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Once the Breakout force vector is completely defined it is not necessary to calculate
the link & pivot forces to get sectional stresses. It is given here only to let readers get
a feel for the magnitude of the forces in links arising out of breakout force and the
linkage system. A Breakout force of 4.5 Tons sets-up pin forces of 16.5 Tons in the
Arm. That is what you get as a consequence of the excavator 4-bar mechanism. A
similar feel for forces in boom pivots can rationally explain why an excavator boom
is more generously dimensioned than the Arm.
For sectional calculations, Arm is oriented with the horizontal axis passing through
bucket pivot and the arm cylinder pivot (on the arm). A typical hand calculation of
stresses would require about four to six sections analyzed and about ten sections
analyzed in the boom. Sections in the arm are numbered from 1 to 4. There would
be at least a couple more passing through the two end pivots. We would
demonstrate the hand calculation in section 3-3.
There is nothing sacrosanct about the orientation of the section. Sections can be
taken any which ways but then interpretations of stresses become meaningless
when section orientations results in plate thicknesses very different from actual.
Also one is interested not just in stresses at one section but in a number of sections
along the length of the structure and a non-uniform distribution of sections just
doesn’t help.
LOAD CASE: MAX BREAKOUT FORCE of 45kN (Forces left of section 3-3)
4 4
Area moment of Inertia X-X Ixx 52197335mm Area moment of Inertia, Polar Ip 84121402mm
Dimension to outer fiber of top plate (for stress due to bending about X axis) d bx 127.2mm
Dimension to outer fiber of side plate (for stress due to bending about Y axis of section)
d by 102.5mm
Arm side plate thickness (for stress due to torsion & transverse shear stress) ds 6 mm
Torsion area = Area bounded by the center line of the wall cross-section
At ( 185 6) mm ( 254.4 6) mm
Ixx Iyy
Section modulus X-X Wx Section modulus Y-Y Wy
dbx d by
Shear area
2 2
Areas of side half plates area1 727.2mm area2 1230 mm
Fjv Fj sin j
Vertical component of forces Ffv Ff sin f
254.4 d jv d fv 26.1 mm
d fv 69.8 mm
2
d fh 800 mm d jh d fh 203.3mm
Mbx
Stress due to bending along X-X at 3-3 bx bx 169.541MPa
Wx
Mby
Stress due to bending along Y-Y at 3-3 by by 30.003MPa
Wy
Torsion 3
f Fbrv W hb .f 1.296 10 daN m
f
Torsional stress s 2 At ds .s 24.283MPa
2
Maximum Principal stress bx by d bx by d 2
max 2 2 s h
max 192.05MPa