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Othervariationsrecordedinthe16thandthe17thcenturiesinclude:Mombayn
(1525),Bombay(1538),Bombain(1552),Bombaym(1552),Monbaym(1554),
Mombaim(1563),Mombaym(1644),Bambaye(1666),Bombaiim(1666),
Bombeye(1676),BoonBay(1690),[36][38]andBonBahia.[39]AftertheBritish
gainedpossessionofthecityinthe17thcentury,thePortuguesenamewas
officiallyanglicisedasBombay.[40]
Bythelate20thcentury,thecitywasreferredtoasMumbaiorMambaiinthe
IndianstatewiseofficiallanguagesofMarathi,Konkani,Gujarati,Kannadaand
Sindhi,andasBambaiinHindi.[41]TheEnglishnamewasofficiallychangedto
MumbaiinNovember1995.[42]ThiscameattheinsistenceoftheMarathi
nationalistShivSenapartythathadjustwontheMaharashtrastateelectionsand
mirroredsimilarnamechangesacrossthecountryandparticularlyin
Maharashtra.[43]AccordingtoSlate,"theyarguedthat'Bombay'wasacorrupted
ThetempleoflocalHindu
Englishversionof'Mumbai'andanunwantedlegacyofBritishcolonialrule."[44]
goddessMumbadevi,from
Slatealsosaid"ThepushtorenameBombaywaspartofalargermovementto
whomthecityofMumbai
derivesitsname
strengthenMarathiidentityintheMaharashtraregion."[45]Whilethecityisstill
referredtoasBombaybysomeofitsresidentsandIndiansfromother
regions,[46][47]mentionofthecitybyanameotherthanMumbaihasbeen
controversial,resultinginemotionaloutburstssometimesofaviolentlypoliticalnature.[48][49]

History
Earlyhistory
Mumbaiisbuiltonwhatwasonceanarchipelagoofsevenislands:Bombay
Island,Parel,Mazagaon,Mahim,Colaba,Worli,andOldWoman'sIsland(also
knownasLittleColaba).[50]Itisnotexactlyknownwhentheseislandswerefirst
inhabited.PleistocenesedimentsfoundalongthecoastalareasaroundKandivali
innorthernMumbaisuggestthattheislandswereinhabitedsincetheStone
Age.[51]PerhapsatthebeginningoftheCommonera(2,000yearsago),or
possiblyearlier,theycametobeoccupiedbytheKolifishingcommunity.[52][53]

KanheriCavesservedasa
centreofBuddhismin
WesternIndiaduringancient
times

InthethirdcenturyBCE,theislandsformedpartoftheMauryaEmpire,during
itsexpansioninthesouth,ruledbytheBuddhistemperor,Ashokaof
Magadha.[54]TheKanheriCavesinBorivaliwereexcavatedinthemidthird
centuryBCE,[55]andservedasanimportantcentreofBuddhisminWestern
IndiaduringancientTimes.[56]ThecitythenwasknownasHeptanesia(Ancient
Greek:AClusterofSevenIslands)totheGreekgeographerPtolemyin
150CE.[57]TheMahakaliCavesinAndheriwerebuiltbetweenthe1stcentury
BCEandthe6thcenturyCE.[58][59]

BetweenthesecondcenturyBCEandninthcenturyCE,theislandscameunderthecontrolofsuccessive
indigenousdynasties:Satavahanas,WesternKshatrapas,Abhiras,Vakatakas,Kalachuris,KonkanMauryas,
ChalukyasandRashtrakutas,[60]beforebeingruledbytheSilharadynastyfrom810to1260.[61]Someofthe
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oldestedificesinthecitybuiltduringthisperiodare,JogeshwariCaves(between520to525),[62]Elephanta
Caves(betweenthesixthtoseventhcentury),[63]WalkeshwarTemple(10thcentury),[64][65]andBangangaTank
(12thcentury).[66][67]
KingBhimdevfoundedhiskingdomintheregioninthelate13thcentury
andestablishedhiscapitalinMahikawati(presentdayMahim).[68]The
PatharePrabhus,amongtheearliestknownsettlersofthecity,were
broughttoMahikawatifromSaurashtrainGujarataround1298by
Bhimdev.[69]TheDelhiSultanateannexedtheislandsin134748and
controlledituntil1407.Duringthistime,theislandswereadministered
bytheMuslimGovernorsofGujarat,whowereappointedbytheDelhi
Sultanate.[70][71]
TheHajiAliDargahwasbuiltin

TheislandswerelatergovernedbytheindependentGujaratSultanate,
1431,whenMumbaiwasunderthe
whichwasestablishedin1407.TheSultanate'spatronageledtothe
ruleoftheGujaratSultanate
constructionofmanymosques,prominentbeingtheHajiAliDargahin
Worli,builtinhonouroftheMuslimsaintHajiAliin1431.[72]From
1429to1431,theislandswereasourceofcontentionbetweentheGujaratSultanateandtheBahamaniSultanate
ofDeccan.[73][74]In1493,BahadurKhanGilanioftheBahamaniSultanateattemptedtoconquertheislandsbut
wasdefeated.[75]

PortugueseandBritishrule
TheMughalEmpire,foundedin1526,wasthedominantpowerinthe
Indiansubcontinentduringthemid16thcentury.[76]Growing
apprehensiveofthepoweroftheMughalemperorHumayun,Sultan
BahadurShahoftheGujaratSultanatewasobligedtosigntheTreatyof
BasseinwiththePortugueseEmpireon23December1534.Accordingto
thetreaty,thesevenislandsofBombay,thenearbystrategictownof
BasseinanditsdependencieswereofferedtothePortuguese.The
territorieswerelatersurrenderedon25October1535.[77]
ThePortuguesewereactivelyinvolvedinthefoundationandgrowthof
theirRomanCatholicreligiousordersinBombay.[78]Theycalledthe
islandsbyvariousnames,whichfinallytookthewrittenformBombaim.
TheislandswereleasedtoseveralPortugueseofficersduringtheir
regime.ThePortugueseFranciscansandJesuitsbuiltseveralchurchesin
thecity,prominentbeingtheSt.Michael'sChurchatMahim(1534),[79]St.JohntheBaptistChurchatAndheri
(1579),[80]St.Andrew'sChurchatBandra(1580),[81]andGloriaChurchatByculla(1632).[82]ThePortuguese
alsobuiltseveralfortificationsaroundthecityliketheBombayCastle,CastelladeAguada(CastelodaAguada
orBandraFort),andMadhFort.TheEnglishwereinconstantstrugglewiththePortuguesevyingforhegemony
overBombay,astheyrecognizeditsstrategicnaturalharbouranditsnaturalisolationfromlandattacks.Bythe
middleofthe17thcenturythegrowingpoweroftheDutchEmpireforcedtheEnglishtoacquireastationin
westernIndia.On11May1661,themarriagetreatyofCharlesIIofEnglandandCatherineofBraganza,
daughterofKingJohnIVofPortugal,placedtheislandsinpossessionoftheEnglishEmpire,aspartof
TheMadhFortbuiltbythe
Portuguese,wasoneofthemost
importantfortsinSalsette.

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Catherine'sdowrytoCharles.[83]However,Salsette,Bassein,Mazagaon,Parel,Worli,Sion,Dharavi,and
WadalastillremainedunderPortuguesepossession.From1665to1666,theEnglishmanagedtoacquireMahim,
Sion,Dharavi,andWadala.[84]
InaccordancewiththeRoyalCharterof27March1668,Englandleased
theseislandstotheEnglishEastIndiaCompanyin1668forasumof10
perannum.[85]Thepopulationquicklyrosefrom10,000in1661,to
60,000in1675.[86]TheislandsweresubsequentlyattackedbyYakut
Khan,theSiddiadmiraloftheMughalEmpire,inOctober1672,[87]
RickloffevanGoen,theGovernorGeneralofDutchIndiaon20
February1673,[88]andSiddiadmiralSambalon10October1673.[87]
In1687,theEnglishEastIndiaCompanytransferreditsheadquarters
fromSurattoBombay.Thecityeventuallybecametheheadquartersof
theBombayPresidency.[89]Followingthetransfer,Bombaywasplaced
TwoviewsoftheEnglishfortin
attheheadofalltheCompany'sestablishmentsinIndia.[90]Towardsthe
Bombay,c.1665
endofthe17thcentury,theislandsagainsufferedincursionsfromYakut
Khanin168990.[91]ThePortuguesepresenceendedinBombaywhen
theMarathasunderPeshwaBajiRaoIcapturedSalsettein1737,andBasseinin1739.[92]Bythemiddleofthe
18thcentury,Bombaybegantogrowintoamajortradingtown,andreceivedahugeinfluxofmigrantsfrom
acrossIndia.[93]Later,theBritishoccupiedSalsetteon28December1774.WiththeTreatyofSurat(1775),the
BritishformallygainedcontrolofSalsetteandBassein,resultingintheFirstAngloMarathaWar.[94]TheBritish
wereabletosecureSalsettefromtheMarathaswithoutviolencethroughtheTreatyofPurandar(1776),[95]and
laterthroughtheTreatyofSalbai(1782),signedtosettletheoutcomeoftheFirstAngloMarathaWar.[96]

ShipsinBombayHarbour(c.1731).
Bombayemergedasasignificant
tradingtownduringthemid18th
century.

From1782onwards,thecitywasreshapedwithlargescalecivil
engineeringprojectsaimedatmergingallthesevenislandsintoasingle
amalgamatedmass.Thisproject,knownasHornbyVellard,was
completedby1784.[18]In1817,theBritishEastIndiaCompanyunder
MountstuartElphinstonedefeatedBajiRaoII,thelastoftheMaratha
PeshwaintheBattleofKhadki.[97]Followinghisdefeat,almostthe
wholeoftheDeccancameunderBritishsuzerainty,andwas
incorporatedintotheBombayPresidency.ThesuccessoftheBritish
campaignintheDeccanmarkedtheliberationofBombayfromall
attacksbynativepowers.[98]

By1845,thesevenislandscoalescedintoasinglelandmassbythe
HornbyVellardprojectvialargescalelandreclamation.[19][99]On16
April1853,India'sfirstpassengerrailwaylinewasestablished,connectingBombaytotheneighbouringtownof
Thana(nowThane).[100]DuringtheAmericanCivilWar(18611865),thecitybecametheworld'schiefcotton
tradingmarket,resultinginaboomintheeconomythatsubsequentlyenhancedthecity'sstature.[101]
TheopeningoftheSuezCanalin1869transformedBombayintooneofthelargestseaportsontheArabian
Sea.[102]InSeptember1896,Bombaywashitbyabubonicplagueepidemicwherethedeathtollwasestimated
at1,900peopleperweek.[103]About850,000peoplefledBombayandthetextileindustrywasadversely
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affected.[104]AsthecapitaloftheBombayPresidency,thecitywitnessedtheIndianindependencemovement,
withtheQuitIndiaMovementin1942andTheRoyalIndianNavyMutinyin1946beingitsmostnotable
events.[105][106]

IndependentIndia
AfterIndia'sindependencein1947,theterritoryoftheBombay
PresidencyretainedbyIndiawasrestructuredintoBombayState.The
areaofBombayStateincreased,afterseveralerstwhileprincelystates
thatjoinedtheIndianunionwereintegratedintothestate.Subsequently,
thecitybecamethecapitalofBombayState.[107]OnApril1950,
MunicipallimitsofBombaywereexpandedbymergingtheBombay
SuburbanDistrictandBombayCitytoformtheGreaterBombay
MunicipalCorporation.[108]
TheSamyuktaMaharashtramovementtocreateaseparateMaharashtra
VictoriaTerminus,Bombayin1950
stateincludingBombaywasatitsheightinthe1950s.IntheLokSabha
discussionsin1955,theCongresspartydemandedthatthecitybe
constitutedasanautonomouscitystate.[109]TheStatesReorganisationCommitteerecommendedabilingual
stateforMaharashtraGujaratwithBombayasitscapitalinits1955report.BombayCitizens'Committee,an
advocacygroupofleadingGujaratiindustrialistslobbiedforBombay'sindependentstatus.[110]
Followingprotestsduringthemovementinwhich105peoplelosttheirlivesinclasheswiththepolice,Bombay
Statewasreorganisedonlinguisticlineson1May1960.[111]GujaratispeakingareasofBombayStatewere
partitionedintothestateofGujarat.[112]MaharashtraStatewithBombayasitscapitalwasformedwiththe
mergerofMarathispeakingareasofBombayState,eightdistrictsfromCentralProvincesandBerar,five
districtsfromHyderabadState,andnumerousprincelystatesenclosedbetweenthem.[113]Asamemorialtothe
martyrsoftheSamyuktaMaharashtramovement,FloraFountainwasrenamedasHutatmaChowk(Martyr's
Square),andamemorialwaserected.[114]
Thefollowingdecadessawmassiveexpansionofthecityanditssuburbs.Inthelate1960s,NarimanPointand
CuffeParadewerereclaimedanddeveloped.[115]TheBombayMetropolitanRegionDevelopmentAuthority
(BMRDA)wasestablishedon26January1975bytheGovernmentofMaharashtraasanapexbodyforplanning
andcoordinationofdevelopmentactivitiesintheBombaymetropolitanregion.[116]InAugust1979,asister
townshipofNewBombaywasfoundedbytheCityandIndustrialDevelopmentCorporation(CIDCO)across
theThaneandRaigaddistrictstohelpthedispersalandcontrolofBombay'spopulation.Thetextileindustryin
Bombaylargelydisappearedafterthewidespread1982GreatBombayTextileStrike,inwhichnearly250,000
workersinmorethan50textilemillswentonstrike.[117]Mumbai'sdefunctcottonmillshavesincebecomethe
focusofintenseredevelopment.[118][119]
TheJawaharlalNehruPort,whichcurrentlyhandles5560%ofIndia'scontainerisedcargo,wascommissioned
on26May1989acrossthecreekatNhavaShevawithaviewtodecongestBombayHarbourandtoserveasa
hubportforthecity.[120]ThegeographicallimitsofGreaterBombaywerecoextensivewithmunicipallimitsof
GreaterBombay.On1October1990,theGreaterBombaydistrictwasbifurcatedtoformtworevenuedistricts
namely,BombayCityandBombaySuburban,thoughtheycontinuedtobeadministeredbysameMunicipal
Administration.[121]
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From1990to2010,therehasbeenanincreaseinviolenceinthehithertolargely
peacefulcity.FollowingthedemolitionoftheBabriMasjidinAyodhya,thecity
wasrockedbytheHinduMuslimriotsof199293inwhichmorethan
1,000peoplewerekilled.On12March1993,aseriesof13coordinated
bombingsatseveralcitylandmarksbyIslamicextremistsandtheBombay
underworldresultedin257deathsandover700injuries.[122]In2006,209people
werekilledandover700injuredwhensevenbombsexplodedonthecity's
commutertrains.[123]In2008,aseriesoftencoordinatedattacksbyarmed
terroristsforthreedaysresultedin173deaths,308injuries,andseveredamage
toseveralheritagelandmarksandprestigioushotels.[124]Theblaststhatoccurred
attheOperaHouse,ZaveriBazaar,andDadaron13July2011werethelatestin
theseriesofterroristattacksinMumbai.[125]

TheHutatmaChowk
memorial,builttohonour
themartyrsoftheSamyukta
Maharashtramovement
(FloraFountainisonitsleft
inthebackground.)

MumbaiisthecommercialcapitalofIndiaandhasevolvedintoaglobal
financialhub.[126]ForseveraldecadesithasbeenthehomeofIndia'smain
financialservices,andafocusforbothinfrastructuredevelopmentandprivate
investment.[127]Frombeinganancientfishingcommunityandacolonialcentre
oftrade,MumbaihasbecomeSouthAsia'slargestcityandhomeoftheworld's
mostprolificfilmindustry.[128]

Geography

Mumbaiconsistsoftwodistinctregions:MumbaiCitydistrictandMumbai
Suburbandistrict,whichformtwoseparaterevenuedistrictsofMaharashtra.[129]
ThecitydistrictregionisalsocommonlyreferredtoastheIslandCityorSouth
Mumbai.[23]ThetotalareaofMumbaiis603.4km2(233sqmi).[130]Ofthis,the
islandcityspans67.79km2(26sqmi),whilethesuburbandistrictspans
370km2(143sqmi),togetheraccountingfor437.71km2(169sqmi)underthe
administrationofMunicipalCorporationofGreaterMumbai(MCGM).The
remainingareasbelongtovariousDefenceestablishments,theMumbaiPort
Trust,theAtomicEnergyCommissionandtheBorivaliNationalPark,whichare
outofthejurisdictionoftheMCGM.[131]
MumbailiesatthemouthoftheUlhasRiveronthewesterncoastofIndia,inthe
coastalregionknownastheKonkan.ItsitsonSalsetteIsland(SashtiIsland),
whichitpartiallyshareswiththeThanedistrict.[132]Mumbaiisboundedbythe
ArabianSeatothewest.[133]Manypartsofthecityliejustabovesealevel,with
Mumbaiconsistsoftwo
elevationsrangingfrom10m(33ft)to15m(49ft)[134]thecityhasanaverage
revenuedistricts
elevationof14m(46ft).[135]NorthernMumbai(Salsette)ishilly,[136]andthe
highestpointinthecityis450m(1,476ft)atSalsetteinthePowaiKanheri
ranges.[137]TheSanjayGandhiNationalPark(BorivaliNationalPark)islocatedpartlyintheMumbaisuburban
district,andpartlyintheThanedistrict,anditextendsoveranareaof103.09km2(39.80sqmi).[138]
ApartfromtheBhatsaDam,therearesixmajorlakesthatsupplywatertothecity:Vihar,LowerVaitarna,
UpperVaitarna,Tulsi,TansaandPowai.TulsiLakeandViharLakearelocatedinBoriviliNationalPark,within
thecity'slimits.ThesupplyfromPowailake,alsowithinthecitylimits,isusedonlyforagriculturaland
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industrialpurposes.[139]Threesmallrivers,theDahisarRiver,Poinsar(orPoisar)andOhiwara(orOshiwara)
originatewithinthepark,whilethepollutedMithiRiveroriginatesfromTulsiLakeandgatherswater
overflowingfromViharandPowaiLakes.[140]Thecoastlineofthecityisindentedwithnumerouscreeksand
bays,stretchingfromtheThanecreekontheeasterntoMadhMarveonthewesternfront.[141]Theeasterncoast
ofSalsetteIslandiscoveredwithlargemangroveswamps,richinbiodiversity,whilethewesterncoastismostly
sandyandrocky.[142]
Soilcoverinthecityregionispredominantlysandyduetoitsproximitytothesea.Inthesuburbs,thesoilcover
islargelyalluvialandloamy.[143]TheunderlyingrockoftheregioniscomposedofblackDeccanbasaltflows,
andtheiracidicandbasicvariantsdatingbacktothelateCretaceousandearlyEoceneeras.[144]Mumbaisitson
aseismicallyactivezoneowingtothepresenceof23faultlinesinthevicinity.[145]Theareaisclassifiedasa
SeismicZoneIIIregion,[146]whichmeansanearthquakeofuptomagnitude6.5ontheRichterscalemaybe
expected.[147]

Climate
Mumbaihasatropicalclimate,specificallyatropicalwetanddryclimate
(Aw)undertheKppenclimateclassification,withsevenmonthsof
drynessandpeakofrainsinJuly.[148]ThecoolerseasonfromDecember
toFebruaryisfollowedbythesummerseasonfromMarchtoJune.The
periodfromJunetoabouttheendofSeptemberconstitutesthesouth
westmonsoonseason,andOctoberandNovemberformthepost
monsoonseason.[149]
BetweenJuneandSeptember,thesouthwestmonsoonrainslashthecity.
PremonsoonshowersarereceivedinMay.Occasionally,northeast
monsoonshowersoccurinOctoberandNovember.Themaximum
annualrainfalleverrecordedwas3,452mm(136in)for1954.[150]The
highestrainfallrecordedinasingledaywas944mm(37in)on26July2005.[151]Theaveragetotalannual
rainfallis2,146.6mm(85in)fortheIslandCity,and2,457mm(97in)forthesuburbs.[150]
Averagetemperatureand
precipitationinMumbai

Theaverageannualtemperatureis27.2C(81F),andtheaverageannualprecipitationis2,167mm(85in).[152]
IntheIslandCity,theaveragemaximumtemperatureis31.2C(88F),whiletheaverageminimum
temperatureis23.7C(75F).Inthesuburbs,thedailymeanmaximumtemperaturerangefrom29.1C(84F)
to33.3C(92F),whilethedailymeanminimumtemperaturerangesfrom16.3C(61F)to26.2C
(79F).[150]Therecordhighis42.2C(108F)seton14April1952,[153]andtherecordlowis7.4C(45F)
seton27January1962.[153][154]

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ClimatedataforMumbai(ChhatrapatiShivajiInternationalAirport)
Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Record
37.1
39.6
41.7
42.2
41.0
37.1
highC
(98.8) (103.3) (107.1) (108) (105.8) (98.8)
(F)

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

34.8
(94.6)

33.5
(92.3)

36.4
37.9
37.4
39.8
(97.5) (100.2) (99.3) (103.6)

42.2
(108)

Average
30.7
31.2
32.5
33.0
33.3
highC
(87.3) (88.2) (90.5) (91.4) (91.9)
(F)

32.1
(89.8)

30.0
(86)

29.6
(85.3)

30.4
(86.7)

33.2
33.5
32.0
(91.8) (92.3) (89.6)

31.8
(89.2)

Average
16.8
lowC
(62.2)
(F)

26.3
(79.3)

26.0
(78.8)

24.9
(76.8)

24.7
(76.5)

24.3
(75.7)

23.4
20.9
18.6
(74.1) (69.6) (65.5)

22.4
(72.3)

7.4
8.5
13.8
16.9
20.2
(45.3) (47.3) (56.8) (62.4) (68.4)

19.8
(67.6)

21.2
(70.2)

19.4
(66.9)

20.7
(69.3)

16.7
13.3
10.6
(62.1) (55.9) (51.1)

7.4
(45.3)

Record
lowC
(F)

17.8
(64)

21.0
(69.8)

23.9
(75)

Average
rainfall
0.6
1.3
0.2
0.7
12.5
523.1
799.7
529.7
312.3
55.8
16.8
5.3
2,258
mm
(0.024) (0.051) (0.008) (0.028) (0.492) (20.594) (31.484) (20.854) (12.295) (2.197) (0.661) (0.209) (88.898)
(inches)
Average
rainy
days

0.1

0.1

0.0

0.1

0.7

14.5

23.2

21.4

14.4

3.0

1.0

0.4

78.9

Average
relative
humidity
(%)

69

67

69

71

70

80

86

86

83

78

71

69

75

257.6

274.3

283.7

296.2

148.6

73.4

75.9

165.1

240.2

245.8

253.2

2,583.5

Mean
monthly
269.5
sunshine
hours

Source#1:IndiaMeteorologicalDepartment(Period19611990,recordhighandlowupto2010) [155][153]
Source#2:NOAA(humidity,sun19711990)[156]

Economy
MumbaiisIndia'slargestcity(bypopulation)andisthefinancialandcommercialcapitalofthecountryasit
generates6.16%ofthetotalGDP.[23][126][157]ItservesasaneconomichubofIndia,contributing10%offactory
employment,25%ofindustrialoutput,33%ofincometaxcollections,60%ofcustomsdutycollections,20%of
centralexcisetaxcollections,40%ofIndia'sforeigntradeand4000crore(US$590million)incorporate
taxes.[158]AlongwiththerestofIndia,Mumbaihaswitnessedaneconomicboomsincetheliberalisationof
1991,thefinanceboominthemidninetiesandtheIT,export,servicesandoutsourcingboomin2000s.[159]
AlthoughMumbaihadprominentlyfiguredasthehubofeconomicactivityofIndiainthe1990s,theMumbai
MetropolitanRegionispresentlywitnessingareductioninitscontributiontoIndia'sGDP.[160]
AsofOct2015,Mumbai'sGDPis$278billion(from2014).[161][162]anditspercapita(PPP)incomein2009
was486,000(US$7,200),[13][163]whichisalmostthreetimesthenationalaverage.[99]Itsnominalpercapita
incomeis125,000(US$1,800),[164](US$2,094).ManyofIndia'snumerousconglomerates(includingLarsen
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