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Q.1Anorganizationusessmallquantitiesoftoxicchemicals.
(a) Identifyfourpossibleroutesofentryoftoxicsubstancesintothebody.
ByINHALATION:
Ifthechemicalsagentsisintheformofdust,vapour,fume,gas,etc.itisthemostrapidrouteofentrance.Ithas
beenestimatedthat90%oftheindustrialpoisonsareabsorbedthroughlungs.
ByINGESTION:
Anysignificantquantityofharmfulliquidorsolidwillbeswallowedwithoutdeliberateintent.
Itcanoccurdirectly(bymistakeifchemicalsarenotproperlylabeled)orindirectlywheresmallamountof
contaminantsaretransferredfromthefingerstothemouthifeating,drinkingorsmokinginchemicalareas.
ByABSORPTIONcontactwiththeskin:
Substancescanenterthroughtheskin,cutsorabrasionsandconjunctivaoftheeye.
Chemicalscan
Irritatetheskincausingdermatitis.
Penetratetheskincausingsystemictoxicity.
Damagetheskindirectly(suchasacid)
Injection:
Aforcefulbreachoftheskin,perhapsasaresultofinjury,cancarryharmfulsubstancesthroughtheskinbarrier.
1. Chemicalsmayinjectedhypodermicallyonsharpsetce.g.,brokenglasscutstheskinandtransfersa
biologicalorchemicalagent
2. Chemicalsmaybeinjectedathighpressuree.g.formhydraulichoses.
(b) Explainthedifferencebetweenacuteandchronichealtheffects.
Acutehealtheffect:Anadverseeffectresultfromasingleorshorttermexposuretoareversibleoffendingagent
andproducinganimmediateorrapideffect.
Examples:corrosiveaction,narcosisandprimaryirritation.
Chronichealtheffect:Anadversehealtheffectresultfromprolongedorrepeatedexposureswithagradualorlatent
andoftenirreversibleeffectthatmayoftengounrecognizedforanumberofyears.
Example:Cancer,sensitizationdermatitis&damagetobodyorgans.
(c)Identifythesourcesofinformationwhichcouldbeusedintheassessmentofriskoftoxicsubstances.
1.Manufacturers:
MaterialSafetyDataSheet:Providedbymanufactureroftoxicsubstance
ProductLabel:
2.GovernmentBodies:
3.EnforcementAgencies:Variouscountriesenforcementagenciesalsopublishinformationabouttoxicsubstances.
i.e.HSEBookletEH40forexposurelimits
4.ILOCodesofpractice:i.e.Safetyintheuseofchemicalsatwork
5.Tradeassociations
6.InsuranceCompanies
7.Organisationsinvolvedinoccupationalhealthmayalsoprovideinformation.
(c) Outlinethecontrolmeasuresthatmightberequiredinordertominimizeriskstoworkers.
Elimination:
Thisrepresentsanextremeformofcontroltoprohibittheuseofhighriskandtoxicsubstances.
Reduction:Thesubstitutionofalesstoxicsubstanceinaplaceofmoretoxiconeorthesamesubstanceinlesstoxic
form.E.g.Tolueneforbenzene
Isolate:
Enclosureofhazard:totallyenclosetheprocessandhandlingsystem(e.g.puttinglidsonsubstancesthathave
highvolatilevapours)
LocalexhaustVentilation:Removetoxicsubstancesatsourceitself.
DilutionVentilation:providesufficientgeneraventilation.
Control:
People:RestrictpeopletotoxicsubstancesintheformsofAge,Distance,TimeandGender.
Periodofexposure:Reducethetimeofexposurebasedonlongtermexposurelimitsorshorttermexposurelimits.
GoodHousekeeping:Regularcleaninganddisinfectionofworkplaceandcontaminatedareas.
Safestorage:provisionofsafestorageanddisposaloftoxicsubstances
Prohibit:Eatingdrinkingandsmokinginareaswheretoxiccontaminationoccurs
PersonalHygiene:Arrangementforpersonalcare,washingfacilityetc.Barriercreamsandsuitablehand
protectionsareimportantconsiderationsforchemicalandbiologicalrisks.
Respiratoryprotectiveequipment:RespiratorsandBreathingapparatuswillbechosenbasedonAPF(Assigned
Protectionfactor)toensurethatequipmentswillprovidethelevelofprotectionrequired.
Personalprotectiveequipment:SuitablePPEforthehazardinvolved.
Discipline:Ensureprocedureandrulesarebeingfollowedandtakingactionsagainstnotcompiling.
Q.2Identifythecontrolmeasuresthatcouldbeimplementedtoreducetherisktopedestriansinareaswhere
vehiclesaremaneuvering.
Segregatedsystemsforvehicular&pedestriantraffic,
Appropriateroadmarkings,
Maintaininggoodvisibility(mirrors,transparentdoors,provisionoflightingetc)
Audiblewarningsonvehicles.
Drawingup&enforcementofsiterules
Theprovisionofrefuges,
Thewearingofhighvisibilityclothing,
Agoodstandardofhousekeeping,
Training&supervisionofdrivers
Definedtrafficroutes
Onewaysystems
SpeedControl
Q.3Outlinethespecifichazardsassociatedwiththeuseofbatterypoweredforklifttrucksandstatethe
precautionsnecessaryineachcase.
Hydrogengasbeingreleasedduringbatterycharging,properventilationtobeprovidedtoavoidthebuildupof
vapours,
Electricityproblemsduringchargingwhichcanleadtoshortcircuittoelectricshockorevendeathso,useResidual
CurrentDevicesorproperlyearthedconnectionswithinsulatedcablesevenloaddistributiononCircuits,
Toavoidmanualhandlingofliquidsforbatteriesusesimpleliftingmachines,Corrosiveacidscausedbycharging,
whichcansplashoverbodyandhandscancauseirritation,itchingsoemergencywashingfacilities(handandeye),
useofproperPPE.i.e.coverallandhandglovesetc.
Q.4Excavationworkisbeingcarriedoutonaconstructionsite.Identifythecontrolmeasuresneededtoreduce
therisktoworkers.
Detectionofservices(fromplans,useofcable/pipedetectors)beforehand.
Supportofsidestoavoidcollapse.
Storageofmaterialsandtakeitawayfromedgetoprotectexcessiveload.
Stopblockstopreventvehiclesfromfallingintoexcavation.
Barriersandguardrailstoavoidfallintoexcavation.
Ensuresafemeansofaccess/egresstotheexcavationareas.
Testingforandventilationoffumesandothertoxicsubstances.
Suitablemeansofpumpingoutwater.
Onlycompetentpersonnelareallowedtoworkinanexcavation.
UseofsuitablePPE.
Q.5(a)Identifyfourmechanicalhazardsassociatedwiththeuseofapedestaldrill.
Entanglementofhairwiththedrillbitorchuck,
Stabbinginjuriesfromtheendofthebit,
Contactwiththedrillbitorchuckresultinginabrasions,
Ejectionoforimpactbyunclampedworkpieces,madeworsebythefactthattheworkpiecemaybe
spinningatfastspeedonthebit.
Cuttinghazardsmayalsobepresentedbymetalswarfproducedbythedrillingprocess.
(b)Outlinefourcontrolmeasurestoreducetheriskofinjurytooperatorsofpedestaldrills.
Secureworkpieceswithclampstopreventmovement
Ensureequipmentisproperlymaintained,Removefaultytoolsanddisconnectfrompowerwhennotinuse
WearappropriatePPE,suitablecompetentpersonareallowedtoworkonsuchequipments
Inform,instruct,supervisetheworkforce
Q.6Outlinethefactorsthatmayleadtooccupationalstressamongstworkers.
Cultureoftheorganisation
Shiftwork,unsociablehours,ExcessiveOvertime
Jobinsecurity,fearofredundancy
Repetitive/Monotonouswork
Lackofbreaksandcontroloverjob
Workratetoohighortoolow
Theworkingenvironment
Relationships(supervisors&peers)
Harassmentandbullying
Fearofviolence
Lackofcommunication
Personal&socialfactors
Q.7(a)Identifytheeffectsonthehumanbodyfromasevereelectricshock.
Electricshock:resultinginstoppingofheartandrespiratoryrhythm.Italsoleadstolossofconsciousness,fibrillation
andstrongcramplikeeffects.
Electricalburns:electricburnsaredeeperthanotherburntypesresultingfromtheheatingeffectofthecurrent
whichburnsthebodytissueandtakelongertimetoheal.
Secondaryeffects:suchasfallingfromaheightasaresultofelectricshock.Thiswillleadtofractures,bleeding,
organsdamage&death.
(b)Identifyfourfactorsthatcouldaffecttheseverityofinjuryresultingfromcontactwithelectricity.
Currentpaththroughthebody
LengthofcontacttimeorDuration
Conductivity/resistanceofthebody
Voltage
Frequencyofcurrentflow
Conductivityoftheenvironment
Natureofthecontact
Ageandhealthstatusofvictim
Q.8
(a) Inrelationtotheclassificationoffiresgiveanexampleofamaterial(fuel)thatfallswithineachofthe
classesA,B,CandD.
Fire
Class ExampleFuel
Solids
A
(Wood,Clothes,Papers,plastics)
Liquids
B
(Diesel,Petrol,oil,PaintsandThinners)
Gases
C
(Acetylene,HydrogenSulphide,LPG,Naturalgas)
Metals
D
(Sodium,Aluminum)
Electrical/Heat E
(FireInvolvingElectricalApparatus)
Oils&Fats
ForK (Fireinvolvingcookingoilsandfats)
(b) IdentifyTWOmethodsofheattransferandexplainhoweachmethodcontributestospreadoffire.
Convection:Whengasisheateditexpandsandbecomeslessdenseandthusitmovesup.Thisexplainsthespread
offiretotheupperstoreyofabuildingduetohotgasesrisingupliftshaftsandstairwells.
Radiation:Heatistransferredasinvisibleraysthroughtheair.Example:Clotheshungnearanelectricheaterfor
dryingcouldigniteandflamecanjumpacrossastreettothebuildingnearby.
Conduction:Materialsasmetalsaregoodheatconductorswhileglassandwoodareinsulators.
Directburning:ofacombustiblematerialinnakedflame.
DirectBurning:Whencombustiblematerialshavedirectcontactwithnakedflamethiswilloccur.Curtainsorcarpet
tilesmaybeconsumedbycombustionandenablefiretobetransferredtotheothernearbyareas.
Q.9Outlinethehazardsthataworkercouldbeexposedtowhenusingpetroldrivenchainsawtocutdownatree.
Operational Hazards Kickback is when a chain tooth at the upper quadrant of the guide bar tip cuts into wood
without cutting through it, the chain cannot continue moving and the bar is driven in an upward arc toward the
operator.
Equipmenthazards:ascutting,ejection,noise,vibration,etc.
Flyingsticks:leadingtoeyeinjury.
Heathazard:duetoworkingunderthesun.
Trippinghazard:duetoobstructionbytreeparts.
Biologicalhazard:duetocontaminatedground,insects,etc.
Wooddusthazards:leadingtoasthma,dermatitis,etc.
Petrolhazardsascarbonmonoxidehazards,fire,fumesetc.
Q.10Amaintenanceworkerregularlyuseshandheldgrinder,andisexposedtovibration.
(a)Identifythesymptomsthattheworkermayexperienceduetothisexposure.
Thetypicalsymptomsare
i)Numbnessoffingers.
ii)Blanchingoffingers.
iii)Swollenpainfuljoints.
iv)Reductioninmanualdexterity(thingsmayfallformhandsandfineadjustmentbyhandcannotbeachieved).
(c) OutlineSIXcontrolmeasuresthatcanbeusedtoreducetheriskfromvibration.
Thecontrolmeasuresare:
i)Eliminatetherisk:byprocesschangetoeliminatetheneedforusingvibratinghandheldtools.
ii)Reducetherisk:Tomodifyoperatingproceduresothatthepressureuponthetoolrequiredbyoperatoris
reduced.
iii)Properselectionofequipmentandmaintenance.
iv)Reducingtimeofexposureofoperatorstovibration(thismaynecessitaterecruitmentofnewstaff).
v)Healthsurveillancetodetecttheearlysignsandsymptomsofvibrationillness.
vi)UseofappropriatePPE(asglovestokeephandwarm).
Q.11IdentifyEIGHTcommoncausesoffiresintheworkplace.
Commoncausesmaybesplitintofourmaingroups.
I. CarelessActionsandAccidents
a. Smokinginprohibitedareas
b. Welding/hotwork
c. Unattendedorpoorelectricalconnections.
II. MisusingEquipment
a. Overloadingelectricalcircuits
b. Failuretofollowserviceinstructions.
c. Failuretorepairfaultymachinery/equipmentpromptly.
III. DefectiveMachineryorEquipment
a. Electricalshortcircuits.
b. Electricalearthfault
c. ElectricalInsulationFailure
IV. DeliberateIgnition
a. InsuranceFraud.
b. Concealmentofanothercrime
c. Politicalactivistsorvandalism