These Construction en Terre

N d'ordre 02 ISAL 0037
Anne 2002
THESE
Prsente devant
LINSTITUT NATIONAL DES SCIENCES APPLIQUEES DE LYON
Pour obtenir
LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR
FORMATION DOCTORALE : Gnie Civil: Sols, Matriaux, Structures, Physique du Btiment
ECOLE DOCTORALE DES SCIENCES POUR LINGENIEUR DE LYON :
Mcanique, Energtique, Gnie Civil, Acoustique (MEGA) ECL INSA UCBL-ENTPE
PAR
Abalo P'KLA
Ingnieur gnie civil de Lom - Togo
CARACTERISATION EN COMPRESSION SIMPLE

DES BLOCS DE TERRE COMPRIMEE (BTC) : APPLICATION AUX
MACONNERIES "BTC-MORTIER DE TERRE"
Soutenue le 3 juillet 2002 devant la commission d'Examen :
Normando P. BARBOSA
Rapporteur
Herv DI BENEDETTO
Directeur de thse
Pierre FORAY
Rapporteur
Ali MESBAH
Jean Claude MOREL
Tuteur
Myriam OLIVIER
Jean Marie REYNOUARD
Prsident
Vincent RIGASSI
Cette thse a t prpare au Laboratoire Gomatriaux du Dpartement Gnie Civil et Btiment de

l'Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'Etat (ENTPE)
A ma famille
A celle qui accepte tre la bonne pouse et mre
A tous tes enfants et ceux qui leur ressemblent
Seul l'innocent est capable de percevoir la nature en toute

vrit. Car au commencement tait la simplicit avec l'enfant
qui entre dans la connaissance par intuition. Puis vinrent la
complication et la complexit avec l'adulte qui, dans la
douleur du raisonnement, enfante la science. La souffrance
nat ainsi avec l'adulte qui doit, pour s'en dlivrer, tendre la
main l'Esprit de l'Enfant par qui l'univers est cr. Le salut de
la science vritable se trouve uniquement dans la voie du
renoncement
Un fils spirituel d'Abba Isaac le syrien
(Abba Isaac, moine du Vlleme sicle)
je dis un norme MERCI

A Herv Di BENEDETTO pour avoir accept de diriger cette thse.
A Jean Claude MOREL et Ali MESBAH. mes tuteurs, pour leur disponibilit illimite et pour
m'avoir offert un cadre intellectuel idal de travail.
Au prsident du Jury, Jean Marie REYNOUARD.
A Normande BARBOSA et Pierre FORAY pour leur contribution la qualit de ce travail en
tant que rapporteurs.
A Vincent RIGASSI et Myriam OLIVIER pour m'avoir apport leurs expriences aussi bien
pratiques que thoriques et pour leurs remarques qui m'ont t indispensables la finalisation
de ce document.
A Alain MARCOM pour son assistance technique l'laboration de mes chantillons d'essai et
leur qualit.
A Odile ROQUE pour ses conseils et son assistance technique dans la mise au point de mon
dispositif exprimental.
A Mme Hlne GEOFFROY pour son soutien saris mesure.
A Mr et Mme EBEZOU et ., leurs enfants, Eloani AGOU, Alassane OURO MEDELL, Ali
TCHATAGBA et Aliassim BONFOH pour le cadre familial qu'ils m'ont offert.
Au grand frre Antoine AMAI pour toute son attention mon gard.
Aux membres de mon quipe ENDJ, notre CONSPI, le P. Jacques DECOLLONG.E et notre
COUAC, Mr et Mme REYDELLET.
Aux frres et surs Togolais (Aa wakili gna..... !!!) et Africains de Lyon, de toute la France qui
m'ont soutenu par leurs sages conseils.
A mes amis de Lom et du Togo tout entier.
Aux amis du laboratoire LGM pour leur convivialit.
Au personnel du laboratoire LGM pour leur assistance.
A la frangine Berthe DONGMO et Givanildo AZEREDO pour m'avoir aid corriger cette
thse.
A F iras ATASSI pour ses encouragements.
A Francette PIGNARD.
Je voudrais particulirement que NAPALA Odile daigne reconnatre sa bienveillante main dans
ce travail et que Mr et Mme BAWA (Olivier et Titi) puissent se rjouir de leur constante
assistance.
Rsum
Les maonneries en BTC (Blocs de Terre Comprime) permettent de construire des habitats individuels un
faible cot environnemental (et conomique pour les pays du sud) car on utilise des matriaux locaux. De plus
cette dmarche a un impact socioconomique positif puisqu'elle favorise le travail humain direct de construction
contrairement la filire actuelle base sur l'industrialisation de la production du matriau. L'architecture utilise
est adapte au matriau qui ne doit travailler qu'en compression.
Cette thse s'inscrit dans un contexte de formalisation du comportement en compression des maonneries en
BTC. Nous avons pour cela effectu une tude de comportement des maonneries en BTC sous compression
simple verticale. Le BTC est la composante principale de la maonnerie. Ainsi une analyse de son comportement
en compression simple est faite. Les diffrentes procdures d'essais de compression utilises jusqu' maintenant
sur BTC sont prsentes et critiques. Nous arrivons la conclusion que l'essai sur demis blocs maonns (l'un
au dessus de l'autre) est pertinent. Il est aussi dmontr que l'essai de flexion en trois points peut donner la
rsistance en compression de BTC avec une prcision de l'ordre de 20%. La seconde composante de la
maonnerie est le mortier de terre ( plus de 88% en poids sec de terre) stabilis au ciment. La littrature
n'apporte que peu d'information sur ces mortiers forte teneur d'argile (entre 5 et 20% d'argile). Nous faisons un
bilan des procdures d'essais appropris ces types de mortier. Il en ressort l'impossibilit d'utiliser le
maniabilimtre AFNOR, la possibilit d'utiliser le cne d'Abrams et la ncessit d'apprhender le comportement
d'interface BTC-mortier. Enfin des chantillons de maonnerie de formulations diffrentes, d'environ 1m2 de
surface et des triplets de BTC maonns avec du mortier de terre sont tests en compression simple. Une
diffrence de 38% au maximum des rsistances en compression entre ces 2 types d'chantillons a t observe.
Par ailleurs, l'application de la formule de l'Eurocode 6 (EC6) relative aux maonneries conventionnelles
conduit, d'une manire gnrale, la sous estimation de la rsistance en compression des maonneries BTC
par rapport aux valeurs exprimentales. Les rapports entre la rsistance la rupture calcule par la formule EC6
et la valeur exprimentale varient entre 44 et 72%.
Abstract
Compressed earth blocks (CEB) masonry make it possible to build individual houses at a low environmental
(and economic for poor countries) cost because of the use of local materials. Moreover, this step has a positive
social and economic impact since it supports the direct human work of construction, contrary to the current type
of construction based on the industrialization of the material production.
Architecture used in CEB construction is adapted to a material which should support only compression stress.
This thesis is a contribution to the formalization of CEB masonries buildings design which concerns, until now,
only the code of practice. Only masonry behaviour under vertical compression load is analysed.
As a preliminary, the CEB which constitute the principal component of masonry were studied. The various
compression tests used for CEB were presented and criticized. Compression test on two half built blocks
remains relevant. It was shown that three points bending test can also give compressive strength of CEB.
The second component of masonry is earth mortar stabilized with cement. There exists very little information
on these mortars with strong clay content (between 5 and 20 % and more). An overview of mortar tests able to
be used for earth mortar is made and lead to some propositions for future studies. Finally, two types masonry
samples were tested under vertical compression load ; 1m2 masonry and three blocks bpnded samples. The
Euroeode 6 formula for masonry compressive strength assessment is used and the results compared with our.
experimental data.
FOLIO ADMINISTRATIF
THESE SOUTENUE DEVANT L'INSTITUT NATIONAL DES SCIENCES APPLIQUEES DE LYON
NOM : P'KLA
(avec prcision du nom de jeune fille, le cas chant)
DATE de SOUTENANCE : 03 Juillet 2002
Prnoms : Abalo
TITRE : Caractrisation en compression simple des blocs de terre comprime (BTEC) : Application aux maonnerie BTC
Mortier de terre
NATURE : Doctorat
Numro d'ordre : 02 ISAL 0037
Formation doctorale : Gnie Civil: Sols, Matriaux, Structures, Physique du Btiment
Cote B.I.U. - Lyon : T 50/210/19
et
bis
CLASSE :
RESUME :
Les maonneries en BTC (Blocs de Terre Comprime) permettent de construire des habitats individuels un faible cot
environnemental (et conomique pour les pays du sud) car on utilisa des matriaux locaux. De plus cette dmarche a un
impact socioconomique positif puisqu'elle favorise le travail humain direct de construction contrairement la filire actuelle
base sur l'industrialisation de la production du matriau. L'architecture utilise est adapte au matriau qui ne doit travailler
qu'en compression.
Cette thse s'inscrit dans le contexte de formulation du comportement en compression des maonneries en BTC. Nous avaons
pour cela effectu une tude de comportement des maonneries en BTC sous compression simple verticale.
Le BTC est la composante principale de la maonnerie. Ainsi une analyse de son comportement en compression simple est
faite. Les diffrentes procdures d'essais de compression utilises jusqu' maintenant sur BTC sont prsentes et critiques.
Nous arrivons la conclusion que l'essai sue demis blocs maonns (l'un au dessus de l'autre) est pertinent. Il est aussi
dmontr que l'essai de flexion en trois points peut donner la rsistance en compression de BTC avec une prcision de l'ordre
de 20%.
La seconde composante de la maonnerie est le mortier de terre ( plus de 88% en poids sec de terre) stabilis au ciment. La
littrature n'apporte que peu d'information sur ces types de mortier. Il en ressort l'impossibilit d'utiliser le maniabilimtre
AFNOR, la possibilit d'utiliser le cne d'Abrams et la ncessit d'apprhender le comportement d'interface BTC-mortier.
Enfin des chantillons de maonnerie de formulations diffrentes, d'environ 1m2 de surface et des triplets de BTC maonns
avec du mortier de terre sont tests en compression simple. Une diffrence de 38% au maximum des rsistances en
compression entre ces 2 types d'chantillons a t observe. Par ailleurs, l'application de la formule de l'Eurocode 6 (EC6)
relative aux maonneries conventionnelles conduit, d'une manire gnrale, la sous estimation de la rsistance en
compression des maonneries BTC par rapport aux valeurs exprimentales. Les rapports entre la rsistance la rupture
calcule par la formule EC6 et la valeur exprimentale varient entre 44 et 72%.
MOTS-CLES : Blocs de terre comprime (BTC), compression simple, fissuration, mortier de terre, flexion, stabilisation,
rupture, homognisation, modlisation, essai l'chelle 1, essai in situ, maonnerie, terre crue.
Laboratoire (s) de recherches : Laboratoire Gomatriaux du Dpartement Gnie Civil et Btiment URA 1652 de l'Ecole
Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'Etat (ENTPE)
Directeurs de thse: Messieurs Herv DI BENEDETTO
Jean Claude MOREL
Prsident de jury : Monsieur le Professeur Bernard BAROUX
Composition du jury :
Jean Marie REYNOUARD, Pierre FORAY, Normando P. BARBOSA, Ali MESBAH, Myriam OLIVIER, Vincent
RIGASSI

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\Swc }f wf\Sc tiz cwy t } a sD} ^`_`ghw< sut g z d\gh{KdSw s wf\P^cwy t
c
t
^bwf_`_bwke0ai\ z ghc } _ } w Y ai\ a z w t yhai_ z4r
ZY
c
= k
t
\V\Sai^bwf_ t {PdSwDe0wf^`^bwD~P ai^`~S z wuw z ^ z aidwf\K^ld^`gyg zb} w aid_lcw z _ t g z ai\ zk _ t ^`gh{KdSw z sut g z \Sai^`_bw
e0ai\\ t g zbzt \Se0wgy<\ ttiz c8 } ^`dScw z _ } efg z w z {Pdgiaid_`\g zbz wf\K^Fy t t yhwfd_Fcw/ aid_8yhw z oY
<qN
cai\\Swkcw z t yhwfd_ z t _`g t \P^wf\P^`_bw q wf^k ZY

\Qw _`g s wjy t t yhwfd_cw
ht
<_uie0w t dZ } {Kd t ^`ghai\ z ZY ZYm ZY < r
ZY <>
kho
ht = q
L2
2 1 + 4e
2
o w z ~K ai^`~S z w z ai\K^f^`_bwkcZg z efd^ } w z c t \ z y tLz w0ef^`ghai\ z dg t \K^bw Y
LKJV/JV
sS
XX
VYTPRX
~SWX
aid zt yyhai\ z yg s g^bwf_\Sai^`_bw } ^`dScw
AgST ^S TWO
0,31
e
L
0,56
t w0e
45mm e 140mm
Yo w z yg s g^bw z
wf\<yhaiwf\P^^`_b z y t _`w s wf\P^yhw z cZg s wf\ z ghai\ z cw z o {KdSwjyai\ wfd^^`_baidwf_ z d_yhw sut _beb~ }<Y
;%GF-%
&6')xF&!d',&# pH IH+F=d',&#&;!k'&JH
J4J4RS=?JDEK36UE1014RS/21u7EQ714EK36U(=?/;EP3G?EPJu;RS914EH9F36JL7EPJD=?EKGG?EPJDEP1L1>=T36RS/21
o a sLs w^baid^ t _ t6s f^`_bwg\K^`_`g\ z 0{KdSw t d sut ^ } _`g t d
~K ai^`~S z w } a sD} ^`_`gh{KdSw>wf^
ho h
~P
ai^`~S z w sD} e t \gh{PdSw>caigwf\K^f^`_bwc } ^bwf_ s g\ }0zDt _Lcw zs w z d_bw z w } _`g s wf\P^ t yhw z4Y \Sw _bw s ghf_bw
sD} ^`~SaHcwke0ai\ z g z ^bwlw _`g s wf_
ho
t _y } {Pd t ^`ghai\ z dg t \K^bwkcZg_bw0ef^bw s wf\P^|ai^bwf\PdSwxcw ZY < r
P L
ho =
2elcif
aid zt ai\ zs w z d_ }
1+
ZY X
L2
4e2
ai^bwf\Kd t _pyw zbzt g2cwLwZghai\ x aig\P^ z aid_e~ t efd\cw zX< o ^bw z ^ }0z
_ }0z wf\K^ }0z c t \ z yhw z efg\S{ _bw s ghf_bw z yg<\Sw z cZd^ t yhw t d ZYm ie0ai_`_bw z` ai\Sc t \P^p{Kd t ^`_bwpai_ s dy t ^`ghai\ z cw
^bwf_`_bw z |\ t ^`d_bwfyyhw z t w0ekcwfdZ } a sD} ^`_`ghw z o y t ^
e
L
= 0,36
wf^ z d_e~ t \P^
e
L
= 0,56
Y@ aid z
ai^bwf\Sai\ zLt g\ z gpcwfdZcw s gyhaHe z4Y \ z d a z wu{Kd gy z \Sw z ai\P^wf\Sca sLsut }0z {PdSwc t \ z d\Sw
_ ai\Sw
^`_b z yg s g^ } w t __ t6 ai_`^ t daiyd s w^bai^ t y8cwy }f _baidwf^`^bw<wf\P^`_bwyhw z aig\P^ z c t \ z y t ghwfyyhw t _

ww sL yhw YZ \ s w z d_bwwf\ z dg^bw
n \g sL a zt \P^
c = cif
} e t _`^^ wjcwlZ q6sLs

14EK36U(=/FRZ1>=?5@/
t _d\w zbzt g2cwe0a sL _bw zz ghai\ z g sL yhw z d_pyhw z cw s g2yhaHe z ai^bwf\Kd z4Y
wf^ t w0ey } {Pd t ^`ghai\ ZY X Kai\ai^`ghwf\P^wf\ s a4wf\\Sw
ho = 22,2mm
t w0ed\
aid_ X<s w z d_bw z4Y
7;E
ho
\Sw t d^`_bw sD} ^`~SaKcwcw s w z d_bwcw
ho
yd z wf_`^`g\Swf\P^bw<e0ai\ z g z ^bw
w _`g s wf_4 z d_Ld\ s s wQ<_ t6 ~gh{PdSw<yhw z t yhwfd_ z cw_ }0z g z ^ t \Se0wQy t e0a sL _bw zbz ghai\ai^bwf\PdSw zt _
yhw z cwfdZ s w z d_bw z g\ScZg_bw0ef^bw
cif
wHghai\ aig\P^ z kwf^xcZg_bw0ef^bw
e0a sL _bw zbz ghai\ z g sL yhw>S<d_bw
ZYmX<ZYn \g sL a zt \P^Qd\ e0aKw14uefghwf\K^QcZg_bw0ef^bwfd_QcwV(y t cZ_baig^bwVcw_ } <_bw zbz ghai\

ai^`ghwf\P^
ho = 23mm
cif = c
ai\
; t yhwfd_x{KdSwD\Said z _bwf\ScZ_bai\ zt _ly tz dg^bwue0a sLs we0ai\ z ^ t \P^bwcwu_ } } _bwf\Se0w Y
we0aKw14uefghwf\K^jcwxe0ai_`_ } y t ^`ghai\cw
R2 = 0,967
aid_\Sai^`_bw s aHcfyhw<w z ^ _baHeb~Swcwle0wfydgai^bwf\Kdwf\
wZghai\ S<d_bw ZYmX< Y2 t t \P^ t wucw\Sai^`_bw s aHcfyhww z ^jcwaid_`\g_jcZg_bw0ef^bw s wf\P^xd\Sw t yhwfd_jcwy t

_ }0z g z ^ t \Se0wxy t e0a sL _bw zbz ghai\ z g sL yhwjyhai\<dSw s wf\P^d^`gyg zb} wkwf^_bw0e~Swf_beb~ } wwf\ _ t ^`gh{PdSw Y
14EK36U(=/FRZ1>=?5@/7E
25S1>;MPJ4EO@P52UV143i=?I9FE
aid zt ai\ z _baHe } c } d\Swe t6sLt <\Sw
c8w zbzt g z cwD^`_ t ef^`ghai\ t _kwf\Sc t w t d zbz g t6 wfy }0z w zbzt g z _ }0z gyghwf\ z t S\(cw s w z d_bwf_xy t _ }0z g z ^ t \Se0w
y t ^`_ t ef^`ghai\cw z o
d^`gyg zb}0z ghefg Y pghwf\{KdSwQyw zbzt g_ }0z gyghwf\ z aig^ t d zbz gd\
w zbzt gg\ScZg_bw0ef^4gy
k!0;%p' #
' ! "k
10
Compression strength
model
bending/traction model
Strength calculated from "3 points bending test"

(MPa)
y = 1,0028x - 0,093
R2 = 0,9674
y = 0,3956x - 0,0042
R2 = 0,9366

ZYmX< B! C0C
7 A ; 3 8 7=\A19
#
Y
;wC
;wC
A =@9A<C0C1;
Compression strength from direct compression test (MPa)
A A1C<9A19
C<; =@?BAq D; 9Ad7A
ho = 23mm
= 9(?

9<9 ? C ' A =@9A<C<C<;

?;:7
c = cif
10
; | ;D9Ad7AA
;%GF-%
&6')xF&!d',&# pH IH+F=d',&#&;!k'&JH
w z ^yhw yd zt6 _ba _`g } L\Sai^`_bwxe0ai\\ t g zbzt \Se0wu [ aid_ s w z d_bwf_e0wf^`^bwl_ }0z g z ^ t \Se0w Y [y wf_ s wf^
c8ai^bwf\g_y t _ }0z g z ^ t \Se0wly t ^`_ t ef^`ghai\
tieb
t _ r
tieb = 0,9
t w0e
0,9
ZY
2F
el
d\e0aKw14uefghwf\K^cwai_ s w wf_ s wf^`^ t \P^c8 t c t6 ^bwf_ t d _`g z`s w e tiz cZd o y t ai_ s dyhw
efy tizbz gh{KdSw z d_efHyg\ScZ_bwD [ ]Y w z ^y t ai_be0w t6 ygh{Kd } wly t _`d ^`d_bw Y

ZYmX q! C0C
8 7U=|A19 ;^C A
;wC
A 7:9 d7:; ; | ;D9Ad7AA %7 A # ;
A<C<9A19
h = 0,54
= 9?

?;:7
tif
A+7 ; | ;w9Ad7A6= 9 A<C<C ;
$9
C1;w?;WA
tieb
tieb = tif
Ft S<d_bw ZYmX t \ t yhai<dSwcwy t S<d_bw ZYmX< wf\e0a sL _bw zz ghai\@ _ }0z wf\P^bwyhw z _ }0z dy^ t ^ z cw z w zbzt g z
{Kdg;ai\P^ wf_ s g z cwxc } ^bwf_ s g\Swf_
t _y } t yg^ }
tieb = tif
Y2 uwf\Se0ai_bw<2ai\g sL a z wlyhwxe0aKw14uefghwf\K^
cZg_bw0ef^bwfd_cw aid_y t cZ_baig^bwlcwk_ } <_bw zbz ghai\ t S\c8ai^bwf\g_y t t yhwfd_cw

_ }0z wf\K^ }0z c t \ z yhw z {Pd t ^`_bwkcwf_`\ghf_bw z yg<\Sw z cZd^ t yhw t d ZYmZY
h = 0,54
t w0ekyhw z o
k!0;%p' #
q<
14EK36U(=/FRZ1>=?5@/,7E
25S1>;MPJ4EUVK:RS/=TI9;E
\ c } ^bwf_ s g\Sw/ t _ly t ai_ s dyhw ZY
} ^ t \P^Dai^bwf\Kd t _d\w zzt gcwe0a sL _bw zbz ghai\ z g sL yhwwf^

\Said z ^`_baidai\ z
k=7
' ! "k

c
t _d\w zbzt g_ }0z gyghwf\ Y Kd_ w zbzt g z
t w0ed\ } e t _`^^ wcwx< ZYP ia d

z _ } a>ai\ z cw t g_bwd\Swe t6sLt <\Swc8w zbzt g z
z d y }fs wf\K^ t g_bw zt S\Qc8 t 4D\Swf_e0w z _ }0z dy^ t ^ z4Y
1>=G=TJ>RZ1>=T52/7EQG?RVUV587KG=?J4RZ1>=?5@/EK/143NR:1>=T52/
;R3u1>=T36RS/214J
R
aid z \ t ai\ ztiz ^`_baid } c t \ z y t yg^`^ } _ t ^`d_bw|cwcai\\ } w z w yhaig^ t yhw z e0ai\Se0wf_`\ t \P^y t _ }0z g z ^ t \Se0wj
y t ^`_ t ef^`ghai\Qcw z o wf^cai\Se tiz d t yghcwf_yhw z t yhwfd_ z cw
h = 0,54
wf^cw
k=7
t w0ejc8 t d^`_bw z
oY
t _e0ai\K^`_bw<@ai\ wfdê0a sLt _bwf_yhw z t yhwfd_ z cwk_ }0z g z ^ t \Se0wxDy t ^`_ t ef^`ghai\cZd s aKcfyhw t _^`g_ t \K^{Kdg
d^`gyg z w
k=7
t w0ejyhw z t yhwfd_ z e0ai_`_bw z` ai\Sc t \P^bw z ai^bwf\PdSw zt w0elyhw z w zbzt g z _ }0z gyghwf\ z S<d_bw ZYmX<X Y
o wf^`^bwS<d_bw _ }0z wf\P^bwy t e0ai\Z_bai\P^ t ^`ghai\cZdD_ }0z dy^ t ^cwy t6 yghe t ^`ghai\cZd s aHcfyhw t yhai_ z {KdSwy t S<d_bw
ZYmX cai\\ t g^yhw z t yhwfd_ z cwe t y t wcw
yhw z > q
cwky t ai_ s dyhwlcw|y tL
Y2 \ai^`ghwf\P^|d\Swwf_`_bwfd_jcw X<
e0wx{Kdg;w z ^ s ghwfdZ{KdSw
S<d_bw ZYmX > Y
\ wfd^ t _ t gyyhwfd_ z e0a sLt _bwf_ t \ t yH^`gh{PdSw s wf\K^\Sai^`_bw s aHcfyhw t w0eyhw s aHcfyhwcwy tx
t ef^`dSwfyyhw s wf\P^ t y t yhw aid_
L
L
e
> 10
d^`gyg zb}
wf^ t d zbz g t w0ekyhw s aHcfyhwkcwjyw zbzt gF_ }0z gyghwf\ t y t yhwk{Pd t \Sc
^bwf\Scwf_ z S<d_bw ZYmX< Y w s aKcfyhw t _^`g_ t \K^caig^8f^`_bw|wf\Se t cZ_ }jt _e0w z cwfdZ s aHcfyhw z4Y t \ z
y t S<d_bw ZYmX6 ai\w _`g s wly t ^`_ t ef^`ghai\\Sai_ sut yg z} w t6 wfy } wx
y } y t \Se0w s wf\P^4 aid_d\Swyhai\<dSwfd_wf\K^`_bw t6 dg
L = 250mm
TN =
t wf\ai\Sef^`ghai\cw
elPrupt
Y w z} y t \Se0w s wf\K^ z cw|< wf^ X q e0ai_`_bw z
ai\Scwf\P^ t dZQ oz d_eb~ t \P^jwf^| y t ^_bw z` w0ef^`gw s wf\K^ Y w z cwfdZ s aKcfyhw zz g sL yg }0zt _^`g_ t \K^
d^`gyg zt \K^
z wfdgy
wf^
S<d_bw
L
e seuil
_bw z` w0ef^`gw s wf\P^ z wu_bwf\Se0ai\P^`_bwf\P^ t d aig\K^[|e0ai_`_bw z` ai\Sc t \P^Dd\ } y t \Se0w s wf\K^

ZYmX6SY
3
d t \Scy } y t \Se0w s wf\P^LcZg s g\PdSw<;yhw s aHcfyhw t _x^`g_ t \P^ t w0e
{Kdg z wj_ t6 _baHeb~Swxyhw yd z cwkyw zbzt gF_ }0z gyghwf\ Y t \ z y t_ ai\Sw
e t yhefdy } t _`^`g_lcwx/wefyd^ke0wfydg t w0e
s aHcfyhwke t yhefdy } t _`^`g_cw
Y t \ z y t_ ai\Sw
L
e
Ft S<d_bw ZYmX ue0ai\ZS_ s we0w z ca sut g\Sw z c8 d^`gyg zt ^`ghai\cw
L
e
wf^
<
>
y d^`gyg
L
e seuil
w z ^le0wfydg
zt ^`ghai\cZd s aKcfyhw
8ai\d^`gyg
L
e seuil
z w t _ke0ai\P^`_bwDyhw
e t _gy z cai\\Swf\K^|y t ~ t d^bwfd_|cwky t
;%GF-%
&6')xF&!d',&# pH IH+F=d',&#&;!k'&JH

ZYmX<X ! C0C ;^C A
A+7lA<C0C ;^Cx; | ;D9A 7DCk= 9
?; A<C
7:9 7:; ; | ;D9Ad7Aqa%8<= 7(ad<C A7:;D9 7TS $ W; A1?w?BA

A<C0C ;
t7 %$ ?BA Qrjpj
$9
C<;D?;WA 1\g 7
tieb
nghi=g9
' A
k = 7
Y\@
C A 7 C Y Cx? A<C+ 7:9A
q
tif
A19 ;+d+9A<C
ghwfyyhwjy t yd z wf^`g^bw Y
3
d t \Scjy } y t \Se0w s wf\K^ t d s wf\K^bwyhw s aHcfyhw t _^`g_ t \K^ z } yhaig<\SwpcZd s aKcfyhwpcwy t
S<d_bw ZYmX6
e0wj{Kdg z g<\gwk{KdSw|y d^`gyg zt ^`ghai\QcZd s aHcfyhw t _^`g_ t \K^w z ^yg s g^ } wcw z} y t \Se0w s wf\P^ z t gyhw z4Y
1>=G=TJ>RZ1>=T52/
7;E75@//FKEPJuEPP3i=UVEH/214RSGTEKJEK/
:5@U;36EPJ>J>=?5@/7;EKJ
R
/=T@EP36J>=T14PJ7;ERS/;ORH
G?536EU".0/F7E0#E1DRZ1>V"XWY#
S\
cwe0a sL yhf^bwf_y t t yghc t ^`ghai\cZd s aHcfyhw z g sL yg }t _ghwfyyhw<gy|e0ai\PHghwf\P^cwy d^`gyg z wf_ z d_
c8 t d^`_bw z ^ w z cw oY [yZ\wHg z ^bwe0w wf\Sc t \P^ tiz \Sai^`_bwe0ai\\ t g zbzt \Se0wcwcai\\ } w z cZg_bw0ef^bw s wf\P^
d^`gyg zt yhw z c t \ z y t yg^`^ } _ t ^`d_bw z d_yhw z oY
k!0;%p' #
q<X

ZYmX<

A '
~6 ; A1C
5@//;PEPJLEPP3i=UVEH/214RSGTEKJD7EUZ\[^]
wZghai\ \Said z aidai\ zt yhai_ z _bw s ai\K^bwf_
2B(_
P
?; :; 7

A<C
;f
' ! "k
9A 7DC 1d ?BA<C
w zt d^bwfd_ z cwL n#<X6 cai\\Swf\K^cw z t yhwfd_ z cw

t _y t ai_ s dyhwxcw|y tL
ZY >{Pd gy z ai\K^w18w0ef^`gw
s wf\P^d^`gyg zb} w> Yt g z yhw z t yhwfd_ z cw_ }0z g z ^ t \Se0wly t e0a sL _bw zz ghai\cZg_bw0ef^bwxe0ai_`_bw z` ai\Sc t \K^bw z
z ai\K^ t d zbz w z Pe t _pwfyyhw z ai\P^ } ^ }s w z d_ } w zt _cw z w zbzt g z ai_`^bw s wf\P^?_bwf^`^ }0z wf^pcai\Se\Sai\~Sa s aif\Sw z
}f _baidwf^`^bw z wf\e0a sL _bw zbz ghai\ z g sL yhwDc8 } y t \Se0w s wf\K^ q< Y \ wfd^xe0w wf\Sc t \P^x{Kd t yg^ t ^`gw s wf\P^
^`_baidwf_d\Swd z ^`ge t ^`ghai\cZd s aKcfyhw _ }0z wf\P^ } ghefg;wf\e0ai_`_`gw t \K^yhwk?_bwf^`^ t wl<_uie0wxDy t6 yghe t ^`ghai\
cwj\Sai^`_bw s aHcfyhw Y
Faid z hy w z o b^ w z ^ }0zz ai\P^ghcwf\P^`gh{KdSw zt t \P^d\ s s w } y t \Se0w s wf\K^4Sai\ wfd^ fw \ z wf_{KdSwyw1wf^cZd
_bwf^`^ t w z d_
P
w z ^xc } S\g t _xd\Sw z wfdyhwuyhaig Y; aid zt ai\ z e t yhefdy }
cif
t _`^`g_cw z cai\\ } w z cw
cw n,<X6]Y@Ft e0ai\K^`_ t g\P^bwLcwl_`d ^`d_bwwf\e0a sL _bw zbz ghai\ z g sL yhwj_bwf^`^ } w wfd^"f^`_bwle0ai_`_`g } wwf\
a zt \P^
c = cif
} {Kd t ^`ghai\ ZY <wf^wf\ z d a zt \P^{PdSw|y t ef^`ghai\QcZd_bwf^`^ t w z dg^d\Swjyhaigcw|^ w
o aidyha s r
c = f
a
Fc
w z ^y t ai_be0wcw_`d ^`d_bwLwf\e0a sL _bw zbz ghai\ z g sL yhwLai^bwf\KdSw t w0e_bwf^`^ t wwf^
y }f _baidwf^`^bw<
wf^
ZY
Fc
+c
S
S
y tz w0ef^`ghai\Vcw
yhw zt _ t6s f^`_bw z cwjy t yhaigFcw|_bwf^`^ t w Y
\lai^`ghwf\K^ t yhai_ z y t S<d_bw ZYmX<q {PdgPcai\\Swpe0wf^`^bw_bwfy t ^`ghai\c8 } t yg^ }pt w0epyhw z8t _ t6s f^`_bw z cw o aidyha s
cZd?_bwf^`^ t w r
f = 0,33
o cZg. } _bwf\P^bw z4Y
wf^
c = 0,18M P a
H t yhwfd_ z ai^bwf\KdSw z aid_ P w zzt g zpz d_ q e0a sL a z g^`ghai\ z cw
;%GF-%
&6')xF&!d',&# pH IH+F=d',&#&;!k'&JH

ZYmX6
TN =
t el
P
= 9 ;wC ~B A1C 1d ?BA<CA 7:9 d7:;

n ? 7:9 d7:; @ 9 6 ?;wC A
n ' A
h = 0,54 k = 7
A+7
2,5M P a
7 7
&
;WA6= 9
L = 250mm
\
_bw sut _b{PdSw{PdSwyhw z _ }0z g z ^ t \Se0w z y t e0a sL _bw zbz ghai\cw z o
c }ftizbz wf\K^ tiz
q<
e0a sLt ef^ }0zsut \PdSwfyyhw s wf\K^\Sw
e0wl{Kdg;e0ai_`_bw z` ai\Scucw z}f _baidwf^`^bw zjzt ^`d_ } w z c8w t d Y |w z oz w0e z cw
s s we0a sL a z g^`ghai\ t d_ t ghwf\K^jcai\Sexd\Swx_ }0z g z ^ t \Se0w yd z <_ t \Scwc }f wf\Sc t \K^ _`g\Sefg t yhw s wf\P^lcwxy t
^bwf\Swfd_wf\Qefg s wf\K^{Kdg8\w z ^ tiz cai\\ } w t _yhw zt d^bwfd_ z4Y
5@//;PEPJEK36=UEK/214RSG?EPJ7E`Z\a Vb
b0_
w z w zbzt g z cwe0a sL _bw zbz ghai\ cZg_bw0ef^bwcw (<N
z ai\K^ t g^ zz d_cw z}f _baidwf^`^bw z c8 } y t \Se0w s wf\P^|cwfdZaig z yd z <_ t \ScQ{PdSwL n <XN s g\g s g zt \K^yhw
_bwf^`^ t w YP \ wfd^ t yhai_ z d^`gyg z wf_ z w z cai\\ } w z w } _`g s wf\P^ t yhw z {Pd t \K^`g^ t ^`gw s wf\P^ t w0ed\Sw _ } efg z ghai\
_bwfy t ^`gwe0w wf\Sc t \K^4 dg z {KdSwy wf\Se0ai_bwgy t ?_bwf^`^ t w YNn \ld^`gyg zt \K^;y ts aKc } yg zt ^`ghai\xwf\xe0a sL _bw zz ghai\
t w0e
ho = 23mm
^`_baid } c t \ z y tz w0ef^`ghai\ _ } e } cwf\P^bw<ai\Vai^`ghwf\K^jy t S<d_bw ZYmX Yo ~ t {PdSw aig\P^
k!0;%p' #
q6

ZYmX
h = 0,54
A+7
7A19
k=7
A<C}7:;D9 7DC= 9}?BA<C 1d ? A1C C1; =@?; &
9A<CW=\Ad7:;('A A 7
C= 937:;w9 7
' ! "k
L = 250mm
n ' A
w z ^y ts a4wf\\SwQcwefg\S{ w zbzt g z e0ai_`_bw z` ai\Sc t \P^d\Swai_ s dy t ^`ghai\ t _`^`ghefdyghf_bwcw or gy t
{Kd t ^`_bwk } a sD} ^`_`ghw z
0,15
e
L
0,5
t w0e
45mm e 125mm
@^`_baig z ^bwf_`_bw z cZg. } _bwf\P^bw z ^bwf_`_bw z
_bw0e0ai\ z ^`g^`d } w zzt yhw / t aiyg\g^bw>wf^^`_baig z ^ t dZcwjefg s wf\P^ cw X m-SLwf^k Y

Ft cZ_baig^bwcwkfe0a sL _bw zbz ghai\Fcwy t S<d_bw ZYmX |w z ^ _ t ^`gh{KdSw s wf\Pê0ai\Zai\ScZdSw t w0ey t g zbz w0ef^`_`ghe0w YP w
e0aHw14uefghwf\P^cw|e0ai_`_ } y t ^`ghai\Qw z ^cw <ZY w18wf^cZd?_bwf^`^ t w|cw z w zbzt g z cw|e0a sL _bw zbz ghai\cZg_bw0ef^bw
w z ^Hg z gyhw z d_yhw z aig\P^ z

wf^|N^baid z yhw z cwfdZai\K^d\ } y t \Se0w s wf\P^ yd z wf^`g^ _bw zb w0ef^`gw s wf\K^
wf^< c t \ z yw zzt gScwe0a sL _bw zbz ghai\ z g sL yhw>{PdSwyhw zpt d^`_bw z o c8 } y t \Se0w s wf\P^ z d } _`ghwfd_aid } t y@
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y t t dSe~Swe0w z cwfdZ aig\P^ z4Y2 we0aKw14uefghwf\K^jcwle0ai_`_ } y t ^`ghai\ t d_ t g^ t yhai_ z} ^ }x yd z _baHeb~Swcw Yo w z
_ }0z dy^ t ^ z _bwf\Zai_be0wf\K^y t t yghcZg^ } cZd s aHcfyhwjcwke0a sL _bw zbz ghai\ z g sL yg }jt _ghwfyyhw z4Y
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zt ^`ghai\Qwf\ } y tiz ^`ghefg^ } yg\ }4t g_bw t w0ej\Sai^`_bw s aHcfyhw z g sL yg } ghwfyyhw z wf^^`g_ t \P^ Y
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ZYmX<q
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dc 7:;D?;^C 7:; ~q 1d ?BA C<; =@?; &
A ) ^2 ! * ~p } 0 n"ba +|A=
A? ; A i ? $
RS/;JxG?RQ=?EKGG?E
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A r3A<C0C ;^C{n
ho = 23mm c
9Ad77
A+7
wef_`g^bf_bw|cw_`d ^`d_bwcwy t S<d_bw ZYmX< w z âi^bwf\Pdwf\ t g zt \K^py ~K ai^`~S z wc8 d\
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s aHcfyhw z g sL yg } e t yhefdy } aid_Fd\ oz } ^ t \K^F_ba sL d aid_;d\Sw t yhwfd_;cw
t yhwfd_xcw
cw
9,5kN
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aid_Lyhw s aHcfyhwVghwfyyhw `^ g_ t \P^> Y w aig\P^ ee0ai_`_bw zb ai\Scy t `_ d ^`d_bwwf\e0a sL b_ w bz z ghai\ z g sL yhw

c t \ z yhw z ghwfyyhw z Fcwe0aHai_bcai\\ } w z
cw
(cif ,0)
e t yhefdy } w zlt w0eLyhw s aHcfyhw z g sL yg }Lt _jghwfyyhwD t _`^`g_
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e t yhefdy } w zt w0ekyhw s aHcfyhw z g sL yg } ^baidàid_ z aid_
P = 9,5kN
(0,tif )
Ft S<d_bw ZYmX<ks ai\P^`_bw|{KdSwy tkn Vcai\\Sw t d zbz g@d\Sw_`d ^`d_bwwf\e0a sL _bw zz ghai\ z d_y t wKcai\Se
c t \ z y t-_ ai\Swlcw|y t ghwfyyhw< t d aig\P^ Ze0a sLs wlc t \ z \Sai^`_bw s aHc } yg zt ^`ghai\ z g sL yg } w t _ghwfyyhw Y
k!0;%p' #
q<q

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c
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= 9 ? A1C= ; 7DC
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t6 dg z|z g sL yhw z wf^ t6 dg z _bai^`dy }0z>Y2n \ _ t ^`gh{KdSwwf^|cw z d_bef_baig^g\ z g^`dgy z w s yhwcZg.4uefgyhwcwx_ }4tN
yg z wf_kcw zlt6 dg zxz g sL yhw z cZd t g^kcwLy t y t _`wfd_k\Sai\V\KdyyhwDcwLe0wfdZ efg{Pdg t } \ } _bwf_kd\yhaHe t w
t __bai^`^bw s wf\P^ z d_y tz d_ t e0w|~Sai_`g _ ai\K^ t yhwlwf\e0ai\P^ t ef^ t w0ejyhw| oY [y z w s yhwk{KdSwy t6 dg_bai^`dy }
z aig^cai\Se yd z _baKe~Swcw z e0ai\ScZg^`ghai\ z w } _`g s wf\P^ t yhw z4Y t \ z e0we tiz Hy tln w z ^{Kd t yg^ t ^`gw s wf\P^
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zt ^`ghai\ t _ n t d^bwDc8 d\SwDe0ai\\ t g zbzt \Se0w _ } efg z wDcwy t _`~ } aiyhai<ghwucw z o wf^kcw z e0ai\ScZg^`ghai\ z
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n,
NAC = 4,2kN
NAC
P = 9,5kN
CdA+ A 7
w gn
= 9 ;wC ~ ' A @ 7:9A 1d ?BA C<; =@?; &
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o y t _`d ^`d_bw aid_

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?.+? A= 9 ?
c91i=g7:9Aj
t _kyhw z cwfdZ s aHcfyhw zk aid_ld\
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z w0ef^`ghai\VcZdV^`g_ t \K^ z d_
ht l
wf\K^`_bwLyhw zj aig\P^ z wf^ Y aid_
P = 9,5kN
t w0e t6 dg z _bai^`dy }0z wf^
t6 dg zz g sL yhw z ai\^`_baidwkyhw z w1ai_`^ z \Sai_ sut dZc t \ z yhw^`g_ t \P^4S_bw z` w0ef^`gw s wf\K^
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{Kdgcai\\Sw
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wf^
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k!0;%p' #
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corrlation triplet - mur
comparaison des triplets avec et sans joint

4.5
4.5
3.5
3.5
Rsistancedes triplets(N/mm)
triplets sans joint vertical
triplet sans joint vertical - contrainte en (N/mm)

Y <
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3
2.5
2
1.5
triplets avec joint vertical
3
2.5
2
1.5
0.5
0.5
0
0
0

@ Y
= 9 ;wC A 7:9A9 C<;wC17 <A
Resistance du mur(N/mm)
triplet avec joint vertical- contrainte en (N/mm)
A<C7:9<;>=@?BA+7DCA+7
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b48p
r48p2
bloc B4
4.0
4.0
triplet b48pf
triplet r48p1
tendance mur_r48p
3.5
3.5
3.0
3.0
2.5
2.5
contrainte(MPa)
contrainte(MPa)
mur_b48p
2.0
2.0
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.0
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.0
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
dformation vertical(%)

Z Y Pq
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dformation verticale(%)
A 9
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#
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xm
zm
zb
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2
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2
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hom
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= 1/h
hom
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=
1
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hom
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=
hE3322 /E2222 i
h1/E2222 i
hom
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=
hE1122 /E2222 i
h1/E2222 i
hE1122 /E2222 ihE3322 /E2222 i hE1122 E2233 i

+ hE1133 i
h1/E2222 i
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1
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hom
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= hE1313 i
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i
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y WI n N@U6 )I+"')I=E#!$#OH#2%(%(@D)!$#O0#Xb)*45+ y =E45)I+,9%VNaQU J 41!$HI)*%@D )*45+0@DQ$)I "#HIH*#CNP'VU J 4D
!$HI)*%(@D )*45+c=$6945=E4C%92#t)*')Y=0@D6Q$)*#HIH*#2%~# )I6(@D+,W{WTWTWSWTWSWOWSWTWTWSWTWSWTWOWSWTWSWTWSWTW
y WI ms %9%(@D){!$#>0#Xe)*45+ y =?45)I+19%BC@D6 )M@D )*45+!$#ZHM@\4569'2# P #+45+"' )*45+!e!$=$HM@5'2# J #+,
B#6 )*'@DH!e3=E45)I+,[NP!$=$HM@5'2# J #+,^!e3=$)*% 945+>!$#^HM@L=$69#2%9%9#VU=E45$6H*#2%[^]R_]@ J 2#
F=$HM@D$(@DQ$H*#@D y W n # y W m W WTWSWTWTWSWOWSWTWSWTWTWSWTWSWOWSWTWTWSWTWSWTWOWSWTWSWTWSWTW Cv
y W vCs %9%(@D)*%!$#d'24 J =$69#2%9% )*45+8% ) J =$H*#NP!e)I69#2'9#VU'2456 69H*2%>@2B#2'\'24 J =$69#2%9% )*45+)I+"!e)I69#2'9#\#+
0#Xb)*45+@h,@D+,~=?#6 J )*%~!$# J #2% $69#6 h = 23mm =0@D6H,@DHI)I9 = WSWTWSWTWSWTW Cn
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y W v s 9% %(@D)*%S!$# 6(@5' )*45+)I+"!e)I69#2'9#>#+0#Xe)*45+ #t)I+"!e)I69#2'9#3=0@D6S#2%9%(@D)Q$692% )IHI)*#+

@2h,@D+,L=E#6 J )*%!$# J #2% $69#6 h = 0,54 =0@D6H,@DHI)I9 = WTWSWTWOWSWTWSWTWSWTW Cm
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y W vCvs 9% %(@D)*%!$# 6(@5' )*45+7)I+"!e)I69#2'9#Na,hb=?45 "<2%(# )I6(@D+,pQ$)*#HIH*#VU@2B#2' k = 7 !$45+$+0@D+, #

#2%9%(@D)*%{)I+"!e)I69#2'9%^=0@D6#2%9%(@D)?Q$692% )IHI)*#+:!$45+$+0@D+, b[^]R_A=$692%9#+,92%!"@D+"%^H*#2%^/10@D 69#
!$#6 +$)*<69#2%RHI)IC+"#2%!ec(@DQ$H*#@D y W m W WTWSWOWSWTWSWTWTWSWTWSWOWSWTWTWSWTWSWTWOWSWTWSWTWSWTW
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tieb
y W vCy |L4 J @D)I+"#2%L!$#tBC@DHI)*!e)I9T!$#2%!e).fg69#+,9% J 4b!$<H*#2%WTWSWTWSWOWSWTWTWSWTWSWTWOWSWTWSWTWSWTW

y W v _{4 J =0@D6(@D)*%945+!$#2% J 4b!$<H*#2%S#+ 6(@5' )*45+YEHM@Z 6(@5' )*45++"456 J @DHI)*%92#3(@D+1T!$X-"+$)*#=0@D6
"@B#2' h = 0,54 k = 7 # L = 250mm WSWTWSWTWTWSWOWSWTWTWSWTWSWTWSWOW v
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y W vC Le @D$9#$6>!$#2% )I6(@D+19%=?45$6H*#2% J 4b!$<H*#2%3% ) J =$HI).-02%=0@D6 )I6(@D+, L = 250mm @B#2'

# k = 7 69#2%9=?#2' )IB# J #+1TWSWTWSWTWSWTWTWSWOWSWTWSWTWTWSWTWSWOWTWSWTWSWTWSWTW y
h = 0,54
y W v R )IHI)*%(@D )*45+\!e J 4b!$<H*#R%9) J =$HI).-0R=0@D6Q$)*#HIH*#~!$#~'24 J =$69#2%9% )*45+:@2B#2'H*#2%{!$45+$+"2#2%^#Xb=EX

6 ) J #+,(@DH*#2%S!$# i rtsjmCvDo 0'(0@5/,"#=E45)I+,~#2%9RHM@ J 4Vh#+$+"#!$# y #2%(%(@D)*% h = 23mm
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y W v r @DHI)*!"@D )*45+!e J 4b!$<H*##+T'24 J =$69#2%9% )*45+;@2B#2'H*#2%!$45+$+"2#2%#Xe=?6 ) J #+1(@DH*#2%!$# i T ~ CDo

P69# 9~=E45$6{H*#2%^=?45)I+19%#[Le'(0@5/,"#L=E45)I+,#2% {HM@ J 4h#+$+"#S!$#
h = 23mm
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s G#+>HM@5% )*')I9HI)I+"@D)I69#C P = 9,5kN C'24 J =0@D6(@D)*%945+Z@B#2'+"45 69# J 4b!$<H*#% ) J =$HI).-0
F6 $=$ $69#CWWTWSWTWSWTWOWSWTWSWTWSWTWTWSWOWSWTWSWTWTWSWTWSWOWSWTWTWSWTWSWTWOWSWTWSWTWSWTW C
y W vCm |~)*%9 6 )IQ$$ )*45+!$#ZHM@'245+, 6(@D)I+,9# %9$6[^'@DH*'$H*2#Z=0@D6HM@ s #+HM@5%9 )*')I9
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N d'ordre 02 ISAL 0037

CARACTERISATION EN COMPRESSION SIMPLE

Soutenue le 3 juillet 2002 devant la commission d'Examen :

Cette thse a t prpare au Laboratoire Gomatriaux du Dpartement Gnie Civil et Btiment de

Seul l'innocent est capable de percevoir la nature en toute

je dis un norme MERCI

DATE de SOUTENANCE : 03 Juillet 2002

Numro d'ordre : 02 ISAL 0037

Formation doctorale : Gnie Civil: Sols, Matriaux, Structures, Physique du Btiment

Cote B.I.U. - Lyon : T 50/210/19

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