Group 17

Black-and-white photography ( MPM pg 191 )

( 9m )

1. Photography film consists of silver bromide crystals in a thin layer of gelatin

on the photography paper .
2. The silver bromide crystals are sensitive to the light .
3. When the film is exposed to light , photochemical reaction will occurs .
4. The silver ion will be reduced to silver metal and the bromide ion will be
oxidized to bromine , Br2 .
5. 2AgBr 2Ag + Br2
6. A latent image will be formed .
7. A developer , hydroquinone , C6H4(OH)2 will be used to convert more silver
bromide crystals that exposed to light to silver metal .
8. 2AgBr + C6H4(OH)2 2 Ag + C6H4O2 + 2 HBr
9. A negative will be produced .
10. Sodium thiosulphate will be used as fixer to remove the silver bromide
crystals that do not exposed to light .
11. AgBr +2 S2O32- [ Ag(S2O3)2 ] 3- + Br
12. A photo print will be formed when the light passes through the negative onto
another photography paper .

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Group 17
Uses of chlorine in water treatment
1. When chlorine dissolves in water , chloric ( I ) acid will be formed .
2. Cl2 + H2O

HCl + HOCl

3. The ClO ions from chloric ( I ) acid will kill the bacteria and
microorganisms .

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