(Chetan Upadhyay)

Magnetic Flux Φ
•Unit for flux is weber
•The definition of 1 weber is the amount of flux
that can produce an induced voltage of 1 V in a one
turn coil if the flux reduce to zero with uniform
rate.
Magnetic Flux density B
•Unit for magnetic flux density is Tesla
•The definition of 1 tesla is the flux density that
can produce a force of 1 Newton per meter acting
upon a conductor carrying 1 ampere of current.
Magnetic field strength H
•Unit for magnetic field strength is Ampere/m
•A line of force that produce flux

Chetan Upadhyay
 F = B l I newton

Where F = force ; B = magnetic flux density ; l =the length of

conductor and I = current in the conductor
Φ = B× A
Where Φ = magnetic flux ; B = magnetic flux density and A
= area of cross-section

B = µH
Where Η = magnetic field strength ; B = magnetic flux
density and µ = permeability of the medium

Permeability in free space µ o = B/H = 4π x 10-7 H/m

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 Relative Permeability (µ r)

 Relative permeability is defined as a ratio of flux density

produced in a material to the flux density produced in a
vacuum for the same magnetic filed strength. Thus

µ r = µ /µ o

∴ µ = µ rµ o = B/H
or B = µ rµ oH

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 B vs H

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Electromagnetic Force (mmf)
H

turns

mmf H = NI

Where Η = magnetic field strength ; l =the path length of ; N

number of turns and I = current in the conductor

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 Example 1
A coils of 200 turns is uniformly wound around a wooden ring
with a mean circumference of 600 mm and area of cross-section
of 500 mm2. If the current flowing into the coil is 4 A, Calculate
(a) the magnetic field strength , (b) flux density dan (c) total flux
turns
N = 200 turns
l = 600 x 10-3 m
A = 500 x 10-6 m2
I = 4A
(a) H = NI/l = 200 x 4 / 600 x 10-3 = 1333 A
(b) B = µ oH = 4π x 10-7 x 1333 = 0.001675 T = 1675 µ T
(c) Total Flux Φ = BA = 1675 x 10-6 x 500 x 10-6
= 0.8375 µ Wb
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 Reluctance ( S )
Ohm‘s law I = V/R [A]
Where I =current; V=voltage and R=resistance
And the resistance can be relate to physical parameters as
R = ρ l /A ohm
Where ρ =resistivity [ohm-meter], l= length in meter and
A=area of cross-section [meter square]
Analogy to the ohm‘s law
V=NI=H l I=Φ and R=S

Φ=
Hl
[ weber] where S = [ ampere / weber]
S µr µo A

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 Example 2
A mild steel ring, having a cross-section area of 500 mm2 and
a mean circumference of 400 mm is wound uniformly by a
coil of 200 turns. Calculate(a) reluctance of the ring and (b) a
current required to produce a flux of 800 µ Wb in the ring.
(a)
Φ 800 ×10 −6
B= = −6
= 1.6T turns
A 500 ×10
µ r = 380

 0.4
S= =
µ r µ o A 380 × 4π ×10 −7 × 5 ×10 − 4
= 1.667 × 106 [ A / Wb]

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(b)
H
Φ= H = ΦS
S

mmf H = 800 ×10 −6 ×1.667 ×10 6 = 1342[ A] = NI

1342 1342
∴I = = = 6.7[ A]
N 200

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 Magnetic circuit with different
l
materials
l
SA = 1
and SB = 2
µ1a1 µ 2a 2

l1 l2
S = SA + SB = +
µ1a1 µ 2a 2
For A: area of cross-section = a1
mean length = l1
absolute permeability = µ 1
ForB: area of cross-section = a2
mean length = l2
absolute permeability = µ 2

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 Mmf for many materials in
series
total mmf = H l + H l
A A B B

HA =magnetic strength in material A

lA=mean length of material A

HB =magnetic strength in material B

lB=mean length of material B

In general
Σ (m.m.f) = Σ Hl

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 Example 3
A magnetic circuit comprises three parts in series, each of
uniform cross-section area(c.s.a). They are :
(a)A length of 80mm and c.s.a 50 mm2;
(b)A length of 60mm and c.s.a 90mm2;
(c)An airgap of length 0.5mm and c.s.a 150 mm2.
A coil of 4000 turns is wound on part (b), and the flux density
in the airgap is 0.3T. Assuming that all the flux passes through
the given circuit, and that the relative permeability µ r is 1300,
estimate the coil current to produce such a flux density.

Φ = BC AC = 0.3 × 1.5 × 10 −4 = 0.45 × 10 −4 Wb

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 Mmf = Φ S = H l = N I

a 0.45 ×10 −4 × 80 ×10 −3

Material a ΦS a = Φ = = 44.1At
µ r µo Aa 1300 × 4π ×10 × 50 ×10
−7 −6

b 0.45 × 10 −4 × 60 × 10 −3
Material b ΦS b = Φ = = 18.4 At
µ r µ o Ab 1300 × 4π ×10 × 90 ×10
−7 −6

airgap c 0.45 × 10 −4 × 0.5 ×10 −3

ΦS c = Φ = = 119.3 At
µ r µ o Ac 1300 × 4π ×10 ×150 ×10
−7 −6

Total mmf NI = ΦS a + ΦSb + ΦS c = 44.1 + 18.4 + 119.3 = 181.8 At

and 181.8
I= = 45.4 × 10−3 A = 45.4mA
4000

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Leakages and fringing of flux
leakage

fringing

Magnetic circuit with air-gap Leakages and fringing of flux

Some fluxes are leakage via paths a, b and c . Path d is

shown to be expanded due to fringing. Thus the usable
flux is less than the total flux produced, hence
total flux
Leakage factor =
usable flux

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 Example 4

A magnetic circuit as in Figure is made

from a laminated steel. The breadth of
the steel core is 40 mm and the depth is
50 mm, 8% of it is an insulator
between the laminatings. The length
and the area of the airgap are 2 mm and
2500 mm2 respectively. A coil is
wound 800 turns. If the leakage factor
is 1.2, calculate the current required to
magnetize the steel core in order to
produce flux of 0.0025 Wb across the
airgap.

Chetan Upadhyay
 Φ 2.5 × 10 −3
Ba = = −6
= 1T
Aa 2500 × 10
Ba 1
Ha = = = 796000[ AT / m]
µ o 4π × 10 −7

mmf = H = 796000 × 0.002 = 1594[ AT ]

Total flux = Φ T = flux in airgap × leakage factor

= 0.0025 ×1.2 = 0.003Wb
92% of the depth is laminated steel, thus the area of cross
section is
∴ AS = 40 x 50 x 0.92 = 1840 mm2=0.00184m

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 ΦT 3 × 10 −3
BS = = = 1.63T
AS 0.00184

From the B-H graph, at B=1.63T, H=4000AT/m

∴ mmf in the steel core = Hl = 4000 x 0.6 = 2400 AT

Total mmf. = 1592 + 2400 = 3992 AT

∴ NI = 3992

I = 3992/800 = 5 A

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 D

Magnetic circuit applying voltage law Analogy to electrical circuit

applying voltage Kirchoff’s law

Mmf in loop C = NI = HLlL + HMlM
outside loop NI= HLlL + HNlN
And in loop D 0 = HMlM + HNlN
In general Σ (m.m.f) = Σ Hl
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 P
IL IM IN

L M N

At node P we can also applying current Kirchoff’s law

ΦL = ΦM+ΦN

Or ΦL-ΦM-ΦN = 0
In general: Σ Φ = 0

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 Example 5
A magnetic circuit made of silicon steel is arranged as in the
Figure. The center limb has a cross-section area of 800mm2 and
each of the side limbs has a cross-sectional area of 500mm2.
Calculate the m.m.f required to produce a flux of 1mWb in the
center limb, assuming the magnetic leakage to be negligible.

340 1m m 340
m m 150 m m
m m

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 Φ 1×10 −3
Φ = B× A B= = −6
= 1.25T
A 800 ×10

Looking at graph at B=1.25T

µ r =34000
Apply voltage law in loops A and B 340
m m 150
1m m 340
m m
A m m B
m.m. f = Φ A S1 + ( Φ A + Φ B )( S 2 + S a )

1 340 ×10 −3
S1 = = = 15915
µ r µ o A1 34000 × 4π ×10 −7 × 500 ×10 −6

150 × 10 −3
S2 = = 4388
34000 × 4π × 10 × 800 × 10
−7 −6

1×10 −3
Sa = = 994718
4π ×10 × 800 ×10
−7 −6

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 Since the circuit is symmetry Φ A =Φ B

m.m. f = ΦS1 + ( 2Φ )( S 2 + S a )

In the center limb , the flux is 1mWb which is equal to 2 Φ

Therefore Φ =0.5mWb

( )
m.m. f = 0.5 × 10 −3 (15915) + 1× 10 −3 ( 4388 + 994718)

= 8 + 999 = 1007 A

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Hysteresis loss

Materials before applying m.m.f (H), the polarity of

the molecules or structures are in random.

After applying m.m.f (H) , the polarity of the

molecules or structures are in one direction, thus the
materials become magnetized. The more H applied
the more magnetic flux (B )will be produced
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 When we plot the mmf (H) versus the magnetic flux will produce a
curve so called Hysteresis loop

1. OAC – when more H applied, B

increased until saturated. At this
point no increment of B when we
increase the H.
2. CD- when we reduce the H the B
also reduce but will not go to zero.
3. DE- a negative value of H has to
applied in order to reduce B to zero.
4. EF – when applying more H in the
negative direction will increase B in
the reverse direction.
5. FGC- when reduce H will reduce B
but it will not go to zero. Then by
increasing positively the also
decrease and certain point it again
change the polarity to negative until
it reach C.

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Eddy current
When a sinusoidal current enter
the coil, the flux Φ also varies
sinusoidally according to I. The
induced current will flow in the
magnetic core. This current is
called eddy current. This
current introduce the eddy
current loss. The losses due to
hysteresis and eddy-core totally
called core loss. To reduce eddy
current we use laminated core

metal insulator

Chetan Upadhyay