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Reagent: Chemical / chemicals that react with an organic molecule. Substrate: The organic molecule that undergoes the reaction. Dynamic Equilibrium: Forwards and backwards reactions proceeding at equal rates with the concentration of reactants and products as constant.
Reagent: Chemical / chemicals that react with an organic molecule. Substrate: The organic molecule that undergoes the reaction. Dynamic Equilibrium: Forwards and backwards reactions proceeding at equal rates with the concentration of reactants and products as constant.
Reagent: Chemical / chemicals that react with an organic molecule. Substrate: The organic molecule that undergoes the reaction. Dynamic Equilibrium: Forwards and backwards reactions proceeding at equal rates with the concentration of reactants and products as constant.
Reagent: Chemical/chemicals that react with an organic molecule. Substrate: The organic molecule that undergoes the reaction. Addition Reacton: An unsaturated molecule (alkene) becomes saturated. Elimination Reaction: Saturated (alkane) becomes unsaturated. Substitution Reaction: Saturated (alkane) remains saturated, condition: aqueous reagent. Base: Curly arrow begins here but goes to Hydrogen, condition: alcoholic reagent. Dynamic Equilibrium: Forwards and backwards reactions proceeding at equal rates with the concentration of reactants and products as constant. Le Chateliers Principle: If we change the external condition of a reaction at equilibrium, the position of equilibrium will move so as to oppose the external change. Activation Energy (Ea): The minimum energy the colliding particles must have for a chemical reaction to occur. Most Probable Energy (Emp): This is the hump that takes place on the Maxwell Distribution Graph. Catalyst: What: A substance which speeds up a chemical reaction but remains chemically unchanged by the reaction. How: A catalyst provides an alternative reaction pathway of lower activation energy. Reaction Rate: Change in concentration of a substance in a unit of time. Reagent of Oxidating Alcohols: Acified Potassium Dichromate (orange) Product of Oxidating Alcohols: Cr3+ (green)-it is an oxidising agent, therefore it is reduced. Bio-Fuels: Fuel produced from biological or renewable sources. Carbon Neutral: No net increase to the CO2 level in the atmosphere Polymerisation: Reaction which turns many small molecules into long chain molecules. How isomers found in Infa-red Spectrum: Finger print region unique to all compounds comparison to authentic sample. Primary Alcohols: Oxidised to Aldehydes, then to Carboxylic Acid. Seconday Alcohols: Oxidised to Ketones. Reducing Agents: Gains Oxygen, Loses Electrons, Loses Hydrogen. Oxidising Agents: Loses of Oxygen, Gains of Electrons, Gains Hydrogen. Stereoisomerism: Compounds with the same structural formula with bonds arranged differently in space. Structural Isomers: Have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae. Position Isomers: Have same molecular formula but different structures due to different positions of the same functional group on the same carbon chain Chain Isomers: Structural isomers which occur when there is more than one way of arranging the carbon skeleton of a molecule Hydrolysis: Splitting C-X bonds using water Molecular Ion: The molecule with an electron knocked off Radical: An unpaired electron. Substitution: Replacement of the Halogen. Racemic Mixture: A mixture containing equal amounts of both enantiomers pH: -log10[H+] Transesterification: A reversible reaction in which an ester reacts with an alcohol, usually in excess, to form a new ester and a new alcohol Plasticiser: A substance used to soften plastic and increase flexibility Acylium Cation: The electrophile R-+CO Buffer Solution: A solution that resists changes in pH on addition of small amounts of acid or base or on dilution Buffer Region: Concentration range over which a weak acid/base can show buffer action Buffer Range: pH range over which weak acid/buffer can show buffer action Polymerisation: The joining of small molecules to form large molecules Enantiomers: Three-dimensional, non-super imposable molecular structure mirror images Chromatography: Technique for separating the components of a mixture on the basis of differences in their affinities for a stationary and for a moving phase. Homogenous: All reactants in the same phase Homologous Series: A group of compounds that have similar properties and share a general formula such as CnH2n+2