44 Chapter 2 Drilling Fluids ‘The purposes ofthis chapter are to preset (2) the primary fnctons of the ling fat) he tet Drove usedo determine tir the dling fas ‘ar table propertes for performing her anton, ‘acd 3) she common adder used to sain ie ‘Grable proper under sariou wel conaiont. The ‘mathematical modeling of he low bekavior of rilng {Fis ino algcused hs chapter but presented (detail in Casper Dilng i eed inthe rotary deiling proces to (lean the ook eagments from ene the bt nd fury then to the surface, (2) exert-sifcent Iydeostaie pressure auaat ibvtrface formations to prevent formation fluds from Rowing foto the well) keep the newly deed bareole open unt ‘el ang ean be cemented inthe hol, aad sol fd Iubriete the routing delsving and In ‘don to serving these functioas, he ding id Sou ot () have propariesdevimentl to the te fof planed formation, evaluation techniaves, (@) ‘hufe ty adverse effects upon the formation poe tite, or () ause any crcosion of the dling qupent nd sabriface tubules "Toe dvling engineer is concerned. with the selection and maintenance ofthe est dling Mid forthe ob. The deling fairest ether dicey tx lndvecy to mot dling problem, I the ring ‘uid does not perform adesustly ‘the functions Ite above, could become necessary to abandon ‘he ell Algo, ce adatves rege to maintain the riling ds ood condition canbe qu expensive Diligent often exconts $1 maliononasingle sep welin saa aren A ing od speci called timadengner frequen i kept on day a al nes totuainai he dling fod in good condone the lonest pose cos. 1 broad asieation of diling fad i shown in ig. 21 Tae main factors poverning the slstion of Atiing Mus are (0) the pes of formations to be ‘led, the range of temperature, arene, ered, and pores presser exhibited by he formations, (3) te formation enuation procedere ‘sed 0 the water quality alae and (3) seo ‘blenromnental considerations owerer to aege ‘rent, the dling fd composiaon tat eds he ‘west deiting coat nan area ms be dette by ‘tl snd ero: Watrtse muy nthe most cosmo ‘ed dellng fis. O-base mats are generally more ‘xpeasive and require more sigs pliston concol procedures than water-bae anid, Tir we usually miedo ariing exremey hot formations of formation that ae affenedadveely by wate ase ils The use of gases ailing el ited to [Stes where the formations are competent lar Dermesbie. Gav/ligud mature can be wed hen ly few formations capble of rococng water Sint ner are encountered Fig. 22 shows the comporica of «typical 1- ‘on al water base mes. Waterbnee mos cont of stake of solids liquids, aat chemicals, with ‘ter Being the continuous phase Some ofthe slide ‘eat with the water phase and ssolved checeals nd, tharefore, are refered toa esl. Mt ofthe active sis present ae Ryatable ays Tae hemicals added tothe mud seit te eet OF fuch solids, hereby allowing cetaln dling id ropes to be melstained betwen dered im, ‘he otter solids in a mud do aot rat withthe wae tnd ehemeals to lgnlfiant dare andar clad Inocive solide ‘The tactivewlis vary in specie ‘avi, which therefore conpltes noalycr and onto of the solide in the mad. Any ot eded to Welerbae mud is emulaed iat the water pate sod ie maintained ar smal, disouinsows erples ‘his tpe of ld mixture ead an on watr mater ig. 23 shows the composition of a typical 11- Tegal eibace mud. Ol-base made are fla i fompoition to water-baw mids eLcgt the con. tinvgus pase ool instead of water ander Sropints Ere emis lnto he od phase This oe SF uid i called «aterm enulsn,Anstherrequired for 1 quar ofthe sample wo flow fom he Fetaly fall ne into the ma cep. The Tuna ‘Yscay report in ene of ssmnde pe Qua. Preh water 70°F has a funnel iscoty of 69/40 “The flow fale fom the marsh funnel change Sinifianly ‘daring the measorement of fun Uabcosly because of the chaning Md Jove in the ‘oon. “Thisesuer the tet reas ¢o Devore et ‘meaningful or nor-Newtonian fl, which exhibit (dtferet apparent vacates at dilcent flow ater fora piven tube ze. Uaforeunately most dling taj difference is thar all solids are considered Inative because they donot react with theo. 2.1 Diagnostic Tests Toe American Petrolem Inst (APD bas preseoted si ecommended practice for ceting Tqud ing figs These teats were deve to hap the ud fagincer “deermine whtber tbe ailing ld Is beforming its funetions propery. By rong these {ue at regular inteval i offen posible to ‘emf end correct potential deling problems eaty bd. prevent a seriou lo of rig tes The tat fuipment needed to perform the dagnonte ete Fecommeridd bythe APL inclue (1) aud Belonce For dering eligi ens.) a Marsh wal for checking driling Mui consistency, 3) a ‘tational oscometer for éetermning gl stent Sd apparent viet at vatous set tts, (@) {iter pres for determing mo fitation rae 0 Tmudeake characteris, (©) a highpresture, igh femperature ler press fe taining 08 fSkration rate and madcake characte. at dlevated tamperature and prewar, (0) 9H ter {or determining" concentrason,Q) asad ren for determining sand conten, (@) © mad’ si for ‘deermining slid, a and water coments, ana'6) 3 ‘ation parans fr chenial nals "The student te rterred 0 Ret 1 for detalled ine ‘sracion on the proper tse ofthis text equipment. Shown in Fig. 24 bie standard API dling mud ‘port form usaly usd to present the resus of the Sdagnostc es. Information presented on th ep Is used by alot everyone avlved wi he ding operations. Als the information ean te quite Inept when planing for futarewelsin the aea 2.1.1 The Mud Balance. The nomencatre vied to ‘esrbe a md balance is shown in Fig. 25.° The {est consists esentally of Fling the cup with 3 md Stmple end determining the rider potion required for balance, The balaace i ellrated by adding lad Shr to eaibration chamber athe end ofthe cle. ‘Wier wuld fr he ation i. The en Sof ean water i 8.33 aa. Te ding fd Should be dogased before bey placed in BE mid Talance to eatare an accurate meaurement, 2.1.2 The Marsh Funnel. The tine coqulted for & fiud sample to ow though a Mar funnel (Fg 2.5 iga tapi cst of the comsitncy of» ing ‘ua rhe tat consis een of filing the fused th a mod sample and thes meuurng the time ‘Wile the funnel vosometer ean duce am undead lig is consistency, ations texts weslly ‘must be made before an appropriate mud treatm ane praribed 243 Te Rotatlonal Vscometer. The rotational viscometer can provide a more -meaninghl ‘measurement of th telogicalcharctersts of the ‘od than ee marsh funnel, Ths mn is shes at Conant rate teaneen an inner bob and en outer fotating sleeve Sn standard peed plus avaiable ‘peed sexing are. avalabie with the rotational ‘icometer shown in Fig. 2.7."Only two standard ‘Speeds ae powble on most mode dsigne fr fd {he The dimensions of te bob and rtor ae ehowen 4 that the dil veaiog i equal tothe spparet ‘Newtonian vcosy in eeatpoe st rotc speed of 4300" sp. At other rotor speeds, Ihe apparent scout, agit en by 300 a no he, seen we the i rending in dees and ite {otor speed in revoluons pr ate. “he vacomaer loca be edt determine reo logical parameter tht aeeibe non Newton hd Tebuvor. AC pretay the Tow parmmeters of the Bingham plate tecogeal modal ze reported oh ‘he standard APL dilsgmadrepot Two paras ‘er .aresequred 1 characterize he tha fllos ‘he Bingham plastic mode. Thee parameters te Called the plate viscony and ie point of the Mid. The plastic viscosity, py im snupase nor analy compte une Hy = Fan) Pan + on here 8gy isthe dal reading ith the vssometer ‘operating 8 600 rpm and Ug is the dal reading wih the wscometer operating a S00 rpm. The Yield pot, ‘yrimIb/ 100 qf aceslys computed using Fy = PaO Hp voices 2) ‘A thicd non Newtonian rheological yarametar called {he gel strength sunt of 1005, obtained Dy doting the maxioum dal deletion ‘hen te fotatonal vacate i turned ste ow Toto speed (Gsualy 3pm) fer he mud as renained ste for ‘Som period of im. I themed ie sbowed to remain fai ln the viscometer for 8 period of 10 conde, fe mmimun dal delcton obtained when te ‘icomete turned on is reported the Ifa el ‘nthe APLinud port form. If theta bs allowedtoFig. 25-Exancle in static for 10 minutes, the maximum dial etiection ls epared a he Irn gel. These a wll 1S oer non-Neweonin parameter sre cect a Sal in Chapuer 4 However, iis ffi that the lspci indicators that mt be kop win eta Example 2.1. A mod sample in a rotational viseometerequgped wid a sandardtraon spring ‘res aca ending of 46 wn operas st S00 rp Eda al eating OF 28 when operted at 300 ren, Compute the apparent vicoaty of te med noch rotor speed. Also compute the plac vacant 25d Solon. Use of Ba, 21 forthe 3001pm dal reading say 300 Sina, we of Eq 2.1 forthe 600m del reading 2009) «255 00 sid Note tht the appacent viscosity doesnot seman Contant but deeeees ae the rotor pd acon. “This typeof non Newronian behav is shows by Scetaly al dling mus “The plastic vise ofthe mud cn be computed wing. 2.2 Hp = Fen 80n The yield point canbe computed og Ba. 2.3: 28-18 = 1one/i00s0 8. 46-28 = 1809 = fy 2.1.4 pH Determination. The term pH is ied to fxpes the conceateation of ydregen ont in an Squenve tion pie defined by pH = gt) eo wy TH he hone on oeetaion in Drodiel conten’ of water Ky, asa vautof 1.0 foe a, 29-Retaorl econhoat son y= 10H] ~Loxio- Fos pure water, (H*) = {OH™] = 1.0 x 10~ tnd the pH ir equal to 7. Slace iy any aqueous solution the product [EI“] [OH] me remain fenstan, an iscrete in (HI ]requres a Sresonding daweae in [OH]. A solution a Which fH] > (OH } ies 0 be acide and 2 Solution in whic [OH] (H"] ied to be ‘kane. “The ration. becween pit, THI, and [OH] summarized in Table 2! “The pH of aa can be determi wing cher special pH pper ox a pH maar ig, 28) The stl per isimprepoated wih dyer hat ext decent fblors when exposed solution of vying pH The ‘lis deermine by placings sor sip of he paper fn the surface ofthe sample After the ool of the {st paper tabizs, the cols ofthe upperside ofthe per, whi has not contacted them compared ‘vith 3 andard color chat provid with the test feper, Whea seltwater ude ae usd, caution Should be erred. when using pH paper The Scltion present may cause the paper fo prodace ‘eroneous ives The pH mete instrument tht deteraines the pH of an aquous solution by meaturing the tee: tropotetal generated beeen a spel’ gles slecrode ‘nda reference elacrede’ The te tromotie force (EMI) generated serous the speilly Formulated sisse membrane has been founder Piraly to be almost linear with the pH of the {olution The pH meter must be cated ting tered eluions of known pt Example 22, Compute the amount of cautie equa to sle the pH of water fom 15105. The Iola weight of cause, a, 2.50 mat er menesing me Fo Solution, The concaation of OH in solution at ‘sven His pveaby y= [8 WOH} = 10x10! oxio-H 19° ore ae er =1o0-10, “he change in OH ~ concettoregured to neces {hep tam 710 108 piven by: ALON} =[OH" Is “oH OH" } =1995-10_g0- 123.161 «10~¢ mol, Sipe caustic ha molecular weight of 4, the weight ‘of emstcegulred per erofsosion agian by 406.161 «10-4 0.0125 9/1 2.4.5 The API Fler Prss — Sue Fieation. The ‘ker press ig, 29) wed to determine () the ‘Miracion ate though a tandard iter papers) the atest wai te mudeaketcknew ireaes on the stangaca mer paper under standard tet cor ditions, Tis testi indeatve othe rate which ermeble formations ae sled by the deposition of $tudeake after bens enetstdty the bi The flow of mud fvatetvbugh made is esrtbed by Dre's nw. Ts he ae Hiraon Seventy ote, 2Lr : 1 GRAQUATED CYLINDER a 1dk= te aon t,o? {k= the permeability af the dese, dacs, ‘the are ofthe ter paper, cm, ne presure drop sco the ‘nudceke, an, te visouty ofthe mud frat, ep, an etnies ofthe filer (md) eae, ca. ‘Ac any te, ¢, dung the filtration proces, the wine of oid inthe med tat as bee ered ‘qual othe volume of sods deposed inthe Her he Linn = SahncA ere fi he volume faction of olds inthe mud tnd tbe wolume tration of sos inte cake or San nc P) = Saline ‘Teron, Inserting this expression for hg to Eq. 2.5 and ‘SPURT LOSS The sandard API fer pres has an are of 45 cnt ti is operate at promote of 6 tz (100 psa. ‘Ta tate volume colectd lau SOs ve period {Freportd ste standard water los, Note that Ee 22 Tadao that the ftete volume i proportional fhe square ron ofthe time period wed. Tus, te fixate soled ser 7-5 mi should be ebowt half the vate silted after 30 min. It is common practice torpor twice the 75-minfitat value TEE APL wate oes when te 30-mis vate volume ‘needs te capat ofthe ftzate recive, However {chown fo Fi 210, «spurt los vokime of fire Vign olen is observed before te porosity snd pSiaabliy of the ter cake siabne and Ba. 2.7 Escomes applicable. If a sgaieant spurt low ie haere, the folowing equation shoud be used to tctrapolae the 76min Water loss to the sanded APL watecioee. Vio~2(¥23~ Vp) + Ve 28 ‘Te best method for deteralaing spr losis to pot Vx. Vf and extrapolate to aro tine as show inl 210. Ta addion to the standard API fiter pres, & salle ier pes apable of opering t stemied fempersture and prevsre also fs commonly used. The fitration rete increases wit temperature tecaue the viconty of the rate Ip reduced. Preiore usually has ite effect on ration rie Deca the permeablty of te mugcake tends to (desense mth penue andthe term/eap ia Ea. 2.7 femaine ceil constant. However, an eetated Sresure ie reused to. prev boing when Zpenting shove 319°F, Te'aren ofthe ier paper ‘afin the hgh-emperatore igh preure (THE) "ter rete fe one a the aren of the standard iter press Thas tb volume o firsts ole in 30 mas "ist be doled before reporting API wats los. ‘Anerample THD fit press how in Pi 2.1cumple 23. Using the folowing data obtained ‘wing an HTHP fer pes, determine the spur loss snd API water oe (aia) (x) 10 65 as 42 Solution. Th epurtos of the cell ca be obtned by frrapolating to ero tine ung the two data pons However, since the standard API fer press has (vce th crosesdional aes of the HTP fer bres, the comected spur loss is 414 em. The 30 bn fituatevelume can te computed usin E28 20s 162 2.07)42.07 = 26.33 em? ‘Adjusting forthe effect of fter press rossseonal ‘len, Weobiain sn API waterloe of 52.66 athe ‘eve tersperatur and peste the test, Both ontempertre and high rere AP fer tte place, Oder pre bave bn desig 19 Jnode! more secrecy the face proses Wherla Tin i flowed past the cake at does nthe ‘elbore. Sock press tht model mame raion ive shown that afta gen petow of time the Indes ihnee rains Contant ~ that the Sami lation rae eben te ition ‘es, With consan thickness ke, grating Fe Bere have alr ‘A manda ynanic fain tt hat not been cesope fo dae id md tenga te sale von tet wo characte te Hraon uly of the mud. Unfors, thee are no reliable Bidens for coating sae ad dynamic etn cats, uray ope! Guana ian ates inthe welbore ras veo ig ‘operations remains questionable. * eo 2.1.6 Chemlel Analy, Standard chemicel analyses {or the concentration of OH, l~ and'Ca*~ arerequired to complete the API dling mud report form, A tuaton spparstor tied to perform these tensisshownia Fg 2 12 “tation nvlves the eacton of knowa volume of sample with aeangar sotion of knows vlume Sod coneeataton, The concentration of the lon being tested then can be determined from a Kowiedge of the chemical reason taking place Sovral terms wad to cei te concentration of a tren substance In solution ae (1) molly — the umber of pramols of salle pe Klogram of elves, 0} olay ~ the numberof grammes of folate per Iter of solution, (@) normality — the ‘pombe of gram egulvalents of teste pe eof {olution fone gram equvalent weight () i the Sree ofthe substance that would react with one [Bammoe of hydrogen, (0) parts per milion (pp) SMe aumber of gras of solute per millon grams oft () gras por =, he et of ‘illgrams of solute er hee of solution, an) ‘Brcet by weight = the numberof prams of le er 100 gram of tlaon. eis unfortunate that so maay toms aze weed to ‘expres coeenration I i evea are uaforsnate that some of the tem are wed cousteaty by "any people in he petroleum inde. Fer example, (he tet parts er millon sometimes le ued in terchangeably wi mili pr Iter, even a high Example 24. CaCl solution ig prepared at 68°F ‘by edng iD. pof CxC to 100 em of water At this temperature, water far a diy of 0.9902 ea and the fesutng solution sas & density of Hodis gem! Express the concnration of the Seluion using (I) melaty, @) molar, nor ‘aly (2) pars pec milion, (3) aiigrams pe ier, fad (6) pee by welt Solution. The moessar weight of Cs and Cl ae ‘Showa tobe 4008 sad 35.457 respectively a Table 22"Thus, the molecular weight of CaCl «0.082058ofthesoluton is Hits igmol, 1o00g Tasat aren Gove * Ti 1.003 gmoV ee : “The volume of the solution can Be comput froma ‘hemassof solute and solvent and the densi of the Soudan. Sige IL-1 g of CaCl, added to 109g of water gave asoluion deny of 1.0855 g/em, the souicevohiaels— (11+ 99-88 TTBS pen 2. Thus, de molarity ofthe sltion is Wate Lemol 1000 an? Tassen? ~~ IL 12.3800 3. Since 0.5 mol of CaCl, woud tend o reat with | tmol of hydroaee, he grameguialent weight of Cac half te lecular weight. The normality af Tate? * se * Te = 1.985 pew, 4, The conceteation of CAC in pats per milion i avery nang 10s Wats ame * watons = 100,153 pp. 5. Concetation of CaCl in ila er ters Ming Loto me 100m? eee ee = 108 17 mest. 6 Finally, the concentation of CaCl, as perent by weehtie Threw. *" 10.02 v0 2.4.7 Alainy. Alkan refers tothe ait of « {olution or mscae to react wih. an aid) The ‘horolphhalun alkalnsy veers to the amount of Sct requed to. reduce the pH to. the Phenolpithalcia endpoint. ‘The phenolphthalen ‘inky of the mud and sud fates called the ‘Bp and Py, respective. The Py ts indes the fect of oly dslved bases anda whe se Py fee incuder the effect of both darolved a Sspended Sas and ali The meth! orange etn relrs tothe tmnt of ad reared fo duce the pH to 4.5, the methyl orange endpolnt. ‘The mitt orange alain) of the med and mud ‘uate i called the My and My respectively The AAP duson tc det deinaton of a, Pp and BA aloes ae fepored In ab cenmiers of Of02.N (oormaity = 0.02) sulfuric Seid percablcentimee of anne The Pan My es ae Sed obi te concenttion of byron, bicarbonate, end 8 Benue fons inthe aqueous phar of he mu. Ata Hof 8.3, the conversion of defo wate: and Earbonis to Scavonte is eum compte ‘he biabonetes only preeat in solution do the apHots3, snd cof” +H* ~ Hoos ‘As the pH i further reduce to 43 the aid then feast withthe bicarbonate fous to form carbon ‘dxide and water HOOs + HY = 00,1 + HOH Unfortunately, in many mod vate, other lon and ovuaie ais are present that afc the My tes. "The Py and fy tent forte aceat fhe reserve lla ofthe stepended soll Aste (OH {olution reduced, telime and limestone suspended Inthe mad wilgo ito solution snd tend to sae the pH Ths reeveslalty generally oxpesed {sam equivalent lime concenrton, Covering the GOH, cecenration fom ON el ns oF Isabela ow ‘ait ine 8 by 035 (Py = fy:P, Pa neato kd Bxomple 25, & dling mud ic mown to contain ‘CaO, The alkalnny tots ae conducted to Setemine the amount of undesohed line a Suspension inthemud. When tem! of mut fates ‘uated wang 0.02 NV H$0,, 10 cm? of 50, i equi 10 reach the penolphileln endpoint tod LT en? of H,S0q is requted 0 reach the methyl fang eedpoat. When lm’ ofmudis dite with Sovem’ of water before ttrtion a0. that any fuspeoded lime can go int elation, 7. ea of 1,80, Is required to reach the phenolphtalen cnipoln.. Compute the enous of fee Ime in Spe in he mad if he mad has total soi ‘oment of 10% Solution. Since both the Py and My have ap- proximately the same value, en absetoe of xy Extbonaer or bicarbonates is accsted. Toe te ‘tlalaty ofthe trates many due tothe pecan ‘thyroid, The fee me nom sien by EMR SSE026 heP) $9 emo 02617.0-0.901.0)) 2.1.8 Chloride Concenteation, Sat can enter nd Gontaminate the mud sysiem hen salt formations fue dled and when saline formation water enters the sllbore. The chloride concentration Is deter Inined by tation with siver nitrate souton, Thc ‘ruses the eloride to be removed rom the soition SPARC a wate pest: Ag + > = Ag “The endpoint of the tration is detected using 2 potassium chromate indicator. The exces Ag™ reso afterall Cle hat ben eimved from soltion fests with the chromate to Tora AG3CrO,, 2 ‘range presptate: 2Ag* + C20, ~ AgsCIO4 Since AgC eles soluble than-Ag;CeO,q, the later fant form pertanenly inthe tue unl the breipaton of AgC! hat reduced the [CI] to 8 ‘ery smal ae. A 0.0282 N AgNOs concentration {sual is wed for he talon, Sine the equvaint tight of C= ie 38.06, the concentation of I~ In Theitrateiegvea by myer = vy(o0nse 8) (356-2) (1.0008) = 100% where inthe volume of AgNO required ofeach the endgine per cube center of mua vate Usedinthe tration Ifthe C1~ fons ae procuced by NaCl the Na sonent ofthe mds deveined By (@3+35.468 NeCt aeecl =1.65-1,000 Vy rs/L NaCl my. =1.650¥i, e109) sine the molecular weight of sodium is 23 and the ‘molecular welt of chlorine 3846 Bwumple 2.6. One ca? of mo fitete is sated {sing 0.028 N"AgNO,. Nine on? of AENO, oltion ate required to reach the endpoint of the tization as nested ty the potasium chromate Indietor. Compute. the ‘concentration of Cl Dreent expresed in ellgrams of Cl per lite. Tze, sseunisg sha oly sodium elonide was restate compute the any of the Meat Ie Illigramsof NaC pre. Solution. The C~ concentration ivan by 1,000 Hy = 1,000 9 nd the Na concentrations given bs 650) = 14850 me NaC 2.19 Water Hardness. Water cauainng_ large Smounts of Cat" and Ng? Sons snow a5 hard vweter There contaminants sre often present inthe steer avaghle for use inthe deiling fad Tad dhcp, Ca" can enter the md vben able {CaS0,) er eypsum (€304.240) formations sre Stiles Cement also sootsing ealgum and. can Sentaniaste the mud, The total Cx" and Mae feneetraton Ie determined by tiation. with & SEandard (0.02 Versnate EDTA solution. The andard Vereerate soliton cortains Sodium Versenate, an eran compound cape of forming ‘Shlte ith Ca and Ne "The chelate ting suture ie quite sable and csteaally remover the Ca? and Mg from Solution. Dirosum eiylenedianineetaacetc acd (EDTA par exe yeds the EDTA cheating -0-Na_Na-0-C~0 1 I Gt, Gy i [ Keem-em-N sca L chy Ge, | i O=c-08 © HO-C=0. +a ‘Magnesium on form swine red complex withthe dye Enlophrome Black T. It'asoluion contaling both Cae and Ma" is tated Inthe peesence of {his dye he Verenae ist forms a calm com let. After the (Cas ha ben seduce toe very {ow icvel the Versenate then forse a comp with the magnesia fons The depletion ofthe walle Me? fons from the de Eeochvons Black caus the color ofthe salon to change fom wine ed fo bse: The amount of Versegate ed depends om the total concetraton of Galt and Msi" A small Smoust of Mg! Iscladed in te dye Instr felt. eare the proper coloration nthe event ‘Speasent inthe sample.‘Tae hardness test sometimes i performed on the sat well asthe mid firae, The moe Barnes! {nsiater the amount of elem sipensed in ie ‘Sony made on eypiarened mu oe To perform the hardness test op, esa saople ot mudi fase uted to 30 ties sonal volume Wit dstlea water so that any unsolved aly latre tented through baeaed fier paper { obtain clear frat, The total bards of is Hlvate then b-obtlned using te same procedure ‘sed forte flat from the low temperature low pressure API Biter press apparats. Since the mug ‘wes edt 50 times the orignal volume, a50-cm* ‘ample would have to be tiated Yo dermine the (acum and magnesium prevent in| mt of md, ‘The ural proadure eto frie «1D sarmple and mtn the tation volume by five. The mid arenes often is reported as an equivalent calcu sullte concentration. ‘The eqivdent weigh of C250, 6.07. Converting the CaSO, conee- ration fom 0.2 Ne Hil unite of pound mas per barrel yt os ome 100 gow. x 68.07 ew x SST = 047 mob ‘Tu, otal C280, concentration n pounds mass per buralls ven by 0877 Vag Tere OF 0d Versnae souton eee pee fable eetimeter of mud sume. The fee C380, 10 pounds mas per bares piven by 0.477 Yin ~ Sv Yer)» a 244s ot were Vy eth ron volume'n cubic centimetre of 0.02°N Verse solution equred per cube eatimeter of md ite entrain of he mdexprated pounds per bare of CaSGq f Dm of 0.09 Vencnate softs wat Fequite fo tizate a Lem? sample of mod that had teen cited and ire as dered above Solution. Theol CACO, concexration sven by 0.477 Vg = OATH) = 4.77 Eb 2.1.10 Sand Content Te sand oon ofthe mud ieasured usng 2 200mesh sew and glass tube ‘albrated io read dry the pacetage of sand by ‘olume. Send is abngive to te fd srclating ‘sem, and. destndere usally ave. used. wher ‘The standard appartas weed to determine the sand content ofthe mad shown Fi. 213, 2.1.11 The Mo Retort. The mudretor (Fg. 2.14 8 Sed to deerme the volume frason of i, water, ‘slide ina md, A calraed nd ie placed inthe ‘ett cap then he igus are tlle ito spade ‘Sindert the wide Nacton of te mad, ts dser shined by Le = 1SaSp—So @.19) where fy the volume facon of dsl water ca Tested he graduated cinder, he volume fac ton of dled a Ge wean increase factor ductn the loo eslved dug rearing the wore correction apie tothe dates wate finetion, Cy Stained Wom abss 23 and 2Tmieghtot once ce Base Hates