Gravimetric analysis & Precipitate equilibria ( Formulae )

(A) Relative supersaturation / von Weimarn ratio

(i) Formulae

Q : concentration of the mixed reagent before precipitation occurs

S : solubility of the precipitate at equilibrium
Q S : degree of supersaturation

(ii) Conditions
High relative supersaturation
Many small crystals
( high surface area )
Low relative supersaturation
Fewer , larger crystals
( small surface area )

All prepared by alextan58@gmail.com

Gravimetric analysis & Precipitate equilibria ( Formulae )

(B) Gravimetric calculations

(i) Gravimetric factor ( GF )

(ii) Percentage of substance sought

% substance sought =

weight of substance sought ( g)

weight of sample ( g)

(iv) Percentage composition of the substance sought

All prepared by alextan58@gmail.com

(iii) Weight of substance sought

100 %

Weight of substance sought (g)

= weight of precipitate (g) GF ( g sought / g precipitate )

Gravimetric analysis & Precipitate equilibria ( Formulae )

(C) Solubility products

(i) Equilibrium constant

(ii) Calculation of the solubility of the ions from Ksp

Write the dissociation / equilibrium equation

Write the equilibrium constant

xy (aq) x+ (aq) + y- (aq)

Ksp = [x+] [y-]

Let s be the molar solubility of xy

Thus ,
[x+] = [y-]
= s

Ksp = [x ] [y ]
= s2

All prepared by alextan58@gmail.com

Gravimetric analysis & Precipitate equilibria ( Formulae )

(D) Ksp & activity coefficient ( Diverse ion effect / Salt effect )
[ Eg :
]
(i) Thermodynamic solubility product

(ii) Concentration solubility product , cKsp

i.
ii.

Ksp = [Ag+][Cl-]

All prepared by alextan58@gmail.com

(iii) Derivation
1. Ksp = [Ag+] fAg+ [Cl-] f Cl= [Ag+][Cl-] fAg+ f Cl2. Ksp = CKsp ( fAg+ f Cl- )
3.