Metallic

M
Materrials for Tensile
e Testin
ng | ISO
O 6892--1:2009
9
Parrt 1: Meth
hod of Te
est at Ambient Tem
mperaturre
Des cription off the Testi ng Require
ements
The n
new ISO 6892-1:2009 (Meta
allic materials Tensile
testin
ng Part 1: Method of Test at Room Temperature) is a
signifficant event fo
or anyone perfforming tensile
e tests on
meta
allic materials. The new standard replacess both the
previo
ous version off ISO 6892 and the widely-u
used EN
1000
02-1:2001 sta
andard.
ISO 6
6892-1:2009 incorporates
i
many
m
detailed
impro
ovements over the older verrsion; howeverr, the most
signifficant changess are in the are
ea of test conttrol, where
the new standard introduces a new
n test contro
ol criteria
3 Testing Rate
e Based on Strrain Rate Conttrol (Method
10.3
A). TThe aim of the new test conttrol is to reducce the
variattion on the me
echanical prop
perties by redu
ucing the
variability in the tessting condition
ns. The essen
ntial feature off
the new test contro
ol is the requirrement to maintain the
strain
n rate applied to the test pie
ece within 20
0% of the
speciified rate. Thiss contrasts witth the test con
ntrol
requirements of the EN10002-1:2001 and the
e older
versio
on ISO 6892, which specifie
ed a combinattion of stress
and sstrain rate con
ntrol (stress rate in the elasttic region
follow
wed by strain rate)
r
and allow
wed considerable variation
in the
e rates e.g. a 1:10
1
variation in the strain rates
r
when
deterrmining Lower Yield (ReL) and only an uppe
er limit on the
e
strain
n rate when de
etermining Pro
oof Strength (R
Rp) (Figure 1).
Since
e the mechanical propertiess of many meta
allic
mate
erials, including
g commonly used steels, de
epend on
strain
n rate, reducin
ng the variabiliity in the strain
n rate will
increase the precission of the measured properrties (Figure
2).
ed variation in
n the strain
In addition to reduccing the allowe
he new standa
ard also clarifie
es the test
rate ffor all tests, th
conditions for the two
t types of yield behavior displayed
d
by
allic materials. For metals that demonstratte a smooth
meta
transsition from the elastic to plasstic region (Figgure 3), the
strain
n distribution in
i the gauge section
s
of the material
m
is
uniform through the offset yield (Rp) and up to the
maxim
mum tensile stress
s
(Rm). In this
t case, the definition of

strain
n rate can be,, unambiguoussly, based on tthe strain
meassured by the eextensometer and the control of the strain
n
rate can be achievved using the ssignal from the
nsometer.
exten

FFigure 1 Test sp
peeds at different calculation pointts for ISO 6892-1
(M
Method A and Meethod B).

Fiigure 2 Tests sp
peeds at 6MPa an
nd 60MPa to ISO 6892-1:2009
(M
Method B).

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Page 1

Figgure 3 Without and with yield points graphs.

ever, display a yield point. In this case,

Manyy metals, howe
the sttress increase
es in proportion to the strain
n (the elastic
region) and then att the upper yie
eld point (ReH) there is a
sudden decrease in the stress. Furthermore,
F
when
w
a metal
yieldss in this way th
he strain distriibution along the
t parallel
length is no longer uniform and instead it is localized in
narro
ow regions kno
own as Luderss bands. These
e Luders
bands often form outside
o
the exttensometer ga
auge length
under these co
onditions the strain
s
measured by an
and u
exten
nsometer can actually decre
ease despite th
he fact that
the sttrain over the entire parallel section of the specimen iss
increasing. In this region
r
it is imp
possible to con
ntrol the
strain
n rate using th
he signal from the extensom
meter. In the
latestt version of ISO 6892-1, it iss made clear that
t
the strain
rate a
after a yield is to be based on
o the extensio
on rate
applie
ed divided by the parallel le
ength of the sp
pecimen.

new standard introoduces the req

quirement tha
at the rate
chan
nge should be gradual in ord
der to avoid introducing a
steepp change in th
he stressstrain curve, whicch could
posssibly be misinteerpreted as a material characteristic.
Figurre 4 shows hoow an abrupt sstrain rate incrrease could
resullt in a false Rm result.

ISO 6
6892-1:2009 outlines
o
two distinctly different methods
of strrain rate control, eLe (strain rate)
r
and eLc (e
estimated
strain
n rate over the
e parallel lengtth). eLe is base
ed on direct
feedb
back from the extensometerr or closed-loo
op strain
contrrol, whereas eLc
r
and is in
L is based on a calculated rate
close
ed-loop crosshead position control.
c
The ccrosshead sep
paration rate iss calculated ussing vc = Lc .
eLc where Lc is the parallel length
h.

Fiigure 4 Fast speeed change show

wing false Rm.

elding behavior after yield th

he control
In botth types of yie
mode
e is specified as
a extension and
a the strain rate can be
increased the reccommended rate being 0.00
067/s. The
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643 USA | 1 800 877 6674 | 1 78
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Page 2

Inst ron Solutio

on
Instro
on testing macchines are able to meet the demanding
requirements of ISO 6892-1:200
09, both Method A, based
on strain rate contrrol, and Metho
od B, based on
n stress rate.

Matterials Testting Machiines

dard. Using an
n intelligent algorithm, the In
nstron
stand
mach
hine swaps to position conttrol, as detailed in the
stand
dard, allowingg it to maintain
n the standard
d defined
estim
mated strain ra
ate through th
he discontinuo
ous yielding
regioon. At the end of this yieldingg region with tthe onset of
strain
n hardening th
he machine th
hen moves to a final rate
that it maintains u
until the conclu
usion of the te
est.

Our e
electromechan
nical or static-h
hydraulic machines can be
equip
pped with a range of clip-on or high-resolu
ution
autom
matic extensometers for stra
ain rate contro
ol. With many

gripping solutions available,

a
Instron has a suitable
gripping mechanism
m for almost all
a material typ
pes.

Me
ethod A
Matterials with
h No Yield Point
Figure 5 shows a tyypical curve off a specimen that
t
exhibits
no yie
eld point or co
ontinuously yie
elding behavior.
Consttruction lines show points where
w
typical calculations
c
for IS
SO 6892-1 havve been determ
mined, including Rp0.2 and
Rm. C
Construction lin
nes or markerrs are available
e for almost

all ca
alculations in BlueHill
B
2 and
d BlueHill 3 for a quick and
easy visual indicatiion of the corrrect result bein
ng calculated.

Fiigure 5 BH3 scrreen shot of continuously yielding m

material.

ISO 6
6892-1 detailss test speeds that
t
must be adhered
a
to
within
n a tolerance of
o 20% while
e certain material propertiess
are calculated. The
ere are four sp
peed ranges in
n total, with
mmendations as to which sh
hould be used
d at each pointt
recom
of the
e test. Figure 6 focuses on the
t yield region of the test
curve
e. The red liness show the strrain rate beingg maintained
well w
within the 20
0% allowable limits.

Matterials with
h Yield Poi nt
The d
diagram (Figurre 7) shows a typical
t
curve of
o a specimen
that e
exhibits yield point
p
behaviorr or discontinu
uously yieldingg
behavior. Construcction lines show
w points wherre typical
calcu
ulations for ISO
O 6892-1 have
e been determ
mined,
includ
ding ReH and ReL.

Fiigure 6 BH3 scrreen shot of yield region with strain

n rate and
20% error band.

A disccontinuously yielding
y
material elastically deforms
d
up
until ReH. Following
g ReH the force typically drops dramaticallyy
as the strain contin
nues to increase. If the machine was left
e testing spee
ed would increa
ase
in strrain control the
dram
matically to cou
unter this yield
ding characteriistic resulting
in an incorrect stra
ain rate and no
on-compliance
e with the
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wide Headquarterrs | 825 Universitty Avenue, Norwood, MA 02062-26
643 USA | 1 800 877 6674 | 1 78
81 575 5000 | w
www.instron.com

Page 3

Me
ethod B
This sstress-controllled method ha
as far wider alllowable
speed
d ranges than Method A. Fro
om the start of
o the test up
until 50% of the sp
pecified yield strength
s
of the
e material
er test the macchine can be run at any convvenient
unde
speed
d. From this 50% point the system
s
should
d be run at a
stresss rate between 2MPa/s and
d 60MPa/s, de
epending on
the m
modulus of elasticity of the material.
m
Throu
ugh yield and
as ca
alculations succh as ReH, ReL, Rp and Rt are performed
the ra
ate of separation of the crossshead must be
b kept
consttant within sett strain rate lim
mits. Followingg these
yield//proof strength based calcu
ulations the tesst speed can
be increased to a strain
s
rate not greater than 0.008/s.
0
a
the cho
oice of method
d (A or B) and
Unlesss otherwise agreed,
the te
est rates within them are at the discretion
n of the
produ
ucer running the tests provid
ded they comp
ply with the
requirements of the relevant secction of ISO 68
892-1:2009.

Fiigure 7 BH3 scrreen shot of disco

ontinuously yieldin
ng material.

Referrences
Intern
national Organ
nization for Sta
andardization, Metallic mate
erials -- Tensil e testing -- Pa
art 1: Method o
of test at room
m temperature,
ISO 6
6892-1:2009, International Organization for
f Standardizzation, Genevaa.
Discla
aimer
This d
document hass been prepare
ed in accordan
nce to the inte
ernational testting standard a
at the date of issue. This me
ethod
comb
bines the standards, togethe
er with Instron
ns application knowledge. S
Should there b
be any errors o
or any changess in the
stand
dard this is not the responsibility of Instron. However we
e will endeavoor to maintain this method w
where approprriate. It is
important that you own an officia
al and current copy of the sttandard to enssure youre in compliance w
with this standa
ard.
Worldw
wide Headquarterrs | 825 Universitty Avenue, Norwood, MA 02062-26
643 USA | 1 800 877 6674 | 1 78
81 575 5000 | w
www.instron.com

Page 4