NGHIN CU NG DNG MNG CM BIN KHNG DY VO

CNG TC PHNG CHNG CHY RNG

WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK RESEARCH FOR FOREST FIRE
DETECTION APPLICATION
SVTH: H Vn Thnh , L Cao Tr, Trn B Tng
Lp 08DT3, Khoa in t - Vin thng, Trng i hc Bch Khoa, i hc Nng
GVHD: KS. Phm Xun Trung
Khoa in t - Vin thng, Trng i hc Bch Khoa, i hc Nng
TM TT
Trong bi bo ny, chng ti cung cp mt hng tip cn mi i vi cng tc phng
chng chy rng thng qua vic s dng mng cm bin khng dy, nhm thay th cho cc
phng php th cng km hiu qu, cng nh cc phng php hin i nhng gi thnh
t . Bng cch ng dng cc cng ngh cm bin nh: cm bin nh sng, nhit ,
m, khi thit k cc node cm bin, sau phn tn chng vo mi trng rng cn gim
st tin hnh thu thp d liu v gi v trung tm gim st thng qua cng ngh truyn d
liu s khng dy tin hnh x l , mng cm bin khng dy c kh nng theo di, d
bo, cnh bo v chng chy rng mt cch hiu qu. y l mt gii php ha hn to ra
mt bc t ph mi trong cng tc bo v rng.
T kha: Mng cm bin khng dy, cm bin nh sng, cm bin nhit , cm bin
m, cm bin khi, phng chng chy rng.
ABSTRACT
In this paper, we propose a research approach for forest fire detection using wireless
sensor network to replace manual methods with low efficiency as well as modern high
technology ones but high cost. By combining sensing techniques, such as light sensing,
temperature sensing, humidity sensing, smoke sensing, with digital signal transmission to
monitor a particular area of forest by electronic equipments, this research can enhance
capability of tracking, predicting, and detecting forest fire. In other word, it is a promising
breakthrough in forest protecting task.
Key words: Wireless sensor network, light sensing, temperature sensing, humidity
sensing, smoke sensing, forest fire detection.

1. t vn
Mng cm bin khng dy l mt c s h tng bao gm cc thnh phn thit b
in t c chc nng cm bin, tnh ton v truyn thng cho php ngi dng gim st
cc s kin hoc hin tng trong mt phm vi mi trng no . Mng cm bin
khng dy c rt nhiu ng dng hu ch trong thc t, trong ni bt nht c th k
n kh nng ng dng trong cc h thng gim st v cnh bo chy rng.

 Vit Nam, cng tc phng chng chy rng hin nay vn ch yu da vo cc

phng php th cng, s dng lc lng kim lm tun tra gim st cc khu vc c
kh nng cao xy ra chy. Vi phng php ny, hiu qu gim st khng cao, phm vi
theo di b gii hn do yu t a hnh, quy m lc lng, kh nng d bo chy km.
Trong khi , trn th gii, phng php ph bin nht pht hin chy rng l s
dng h thng gim st thng qua v tinh. Vi s h tr c lc ca cng ngh, phng
php ny c tin cy cao, p ng nhanh trong cng tc d bo v phng chng chy
rng, tuy nhin im yu l gi thnh qu cao cho mt ln vn hnh.
Mng cm bin khng dy m bo cung cp mt gii php ti u trong cng tc
phng chng chy rng, p ng tt kh nng d bo sm xy ra chy rng cng nh
chi ph vn hnh thp hn so vi cc phng php hin i khc.
2. Yu cu thit k h thng
Cc yu cu thit k mng cm bin khng dy s khc nhau i vi nhng ng
dng khc nhau. mc ny s nu ra nhng yu cu c bn trong vic thit k mng
cm bin khng dy cho ng dng gim st chy rng.
2.1 Tiu th nng lng
S tiu th nng lng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic thit k h thng cm
bin khng dy gim st chy rng, do cc node cm bin dng thu thp d liu t
mi trng s c phn tn vo trong cc khu vc rng ni ho lnh, kh khn trong
vic tip cn thay th ngun in, do bn thit k phi m bo c mc tiu
tiu th v tit kim nng lng, bng cch ti u ha thit k phn cng v cc thut
ton phn mm.
2.2 Kt ni mng
Kt ni mng ng mt vai tr quan trng trong s vn hnh ca mt h thng
cnh bo chy rng s dng mng cm bin khng dy. Bt c lc no, ti bt c u,
c th c mt hoc vi node cm bin gy ra hin tng mt hoc tr gi tin do ngun
in yu, yu t a hnh tc ng, h hngTrong nhiu trng hp, cc gi tin b tr
hoc mt lm nh hng ti mc chnh xc v tin cy ca c h thng, lm cng tc
cu h b nh hng. Do , thit k cn phi m bo cho h thng hoc ng trn tru
v linh hot trong mi tnh hung.
2.3 Truyn thng
Mng cm bin khng dy c ba loi truyn thng chnh. Loi th nht l loi
truyn thng 1 chiu ch h tr truyn d liu t node cm bin v trm gc. Loi th
hai l loi truyn thng hai chiu, c th giao tip 2 chiu gia node v trm gc. Loi
cui cng l truyn thng a chiu, cc node c th giao tip ln nhau truyn ti
thng tin. Nhm h gi thnh v nng cao hiu qu lm vic, bi bo ny ch tp trung
vo loi 1.
2.4 Thit k phn cng v phn mm
Nhm nng cao chnh xc v tnh tin cy trong vic cnh bo chy rng, h
thng i hi phi tch hp mt s loi cm bin khc nhau, nh cm bin nhit ,
m, nh sng, khi, ng thi qua kt hp ti u ha cc thut ton nh tuyn ,cc
2

qu trnh x l tn hiu s ti cc node cm bin, gip tit kim nng lng trong vic
truyn nhn d liu.
2.5 Xc nh kh nng chy rng theo ch s Angstrom
Ch s Angstrom c tnh theo cng thc :

R 27 T

20
10

Trong :
-R l m tng i (%) ca khng kh.
0
-T l nhit khng kh ( C)
Sau ,ta nh gi kh nng chy rng theo bng sau :
Bng 1. nh gi kh nng chy rng theo ch s Angstrom

Cp chy

Ch s I

Kh nng pht sinh chy rng

I >4,0

Khng c kh nng chy rng

II

2,5 < 1 < 4,0

t c kh nng xut hin chy rng

III

2,0 < I < 2,5

C nhiu kh nng xut hin chy rng

IV

I < 2,0

Rt c kh nng xut hin chy rng

Phng php ny n gin v d tnh ton, tuy nhin do ch tnh tng ngy ring
bit, ch tiu Angstrom khng nu c nh hng tch lu ca nhit v m
khng kh, cng khng cp n tc ng ca gi v ma nn khng phn nh chnh
xc s thay i m vt liu chy.
3. Thit k h thng
mc ny cung cp mt m hnh thit k cho h thng gim st v cnh bo
chy rng s dng mng cm bin khng dy da trn nhng yu cu h thng c
cp mc trn. Phn ny s tp trung trnh by cc vn nh m hnh tng qut
nht ca h thng, nguyn tc hot ng ca cc thnh phn trong h thng,gii thiu v
chng trnh qun l v m hnh node cm bin.
3.1 M hnh tng qut
H thng c m hnh mng hnh sao vi mt node x l trung tm lm nhim v
thu thp d liu v x l (Access Point) v gm nhiu node cm bin c phn b
trong phm vi m h thng gim st (End Device), cc node ny lm nhim v cm bin
cc thng s ca mi trng v gi d liu v node trung tm.

Hnh 1. S tng qut ca h thng

u im ca mng hnh sao

- Hot ng theo nguyn l cc node l ngang hng nhau nn nu c mt
node gp s c th mng vn hot ng bnh thng.
- Cu trc mng n gin, cc thut ton iu khin n nh.
- Mng c th m rng hoc thu hp ty theo yu cu ngi s dng.
Nhc im ca mng hnh sao
- Kh nng m rng mng th hon ton ph thuc vo trung tm, khi trung
tm gp s c th ton mng ngng hot ng.
- Mng yu cu kt ni c lp tng node n node trung tm,do khong
cch thng tin hn ch.
3.2 Nguyn tc hot ng ca cc thnh phn trong h thng
Nh gii thiu trn th h thng gm hai thnh phn c bn l AP(Access
Point) v ED(End Device), mi thnh phn s ng mt vai tr v nguyn tc hot ng
khc nhau. Chng hot ng vi nhau da trn nguyn tc c bn: cc thit b ED sau
khi c khi ng th lun lun gi bn tin ti AP yu cu lin kt tham gia vo
mng, trong khi AP lun lun lng nghe v thit lp kt ni vi ED no c yu cu tham
gia vo mng. Khi hon tt vic kt ni th AP trong mng lun sn sng nhn d
liu t cc ED sau mi giy. Sau y l vai tr v hot ng chi tit hn ca cc thnh
phn.
3.2.1 End Device
Ngay khi va khi ng, ED bt u tm kim AP thc hin kt ni. Sau khi
pht hin ra AP th n s c gng lin kt mng. Trong qu trnh hot ng th ED hot
ng ch cng sut thp tit kim nng lng. Mt khc n cng s lin tc tnh
ton cc thng s mi trng nh cc loi cm bin nhit , m, nh sng, khi...
gi v cho AP x l.
T ta xy dng thut ton s dng cho ED nh sau:

Hnh 2. Lu trng thi ca ED

3.2.2 Access Point

u tin h thng khi to phn cng, cc chun giao tip, lin kt mng... Sau
khi khi to thnh cng th AP s thc hin vic lng nghe ch kt ni mi nhm pht
hin ED mun gia nhp vo mng. Sau khi nhn d liu gi v t ED th AP s c d
liu sau truyn ln my tnh trung tm hin th trn giao din chng trnh gim
st .Qu trnh s din ra lin tc v lp i lp li cc bc trn.
T ta xy dng thut ton s dng cho AP nh sau:

Hnh 3. Lu trng thi ca AP

5

3.3 Thit k node cm bin

Nhm p ng nhu cu gim st cnh bo chy rng, node cm bin cn c kh
nng thu thp mt s loi d liu khc nhau nh nh sng, nhit , m, khi v c
th x l tn hiu v truyn cc gi tin v node thu thp d liu trung tm. mc ny
s nu ra nhng thnh phn phn cng quan trng trong node cm bin.
Cu trc tng qut ca mt node cm bin nh sau:

Hnh 4. Cu trc node cm bin

3.3.1 Khi x l
S dng KIT eZ430-RF2500 l mt sn phm ng dng ca MSP430, c tch
hp thm b phn truyn nhn d liu khng dy hot ng vng tn s 2.4GHz v b
phn cm bin nhit . Vi iu khin x l l dng MSP430F2274 vi cc c tnh s
dng ngun tiu th cc thp,tit kim nng lng rt ph hp cho vic thit k node.
Ngoi ra n cn h tr chuyn i ADC, Timer, h tr cc giao tip ni tip nh
UART,SPI,I2C.

Hnh 5. KIT eZ430-RF2500 ca TI

3.3.2 Cm bin nhit

Cm bin nhit c tch hp sn trong KIT eZ430-RF2500, y cng c
xem l mt c im thun li cho vic o c nhit . Nguyn l hot ng ca cm
bin nhit tng i n gin, l da vo mi quan h da nhit v in p
6

ngi ta c th tnh ton c nhit ca mi trng xung quanh nh s dng b

chuyn i ADC10 ca MSP430F2274.

Hnh 6. Mi quan h gia nhit v in p

3.3.3 Cm bin nh sng

S dng quang tr l loi in tr c gi tr ph thuc vo cng nh sng
chiu vo n.y l loi cm bin hot ng tng i n gin.
3.3.4 Cm bin m
Cm bin m c s dng l loi HS1101, y l mt loi cm bin m
c s dng ph bin trong cuc sng vi chnh xc tng i cao +-2%.
Cm bin HS1101 l cm bin in dung. Khi m thay i, in dung ca
HS1101 thay i. Do vy, o c m ngi ta thit k mch o in dung ca
HS1101.
Trong thc t, ngi ta thng ghp ni HS1101 v IC NE555. Khi gi tr
in dung ca HS1101 thay i th lm thay i tn s u ra ca IC555. Nh vy ch
cn o tn s u ra l c th o c in dung ca HS1101.

Hnh 7. S mch HS1101 v mi quan h gia m v in dung ca HS1101

7

Sau khi tnh ton tn s nh s dng b Timer ca MSP430F2274 th ta c th

suy ra c gi tr m o c.
Bng 2. Mi quan h gia m v tn s

3.3.5 Cm bin khi

Cm bin khi l mt trong 4 loi cm bin dng thu thp d liu. S dng
cng ngh thu pht hng ngoi pht hin khi trong phm vi bo v. Theo , mt
LED pht hng ngoi s lin tc chiu tia hng ngoi vo mt transistor quang, cp linh
kin ny s m nhim vai tr b cm bin s c mt ca khi. Khi khng c khi,
cng nh sng hng ngoi pht thu t mc n nh, tn hiu a vo vi iu
khin mc thp. Khi c khi lm m cng nh sng hng ngoi, tn hiu a vo
vi iu khin mc cao.
3.3.6 B truyn tn hiu
S dng CC2500 tch hp sn trn KIT lm nhim v truyn dn v tuyn gia
cc node. CC2500 l vi iu khin thc hin cc cng vic nh iu ch , gii iu ch,
kim tra li, lp bit phc v cho vic thu pht khng dy.
c im truyn nhn v tuyn
- nhy cao
- Tiu th dng thp
- H tr tc d liu t 1.2 n 500Kbaud
- Dy tn s t 2.4GHz n 2.4835GHz
4. Sn phm v nh gi sn phm
mc ny trnh by kt qu phn cng v phn mm, da trn c s l thuyt
c cp cc mc trn.
4.1 Phn cng
Kt hp qu trnh tnh ton th cng, m phng s hot ng ca mch bng
cch s dng phn mm Proteus phin bn 8.0, cui cng s dng phn mm Orcad
phin bn 16.5 thit k layout v to mch in, sau y l kt qu thit k phn cng
ca mch cm bin nh sng, m v khi.

Hnh 8. Mch cm bin khi, m v nh sng

Hnh 9. Kch thc thc ca node cm bin

4.2 Phn mm
Giao din qun l h thng c thit k bng phn mm Visual Basic kt hp
vi ng dng giao din qun l KIT eZ430-RF2500 ca cng ty Texas Instrument
to ra chng trnh gim st chy rng nh hnh v di.

Hnh 10. Giao din chng trnh giao tip my tnh

D liu c truyn t cc node cm bin v node thu thp d liu trung

tm, node ny giao tip vi phn mm qun l thng qua cng COM v cp nht d

liu lin tc cho ngi gim st. Giao din gim st c kh nng lu tr v trch
xut d liu di nh dng file .txt.
4.3 nh gi sn phm
u im:
- Mch hot ng n nh, cng tc cm bin, thu thp, cp nht v
truyn nhn d liu c chnh xc cao, p ng tc thi i vi bt
k s thay i no t cc i tng nhit , m, nh sng, khi.
- Mch d lp rp v ch to vi gi thnh va phi.
- Thit k gn nh, d cm nm di chuyn.
Nhc im:
- Khong cch truyn cn hn ch, cn ph thuc vo a hnh, a vt
trong vng mi trng cn gim st.
- Chng trnh vn ang trong qu trnh pht trin nn s lng node
trong mng ch gii hn mc 32 node.
- S dng nng lng pin nn vng i hot ng ca mi node cha
cao.
- S dng m hnh lin kt hnh sao, nh tuyn tnh nn cn hn ch
trin khai gim st trn mi trng rng vi din tch ln.

Hnh 11. Sn phm hon chnh

5. Kt lun v hng pht trin

Bi bo a ra mt hng tip cn mi trong cng tc phng chng chy rng
nc ta v trn th gii s dng mng cm bin khng dy s gip tng hiu qu trong
vic phng nga v cnh bo chy rng. Nhm nng cao tnh kh dng ca ti, cn
tp trung vo vn pht trin ngun nng lng m bo ko di thi gian hot
ng ca mng cm bin khng dy, chng hn nh tch hp thm cc cng ngh s
dng nng lng mt tri, bn cnh cn tch hp thm cc thnh phn mi nh h
thng GPS gip tng hiu qu trong cng tc gim st v tr node, t s ci thin
c kh nng qun l khu vc rng cn theo di. Mt khc, cn ci thin kh nng kt
ni ca mng, bng cch p dng cc m hnh lin kt hnh mng li, vi kh nng
nh tuyn gi tin ng. M hnh ny cho php m rng phm vi gim st ln nhiu ln,
10

cng nh c cc giao thc chng tt nghn gi tin trong mng, t mang li hiu qu
cao. Ngoi ra, cc thit k vn phi m bo c chi ph u t lp t mc cho
php.

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Sang Hyuk Lee, Soobin Lee, Heecheol Song, Hwang Soo Lee ( 2009 ), Wireless
Sensor Network Design For Tactical Military Applications : Remote Large Scale
Environments, 2009 IEEE.
[2] Liyang Yu, Neng Wang, Xiaoqiao Meng ( 2005 ), Real Time Forest Fire
Detection With Wireless Sensor Network , 2005 IEEE.
[3] Takahiro Fujiwara, Takashi Watanabe ( 2010 ), Bidirectional Communications For
Damage Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor Networks in Emergency Conditions, 2010
IEEE.
[4] J. Ibriq, I. Mahgoub ( 2004 ), Cluster based Routing in Wireless Sensor Network
: Issues And Challenges, in Proc. Int. Symp. Performance Evaluation Of Computer
And Communication Systems, San Jose, CA, June 2004.
[5] O. Younis, S. Fahmy (2004), Distributed Clustering In Ad hoc Sensor Networks:
A Hybrid, Energy Efficient Approach, IEEE INFOCOM 2004, Hongkong, China,
Mar. 2004.
[6] Waltenegus Dargie, Christian Poellabauer ( 2010 ), Fundamental Of Wireless
Sensor Networks: Theory And Practice, John Wiley & Sons Ltd 2010.
[7] Kazem Sohraby, Daniel Minoli, Taieb Znati ( 2007 ), Wireless Sensor Networks:
Technology, Protocols, and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, Inc 2007.

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