15
inclusive.
Design of column stiffeners can be carried out using
DESIGN CHECK NOS 16 to 24 inclusive.
Four bolt unstiffened end plate

Four bolt unstiffened end plateM24 bolts 8.8/TB
deep
Haunched universal beam sections > 300 mm
deep

Haunched universal beam sections > 200 mm
deep
Six bolt unstiffened end plate

Six bolt unstiffened end plateM24 bolts 8.8/TB

Six bolt unstiffened end plateM20 bolts 8.8/TB
deep
Eight bolt stiffened end plate

Eight bolt stiffened end plateM24 bolts 8.8/TB
Unhaunched welded beam and universal beam
21
11. BOLTED COVER PLATE SPLICE

DESIGN GUIDE 13 (Ref 17)
FIGURE 13. BOLTED COVER PLATE SPLICE

The bolted cover plate splice to an I-section comprises
(see Figures 5 and 13):
one or three cover plates bolted to each flange

either side of the splice location;
two cover plates bolted either side of the web (either
full depth or partial depth).
Bolts are fully tensioned Grade 8.8 to AS 1252 (Ref.

21) used in bearing-type mode (bolting category 8.8/
TB) in either M20 or M24 diameter. Cover plates are
either cut from plate (Grade 250) to AS/NZS 3678
(Ref. 20) or are cut from standard square edge flat bar
components (Grade 300) to AS 3679.1 (Ref. 19).
The recommended design model addresses the flange
splice and the web splice as follows:
FLANGE SPLICE
The design of the flange splice is similar to that of a
lap joint subject to in-plane forces with no eccentricity.
Cover plate strength is based on the provisions of AS
4100, with allowances (in accordance with AS 4100)
for the presence of holes being made when assessing
the design capacity of the flange cover plates. The
bolts are designed for in-plane shear force using
the guidance in Handbook 1 (Ref. 5)Section 3.6
(including the correction for long lap joints embodied
in AS 4100, and the provision for design against end
plate tearout discussed in Handbook 1Section 3.6
(Ref. 5)).
Generally one cover plate splices are preferred for
reasons of erection ease, economy and aesthetics.
However, for heavy flanges three cover plate splices
may be required in order to reduce the number of bolts
(by providing a double shear condition on the bolts)
and to reduce the individual cover plate thicknesses.
22
The recommended design model ignores the effect

of any load eccentricity in both one cover plate and
three cover plate flange splices.
WEB SPLICE
The design of the web splice also follows conventional
procedures, the nominal capacities of the cover plates
being assessed using the provisions of AS 4100. The
bolt group is designed using the procedure for a boltgroup loaded by in-plane shear forces in two directions
and an in plane moment, developed in Section 3.9 of
Handbook 1 (Ref. 5). The additional design checks
on components of forces on the extreme bolts acting
towards an edge is designed to guard against tearout
in the spliced member web or the cover plates and
follows from a procedure also developed in Section
3.9 of Handbook 1 (Ref. 5).
Two cover plates, one each side of the web, are
provided since this creates a symmetric load transfer
with respect to the plane of the web and also produces
the more efficient double shear action on the web
bolts.
PART A of DESIGN GUIDE 13.
Summary of design checks
flanges
cover plates
web

cover plates
DESIGN CHECK NO. 5Design capacity of flanges
of spliced member

provided, derived using DESIGN CHECK NOS 1 to 6
INCLUSIVE.
Design moment capacity of bolted single cover

plate splice Universal beam sections < 400 deep,
M20 bolts
1 The spliced member is assumed to have already been

designed using Sections 5 to 8 of AS 4100 (Ref. 1) for
both section capacity and member capacity.
Design moment capacity of bolted single cover

plate splice Universal beam sections > 400 deep,
M24 bolts
2 DESIGN CHECK NO. 6 is a section capacity check at the

splice for the section with holes. If this DESIGN CHECK
has already been undertaken during member design, it
may be omitted in the design of the connection.
Design moment capacity of bolted three cover

plate splice Universal column sections > 240 deep,
M24 bolts
Design moment capacity of bolted three cover plate

splice 700WB/800WB welded beam sections, M24
bolts
Design moment capacity of bolted three cover plate

splice 900WB/1000WB welded beam sections,
M24 bolts
two cover plates either bolted on both sides of the

web on both sides of the splice Figure 14(a) or
bolted on one side and welded on the other (Figure
14(b)).
DESIGN CHECK NO. 6Design capacity of spliced

member at splice
NOTES:
3 The design capacity tables in DESIGN GUIDE 13 and

DCT V4 considers all of DESIGN CHECK NOS 1 to 6.
4 For full details of all DESIGN CHECKS, refer to DESIGN
GUIDE 13 (Ref. 17).
12. BOLTED/WELDED COVER PLATE SPLICE

DESIGN GUIDE 13 (Ref. 17)
FIGURE 14. BOLTED/WELDED COVER PLATE SPLICE

The bolted/welded cover plate splice to an I-section
comprises (see Figures 6 and 14):
one or three cover plates bolted to each flange

on opposite sides of the splice location, welded to
each flange on opposite sides of the splice location,
such that each cover plate is bolted on one side of
the splice location and welded on the other side.
Bolts are fully tensioned Grade 8.8 to AS 1252 (Ref. 21)

used in bearing-type mode (bolting category 8.8/TB) in
either M20 or M24 diameter.
23
Welds are either 5 mm, 6 mm or 8 mm leg fillet welds

along all sides of the cover plate on the welded side of
the splice.
Cover plates are either cut from plate (Grade 250) to
AS/NZS 3678 (Ref. 20) or are cut from standard square
edge flat bar components (Grade 300) to AS 3679.1
(Ref. 19).
The recommended design model addresses the flange
splice and the web splice as follows:
FLANGE SPLICE
The design of the flange splice is similar to that of a
lap joint subject to in-plane forces with no eccentricity.
Cover plate strength is based on the provisions of
AS 4100, with allowance (in accordance with AS 4100)
for the presence of holes being made when assessing
the design capacity of the flange cover plates. The
bolts are designed for in-plane shear force using
the guidance in Handbook 1 (Ref. 5)Section 3.6
(including the correction for lap joints embodied in
AS 4100, and the provision for design against end
plate tearout discussed in Handbook 1Section 3.6
(Ref. 5)).
Fillet welds are also designed only for the in-plane shear
force in the bolted/welded flange splice also using the
guidance in Handbook 1Section 4.6 (Ref. 5).
Generally, one cover plate splices are preferred for
reasons of erection ease, economy and aesthetics.
However, for heavy flanges three cover plate splices
may be required in order to reduce the number of bolts
(by providing a double shear condition on the bolts)
and to reduce the individual cover plate thicknesses.
The recommended design model ignores the effect
of any load eccentricity in both one cover plate and
three cover plate flange splices.
WEB SPLICE
The design of the web splice also follows conventional
procedures, the nominal capacities of the cover plates
being assessed using the provisions of AS 4100. The
bolt group is designed using the procedure for a boltgroup loaded by in-plane shear forces in two directions
and an in-plane moment, developed in Section 3.9 of
Handbook 1 (Ref. 5). The additional design checks
on components of forces on the extreme bolts acting
towards an edge is designed to guard against tearout
in the spliced member web or the cover plates and
follows from a procedure also developed in Section
3.9 of Handbook 1 (Ref. 5).
24
Two cover plates, one each side of the web, are

provided since this creates a symmetric load transfer
with respect to the plane of the web and also produces
the more efficient double shear action on the web
bolts.
Where a fillet weld group is used to connect the plates
to the member web, the fillet weld group is designed
using the method detailed in Section 4.7 of Handbook 1
(Ref. 5) for a weld group subject to in-plane shear
forces in two directions and an in-plane moment.
The following is a list of the DESIGN CHECKS in Part B
of DESIGN GUIDE 13:
bolted flange
DESIGN CHECK NO. 2Design capacity of weld at
welded flange
cover plates
web cover plates
DESIGN CHECK NO. 5Design capacity of welds
around web cover plates
cover plates
DESIGN CHECK NO. 7Design capacity of flanges of
spliced member
DESIGN CHECK NO. 8Design capacity of spliced
member at splice
NOTES:
2 DESIGN CHECK NO. 8 is a section capacity check at the
splice for the section with holes. If this DESIGN CHECK
has already been undertaken during member design, it
may be omitted in the design of the connection.
DCT V4 consider all of DESIGN CHECK NOS 1 to 8.
GUIDE 13 (Ref. 17).

provided, derived using DESIGN CHECK NOS 1 to 8
inclusive.
Design moment capacity of bolted/welded

single cover plate splice
Universal beam sections < 400 deep, M20 bolts,
6 fillets to flange plates, 5 fillets to web plates
Design moment capacity of bolted/welded single
cover plate splice
Universal beam sections > 400 deep, M24 bolts, 8
or 6 fillets to flange plates, 5 fillets to web plates
Design moment capacity of bolted/welded three

cover plate splice
Universal column sections, M24 bolts, 6/8 fillets to
flange plates and 6 fillets to web plates

cover plate splice
700WB/800WB welded beam sections, M24 bolts,
6/8 fillets to flange plates and 5 fillets to web plates

cover plate splice
900WB/1000WB welded beam sections, M24 bolts,
6/8 fillets to flange plates and 6 fillets to web plates
13. FULLY WELDED SPLICE

DESIGN GUIDE 13 (Ref. 17)
FIGURE 15. FULLY WELDED SPLICE

The fully welded splice to an I-section comprises
(Figures 7 and 15):
full penetration butt welded flanges;
either complete penetration butt welded web or

incomplete penetration butt welded web or fillet
welded doubler plates to web.
Web cover plates are generally grade 250 plate and

may be of a variety of depths.
Erection plates may be used to align the splice for site
welding (as shown in Figure 15).
Fully welded splices may be shop welded or field
welded.
If the flange welds are full penetration butt welds then
no design is required for these welds provided the
weld complies with AS 4100 (Ref. 1) and AS 1554.1
(Ref. 29). The same applies if the web weld is a full
penetration butt weld.
Incomplete penetration butt welds are designed in the

same manner as fillet welds with a leg length whose
design throat thickness is equal to the design throat
thickness of the partial penetration butt weld (using
Clause 9.7.2.3(b) of AS 4100). The welds to the web
are designed as a single line fillet weld group using the
method given in Sections 4.6 and 4.10 of Handbook 1
(Ref. 5).
The fillet weld group used around web cover plates
may be loaded by design actions comprising in-plane
bending moment, shear force transverse to the
member longitudinal axis and axial force. This fillet
weld group may readily be designed using the method
given in Sections 4.6 and 4.10 of Handbook 1 (Ref. 5).
Part C of DESIGN GUIDE 13.
25

DESIGN CHECK NO. 1Design capacity of welds at
flanges
web
cover plates
DESIGN CHECK NO. 4Design capacity of welds
around web cover plates
NOTES:
DCT V4 only considers DESIGN CHECK NOS 1 and 2
since no design capacity tables for connection with web
cover plates are included.
GUIDE 13 (Ref. 17).
DESIGN CAPACITY TABLES are only provided for

full penetration bolt welds to both flanges and web
for universal beam sections, welded beam sections,
universal column sections and welded column
sections.
14. CONCLUSION
The object of this new Connection Series is to provide
a rationalised approach to the design, detailing and
fabrication of selected structural steel connections.
The benefits of this approach include:
26
provision to the competent professional person

as designer a range of reliable and economic
connections accompanied by design capacity
tables (wherever possible for each connection
type);
elimination of the need for repetitive computation
by structural engineers as much as practicable;
scope for the fabricator to produce connection
components by production engineering methods,
developing standard jigs, fixtures and using NC
methods for ready connection fabrication and
assembly;
advantages that can be expected to flow
from industry rationalisation, such as better
communication, better availability of materials and
suitable components; and
provide a considerable impetus towards improving

the economy, and therefore the competitive
position of structural steel, in the Australian building
industry.
There is no valid reason for diversity in detailing the

selected connections contained in this Connection
Series, and one of the prime objectives of this new
Connection Series is to minimise variety by providing
only selected connection configurations containing all
essential components, for each connection type. The
selected connection configurations provided should
prove compatible with the requirements of designers,
fabricators and erectors.
15. REFERENCES
1 STANDARDS AUSTRALIA, AS 41001998 Steel
structures.
2 AUSTRALIAN
INSTITUTE
OF
STEEL
CONSTRUCTION,
Design
of
structural
connections, 4th edition, Authors Hogan, T.J. and
Thomas, I.R., Editor Syam, A.A., 1994.
3 AUSTRALIAN
INSTITUTE
OF
CONSTRUCTION,
Standardized
connections, 3rd edition, 1985.
STEEL
structural
4 AUSTRALIAN STEEL INSTITUTE, Design

capacity tables for structural steel. Volume 3:
Simple connections-open sections, Author Hogan,
T.J., Contributing author and editor, Munter, S.A.,
2007.
5 AUSTRALIAN STEEL INSTITUTE, Handbook 1:
Design of structural steel connections, Author
Hogan, T.J., Contributing author and editor, Munter,
S.A., 2007
6 AUSTRALIAN STEEL INSTITUTE, Design Guide 1:
Bolting in structural steel connections, Author
S.A., 2007.
Welding in structural steel connections, Author
S.A., 2007.
Web side plate connections, Author Hogan, T.J.,
Contributing author and editor, Munter, S.A., 2007.
Flexible end plate connections, Author Hogan, T.J.,

Angle cleat connections, Author Hogan, T.J.,
Seated connections, Author Hogan, T.J.,
12 Hogan, T.J. and Munter, S.A., ASI Limit State Steel
connection design seriesPart 1 2007, Steel
Construction, Australian Steel Institute, Vol. 41 No.
2, Dec. 2007.
13 AUSTRALIAN STEEL INSTITUTE, Design
capacity tables for structural steel. Volume 4: Rigid
connectionsopen sections, Author Hogan, T.J.
Contributing author van der Kreek, N., 2009.
Bolted moment end plate beam splice connections,
Author Hogan, T.J., Contributing author van der
Kreek, N., 2009.
Welded beam to column moment connections,
Author Hogan, T.J., Contributing author van der
Kreek, N., 2009.
Bolted moment end plate to column moment
connections, Author Hogan, T.J., Contributing
author van der Kreek, N., 2009.
Splice connections, Author Hogan, T.J.,
Contributing author van der Kreek, N., 2009.
18 AUSTRALIAN STEEL INSTITUTE, Handbook 1:
Design of structural steel connections, Author
S.A., 2007.
22 STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW

ZEALAND, AS/NZS 1553.1:1995 Covered
electrodes for welding, Part 1: Low carbon steel
electrodes for manual metal-arc welding of carbon
and carbon-manganese steels.
23 STANDARDS AUSTRALIA, AS 1858.12003
Electrodes and fluxes for submerged arc welding,
Part 1: Carbon steel and carbon-manganese
steels.
24 STANDARDS AUSTRALIA, AS 2203.11990
Cored electrodes for arc-welding, Part 1: Ferritic
steel electrodes.
ZEALAND, AS/NZS 2717.1:1996 Welding
ElectrodesGas metal arc, Part 1: Ferritic steel
electrodes.
26 AMERICAN
INSTITUTE
OF
STEEL
CONSTRUCTION, Extended end-plate moment
connections, seismic and wind applications, Steel
Design Guide 4, 2nd edition, 2004.
27 AMERICAN
INSTITUTE
OF
STEEL
CONSTRUCTION, Flush and extended multiplerow moment end-plate connections, Steel Design
Guide 16, Murray, T.M. and Shoemaker, W. Lee,
2002.
28 AMERICAN
INSTITUTE
OF
STEEL
CONSTRUCTION, Stiffening of wide-flange
columns at moment connections: Wind and seismic
applications, Steel Design Guide Series 13,
C.J. Carter, 1999.
ZEALAND, AS/NZS 1554.1:2004 Structural steel
welding, Part 1: Welding of steel structures.

ZEALAND, AS/NZS 3679.1:1996, Structural
steel, Part 1: Hot rolled bars and sections and
AS/NZS 3679.2:1996, Part 2: Welded I sections.
ZEALAND, AS/NZS 3678:1996 Structural steel
Hot rolled plates, floor-plates and slabs.
ZEALAND, AS/NZS 1252:1996 High-strength
steel bolts with associated nuts and washers for
structural engineering.
27
CORRIGENDA TO STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOL. 36 NO. 2 SEPTEMBER 2002

DESIGN OF PINNED COLUMN BASE PLATES
G. Ranzi and P. Kneen
On pages 25 and 26, the text should be amended as follows for the
H-SHAPED COLUMN4 anchor bolts case
H-SHAPED COLUMN4 anchor bolts

The yield line patterns considered by the recommended
model are shown in Figs. 41, 42, 43, 44 and 45.
In the case of yield line patterns (a), (b) and (c) the
derived model does not assume that the oblique lines
intersect the bolt hole. This should be verified and
considered in a similar manner as previously outlined in
the case of H-shaped column with 2 anchor bolts (refer
to equation (71) and Fig. 40).
The recommended design procedure is as follows:
N = 0.9f t 2
t
yi i
ti
(72)
ab
b fc
Figure 41 Yield line pattern (a) H sections
ab
y
b fc1
(74)
and the value of B is calculated as follows:

sp
B = max(B a, B b) when y
2
sp
= B b when y
and y a b
2
sp
= max(B c, B d, B e) when y
2
where:
2b 2 2b fc1d h 4y 2
B a
fc1
(Fig. 41)
2sy
b (b d h)(a b y) 2(y a b)a by
B b
fc1 fc1
(Fig. 42)
2sa by
2
2
b d hb fc1 2y c s py c
B c
fc1
(Fig. 43)
2sy c
b fc1s d hs 2y 2d s py d d hy d
Bd
(Fig. 44)
sy d
2
b fc1s 2d hs 4a b 2a bs p 2a bd h
Be
(Fig. 45)
2a bs
y c
mina b, y
(73)
fc1 d h
y d
min a b,
sp
N*t
0.9f yi
b
y
ab
fc1
sp
y
b fc
Figure 42 Yield line pattern (b) H sections

s
y
ab
sp
ab
b fc
Figure 43 Yield line pattern (c) H sections
dh
s
2
a b = distance from bolt hole to inside face of

flange
28
s
y
ab
sp
ab
b fc
Figure 44 Yield line pattern (d) H sections

s
ab
sp
ab
b fc
Figure 45 Yield line pattern (e) H sections
The original text had an incorrect Figure 41copy of Fig. 39and all other figures 42-46 were
incorrectly numbered being out by one. In this Corrigenda, the correct figures have the correct
numbers consistent with the original text. As a consequence of this Corrigenda, there is no longer a
Figure 46.
29
ASI STEEL DETAILER

MEMBERS
NEW SOUTH WALES
Cadraw Pty Ltd
PO Box 191
Kellyville NSW 2155
02 9629 4976
CCD Drafting
15 Blighs Road
Cromer NSW 2099
02 9938 3177
Centreline Drawing Services Pty Ltd

327/20 Dale Street
Brookvale NSW 2100
02 9938 6844
Elmasry Steel Design and Detailing
Suite 3, 3a Stanley Street
Bankstown NSW 2200
02 9708 6500
EMA Consulting Engineers Pty Ltd
796 Hunter St
Newcastle West NSW 2302
02 4940 4100
Enterprise Drafting Company (EDC) Pty Ltd
982 Hunter Street
Newcastle NSW 2300
02 4927 6969
Multicad Pty Ltd
4 Belbowrie Parade
Maloneys Beach NSW 2536
02 4472 1611
SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Australian Steel Detailers
3/147 Goodwood Road
Goodwood SA 5034
08 8271 6555
NEW ZEALAND
4D Steel Detailing
PO Box 13772
Christchurch 8031
+64 3 377 5880
Iplan Drafting Services

51 Tobin Crescent
Woodcroft SA 5162
08 8381 5888
Steel Pencil Limited

PO Box 546
Palmerston North
USDSA
16 Drury Terrace
Clovelly Park SA 5042
08 8374 4999
VICTORIA
Bayside Drafting (Aust) P/L
PO Box 2338
Oakleigh VIC 3166
03 9544 3877
Cocciardi Pty Ltd

PO Box 4525
Dandenong South VIC 3175
03 9775 1556
Engineering Design Resource

68 Hotham St
Traralgon VIC 3844
03 5174 0255
03 5133 0733
Flexsteel Drafting Service

652A High Street
Kew East VIC 3102
03 9859 1862
07 3847 3064
BDS VirCon
80 Tribune Street
South Brisbane QLD 4101
Global Drafting Corporation Pty Ltd

Level 1
75-89 High Street
Cranbourne VIC 3977
03 5995 0335
07 3503 5810
Ideas
2 Rocco Drive
Scoresby VIC 3179
03 9763 4332
PlanIT Design Group

PO Box 288
Dingley VIC 3172
03 9551 6666
Draftology Pty Ltd

Suite 10, Level 3
445 Upper Edward Street
Spring Hill QLD 4004
Hempsall Steel Detailing Pty Ltd
Unit 7, 16-22 Bremner Rd
Rothwell QLD 4022
07 3018 2818
07 3831 3775
07 3204 1054
Innovative Steel Detailing Pty Ltd

PO Box 1606
Buddina QLD 4575
07 5444 7600
Vertex Engineering Design Service

26A Macquarie Drive
Thomastown VIC 3074
03 9466 1255
WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Cadstruction Drafting
Suite 4, First Floor
896 Albany Highway
East Victoria Park WA 6101
08 9472 7457
Carnegie Consulting (WA) Pty Ltd
Unit 3, 46 Hasler Road
Osborne Park WA 6017
08 9244 1311
Pacific Drafting Australia

PO Box 2250
Burleigh Business Centre
Burleigh Waters QLD 4220
07 5593 5810
Q E I Pty Ltd
104 Wellington Road
East Brisbane QLD 4169
Formation Design Systems

PO Box 1293
Fremantle WA 6959
08 9335 1522
07 3891 6646
PDC Consultants Pty Ltd

PO Box 1267
Canning Bridge WA 6153
08 9315 6600
Steelcad Drafting Pty Ltd

PO Box 1456
Coorparoo DC QLD 4151
07 3844 3955
Steeltech Steel Detailers P/L

Unit 1, 7 Allardyce Street
Graceville QLD 4075
Time Line Drafting
PO Box 2006
Toowoomba QLD 4350
30
ASI STEEL MANUFACTURER,

DISTRIBUTOR AND
GALVANISER MEMBERS
Aus Steel Pty Limited
www.aussteel.net.au
Bisalloy Steels
www.bisalloy.com.au
BlueScope Distribution
www.bluescopedistribution.com.au
BlueScope Steel Limited
www.bluescope.com
BlueScope Lysaght
www.lysaght.com
Fabcad Drafting P/L

PO Box 758
Morwell VIC 3840
QUEENSLAND
Amalgamated Drafting
651 Logan Road
Greenslopes QLD 4120
CRT Structural Pty Ltd

30 Calala Drive
Strathmine QLD 4500
+64 6 356 8253
Steelplan Australia Pty Ltd

15/885 Albany Highway
East Victoria Park WA 6101
08 9362 2599
07 3278 6699
Universal Drafting Pty Ltd

Suite 2, 8 Hasler Road
Osborne Park WA 6017
08 9242 8944
07 4659 8633
Westplan Drafting
Unit 3/11 Robinson Road
Rockingham WA 6168
08 9592 2499
CMC Coil Steels Pty Ltd

www.coilsteels.com.au
Donhad
www.donhad.com.au
Fielders Steel Roofing
www.fielders.com.au
Fletcher Building Ltd
www.fletcherbuilding.com
G.A.M. Steel Pty Ltd

www.gamsteel.com.au
GB Galvanizing Service Pty Ltd
www.gbgalv.com.au
Graham Group
www.grahamgroup.com
Horan Steel Pty Ltd
www.horan.com.au
Industrial Galvanizers Corporation Pty Ltd
www.indgal.com.au
Intercast and Forge Pty Ltd
www.intercast.com.au
Kingspan Insulated Panels Pty Limited
www.kingspan.com.au
Korvest Galvanisers
www.korvest.com.au
OneSteel Limited
www.onesteel.com
OneSteel Distribution
www.onesteel.com
Orrcon Pty Ltd
www.orrcon.com.au
Peppertree Furniture
www.peppertreefurniture.com.au
Rondo Building Services Pty Ltd
www.rondo.com.au
Southern Steel Group
www.southernsteel.com
Steel & Tube Holdings Ltd
www.steelandtube.co.nz
Charles Heath Industries

18 Britton Street
Smithfield NSW 2164
Steelpipe Australia
www.steelpipe.com.au
Stramit Building Products P/L
www.stramit.com.au
02 9607 3822
02 6382 9360
02 9627 2500
Nepean Engineering
PO Box 56
Narellan NSW 2567
02 4646 1511
02 6927 3296
Pacific Steel Constructions Pty Ltd

Unit 1, 4 Maxim Place
St Marys NSW 2760
02 9623 5247
Compute Steel Structures

67 Melbourne Rd
Riverstone NSW 2765
Webforge Australia Pty Ltd

www.webforge.com.au
Weldlok Industries Pty Ltd
www.grahamgroup.com.au
Coolamon Steelworks
PO Box 102
Coolamon NSW 2701
ASI STEEL FABRICATOR

MEMBERS
Fyshwick Metalwork
9 Lorn Road
Queanbeyan ACT 2620
02 4352 2188
National Engineering Pty Ltd

PO Box 437
Young NSW 2594
Combell Steelfab Pty Ltd

PO Box 5038
Prestons NSW 2170
Vulcan Steel Pty Ltd

Te: (03) 8792 9600
ACT
Baxter Engineering Pty Ltd
PO Box 643
Fyshwick ACT 2609
02 9609 6000
Morson Engineering Pty Ltd

PO Box 244
Wyong NSW 2259
Cooma Steel Co. Pty Ltd

PO Box 124
Cooma NSW 2630
02 6452 1934
Cosme-Australia Stainless Steel Fab Pty Ltd

19 Lasscock Road
Griffith NSW 2680
02 6964 1155
Piper & Harvey Steel Fabrications (Wagga)

Pty Ltd
PO Box 821
Wagga Wagga NSW 2650
02 6922 7527
Precision Oxycut
106 Long Street
Smithfield NSW 2164
02 9316 9933
02 6280 5688
Cullen Steel Fabrications

26 Williamson Road
Ingleburn NSW 2565
02 9605 4888
02 6299 0294
D.A.M. Structural Steel

PO Box 217
Camden NSW 2570
Rambler Welding Industries Pty Ltd

PO Box 8350
Wagga Wagga NSW 2650
02 6921 3062
02 4647 7481
02 4353 1688
02 6241 3391
Davebilt Industries
116 Showground Road
North Gosford NSW 2250
Riton Engineering Pty Ltd

P.O. Box 242
Wyong NSW 2259
02 4325 7381
NEW SOUTH WALES

7STEEL Building Solutions
PO Box 3181
Mt Druitt Village NSW 2770
02 9670 9999
Designed Building Systems

144 Sackville Street
Fairfield NSW 2165
Rivtec Engineering
PO Box 432
Hay NSW 2711
02 6993 1200
02 9727 0566
S&L Steel Fabrications Pty Ltd

59 Glendenning Road
Rooty Hill NSW 2766
02 9832 3488
02 9938 8505
Saunders International Pty Ltd

PO Box 281
Condell Park NSW 2200
02 9792 2444
02 9609 3677
Sebastian Engineering Pty Ltd

21-25 Kialba Road
Campbelltown NSW 2560
02 4626 6066
Mass Steel
11 Cheney Place
Mitchell ACT 2911
Alfabs Engineering Group Pty Ltd

PO Box 73
Kurri Kurri NSW 2327
02 4937 5079
Align Constructions & Engineering Pty Ltd
PO Box 747
Moss Vale NSW 2577
02 4869 1594
Allmen Engineering
PO Box 1437
North Sydney NSW 2059
Amarcon Group
18-20 Lucca Road
Building D
Meadows Industrial Estate
Wyong North NSW 2259
Armidale Romac Engineering
PO Box 670
Armidale NSW 2350
02 9460 2000
Edcon Steel Pty Ltd

PO Box 542
Brookvale NSW 2100
Flame-Cut Pty Ltd
PO Box 6367
Wetherill Park NSW 2164
Gonzalez Fabrication and Erection Pty Ltd

7 Pippita Close
Beresfield NSW 2322
02 4966 8224
H F Hand Constructors Pty Ltd
PO Box 2004
South Kempsey NSW 2442
02 4351 2468
Hutchins Bros
PO Box 262
Narrandera NSW 2700
02 6772 3407
ILB Steel Buildings

PO Box 1142
Orange NSW 2800
02 6562 7644
Spartan Steel
21 Birmingham Ave
Villawood NSW 2163
02 9724 6208
02 6959 2699
TDA Snow Engineering Pty Ltd

28 Jura Street
Heatherbrae NSW 2324
02 4987 1477
Tenze Engineering
PO Box 426
Greenacre NSW 2190
02 9758 2677
02 6362 3100
Australian Wrought Iron Design Pty Ltd

PO Box 6285
Silverwater NSW 2128
02 9748 6730
Industrial Building Systems

PO Box 186
Hunter Region MC NSW 2310
02 4961 6822
B & G Welding Pty Ltd

12 Bessemer Street
Blacktown NSW 2148
02 9621 3187
J.D.Hall & Son Pty Ltd

PO Box 55
Arncliffe NSW 2205
02 9567 8146
02 4953 2444
K H P Steel Fabrications
5/81 Stephens Road
Botany NSW 2019
02 9316 9713
02 6862 3699
Kermac Welding & Engineering

PO Box 6138
02 4421 6781
Lifese Engineering Pty Ltd

5 Junction Street
Auburn NSW 2144
Beltor Engineering Pty Ltd

PO Box 4187
Edgeworth NSW 2285
Bosmac Pty Ltd
64-68 Station Street
Parkes NSW 2870
Boweld Constructions Pty Ltd
PO Box 52
Bomaderry NSW 2541
C & V Engineering Services Pty Ltd

23 Church Avenue
Mascot NSW 2020
02 9667 3933
02 4821 3877
02 9748 0444
Mecha Design & Fabrication Pty Ltd

PO Box 477
Wyong NSW 2259
02 4351 1877
Southern Cross Rigging & Constructions Pty Ltd

65-67 Mandarin Street
Villawood NSW 2163
02 9783 5600
Tubular Steel Manufacturing Pty Ltd

15 Johnson Street
Maitland NSW 2320
02 4932 8089
Universal Steel Construction (Australia) Pty Ltd
P O Box 6946
02 9756 2555
W G E Pty Ltd
29 Glastonbury Ave
Unanderra NSW 2526
02 4272 2200
Walpett Engineering Pty Ltd

52 Hincksman Street
Queanbeyan NSW 2620
02 6297 1277
Weldcraft Engineering (ACT) Pty Ltd

79 Thuralilly Street
Queanbeyan NSW 2620
02 6297 1453
31
Pacific Coast Engineering Pty Ltd

PO Box 7284
Garbutt QLD 4814
07 4774 8477
RC & ML Johnson Pty Ltd

671 Magill Road
Magill SA 5072
08 8333 0188
Pierce Engineering Pty Ltd

48 Quinn Street
North Rockhampton QLD 4701
S J Cheesman
21 George Street
Port Pirie SA 5540
08 8632 1044
Quality Assured Bolt & Steel Fabrication

44 Andrew Campbell Drive
Narangba QLD 4504
07 3888 3888
SA Structural Pty Ltd

9-11 Playford Cresent
Salisbury North SA 5108
08 8285 5111
07 4633 0244
Rimco Building Systems Pty Ltd

3 Supply Court
Arundel QLD 4214
Samaras Structural Engineers

96-106 Crand Trunkway
Gillman SA 5013
08 8447 7088
07 3807 1820
Steel Fabrications Australia Pty Ltd

PO Box 7087
HEMMANT QLD 4174
07 3893 4233
Steriline Racing Pty Ltd

PO Box 590
Mt Barker SA 5251
08 8398 3133
07 3271 2622
Stewart & Sons Steel

11 Production Street
Bundaberg QLD 4670
07 4152 6311
Tali Engineering Pty Ltd

119 Bedford Street
Gillman SA 5013
08 8240 4711
07 3803 6033
Sun Engineering Pty Ltd

113 Cobalt Street
Carole Park QLD 4300
07 3271 2988
Williams Metal Fabrication Pty Ltd

181 Philip Highway
Elizabeth SA 5112
08 8287 6489
07 3881 3090
Taringa Steel P/L

17 Jijaws Street
Sumner Park QLD 4074
07 4035 1506
Thomas Steel Fabrication

PO Box 147
Hyde Park QLD 4812
NORTHERN TERRITORY
M & J Welding And Engineering
GPO Box 2638
Darwin NT 801
08 8932 2641
Universal Engineering
PO Box 39532
Winnellie NT 821
QUEENSLAND
AG Rigging & Steel Pty Ltd
PO Box 9154 Wilsonton
Toowoomba QLD 4350
Alltype Welding
PO Box 1418
Beenleigh QLD 4207
Austin Engineering Limited
173 Cobalt Street
Beenleigh Steel Fabrications P/L
41 Magnesium Drive
Crestmead QLD 4132
Belconnen Steel Pty Ltd
PO Box 5718
Brendale QLD 4500
Cairns Steel Fabricators P/L
PO Box 207b
Bungalow QLD 4870
08 8922 9800
07 4927 5422
07 5594 7322
TASMANIA
Amax Engineering (Tas) Pty Ltd
69 Lilydale Road
Launceston TAS 7250
03 6326 9682
07 4775 1266
DPM Engineering Tas

PO Box 16
Latrobe TAS 7307
03 6426 2988
07 3279 4233
Casa Engineering (Brisbane) Pty Ltd

1-7 Argon Street
07 3271 2300
Totalfab Pty Ltd

PO Box 680
Thuringowa Central QLD 4817
07 4789 3777
Central Engineering Pty Ltd

PO Box 78
Currumbin QLD 4223
W D T Engineers Pty Ltd

PO Box 115
Acacia Ridge QLD 4110
Haywards Steel Fabrication & Construction

PO Box 47
Kings Meadows TAS 7249
03 6391 8508
07 3345 4000
VICTORIA
ADM Engineering Services Pty Ltd
PO Box 45
Bannockburn VIC 3331
03 5281 2365
07 5534 3155
Centwest Engineering & Steel Supplies

PO Box 426
Longreach QLD 4730
07 4658 1733
Walz Construction Company Pty Ltd

PO Box 1713
Gladstone QLD 4680
07 4976 7999
Combined Metal Fabrication Pty Ltd

52-54 Hugh Ryan Drive
Garbutt QLD 4814
07 4775 6699
WPC Steel Fabrications

PO Box 386
Brisbane Market QLD 4106
Durable Engineeering Pty Ltd

PO Box 1916
Sunnybank Hills QLD 4109
07 3277 0424
SOUTH AUSTRALIA
07 3277 7007
Advanced Steel Fabrications

61-63 Kapara Road
Gillman SA 5013
08 8447 7100
DWW Engineering Pty Ltd

PO Box 3233
Darra QLD 4076
07 3375 5841
Fritz Steel (QLD) Pty Limited

29 Enterprise Street
Richlands QLD 4077
Ahrens Group
PO Box 2
Sheaoak Log SA 5371
08 8521 0000
07 3375 6366
Bianco Structural Steel

600 Main North Road
Gepps Cross SA 5094
08 8366 6666
Bowhill Engineering
Lot 100, Weber Road
Bowhill SA 5238
08 8570 4208
Gay Constructions Pty Ltd

PO Box 452
Morningside QLD 4170
John Holland SMP
PO Box 556
Fortitude Valley QLD 4006
Milfab
PO Box 583
Deception Bay QLD 4508
Morton Steel Pty Ltd
47 Barku Court
Hemmant QLD 4174
Noosa Engineering & Crane Hire
PO Box 356
Tewantin QLD 4565
32
07 3890 9500
07 3867 7000
07 3203 3311
07 3396 5322
Gadaleta Steel Fabrication Pty Ltd

12 Wattle Street
Port Pine SA 5540
08 8633 0996
Manuele Engineers Pty Ltd
16 Drury Terrace
CLOVELLY PARK SA 5042
08 8374 1680
MWS Engineering
PO Box 147
Para Hills SA 5096
08 8349 4933
Alfasi Steel Constructions

73-79 Waterview Close
Dandenong South VIC 3175
Factory
03 9794 9274
Apex Welding & Steel Fabrication

PO Box 1333
Bundoora LPO VIC 3083
03 9466 4125
Australian Rollforming Manufacturers Pty Ltd
35-45 Frankston - Dandenong Road
Dandenong VIC 3175
03 9793 4881
Bahcon Steel Pty Ltd
PO Box 950
Morwell VIC 3840
03 5134 2877
Geelong Fabrications Pty Ltd

PO Box 55
Geelong VIC 3215
03 5275 7255
GFC Industries Pty Ltd

42 Glenbarry Road
Campbellfield VIC 3061
03 9357 9900
GVP Fabrications Pty Ltd

25-35 Japaddy Street
Mordialloc VIC 3195
03 9587 2172
Kiewa Valley Engineering Pty Ltd

PO Box 8177
BIRALLEE PARK VIC 3689
03 6056 6271
07 5449 7477

Asi Limit State Steel Connection Design Series - Part 2 - 2009

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Asi Limit State Steel Connection Design Series - Part 2 - 2009

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STEEL CONSTRUCTIONEDITORIAL

ASI Limit State Steel Connections Design Series Part 22009

AUSTRALIAN STEEL INSTITUTE

However, to the extent permitted by law, the Authors, Editors and

STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 42 NUMBER 2 - SEPTEMBER 2009