Ortiz1

Miranda Ortiz
Professor Jessica Alzen
ENG123-DE Intermediate Composition
17 January 2016
Annotated Bibliography
"Prison Rape Elimination Act." Department of Corrections. Department of Corrections.
Web. 9 Feb. 2016.
This Web article supplies information on what is being done for the problem of sexual
abuse in correctional facilities in the United States. This is a reliable source because it is directly
connected to the U.S. Government's Department of Corrections. In this article there is an
explanation of what the Prison Rape Elimination Act is, and how it works. The PREA makes it
illegal for any type of sexual victimization in U.S. prisons. This is the main solution that the U.S.
has decided to try to stop sexual abuse from occurring in prisons. Using this information in
research is beneficial as it provides evidence of what is being done for victims of sexual abuse in
prisons. However, this solution is not as successful as the U.S. Government had hoped it would
be. Providing knowledge that there has not been an effective solution created for this issue
proves that the need for one is still there.
Beck, Allen J., Ph.D., and Candace Johnson, Ph.D. Sexual Victimization Reported by
Former State Prisoners, 2008. Bureau of Justice Statistics. U.S. Department of Justice, May
2012. Web. 10 Feb. 2016.

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This Web journal provides information on statistics of sexual victimization in prisons

throughout the United States. The Bureau of Justice Statistics is a reliable source used by the
U.S. Department of Justice. The survey conducted among former prisoners gives details of how,
and why the problem occurs. This information can be used as a tool when researching about the
problem of sexual victimization in U.S. prisons because it provides solid evidence of the
problem. Having statistics that specify the problem, and it's frequency it will better help when
arguing the importance of the issue. It helps to recognize the problem, and the long term effects
to establish what the correct course of action should be to solve the problem.
Beck, Allen J., Ph.D., Marcus Berzofsky, Dr.P.H., Rachel Caspar, Ph.D., and Christopher
Krebs, Ph.D. "Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails Reported by Inmates, 201112." Bureau
of Justice Statistics. U.S. Department of Justice, May 2013. Web. 8 Feb. 2016.
A research survey was conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics in order to gather
updated information on the issue of sexual victimization in the prison system. In some ways this
journal is similar to the previous one completed on this topic. For example, this survey
interviewed prisoners with the same method. However, different questions were asked in both
surveys taken by former prisoners. The survey for this research was taken by a significantly
larger amount of former prisoners than it was in the previous research. This study addresses the
issue of mental illness that occurs in prisons due to sexual victimization. That information is
useful for supporting the argument of why it is crucial to find a solution for the psychological
damages caused during incarceration.

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Frank, David W. Commentary: Abandoned: Abolishing Female Prisons to Prevent

Sexual Abuse and Herald an End to Incarceration. Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice.
Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice, Winter 2014. Web. 8 Feb . 2016.
This Web journal addresses why abolishing female prisons is vital in aiding the
prevention of sexual victimization. The author of this journal is a reliable source because of his
background as a criminal law attorney. Information in this journal is gathered from research
composed about women who are sexually victimized while being incarcerated. There is a variety
of detail given on what kind of abuse is taking place in women's prisons. This information is
helpful for understanding in depth what the problem is, and how it happens. Having the correct
knowledge on the problem increases the supporting argument of why changes need to be made in
the prison system.
"No Escape: Male Rape in U.S. Prisons." Human Rights Watch. Human Rights Watch.
Web. 8 Feb. 2016.
The Human Rights Watch published a large Web journal about men being raped in
prisons. This journal was written by an organization that specializes in advocating for human
rights. The research is thoroughly composed, and has reliable information. In this journal there
are stories gathered from male victims of sexual violence in prison. These stories had come from
both current, and former male prisoners with varying ages. The researchers for this journal have
gathered a history of male rape, and have gotten personal stories of these events. Written
descriptions of sexual victimizations occurring in prison helps to validate the argument that there
is a need for a solution. Having examples of the recurring problem is useful when trying to give
an explanation of the exact events taking place.

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Sullivan, Laura. "Timeline: Solitary Confinement in U.S. Prisons." National Public

Radio. National Public Radio, 26 July 2006. Web. 8 Feb. 2016.
This Web article provides information about the history of U.S. correctional facilities.
The timeline given explains both the successes, and failures of prisons in the United States.
Several pieces of information are useful to the argument of how psychological damages can be
caused in prisons. The history of the first prison explains that the first attempt made in having a
prison failed because of the mental effects that occurred with prisoners. Knowledge of the mental
illness history while incarcerated helps the argument of why it is necessary to create a solution
for this problem. This information helps to connect mental illnesses to sexual victimizations in
prisons.
"HIV Transmission Among Male Inmates in a State Prison System." Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 20 Apr. 2006. Web. 8 Feb.
2016.
The information in this Web article gives not only statistics on the issue, but also the
effects that can occur when being sexually victimized while incarcerated. This source is reliable
because the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention specializes in providing a correct
estimation of possible health issues. Possessing this information about HIV being transmitted in
prisons backs up the argument of why abolishing sexual abuse in U.S. prisons is important. The
researchers for this study had gotten results from HIV tests taken by prisoners who had been
involved in sexual activity in prison. These results showed that several prisoners had tested HIV
positive after sexual intercourse. This information supports the argument that there are multiple
reasons for the necessity of eliminating all sexual victimizations in prisons. The knowledge of

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physical, and psychological damages that occur in prison gives explanation to the magnitude of
the problem.
Indiana Womens Prison History. IN.gov. IN.gov. Web. 13 Jan. 2016.
This Web article was published on the official website of the Indiana government. History
of the first women's prison in the U.S. is provided by this source. The source is reliable because
is a government website with a factual history. Knowing when the first women's prison was
opened helps the timeline. By linking when this significant event took place to when other
important events occurred contributes to creating a solid history of the problem. This information
is important for creating the timeline of the historical progressions that have contributed to the
problem of sexual victimizations in U.S. prisons.
Santo, Alysia. "Preying on Prisoners." The Marshall Project. The Marshall Project, 17
June 2015. Web. 7 Feb. 2016.
In this Web article there is audio evidence of sexual victimization occurring in a prison in
Amarillo, Texas. This is a reliable source because it provides factual evidence of the claims that
are being made in the article. A prisoner who was being sexually victimized in the Clements Unit
reported the events to prison authorities, and had been wired to get proof of the recurring abuse.
These facts help to build the argument of the need for a solution to this problem. It supports the
argument that this sexual victimization is not limited to just inmate-on-inmate abuse but that
staff-on-inmate is also a part of the problem. When figuring out what needs to be solved it helps
to understand that there are multiple factors to this problem.
Chen, Laura P., B.S., M. Hassan Murad, M.D., Molly L. Paras, B.S., Kristina M.
Colbenson, B.S., Amelia L. Sattler, B.S., Erin N. Goranson, B.S., Mohamed B. Elamin, M.D.,

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Richard J. Seime, Ph.D., Gen Shinozaki, M.D., Larry J. Prokop, MLS, and Ali Zirakzadeh, M.D.
"Sexual Abuse and Lifetime Diagnosis of Psychiatric Disorders: Systematic Review and Metaanalysis." Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Elsevier Inc., July 2010. Web. 6 Feb. 2016.
This Web article has information about the long-lasting effects that can occur when going
through sexual victimization. Mayo Clinic is an internationally recognized hospital. Thus
because of the high standards that it is held to, it is a reliable source of research. Information
about the psychological effect that being sexually abused can cause is addressed in this article.
Some examples of the mental disorders that victims can suffer from are severe anxiety,
depression, insomnia, PTSD, and suicidal tendencies. These mental disorders can be treated by
medications or psychological counseling. This information can be used to make a connection
between the problem of sexual victimization to the understanding of how severe the aftermath
can be. For the argument being made on the importance of helping victims of sexual abuse this
information can be useful.
"Mental Health and Prisons." World Health Organization. World Health Organization.
Web. 6 Feb. 2016.
The World Health Organization did research on why prisons are bad for mental health.
This information is not limited to the U.S. but to other countries as well. The problem of mental
health issues is directly addressed in this Web article. There are different points of this problem
addressed in this article. A few things that were addressed were the problem, the benefit of fixing
the problem, and how to fix the problem. This information is useful for the research of mental
disorders caused by sexual victimization. It helps to create an understanding of the connection

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between the two points being addressed. Having this understanding can help in the argument of
the severity of the problem, and why it is important to find a solution for it.
Torrey, E. Fuller, M.D., Aaron D. Kennard, M.P.A., Richard Lamb, M.D., Don Eslinger,
and James Pavle. "More Mentally Ill Persons Are in Jails and Prisons Than Hospitals: A Survey
of the States." Treatment Advocacy Center. Treatment Advocacy Center, May 2010. Web. 8 Feb.
2016.
This Web article was written to give information about the large issue of mental illnesses
in prison. The survey researched was conducted by a research psychiatrist, and the National
Sheriff's Association. There is information gathered in this article about how many prisoners are
affected by mental illnesses, and a timeline of these psychological illnesses in prisons.
Information from this article is useful because two perspectives are provided. One being from the
a professional psychiatrist who studies these mental disorders, and the other being from sheriffs
who have witnessed the effects that this problem has in prisons. This article contains useful
information for arguing the severity of the damages caused by victimization.
Assisted Outpatient Treatment Laws. Treatment Advocacy Center. Treatment Advocacy
Center, 2011. Web. 10 Feb. 2016.
The Treatment Advocacy Center does research on different possible solutions to the
problem of mental disorders. This organization was founded by a research psychiatrist who
specializes in researching psychological disorders. One of the solutions for the problem of
suffering from severe mental disorders that may occur is Assisted Outpatient Treatment laws. For
this possible solution the approach taken uses medication to regulate the negative effects of
having a mental disorder. A few examples of mental disorders that can occur from being sexually

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abuse are PTSD, anxiety, and depression. This research information helps by giving a potential
solution for the problem of psychological disorders that could occur from sexual victimization.
"Cognitive-Processing Therapy for Female Victims of Sexual Assault." Crime Solutions.
Crime Solutions. Web. 8 Feb. 2016.
This Web article has information about a therapeutic treatment plan that could be a
solution to psychological damages caused by sexual victimization. There are various ways of
approaching the effects of being sexually abused. The process of counseling is made to help
someone work through psychological damages caused by a traumatic life event. This cognitiveprocessing therapeutic plan is a potential solution for how to help victims of sexual abuse. The
strategy of this solution is to help victims learn to address the traumatizing life event, and to
move forward in their lives with empower rather than self-blame. Information of this therapeutic
process helps to get an understanding of what components are important for this solution. This
connects the main argument of the problem to a possible solution.

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Works Cited
"Prison Rape Elimination Act." Department of Corrections. Department of Corrections.
Web. 9 Feb. 2016.
Beck, Allen J., Ph.D., and Candace Johnson, Ph.D. Sexual Victimization Reported by
Former State Prisoners, 2008. Bureau of Justice Statistics. U.S. Department of Justice, May
2012. Web. 10 Feb. 2016.
Beck, Allen J., Ph.D., Marcus Berzofsky, Dr.P.H., Rachel Caspar, Ph.D., and Christopher
Krebs, Ph.D. "Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails Reported by Inmates, 201112." Bureau
of Justice Statistics. U.S. Department of Justice, May 2013. Web. 8 Feb. 2016.
Frank, David W. Commentary: Abandoned: Abolishing Female Prisons to Prevent
Sexual Abuse and Herald an End to Incarceration. Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice.
Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice, Winter 2014. Web. 8 Feb . 2016.
"No Escape: Male Rape in U.S. Prisons." Human Rights Watch. Human Rights Watch.
Web. 8 Feb. 2016.

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Sullivan, Laura. "Timeline: Solitary Confinement in U.S. Prisons." National Public

Radio. National Public Radio, 26 July 2006. Web. 8 Feb. 2016.
"HIV Transmission Among Male Inmates in a State Prison System." Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 20 Apr. 2006. Web. 8 Feb.
2016.
Indiana Womens Prison History. IN.gov. IN.gov. Web. 13 Jan. 2016.
Santo, Alysia. "Preying on Prisoners." The Marshall Project. The Marshall Project, 17
June 2015. Web. 7 Feb. 2016.
Chen, Laura P., B.S., M. Hassan Murad, M.D., Molly L. Paras, B.S., Kristina M.
Colbenson, B.S., Amelia L. Sattler, B.S., Erin N. Goranson, B.S., Mohamed B. Elamin, M.D.,
Richard J. Seime, Ph.D., Gen Shinozaki, M.D., Larry J. Prokop, MLS, and Ali Zirakzadeh, M.D.
"Sexual Abuse and Lifetime Diagnosis of Psychiatric Disorders: Systematic Review and Metaanalysis." Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Elsevier Inc., July 2010. Web. 6 Feb. 2016.
"Mental Health and Prisons." World Health Organization. World Health Organization.
Web. 6 Feb. 2016.
Torrey, E. Fuller, M.D., Aaron D. Kennard, M.P.A., Richard Lamb, M.D., Don Eslinger,
and James Pavle. "More Mentally Ill Persons Are in Jails and Prisons Than Hospitals: A Survey
of the States." Treatment Advocacy Center. Treatment Advocacy Center, May 2010. Web. 8 Feb.
2016.
Assisted Outpatient Treatment Laws. Treatment Advocacy Center. Treatment Advocacy
Center, 2011. Web. 10 Feb. 2016.

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"Cognitive-Processing Therapy for Female Victims of Sexual Assault." Crime Solutions.

Crime Solutions. Web. 8 Feb. 2016.