chi squared is for counts of number of individuals and we compare the numbers we observe with

numbers we expect under a null hypothesis.

H0 might expect numbers to be the same, follow a pattern, match a pattern in another group etc.
chi squared allows us to make the comparison statistically and check if something is what we
expect.
e.g. ratio of genetic crosses, if a distrubution follows a binomial distrubution (Goodness and Fit)
e.g. food choice by pig breeds dont know expected proportion (Contingency)
X2[d.f] = (O-E)2/E
Two types
Goodness of fit: we know what the proportions should be (expected values derived from theory).
Contingency: we dont know what the proportions are going to be (derived from the data).
-Goodness of fit
Degrees of Freedom are: number of categories - 1
Find the critical value in table. If number is above then difference is significant and reject null
hypothesis. If values is smaller then no significant difference and we do not reject null hypothesis.
Always explain your results and what it means after determining significant or not.
-Contingency
Expected values of each cell: Row total * Column total / Overall totall
Degrees of freedom: (number of rows - 1) * (number of columns - 1)