mwhl th yFf gF

ma
VHh tF
Kj gUt

107

ca
1
myF

mwhl th
yFf gF

ca

mwhl th yFf gF

dW FU nghny -
J gwJth ghgh
tz gwitfis fL -
kd k bfhS ghgh
bfh mj nfh - mij
To isahL ghgh
v UL mj fhfh - mjF
ufgl ntQko ghgh
to GF ey Fiu - beY
ta cGJ tU khL
mo iHF eik ML - ij
Mjf ntQko ghgh
thiy FiHJ tU ehjh - mJ
kjF njhHdo ghgh
- kfhf ghuah
ruh xU nghofhf jid
jahgL
bfhoUif
ghuah fijia fhz
nelJ.
ghuah
yFfis
vthbwyh
neUwh.
mt gfis gaghil,
va, a bkh ciuJsh
vd ajh. ghliy j
jhl fhjh.
kf Mtij Jbfhl
mt jh, yFf kjfl
vthbwyh
xizJsd
vgjid, fhiy oaUJ
khiy kiwtiu kj thif
yFfnshL izJsJ
vgij, j kfl Tdh.
gwitf xid nfLjh

kj bjGwh. cz,
cil, nghFtuJ vd midF
yFf gaghL f mf.
<f fhu kj Kj
ghlyhf,
k mHF eld
mtdJ Kj bghGJnghfhf
khd.
ehfS,
idfS
kj Kj njhHfshd.
cs c thifia
iy WJtJ jhtuf kW
yFfns.
kj,
yFfis
f
mfkhf j gagLbghUshf
ghf bjhldh. kjDF
yFfSF ilna cs cw
iy nkhrkhf ghgiljh
j rkiyia HJL.
109

ca
bra 1.1
FHijfns,
VnjD
bryuhia
cf
o tsfsh?
e bryuh
tU NH UFnghJ
f vd brf?
(i) g ahf UF nghJ
______.
(ii) btgkhf myJ Fuhf
czU nghJ ______ .
(iii) ahnuD
JWJ
nghJ ______ .
(iv) fhagLJnghJ ____ .
gl 1.1 bryuhf

bra 1.2
FHijfns, tU btlfis ugyhkh?
yFf bgaf
1. eh
2.
3.
4. khL (vUJ)
5. nfh
6.
7.
8. nj

vjfhf eKl itJnsh

gh jUwJ
to GwJ

nenwh

gl 1.2 (m) b#

gl 1.2 (M) fhnfa

110

mwhl th yFf gF

1.1. yFf gaf

2. cnuhk jU yFf
yFfS
mtUJ
brk ML, btshL, yhkh
bgwgLw
bghUfS
kjDF
gy
tiff vw xU tif fg ML nghw
yFf
ekF
gagLwd. yFf
cnuhkij jUwd.
cgnahfij
bghUJ
j cnuhkfis rahd
mit _W tifgL.
Kiw
gjgL
1. cz jU yFf
fg jahfgLwJ.
gh,
Kil
kW
gLG ekF gL
iwfhf
yFf
iHid jUwJ.
tsfgLwd.
gR
3. Git yFf
df Kakhf mit
V
cGtjF,
jU ghYfhf tsfgL
to
GgjF
y
wd.
v.fh.b#.
gagL
yFf
Modf mj gh kW
gl 1.3 yhkh
Git
yFf
iwfhf
tsfgLwd.
njf
ekF
njid MF. vUJ, fhiskhL (fhnfa)
bfhLwJ.

df Fiu, ahid, fGij nghw

is
yfis
uj rhj czF xU ey yFf
cGtjF,
nghFtuF
_ykhf csd.
cgnahfgLwd.
nkY mJbfhnth
y gRf xU ehSF 16 l gh myJ xU tUlF 6000 l
ghiy jUwd.
bra 1.3
khL bjhGt cs khL
fis cf ghfhu ftgij t.v
1.
ghf. cf L bry
2.
uhia cf o cs
3.
tf mfiwnahL ftgij
4.
ghf. mjid goal.

1.2. yFfUJ
bghUf

eh

khL

bgwgL

ydf
ekF
fg,
gL, gh, nj, iw, njh, KJ,
Kil, muF nghw gytifgl
bghUfis
jUwd. t
ytiw fhngh.

gl 1.4 njTL

gl 1.5 gh

gl 1.6 gL
111

ca
1. 
fg: brkahL, btshL, kW yhkh vw xU tif fg
MLf
clUJ
bgwgL
cnuhkfUnj
fg
jahfgLwJ. fg ril, rhit, nghit, fhYiw, ifiw
nghwit fg UJ jahfgLwd.
2. 
iw: brk ML, btshL, g, nfh, wh, eL,
nghwt iw czthf gagLwd.
3. 
gL: gL Gf UJ gL iH bgwgLwJ. tUJ
gL Milf jahfgLwd.
njh: ML, khL nghw fheil yFf njhiy gjgL
4. 
igf, gzigf, fhy, ifbgo, ilth nghwit jahf
gagLwd.
KJ: KJ fUJ iy caj KJ bgwgLwJ. it
5. 
gntW Mguzf bra gagLwd.
muF: muF RuF xU tif muF MF. tzf,
6. 
(bgLf) thZf, mR ik, mHF bghUf nghwit jahf
it gagLwd.
7. gh: gR, vUik, ML nghw yFf gh jUwd.
8. 
nj: njf njid nrfJ jUwd. nj kUJf y
jahgjF, czthf gagLwJ.
9. 
Kil: Lf tsfgL gwit dfshd nfh, thJ,
thnfh Mad Kilfis jUwd.
nkY mJbfhnth
2004M ML, org 26 M eh, mjkh nfhg f thj
gHFof, fho cs yFf elij y khwfis fld.
mj _y Vnjh bga MgJ tunghtij czjd. vdnt, mf
cs ghJfhghd l neh l bgajd. J neubfyh
mfis Rdh jhaJ. mUj kf fhgwgld.

1.3. yFfUJ bgwgL

iHf:
Ffhy xU eh brt,
j gho mUj rhitia
ghjh. mt mkh mtid fg
Mil ma brhdh. vjfhf
j Milfis ma ntL vd
brt nflh. fg J tiff
X mflahf bragL ekF
btJbtJig jUwJ vW brt
mkh g Tdh.
112

gl 1.7 brk ML

mwhl th yFf gF
fg: brk ML, btshL,
ril vUik (ah) nghw yFf
njh UJ bgwgL joj
cnuhkfsh Md iHna fg
vdgL. J ujdh MdJ.
eeho
fg
cgbfd
gntW
tifahd
brkahL
df tsfgLwd.
brk Mo njh UJ
bgwgL cnuhk UtifgL.
m) brhubrhughd cnuhk.
M) UJthd bka cnuhk.
bghJthf bka cnuhkf
fg
iH
jahf
ga
gLwd. bg kW ylh
gFf bghJthf ril vUik
fg ilwJ. #K kW
fhZ gFf cs mnfhuh
btshLf UJ bgwgL
fg mnfhuh fg vdgL.
fhZ
cs
btshL
gdh. j gF cs
cnuhkf UJ beagL
UJthd
rhitna
gdh
rhitf. it UJthdJ kW
iy cajJ.
nkY mJbfhnth
Mnua Phf, Mo
UJ cnuhkij fjf xU
JKiwia
fLoJsd.
njhid nrjgLjhk fgia
vLF j a KiwF
gnah vW bga.

bra 1.4
fgia
jU
y
yFf glfis nrfJ,
mtiw cfSila JQF
jf xl.
fg gjgLJj
cnuhkf
jahg gy

UJ
iyf

fg
csd.

brk
Mo
nkwnjh
UJ bka mLfhf cs
cnuhkfis btLw Kiwna
cnuhkij fjj vdgL.
fgril, rhit, nghit,
fhciw, ifciw nghwitf
jahf fg gagLwJ.
gL: gL vgJ gLl
UJ bgwgL aif iHahF.
gLGf c Ruf
RufgL uj bghUns gL
iHahF. kbg gLGf
s
c
TLf(fT)
UJ bgwgL gL iHna f
wj gL iH vd fUjgLwJ.
gLJfis Kj cUtha
tf gila df Mt.
go
gaf:
glhilf,
ghuhN jahf, bjhiyng
kW fyh V fhl
gl fRUshf gL ga
gLwJ.
nkY mJbfhnth
agL vgJ gLl
UJ ilF UJthd aif
iH MF.
J iHf
uh vd miHfgLwJ.

1.4. gLG ts
brtD t xU Ukz
fF brUjd. mF
tUj bgf bgU ghiknah
tz tz gLlitfis
mJ Ujij fL V
j litf kL gsgsghf
Uwd vd brt j
jhl nflh. j litf
midJ glh Mdit vd mt
jh Tdh.
gL cgbfd gLG
fis tsF KiwF gLG
ts vW bga. ah
113

ca
fbjhikahd
bjhf
J
xW.
gLG
ToUJ bgwgL xU iHna
gL iH vgjhF. gyjkhd
gLGfUJ gy jkhd
ber jiknfw gyjkhd
gL cg bragLwJ.
gntW gL tiff

TLG

1. kbg gL
2. l[h gL
3
3. v gL
4. Kfh gL
bghJthfnt f mfms
ga csJ kbg gL MF.
kbg gL ju wjJ.
Vbd,
J
bkikahd,
gsgsghd
bt
kr
w bfhlJ.
gLGf
Ruf
UJ
RufgL
bghUns gL iHahF.
gL iH jahj iyf
1. bg gLG, xnu neu
Wfzfhd Kilfis L.
Rfhjhukhd
2. Kilfis
Niy, cfj btg iy
itf ntL.
3. s cf Kilf UJ
bttUnghJ, itf kbg
vw KRbfhil iyfis
cwd.

gL
Kilf
gLG
thif
RH

sc

2
gl 1.8 gLG thif RH

4.25 Kj 30 eh cl wF
iHfsh
jid
R
mikJ bfhS miwna TL
(fT) vdgL.
5. TLfis bfhF
_f itJ d gL
iHfshf
bjLf
gLwd.
iHfis
6. gLToUJ
bjLF KiwF RUSj
vdbga.

7. j iHf, gLJahf
beagLwJ.
nkY mJbfhnth

dhit nrj ir
fLojjhf eggLwJ.

vw

nguujh

KjKj

gil

ah, cy gL cg ulh l csJ.

jeho gL cg bragL
WtjhL, Utd, Mu MF.

Ka lf y fhu,

bra 1.5
jehL tiugl gL iH cg bragL lfis, gL
ber eilbgW lfis Ffyhkh?
114

mwhl th yFf gF

gl 1.9 uh nj

gl 1.10 M nj

1.5. nj ts
njf
vF
thwd?
njf nj TLf thwd.
njTL gy a miwfsh
MdJ. njf Tlkhf thG.
njTo _tifahd njf
csd. mitahtd:
1) uh
nj
(bg nj)

3) ntiy
2) onuh
fhu nj
(M nj) (kyLbg
nj)

xU nj To xnu xU
uhnj kLnk fhzgL.
KilLtnj uh nj
ntiyahF.
dbgUfF
cj
Wfzfhd M
njf mF csd. ntiyfhu
nj Mufz fhzgL.
it gy ntiyfis br.

gl 1.11
ntiyfhu nj

nkY mJbfhnth
nj cs TL bghU ms
rfiu
-
75%

- 17%
8%
jhJ cf -
jfhy,
njid
mf
ms
cg
brtjbfd
njf tsfgLwd. nj
cgbfd f mf ms
njf tsF Kiwna nj
ts vdgL. eFmagl
jha d V bkbguh.
it nj tsF cfj d.
Vbd, it f mf njid
cg br w cilad. nkY
bfhL jik Fiwthf csd.
bra 1.6
nj
ikahdjh
fyglkhdjh vgij mJ
bfhnthkh?
1. xU Ftis iu vLJ
bfhs.
2. xU brhL
njid m
l.
3. nj fiuahk Ftis
mo brwiljh, mJ a
njdhF.
4. nj
mo
Ftis
brwiltjF
Knd
fiujh mj nj
fyglkhd njdhF.

nj czthf gagLwJ.
j kUJt, Mntjh kW
dh nghw kUJt Jiwf
kUJ jah nj gagLwJ.
njf
bkGif
cg
brwJ. J bkGFt jah
gagLwJ.
y a tif njf
1. ghiw nj (V lhnrlh)
2. a nj (V nshah)
3. a nj (V ofh)
115

ca
fnfhf (uhy) vdgL.
nfhgizF ey fhnwh
lK ey btrK mta. tsU
nfhfSF jhafS, f mf
ms jU mj ntL.
milfhJ
FR
bghF
nfhfSF milfhF nfhf
vW bga. mit Kilnk
mkJ KilF btJbtJig
jUwd. J milfhj vdgL.
21 eh fJ Kil UJ FR
bghF.
gl 1.12 nfhgiz

1.6. nfh ts
brtD t ka cz
fhf
fhUjd.
xbthU
ehS g ka cznghJ
Kil tHfglJ. midtUF
bfhLgjF
njitahd
ts KilfS vUJ
ilwd?
vd
brt
ddh. ts KilfS
nfhgiz UJ tUwd
vd t Tdh. Kilfhf
iwfhf nfh df
tsfgL
KiwF
nfh
ts Kiw vdgL. nfh, thJ,
thnfh nghw gwit df
Kilfhf
iwfhf
tsfgLwd. nfh tsF
lfSF nfhgiz vW
bga.
jeho
ehkf
khtl
nfhgiz bjh fbgW
sFwJ.
e eho Lf tsfgL
gwitf mf UggL gwit
nfh MF. nfh ts bghGJ
fbga bjhyhf tsJ tUwJ.
y tif nfh df Kilfhf
kL tsfgLwd. nfhf
KilL nfhf vdgL. y
tif nfh df iwfhf
kLnk tsfgLwd. nfhf
116

gl 1.13 byAh nfh Kil /

ehL nfh Kil

bra 1.7
byAh nfh kW ehL
nfh Kilfis vLJbfh.
uoF cs ntWghLfis
vGJnthkh?
Kil XL kW f brhL
kUJ _o tiw bfhL
bgF gwit nghW brJ
ghnghkh?
TAPCO jehL nfh ts Jiw

bt u
ah Kil
cgia
mfgLj nkbfhsgL a
ma eilKiwF bt u
vW bga.
bra 1.8
mGa KilUJ ey
Kilia
X
vaKiw
ntWgLjyhkh? ~J X va
KiwahF. uL Kilfis
ua z nghl.
ey Kil _ L. mGa
Kil jF.

mwhl th yFf gF

1.7. yFf
guhk

ghJfh,

kj
njha
fhy Kj yFfis rhnj
thJ
tUwh.
jhtuf
kW yFf xiw xW
rhJ csd. aif rk
iyia guhkf yFf kW
jhtufis ghJfhj ntL.
Vbd, eKila cth
itfis rhnj csJ.
L yFf ghJfh
1. L ts yFfSF ey
cz, a Fo bfhLJ mtiw
nehalhJ ghJfhf ntL.
2.jFl
ikahdjhf,
fhnwhlkhdjhf
btr
khdjhf Uf ntL.
3. nehf
UJ
mtiw
ghJfhf ntL.

td cf ghJfh
g brtjfhf, nkrY
fhf, L kW bjhrhiy fL
tjfhf, kf f mfkhf
isyfis gagLJtjh, gy
jhtu kW yF df m
mgha iy csd. rlF
wghf ntilahLj, khRgLJj,
mf
ms
bfhfis
gagLJj nghw fhuzfdh
gy jhtu kW
ydf
mwd. y cdf
KGtJkhf mJld.
yFf bjhlJ
yhJ
Ujh mit mj d vdgL.
xU yF maToa iy
Mgjhd iy Ujh, mit
mJ bfhoUF d vdgL.
nkY mJbfhnth
jeho cs y Ka
ruzhyaf: ntljhf,
KJkiy, KlJiw, fsfhL
kW nfhoafiu

tdyF
ghJfhj
kW
guhkjiy tdyF ghJfh
vnwh.
tdyF ghJfhF
eh bra ntoait.
1. nja
fh
kW
td c ruzhya
mikj ntL.
2. cfis ntilahLjiy jLf
ntL.
3. f h L fi s m g i j jL f
ntL.
td cf kW fhLf ekJ
eho
bgUikia
giwrhW
ma tsfshF. jhtufis
yFfis ghJfhgbjgJ e
xbthUt flikahF.
yFfis ghJfhF Kiwf
1. jhtuijnah ydfisnah
CdgLj TlhJ.
2. kufis tsJ kW
gwitfSF
jFlij
VgL juntL.
3. yFf
UJ
bgwgl
jilbragl
bghUfis
thFj TlhJ. v.fh. ahid jj.
nkY mJbfhnth
Suh vgJ yFf
ghJfhfhf VgLjgl xU
g
bragl
mikghF.
guhk yhj yFfSF
Ul
VgL
jUtJ,
ghJfhig
jUtJ
j
nehfkhF.

bra 1.9
nfh, thJ, g, fhf,
thnfh nghw
yFf
Kilfis nrff. mtiw
tFgiw fhfhf itf.
j eho khy
yF - tiuahL

117

ca

kL
I. rahd giy njbjLf.
m) ________ iH UJ bgwgLwJ (fg/ gL).
M) ________ giz tsfgL gwitd (bfhF/ nfh).
) nj To xnu xU ________ UF (uh nj, M nj).
<) milfhjYF wF nfh Kilf ________ ehfSF wF
FR bghF ( 21 / 31 ).
c) MLf njh UF mlahd
gagLwJ (kjDF/ MLfSF).

cnuhk

________

 nH fyJ bfhLfgLs brhf gL thif RHia

II.
FgjhF. rahd brhfis fLoJ tir gLj.
Lg , ilK, cs, TGL
(v.fh.) gL, ________, ________, ________.
 oF brY t fh cilj X Moid fhf. mij
III.
fL ftiygL f mjF cj bra idf. vd
cjfis brf vW vGj.
m) ______________________
M) ______________________
) ______________________
 nH cfisRs yFf bfhLfgLsd. mj yFfis
IV.
TJ ftJ bfhLfgLs mltizia bra.
(fhf, khL, g, fGij, ML, Fiu, <, vW, FuF, glh, bfhR,
eh, id)
t.
v
1.

yF

vLJ
VgLJ
bfhS
x
cz

eh

t, t

m,
iw

2.
3.
4.
5.
118

tF
l

kjDF
cs cw

eh tF
l

eg,
ghJfhty

mwhl th yFf gF
V. b
 fhLfgLs jehL tiugl y Ka tdc ruzhyaf
FfgLsd.
m) lf bgafis Ff.
M) mnf cs yFf/ gwitf vit? vd fhf.
) cf Ulij, mU cs ruzhyaij Ff.

nkY ma
jff
1. Life (4th edition) - Lewis. Gaffin. Hoefnagles. Parker. Mcgraw
Hill, New York.
2. Biology Understanding Life (3 rd edition) - Sandra Alters.
Jones and Barthlett
Publishers, U.K.
izajs
www.jbpub.com/biology.
www.nationalgeographic.com.
ma neh fhzntoa l
mP mzh ca fh- tl, brid khtl.

119

ca
2
myF

jhtuf, yFf
czl

ca

jhtuf, yFf czl

gl 2.1 rJs cz tiff

midJ cdfS c thH mogil njit cz.

Vbd cdf tha brafSF cznt Mw
mwJ. cl flikF, tsF cz njitgLwJ.
cdf czit vthW bgWwd? gRjhtuf jkF
njitahd czit Na x, , fayth cjbfhL jhnk
jahwd. yFfsh czit jhnk jahf Kotiy.
mit neilahfnth kiwKfkhfnth czfhf jhtufis
rhJsd. cdf czit cbfhS Kiw mjid
gagLJ Kiwnk czl vdgL.

2.1. jhtuf czl Kiw

czl jrh ClKiw, w rh ClKiw vd U tifgL.

121

ca

2.2. jrh, wrh ClKiw

czl Kiw

jrh
ClKiw

w rh
ClKiw

(Auto = self; trophs =

nourishment)

(Hetero = other; trophs =

nourishment)

cdf
gRjhtuf
kLnk jkF njitahd cz
bghUfis
jhnk
jahf
Ko. it mjF kL
w cdfSF,
czit
mwd. jkF njitahd
czit jhnk jahF czl
Kiwna jrh ClKiw vdgL.
Kiw czit jahF
cdf jrh Cl cf
vdgL.
v.fh. gR jhtuf.

girakw
jhtu
kW
yFf
gy Vbfdnt
jhtufsh
jahfgl
czit,
y
yFfis
czthf
cbfhwd.
czfhf w cdfis
rhJ UF Cl KiwF
wrh
ClKiw
vdgL.
Kiw czit cbfhS
cf
wrh Cl cf
vdgL.
v.fh. kj kW yFf

2.2.1. xnrif
FHijfns! xnrifF
njitahd _ybghUfis Kj
bjJbfhnth.
iy
cgFia
Muhjh
ekF
aghf UF. iyf bka
njh Cnl Na xahdJ
brwJ. iyf cns cs
gRikahd bghU gira vdgL.
iy cs EJisf _y
fhW iyF brwJ. j
EJisfSF iyJis vW
bga. ntf _y crgL
iyfSF fljgLwJ.

122

2.2. iyJis

jhtuf, yFf czl

Na

M#
gira

fayth

2.3. xnrif tiugl

Na x yhlh mj
is vdthF?
Na x
yhk xnrif eilbgwhJ.
cz jahf KoahJ. cz
iy v, y cf
thtjF
thiy.
vdnt,
midJ cdfSF Nand

MwYF
csJ.

Kjikahd

_ykhf

Na x Mw
cjah
girakhdJ

kW
faythit czthf khWwJ.
, fayth,, Na x kW
gira nghwt cjnahL
jhtuf jfSfhd czid
jahF fF xnrif
vW bga.

xnrif idid nH csthW Flyh.

Na x
+ fayth
lh + ct (M#)
gira
y jhtuf cs iyf gir w kLkyhJ gy tzf
fhzgLwJ. mjhtufsh xnrif bra Kokh? M.
xnrif bra Ko. mf ms cs t, gG nghw wf
gira wia kf brwd.
bra 2.1
X vtt ghuij
Na x
bt J
fJ itf. IJ ehSF
mj ghuij mgona l.
ghuij vLJ ghf TlhJ.
IJ ehSF wF ghuij
vLJ fis ftf. mJ
Na x UF fUJ
vthW ntWgLwJ?
gl 2.4 gy tz iyf
123

ca

2.2.2. jhtuf w rh Cl
Kiwf
gira mw jhtuf ytwh
czid jahf KoahJ.
jhtuf czfhf kw jhtu
fis rhJsd. it w rh
ClKiwia gWwJ.
it
rhWf(kF), xLf,
f nghwitahF.
bra 2.2
xU buho Jil vLJ
bfhs. mjid <ukh
y ehfSF L itf.
mjnk gR nghw u
tsUgij fhzyh. m~J
vd vW bjwjh?

gl 2.6 fhsh

xLf
gl 2.7I ftdkhf cW
nehf. kr w FH nghw
mikf,
ku
jil
Rsij ghf Ko.
jhtu bga fFlh. gira
yhjjh mtwh xnrif
bra Kotiy. it vj
ku jil Rsnjh, mj
kuijna czfhf rhJsJ.
czit mgjh mku X
vd,
tif
jhtuf
xL vd miHfgL.

gl 2.5 buho fhsh

rhWf
kiHfhyf,
rhiynahu
cs Figf Fil nghw mikf
tsUF. mit ahit? mit
vthW czit bgWwd?
j cdf irf vdgL.
it mGa fk bghUf iwj
tsjs tswd.
irf
fkbghUf J behfis RuJ
mtiw fiuaToa va rJs
bghUfshf kh cbfhwd.
j tifahd czl Kiw rhW
czlKiw
vW,
mjifa
jhtuf
rhWf
vW
miHfgLwd.
gl 2.7 xL-fFlh (rljh)

v.fh. fhsh, buho fhsh.

124

jhtuf, yFf czl

d ~isuh (
cns EiHj)

d ~isuh
( bfhSj)
gl 2.8. begj
(FLit jhtu)

cQ jhtuf

f
jhtufis czthf cbfhS
vgJ ekF
bj. Mdh, y jhtuf fis czthf cbfhtJ
aghdJ. nknys 2.8 glfis fhf. mit fis czthf
cbfhwd. Vbd, mitf tsF njitahd ieu#
nghw ClrJf mk ilgiy. mjdh, jhtuf
beh _y fis ijJ ieu#id bgWwd.
TL jhtuf
zl Kiw uL cdf izJ thwd. xW
kbwhwh ga mil. v.fh. iyff.
iyff vgJ Mfh kW
ir
ilna fhzgL TL thif MF.
ir k cs kW fkfis
c MfhF cjwJ. Mfh
gRikahf Ugjh, xnrif _y
cz cg brJ irF tHFwJ.
F U cdfS xW kbwhwh
ga milwd. U btntW cdf
xwhf izJ thJ xW kbwhwh
ga miljh, mthif Kiw TL
thifKiw
vdgL.
f
TLf vdgLwd.
125

gl 2.9 iyff

ca

2.3. yFf czl

ngUJ, kGJ, bjhlto nghw aufis cW nehf. it
vthW aFwd? vbghUUJ Mwiy bgW aFwd. e
clY aunk. eh cQ czUJ Mwiy bgWnwh. cz
Mw kL cl ts guhk kW rbrjYF njitahd
_ybghUf csd. bghJthf yFf l czfis cbfhwd.
Kiwahd ClF KGGF ClKiw (nAhnyhnrh ClKiw)
vdgL.

gl 2.10 gtif cbfhSj

czl cs IJ go iyf
1. cbfhSj
cdfilna
cz GFjiyna cbfhSj vnwh.
cz cbfhS Kiw ntWgL fhzgLwJ. vLJfhlhf,
tzJ kW njf kyUJ czit cRwd. gh
kW jtis czit GFwd. th yFf(yfy)
czit tofLwd.
2. brj
fyhd _yTWfsh Md czid behf cjah ijf
gL va _yTWfshf khWw fna brj vdgL.
3. cRj
brfgl cz WFlRt cs FlYf _y crgL
fna cRj vdgL.
4. jkakhj
crgl czthdJ brD gagLjgL jkhf khw
miltnj jkakhj vdgL.
5. btnaWj
brfglhj cz kyiH tahf btnaWtijna btnaWj
vnwh.
126

jhtuf, yFf czl

mgh xU br c. J nja
iyf thwJ.
it
EQfis
cbfhwd.
mgh
xU
br
cahf
Uj
nghY,
l
czit
cl nkgu tahf vLJ
bfhwJ. Mjyh, tif
czlF
KG GF
ClKiw
(nAhnyhnrh
ClKiw) vW bga. mgh
clgu czit v bfhS
nghJ
it
bghfhf
_ykhf czit KGtJkhf G
czFfshf
khWwd.
czFfSF
cs
behf cjah cz brf
gLwJ. brfgl cz gut
_ykhf br KGtJ guwd.
tsF njitahd ujfis
cUthFtjF,
Mwiy
bgWtjF mgh czit ga
gLJwJ. brfglhj czit
cl nkgu tahf clUJ
btnaWwJ.

2.5. kj brkhd kly

cfSF
oj
VnjD
, gH tiw idJ
ghf. f cbfhSnghJ
vd
khwf
fwd
vgij fhf. it brkhd
klyF brwd. brkhd
kly vgJ th, czFH,
iuig, WFl, bgUFl kW
kyiH Matwh MdJ.
th
eh th tahf czid
cbfhnwh.
thFD
gf, ehF kW c Ruf
csd.

cz

2.4. mgh czl

c
bghfh

gl 2.11 mgh cz cbfhSj

gf
gf czit WW JL
fshFtjF,
bkYtjF,
miugjF cjwd.
c Ruf
th FD _W n#ho c
Ruf csd. Ruf
Ruw nghw utF
c vW bga. it czit
<ukhFtjh
ekh
vjhf
tiw Gf KowJ.
cs mikny vw behahdJ
lh brjYF cjwd.
ehF
ehF vgJ Rit cz cW.
J czit cUl fyf,
<ukhf
cjwJ.
czit
GF nghJ, mij ftskh
cjs gagLwJ.
czFH
thFia
iuigia
izF
X
FHh.
th
FUJ cz iuigF
brtjF cjwJ.
127

ca
iuig
iuig vgJ X ig nghw mikghF. F cz nkY
brfgL Tkkhf khWwJ. iuig RuF behF iuig
vW bga. ~J cz brjYF gagLwJ.
WFl
J Rkh 7 l sKila l
FHh. F czthdJ j,
fiza, WFl tWl
fywd.
it
czit
KGtJkhf brf cjwd.

th

brj
Ko,
fh
nghiAnuLf ijJ FS
nfh[hf,
ujf
ijJ
mndh myfshf, bfhGf
ijJ bfhG myfshf
khWwd. brfgl cz W
Fl cs FlYf _y
crgLwd.

czFH

fu
jig

WFl

iuig
fiza

bgUFl

bgUFl

J Rkh 1.5 l sKilaJ. J

iu cr cjwJ. brfglhj
czit jfhfkhf nrfF
lkhf ~J csJ. F
brj eilbgWtJ iy.
kyiH

kyiH

brfglhj
cz
kW
fbghUf kyiH tahf
btnaWwJ. jF btnaWj
vW bga. czthdJ vgo cz
klyF brwJ vgij
ghnghkh? Fl jirf uhd
RUFj kW tiljyh
czthdJ czFHUJ ky
iHF miynghW
brwJ.
tiy afF Fljir
miy vW bga.

Fl th

gl 2.12 kj cz kly

nkY mJbfhnth
cz klyD czthdJ
midJ brkhd iyfis
flf ruhrahf 24 k neu
vLJ bfhwJ.

128

jhtuf, yFf czl

bra 2.3
Fl jir miyit brJ ghfyh

nfh
FL 1. X ug FHhia vLJ bfhL mj cgFia

<ukhf.
2. ug FHh, cz FHhia FwJ vd
bfhnth.
3. FHhD gy nfh FLfis nghl.
4. F nfh FLf czit Fwd vd
bfhnth.
ug
FHh 5. ug FHh nkwUJ Kndh, cf
ifdh tij nghW mGj.
6. bghGJ ug FHh miy nghw af
VgLtij fhzyh.
7. j af Fl jir miy vdgL.

2.5.1. gf tiff
e theh ekF uL
tifahd gf njhWwd. xU
taJ FHijahf UFnghJ
njhW gf Kjtif. jF
ghgf vW bga. t
vif 20 Mf UF.
ghgf FHij VG myJ
vL taJ tiu kLnk UF.
ghgf Gjl, a tif
gf tswd. gfSF
iyj gf vW bga. t
vif
32Mf
UF.
gf 16 nkwjhilY,
16
wjhilY
csd.
midJgfS xnu khahf
Ugiy. it ehF tifgL.
Kiwna btLgf, nfhiugf,
K, filth gf MF.
btLgf
th KgF cnghW
fhzgL gf btL gfshF.

filth gf
Kfilth gf

nfhiu gf
btLgf

gl 2.13 gf tiff

xbthU jhilY ehF gf

jkhf bkhj vL gf
csd. it czit fogjF
cjwd.
129

ca
nfhiu gf
it Ta Kids gf. xbthU jhilY uL gf j
bkhj ehF gf csd. it czit btl f cjwd.
Kfilth gf
xbthU jhilY nfhiu
gfSF fhzgL bga
gfns K filth gf. it
mfw gu cilait. xbthU
jhilY ehF gf j bkhj
vL gf csd. it czit
bky, miuf gagLwd.
filth gf
Kfilth gfSF
fhzgL
bga
gfns

filth gf MF. Kfilth

gfisl mfw guilait.
it Kfilth gf nghnw
czit bkYtjF miuf
gagLwd. xbthU jhilY
MW gf j bkhj guL
filthgf csd.
g guhk
iyj gf theh KGtJ
gagLwd.
it Gjh
L Kisgiy.
vdnt,
mf
mfiwl
gfis Rjkhf itJbfhs
ntL.
gf cs gR (vdhk)
bgatfisl
WtfSF
bkajhf fhzgL. vdnt,
bgatfisl
atfSF
gf v ijaToajhf
fhzgL. Wtf mf Fuhd
myJ btgkhd czit jj
ntL. xU eh gfis UKiw
JyFj ntL. brf
nghw
fodkhd
bghUfis
bfhL gfis njj TlhJ.
130

bra 2.4
VnjD
xU
fia
vLJbfhs.
mfia
U mDgJ rhl.
wF fL of.
g

gf

foj
btLj, j
bkYj, miuj

t, g yhj yFf
csjh?
M brth, yfy
vw fbga ghoF
gfns ilahJ.
nkY mJbfhnth
kw yFf cs gfis
ga Rthuakhd jftfis
fhzyh.
1. gwitfSF gf ilahJ.
2. vfSF gf bjhlahf
tsJ bfhnlUF.
3. ahid btL gf
na mj l jjkhF.
4. y kjfSF kLnk
gf UF.

32

jhtuf, yFf czl

2.6. mirnghL ghof

ML, gR kW vUik
nghw y f cQ yFfis
cWnehf. myFf czit czhj nghJ X iyUF
nghJ mirnghL bfhnl UF. tF w thj brkhd
kly csd. j iuig ehF miwf csd, mtrukhf
cbfhl fis iuig cs Kj miw nrfwJ. jF
%k vdbga.
%k
Mfhu fts

Fl

iuig

gl 2.14 mirnghL ghof

%k gF y ghOah
f cjdh
behj
VgL f ijfgLwd.
it mirnghl Ug thF
bfhLtugL. jF
Mfhu
fts vW bga. Mfhu fts,
Ug
thF
bfhL
tugL
Fiwthd
ms
yFfsh bkygLwJ.
thW bkygLtjF mirnghLj
vW bga. tif yFfSF
mirnghL ghof vW bga.

ayhJ. mirnghL ghof

xUtifahd ignghW fhzgL
cWF f vW bga. J W
FlYF bgUFlYF ilna
fhzgLwJ. j igYs
ghOahf UJ RufgL
behahd brYny, brYnyhir
brfgagLwJ.

f mf ms brYnyh
vw xU tifahd fhnghiAnu
csJ. jhtu cf ij
brwd. kw yFf kW
kjdh brYnyhir brf

fhL vUik, kh, Fiu,

xlf, Ka kW fGij.

bra 2.5
bfhLfgLs tiff
vit mir nghLgit, mir
nghlhjit vd fLof.

nkY mJbfhnth
xU khL VwFiwa xU ehSF
40,000 Kj 60,000 Kiw mirnghL.
131

ca

kL
1. bfhLfgLs goa jrh cf, wrh cf vitbad
goaLf.
, gh, ntgku, kj, fhsh, mgh, khku, Kilnfh, gRkhL,
Nafh .
t. v
1.
2.
3.
4.

jrh cf

2. tU brhfis
KGikahFf.

flf

wrh cf

xnrif

idia

(, lh, ct th, Na x, fayth, gira)

+

3.  cst cz, m mls bghUf bfhLfgLsd.

f neW rhl cz bga mt mls bghUfis
Ff.
l
njhir
rhgh
m
Kil
bfhil fliy Rl
fhf bgha
til, gh

jha (f, nrhs)

iuf

fhnghiAnu, uj
fhnghiAnu, uj
uj, itl, jhJbghU, bfhG
fhnghiAnu
uj, bfhG
uj
itl, jhJbghU
bfhG, uj
uj
fhnghiAnuLf
itl, jhJbghU

vj rJ bghU m iy vd fLof.
neu

rhl
cz

fhngh
iAnu

uj

fhiy
ka
khiy
u
132

bfhG

itl

jhJ
bghU

jhtuf, yFf czl

4. cf FLg cstf gfis cWnehf.
vifia fzL mltiz Ff.
t.
v

FLg
cWd

jhil

1.

mgh

nk

2.

mkh

nk

3.

jdF

nk

4.

rnfhju

nk

5.

rnfhj

nk

6.

btL
gf

nfhiu
gf

Kfil
th
gf

gf

fil
th
gf

nk

kj g Nu = bt

2 ; nfh 1 ; K.f 2 ; .f 3 x2 = 32
2
1
2
3

5. glij ftJ mj gafis goaLf.

t.v

gl

gf bga

gaf

1.
2.
3.
4.
nkY ma
jff
1. Biology(5th edition) - Sylvia.S.Mader, Brown publishers, U.S.A.
2. How the body works - Steve Parker, DK Ltd, London.
izajs
http://www.kidastronomy.com
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/phys/html

133

ca
3
ca

myF

jhtu wmika

ca
134

jhtu wmika

gl 3.1 fhff

k ik rikayiw mkhF cj brjd.

mkh :  FHijfns! fhf gro brtjF vdF cj brfsh?
k :

cfSF cj brt vfSF k mkh.

mkh :  cfSF njitahd

vLJbfhSf.

fhffis

Til

UJ

k ik Til UJ jfh, griyiu, Kilnfh,

ntfliy, bts, girglh, nfu, U Matiw nj brJ
vLJ bfhld.
eh tiw tifgLJnthkh?
ntf

iyf

ff

ijf

FHijf UtU jhtu gntW ghffis itJbfhL

Ritahd groia brjd.

135

ca
3.1. cf gf
cuQfsh
cUthfgL
cf cUsit vdgL.
v.fh. jhtuf, yFf
cuQf mw lbghU
fsh Mdit cuwit vdgL
v.fh. fghiw, jf.
cUst
yFf mlF.

jhtuf,

cUstUJ
cuw
tiw vthW ntWgLjyh vgnj
ekJ dhthF.
cUsit
tU
g
fis bfhLsJ. Mdh, cuw
tF gf ilahJ.
midJ cUstF cz
njit.
midJ cUsit
brfsh Mdit.
Rthr _y czit Mwyhf
khWwd.

1. th jhtuf
2. ily jhtuf
3. twly jhtuf
1. th jhtuf

m) jJ jF th jhtuf

j thif y gUt tiu

ts milwd.

jhtuf
jJ jwd.

wlYF
Vg
Jyffis VgLJwd.
tiu

th(1909) vw jhtua
mP jhtufis, njit
mogil
_W tiffshf
jh. mitahtd.

mf cs gFfshd Fs,
Fil,
V, MW, fl nghw
thlf
thG
jhtuf
th jhtuf vdgLwd.
it _tifgL.

thH cz njit.

Fl fhy
thwd.

bfhwd.
cthG
l
jhtuF
c
thtjF,
dbgUfF
njitahd
cz, ciwl, jgbtgiyia
mwd.
tif lij
thl vnwh. aif
jhtuf , y, ghiytd,
kiyunjr
nghw
gntW
thlf thwd.

guJ

v.fh.Mfha jhkiu

dbgUf brwd.

3.2. thl - jhtuf

gntW thlf
FHijfns
eh
gia
Rs
lfSF
brW
gytifahd jhtuf, yFfis
goalyh. eh thG tha
NH
gntW
tifahd
jhtufis fhnwh. midJ
jhtufS
j
thlF
Vg
jid jftik brJ
136

gl 3.2 Mfha jhkiu

jhtu wmika
M) nt%
jhtuf

jF

th

j
th
jhtuf
Fs mow k nt%
UjhY mt iyf,
gu J jwd.
v.fh. m, jhkiu.

3. 
mGfhjthW
iyf
ghJfhfgLtjbfd
iyf nkgu bkGF
R fhzgL.
2. ily jhtuf
jkhd cs lf thG
jhtuf
ily
jhtuf
vdgL. mf nuh f Fiwj
nuh cs lf jhtufsh
tsu ayhJ. bgUghyhd g
jhtuf ily jhtuf MF.
v.fh.
nfhJik,
Nafh, kh, nt.

kfhnrhs,

gl 3.3 m

) _a th jhtuf
jhtuf KGtJ _,
k nt% csd.
v.fh. thndah.
th
mikf

jhtuf

jf

1. ntbjhF Fa ts
cilaJ. y jhtuf ntf
KGtJkhf fhzgLtiy.
2.  jgjF VwthW jL
joj, Filahd, gR nghw
fhwiwfis bfhoUF.

gl 3.5 Nafh

ily jhtuf jftikf

1. eF ts
bjhF.

milj

2.iyf bgUghY
kW mfykhdit.

nt

bgait

3. twl y jhtuf.

gl 3.4 thndah.

twl
ygF
thG
jhtuf twl y jhtuf
vdgL.
137

ca
jhtuf gwhFiw,
mf btgiy, ntfkhd fhW
nghw Niyfis
jhF
wid bgW tsU jikia
bfhlit.
v.fh. rgh f
twl
y
jftikf

jhtuf
gl 3.6 rgh f

1. eF ts milj nt
bjhF
k
mf
MHUJ
iu
cr
gagLwJ.
2. rgh f jL jokdhf
jilahf gRikahf csJ. j
_y xnrif brwJ.
3. mfgoahd Hig jLf
iyf f FW Kfshf
khWU milJ fhzgL.

1. W brof
bkikahd
jL
cila
gRikahd a jhtuf W
brof vdgL.
jL
fil
jikaW,
xU l cauF jh
tsail.
v.fh. Ks, nfhJik, be,
Nafh

3.3. W brof, jbrof,

kuf

t, g ikjhdij R
ty tu ekF f Mtkhf
Uwjyth?
M
brth.
midJ
jhtufS xnu msthf iy
vgij ftjhah?
M, rjh t.
jo ms kW mik
mogil F
jhtuf
_tifgL. mitahtd
W brof, j brof, kuf
138

gl 3.7 be

2. j brof:
bkj
Mdh
fodkhd,
fil
jLila eLju
mss
jhtuf
j
brof vdgL.
bjthd ikajL mwJ.
njhw
cilaJ.

gy

isfis

v.fh. nuh#h, kif, Fnuhl,

Js, vYir

jhtu wmika
3. kuf
ky

caukhd,
bga
msthd,
bjthd fodkhd, filahd
jL cila
jhtuf kuf
vdgL. isf kW iyfis
cUthF ikajL moku
vdgL.
v.fh. nt, kh, njF, bjid,
Myku

iy
jL

nt

gl 3.9 jhtu ghff

gF
bfhtiy.
kyf,
ff, ijf
dbgUf
cWf vdgL. it bghJthf
dbgUf gF bfhwd.
3.4.1. ntf, jLf, iyf
f
gl 3.8 khku

3.4. jhtu ghff

k, ik brj groia
id bfhL tUnth. J
jhtu
gntW
ghffis
bfhL brjJ MF.
bghJthf vyh F jhtu
fY U Ka bjhFf
csd. jiuF cs bjhF,
ntbjhF vd, jiuF nk
cs bjhF, jL bjhF
vd U tifgL.
ntbjhF ujhd ntU,
gy gf ntfS csd. jL
bjhF,
jL,
isf
iyf Mad csd. Fl
gUt
tjl
Fjhtu
kyf,
ff,
ijfis
cUthFwd.
nt,
jL,
iyf jhtu cl cWf
vdgL. it dbgUf

ntbjhF
jiuF nH tsU jhtu
cW
ntbjhF
vdgL.
fU
KisntUJ
it
njhWwd. J jhtu
neh tsU gF MF. Na
xF
vir
tsu
ToaJ. gira mwJ. fQ kW
fQilgF mwJ. t
iyf, bkhLf ilahJ. U
tifahd ntbjhFf csd.
1. MntbjhF,
2. ntlntbjhF
bra 3.1
xU #hoia vLJbfhs.
uh ug. #ho fGJ
gF btfhaij itf.
mj mow #ho cns
cs gLgo itf. y eh
fJ mj ntfis ghf.
139

ca
1. MntbjhF
J fU KisntUJ
njh mf MH tiu brW
Kjik nt myJ Mntuhf
tswJ.
J
ulhiy
ntf, _whiy ntf vw
gfthL ntfis cUthFwJ.
bgUghikahd
Uiy
jhtuf
MntbjhF
fhzgL. v.fh. kh, nt, nfu,
Ks.

-ntl nt

gl 3.11 ntlntbjhF

v.fh. be, , kfh nrhs, _.

nt aghd gf
1. nt
iu
kUJ
fk cfis cRwJ.
tiw
jhtu
w
gFfSF flJwJ.
2. jhtuij k iyWj
brwJ.
jLbjhF
ulh
iy nt

_wh
iy nt

M nt

gl 3.10 MntbjhF

2. ntlntbjhF
Kisnt ju jhtu
ntbwj gFUJ tsU
nt ntlnt vdgL. bka
xnu msyhd bfhjhf ntlnt
njhWwd. ntf bfhjhf
ehf
nghW
njhwkgjh
tiw rntbjhF
vd miHfyh. bgUghY xU
iy jhtuf nt
bjhF fhzgLwJ.
140

jhtu jiuF nk cs
bjhF jLbjhF vdgL.
fU KisFUUJ jL
tswJ. jL, jhtu ika
mrhF. Naxia neh tsU.
jLbjhF ika jL, is,
fQ, fQil gF, iy, bkhL,
ky, f fhzgLwd. s jL
gRikahf, Kj jL gG
wkhf UF.
joUJ
iy
njhWw
gF fQ
vdgL.
uL
mLjLj
fQfSF ilna cs u
fQil gF vdgL. jo
Enyh
iynfhznyh
bkhLf fhzgL.

jhtu wmika
jo aghd gf
1. jhFj: is, iy ky, f
tiw jhFwJ.
2. flJj:
iu,
fk
fis ntUJ jiuFnk
cs
ghffSF,
cz
bghUfis
iyUJ
jhtu
w
ghffSF
flJwd.

iy aghd gf
1. cz jahj: xnrif _y
iyf czit jahwd.
iyjh

ka

bra 3.2
isfns!
eKila
mkhF rikayiw cj
brj vgJ Mtkhd xU
bra.
mLj Kiw iuia
Rj br nghJ, jhtu
gntW ghffis cWnehf.
iy
iy vgJ jo bka,
gRikahd jilahd gfthL
tsf vdgL. iy _W
Ka
ghff,
iyjh,
iyfh,
iyaogF
vgdthF.
iyjh
gRikahd mfw, guj iy
gung
iyjh
vdgL.
iyjh ika ika eu
csJ. mUJ gy gfthL
euf UwfY wd.
iyfh
iyYs
fh
gFna
iyfh
vdgL.
J
iyjhis iyao gFl
izwJ.
iyaogF
jL
myJ
isl
izfgLs iy gF
iyaogF vdgL. iyao
gF uL a gfthL
tsfis cilaJ. it iyao
br vdgL.

eu

gfthL
eu
iyfh

iyaogF

gl 3.12 iy

gkhw:
2. th
jhtuf
xnrifnghJ
fay
thit
c
vLJbfhL
ctia
btLwd.
Rthj nghJ ctia c
vLJbfhL fay thit
btLwJ. iy cs
W Jisf (iyJis) _ynk
th gkhw fwJ.
3. uh nghF : iy cs
mfgoahd
iu
iyJis
tahf uhahf btnaW
f uhnghF vdgL.

gl 3.13 uhnghF
141

ca
ky ulh ghfkhF. m j
gy tzf, gy totf, gy
msf fhzgL.

bra 3.3
bjho jhtu iyia
bka gh igah _l. y
k neu fJ cW nehf.
gh ig cgF
Jf csij fhzyh. j
_y iyf uhnghF
eilbgWtij %fyh.

kfujjh tl

ky
ky
vgJ
dbgUfij
nkbfhS X dbgUf cW
MF. J ghdbgUfF
cjwJ. kfuj nrif kW
fUWj fF ky fahf
khwkilwJ. iyf csij
nghW kyfY fh csJ. fh
mw y kyfS csJ.
v.fh. thiH
kfujig

J ky _whtJ ghfkhF.
J ky MghfkhF. xbthU
kfujjhY, xU fh kW ig
nghw gF fhzgL. fh gF
kfuj f vd, ig nghw gF
kfujig vd miHfgL.
kfujig kfujf vw
M nfLf cUthwd.
Nyf tl
J ky c mLF MF. J
ky bg ghfkhF. xU Nyf
_W gFf csd. Nyf
KidgF NKo vd, ika l
gF N jL vd miHfgL.
nH cs mfw gUj gF
Nig vdgL. Nf Nig
fhzgL. Nf UJ bg
nfLf cUthwd.
kyf gaf

m
j

Nyf

kyf
thrid
uaf,
kUJ bghUf jahf bgJ
cjwd.
kyf jhtuf mj mHfhd
njhwfhf
njhlf
tsfgLwd.

gl 3.14 ky ghff

ky ehF ghff cL.

mitahtd: tl, m tl,
kfujjh tl, Nyf tl.
tl
bghJthf f iynghW
gRikahf
ky bt mL
fhzgL. ky bkhlhf UF
nghJ ghJfhwJ.
m tl
ufhrkhd
wKila
ky
gFna m j vdgL. J
142

gl 3.15 F ky

jhtu wmika
nkY mJbfhnth
F vgJ f ma tif kyuhF.
J 12 tUlfSF xU Kiw kLnk
F. J jeho kLnk fhzgL
X dkhF.
y w F kyf Ugjhjh
mj kiyF y vW bga tjJ.
2006 filahf F ky jJ.
1. mLj Kiw F ky vbghGJ
F?
2. mbghGJ cf taJ vdthf
UF?

3.5. nt, jL, iy khWUf:

gl 3.16 nfu

nt, jL, iy aghd gfis

ghnjh. aghd gf kLyhk
y nt, jL, iyf, TLj gfis
brtjfhf mik, tot t
khWgL
gyjf
mikJsd.
tiwna khWUf vnwh.
Mnt khWU
1. nr ntf: Kjik ntf czit
nrJ itgjdh gUJ rijgWl
fhzgLwd. mit mt tot
mogil _W tifgL.
(i) T tot: nt nk gF
mfW,
mogFia
neh
gogoahf FW T tot
fhzgL.

gl 3.17 Ks.

v.fh. nfu.
(ii) f tot: nt ikagF gUJ,
U KidgF gogoahf FW,
f nghw tot fhzgL.
v.fh. Ks.
(iii) ggu tot: nt nk gF f
mfW, E ObuW th nghy
L FW fhzgL.
gl 3.18 U

v.fh. U, l.
143

ca
2. Rthr ntf : flfiu Xu
cs rJ yf cs
jhtuf c iwj UF
ijUF. rhjhuz ntf
UJ brFjhd ntf s
jiuF nk tswd. itna
Rthr ntf vdgL. it th
gkhwF cjwd.
v.fh. mah (btis miyah)
jeho rhtu fhzgLwJ.

2. jhF ntf
m)  ntf: ku is f
UJ ntf njhWwd.
ntf
ia
neh
brFjhf tsJ k
CWwd.
Jjhf
it jokdh fis
nghy kuij jhFwd.
ntfns
ntf
vdgL. v.fh. Myku.
 L ntf: y jhtuf,
M) K
bkj jo mogF
fQfUJ a jokdhd
ntf njhWwd. it
rhthf
jiuia
neh
tsJ jhtuJF TLj
Mjhuij
jUwJ.
j
ntfSF
KL
ntf
vdbga v.fh. nrhs, fU.

gl 3.19 btis miyah

ntl nt khWU

gl 3.22
Myku

gl 3.20 rfiu tHF

1. nr ntf
m) ntHFf:
y
ntl
ntf czit nrJ itJ,
gUJ, Fl tot yhk
UF. v.fh. rfiut
HF
ntf:
M) bfhJ
jo
mogF gUj ntHFf
bfhJ bfhjhf fhzgL.
v.fh. lhah.
144

gl 3.21 fU

nkY mJbfhnth
bfhfjh cs a
jhtua
njhl
cs
fbga Myku 900F
nkgl ntf (GJf)
csd. ku taJ 200
ML. j l 360 l.

jhtu wmika
3. xL nt: y xL
jhtuf, X jhtu
Rf ntfis cns EiHJ
czit cRwd. ntf
xL ntf vdgL.
v.fh. fFlh.

gl 3.23

fFlh

jo khWU
jo aghd gfis
ju, jhtuf yt jLf
wghd gfis brwd.
jhtuf, jo xU gFnah
KGtJkhfnth
mgia
brtjbfd khWghL milJsd.
mjLf
khWU
milj
jLf vdgL.
1. jiu jL khWU:
y
jhtuf jLf jiu
jLfis cUthFwd. it
czit nrwd. it gy
tifgL.

4. bjhWntf: y jhtuf
ntW kuf isf ts
git. it czfhf m
Ulfhf kLnk rhJ
UF. jhtuf ntf
fh mirjhL. fhYs
<ugjij nt cs btyhk
R
cRwJ.
tif
ntf bjhWntf vdgL.
v.fh. thlh(M)

 ) HF: jiu jLf

m
gUj
EgFna
HF
vdgL. mf czit nrJ
itwd. v.fh. cUisHF
 ) kly jL: it joj
M
ilklkhd jiu jL.
v.fh. .

gl 3.25 cUis HF

gl 3.24 thlh

bra 3.4
cf o rikayiwF
bry. mF cs fhff
ytiw
vLJbfhs.
m nt khWU kW jL
khWU vit? vd goal.

gl 3.26

145

ca
2. jiu xoa jL khWU: cly
dbgUffhf it khW
milJsd. y jhtuf
jL ejit. it jiu
il klkhf myJ jiu
nkgu ijJ fhzgL.
fQf UJ jiubaho
isfS, mogF ntl
ntfS
njhWwd.
it
glbfho
vdgL.
glbfhof uL tifgL.

gl 3.27

m) XL jL-v.fh. , r
M) nlhy- v.fh. uhbg

gl 3.28 uhbg

3.jiunk
bghJthf
khWU:
bkhLf
isfshfnth
kyfshfnth
tsail.
y jhtuf bkhLf y
Fl gfis brtjfhf
khWghL milJsd. mit
 ) jL gWff: y
m
jhtuf,
nfhz
bkhL
gWfahf khWghL milJ
UF.
it
Mjhuij
gbfhs
cjwd.
v.fh. ghnshuh, lyfh.

gl 3.29 fhj

 ) Kf: y jhtuf,
M
nfhz bkhL Kfshf khWghL
milJ UF. v.fh. fhj
 ) iybjh jL: y

twl
y
jhtuf,
iyf Kfshf khsd.
jL jilahf iy nghy kh
iy gia brwJ.
jnl iybjh jL
vdgL. v.fh. rghf.
gl 3.30 ghnshuh
146

jhtu wmika
iy khWU
y
jhtuf
bfhLfgLsij
khWU milJsd.

iyf
nghW

1. iy gWf: y jhtuf,

iy ej RUf nghW
mikJ g Vw cj gW
fahf khWghL milJ UF.
v.fh. glh.
2. iyKf:
rghf
iyf nkw
KGik
ahf
Kfshf
khsd.
Kf
uh
nghif
FiwwJ.
fheilf
nkr
jfgLwJ.
v.fh. rghf

gl 3.31 begj.

gl 3.32 (m)
glh

3. FLit jhtu: y jhtuf

ieu# gwhFiwia <Lbra
iy
KGikahf
khWghL
milJ ia of VJthf
FLit tot UF. v.fh.
begj.

gl 3.32(M)
Fnyah

nkY mJbfhnth
mnkrh m jhtu
iy l 7mo. mj ky
12 Kj 16 mFy cilaJ.

4. ig: Fnyah jhtu y

iy ia of VJthf
ig nghw mikghf khsd.

3.6. jLf tiff

F jhtuf jLf y w
gfis tjfhf gy jf khWghL
milJsd. jo jikia bghUJ jhtu
jLf _W bgU thf fgLsd.
1) FWfkilj jLf: y jhtuf jL
fFW jLnghW csd. fQ kW
fQil gF ilahJ.
v.fh. Ks, nfu, l, btfha.
2) jLf: gy F jhtuf j,
l fil jikila jL fhzgLwJ.
v.fh. _,
Myku,
bjid.

fl(ijyku),
gl 3.33 btfha
147

ca
3) ej jL: bkj, bkikahd jLfsh Mjhu
neuhf J f ayhJ. it UtifgL.
 ) j ej jL: J D bfhoahfnth VW
m
bfhoahfnth Ufyh.
(i) Dbfho: l, bka tis jikila,
Egkhd jil cilaJ. mU cs Mjhuij
g bfhL tsU. g bfhtjF wghd gl 3.34 iulh
cW VJ ilahJ. v.fh. mtiu.
(ii) VWbfho: jL tikaW Ugjh, jhia
g bfhs KoahJ. g bfhs cj
cWfsh jL, jhia g bfhL
VWwJ. v.fh. sF, btiy
 ) jiubahoa ej jL: j jLf jiu
M
KGtJ glJsd. glbfhof myJ E
y gljL. v.fh. iulh (btL fha L)
gl 3.35 mtiu

3.7. jhtuf mirf

yFfis nghW jhtuf
lL l efuhJ. Mdh
t ghff x, , k nghw
VnjD xU wfhu lYF
Vg ts afij VgLJ.
vdnt l irF Vg
jhtu ghff VgL af
rhgir vdgL.
nkY mJbfhnth
J.C.ngh, a jhtua
tYe. J.C.ngh fLoj
iunrhuh
fU
_y
jhtufSF cz cL
vgJ bjatjJ.
1. rhgir:

gl 3.36 x rhgir

rhgir _W tifgL.
 )
m
x
rhgir:
Na
x l irnfg,
iria nehnah vuhfnth
jhtuf ghff ts
miltnj
xrhgir
vdgL.
148

x Ljyh jL
x iria neh tsU.
Mjyh, jL ne x rhgir
bfhlJ.
x irF
vuhf nt tsU. Mjyh, nt
v x rhgir bfhlJ
vnwh.

jhtu wmika
M) rhgir: ntf <
irF VwthW tsU. jF
rhgir vW bga. ntf
ne rhgir bfhlJ. jL
v rhgir bfhlJ.
)
rhgir:
jhtu
ghff jLf nghy
ntf iu neh tsU. Mjyh
nt ne rhgir bfhlJ
vW jL v rhgir
bfhlJ vnwh.

gl 3.37 rhgir

2. bjhF
mirf:
bjhlhQ
jhtu
bjhLjYF gid a
ToaJ. jhtuij bjhll
iyf
_o
bfhwd.
iyf
_obfhs
tsdh mW. jhtuF
VgL
Jyf
is

gl 3.38 rhgir,

bjhF mir

MF. ~J mF VgL
JyfyhF. it bjhF
mirf vdgL.

3.8. jhtufis kufis cW nehf

1. jftfis g brjY glfis tiujY
g LKiwnghJ ekJ gF f mU cs kiyunjr
myJ tdF gaz nkbfhs lLnsh. mnf jhtu df
gntW tiffis d fhz Ka bra. gy tifahd iyf,
kyf, ijfis nrff. nrfj iy kW kyfis, cf giHa
Fngo vGa jhfSil itJ mGjgl iy cyu bra
ntL. cyjl vLJ JQF jf (Scrapbook) xlntL.
nrfj ijfis cyjl, jna W gh ciwf L mt
bgafis vGj.
2. eh brayhkh?
khztfns, iyfis bfhL yFf cUtij brayh.
murkuJ iyfis nrfJ bfhs. ika euig xo J
id cl gFahf itJbfhs.
V tot iyia
J Kfkhf vLJ bfhs. cl kW Kfij nrJ id
cUtij ghfyh. ahid, kh, Mik, k nghw yF cUtfis
gyj iyfis bfhL brJ ghf.
2

3
149

ca
kL
1. rahd ilia njbjLf.
m) iu cRj ________ bjhF gahF (jL / nt).
M) Js ________ F cjhuzkhF (Wbro / jbro).
) iyia jnlhL izF cWF ________ vW bga
(iyaogF/ iyfh).
<) ky bkhlhf UF bghGJ ________ ghJfhwJ ( / m).
c) ________ neh fhzgL jhtu mirF xrh mir vW
bga ( / x).
2. nH xU ky gl bfhLfgLsJ. m tU ghffis
Ff.
m) j

M) m j

) kfujjh tl <) Nyf tl

3. jhtuf btntW mirfis fiyJs brhfis bfhL

rahd brhfis vGJf.
m) Fbjhirm = bjhF mir
M) girrhX

_____________

) irrhg

_____________

<) irrhg

_____________

4. nH cs nff ilf tU FWF flf csd.

ilfis fL nfhol lij uf.
m) eh xU jhtu ________.
M) eh xU W bro ________.
) eh ghiytd tsUnt ________.
<) eh xU ku ________.
150

jhtu wmika
c) eh jhtuf cz jahF gF ________.
C) eh xU f tot khWU ________.
v) eh xU HF ________.
V) eh X VWbfho ________.
I) vdF ntf cL ________.
x) eh jeho kL fhzgL ky ________.
nj

nfh
is

J
U

ik
c
gh
y

iy

5. tUtdtiw bghUJf.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

thneah
iyJisf
KLnt
iy bjh jL
VWbfho

fU
rgh f
sF
_a jhtu
uhnghF

nkY ma
jf
1. The Royal Horticulture Society - Encyclopedia of plants and
flowers - DK Ltd., U.K
izajs
www.aravindguptatoys.com.
www.mhhe.com/life
fhzntoa lf
jhtua njhl - Co, bfhilfhd, VfhL.

151

ca
4
ca

myF

tifghoa

ca
152

tifghoa

gl 4.1 ydf

gh, t uhk UF jf khkh oF brwd. mt,

Utiu j gizF miHJ brwh. mF nfhgiz, Fiu
yha nghw gy lf gy tifahd yFfis ghjd. mtf
khkhl, ts yFfis vthW tifgL itJf vd
dd. yFf tiff, cz cbfhS Kiw mogil
Jsjhf Tdh.
y gy tifahd cdf fhzgLwd. mit midJ
njngh jh tifgL itfgLsdth? M! j Kiwna
tifgLJj vdgL.
fhzgL cdfilna ntWghLf gy fhzgLwd.
mt ms, tot, thGl, cz ClKiw kW clbraa
ff Ma gf gyt mit ntWgLsd.

153

ca
gntW cdf fhzgL
ntWghLfis gY jik
vnwh. cdf jkilna
gntW ntWghLfis bfhoU
jhY mogil y bghJthd
xj gfis bfhoUwd.
bthj gf mogil
gntW
FGfshf
fyh.
df
midij
Kiwahf m tif, midJ
jhtufS yFfS gytif
FGfshf fgLsd.
cdfis, mt xWik,
ntWikf mogil gntW
dfshf F Kiwid
tifgLJj vnwh.

4.1. tifgLJj
aikahik
midJ
cdfis
mj vgJ ayhJ. Mdh,
dfis
xU
Fl
trahd Kiw FGfshf J
Muhjh, mtiw g mtJ
vjhwJ. gY jikia
mJ bfhSj tifgLJj
_y vjhwJ.
tifgLJj mta
1. cdfis vjhf d
fla
tifgLJj
gagLwJ.
2. gntW jhtu, yFf
cUtnjhw,
xWik
ntWikfis mJbfhs
gagLwJ.
3. va
cdflUJ
fyhd
cdf
njhWtij tifgLJj
_y mayh.
154

bra 4.1
bghJthd y fhff
bgafis T, mt ntW y
bgafis vGJf.
t.v
1.

bghJbga
fj

ntWbga
Kil
jhtu

2.
3.

4.2. IJyf tifghL Kiw

R.H.nlf
(1920-1980)
mbkf Niya tYe
Mth. t KjKj midJ
cdfis
mtilna
fhzgL
gzhk
bjhl
mogil IJyf tifghil
mKfgLdh.

uhg Aho nlf

(1920-1980)

1969M ML cdfis
IJ cyffshf tifgLdh.
tifghL midJ mayhs
fshY VW bfhsglJ.
nkY mJbfhnth
bkhuh cyf 9000 F
mfkhd df fla
gLsd. nuholh 59,950
cdf, irf cyf
1,00,000.
jhtuf
2,89,640.
bkhj magl yFf
vif 11,70,000.

tifghoa
IJ cyffshtd:
yFf.

bkhuh,

nuholh,

irf,

jhtuf,

IJ cyff

bkhuh

nuholh

irf

yFf

1. Jislf

1. ghOah
2. randhghOah
(ygRgh)

jhtuf

1. xU br gh
2. nuhnlhnrhth

1. ir

1. gy br gh

2. Flf

2. iunahig

3. jilGf

3. blnlhig

4. cUis Gf
5.tisjir Gf

4. ndhbg

6.fQfhf

5.Mnahbg

7.bkYlf
8.Knjhf
9. KJFehQsit

IJyf tifgho Ka mogil gf

br
fyhd mik
(nuhnfah Kj
nfah)
czl
Kiw (jrh
ClKiw
kW w rh
ClKiw)

clmik
(xUbr c
myJ gy br
c)

FGk gzhk
myJ gzhk
bjhl

bra 4.2
vtwh gh juhf khWwJ? lkh gjF fhuzkhd
EQ vJ? kjDF clhF thng, fhrneh, ilghL
fhr, bjhGneh nghw nehf njhw fhuz vJ? vd cfSF
bjkh? M! mJ ghOah vw EQna!
155

ca
ghOahf totf
bghJthf
ghOahf
totf csd. mit:
1. nfh tot
2. nfhs tot
3. fh tot
4. RU tot

4.2.1. bkhuh cyf

bghJgf
bkhuh cyf midJ
ghOahf kW randh
ghOahf mlsd.
ghOahf midJ xU
br cfshF.
cikahd cfU iy
(nuhnfah)
it jrh myJ wrh
ClKiw cilait.
oah,
nkhah, fhrneh,
bjhGneh nghw nehfis
kjDF VgLJwd.
gynehfis
FzgLj
Toa v EQ kUJf
ghOahfUnj
bgwgLwd.

bra 4.3
bjthd fzho iy
xU J j l. mij TL
Enzh _y
ghf.
gy nfh tot nynlhngy
ghOahfis fhzyh.

ghOah fLo
1675M ML Mlth
tA& vw lRehL ma
mP, ghOahit fLojh.
t
ghOahit
EQ
vwiHjh. vdnt, Mlth
tA& vgt ghOah a
jij vwiHfglh. ghOahnt
cy njha Kj c vW
fUjgLwJ.
nfh tot

gy

nfhs tot

nkY mJbfhnth
xU
kj
Fl
ruhrahf xU nyh ghOahf
csd. kj cl aghd
MnuhaF ghOahf
mtakhdit.
ghOah eikf
ifiy,
njiy
gjgLj

njh
gjgLj

bghUf
kWRH

eik
br
ghOah
trha
gF

bjh
rhiy
gF

kUJt
gF

ghOahdh VgL ikf

fh
tot

ghOahf
jhtufSF,
kjDF gy nehfis clhF
wd.

RU tot

gl 4.2 ghOaf totf

156

tifghoa
fHiy neh
(vYir)

jhtu
nehf

tisa mGf neh

(cUis)
bt neh (M)
thl neh ( jfh)

ns

bjhG
neh

th
ng

fhr neh

kj nehf

4.2.2. nuholh cyf

bghJ gf
nuholh
cyf
xU
bryh Md nfahLf
mlF.
jhtu, yF nuholhf
fl kW e fhzgL.
y nuhoL xLf
cl
xU
bryhf
Uj
nghY, midJ clbra
fis iwntw Toa jik
bfhLsd.
cfU rdh NHgl cfU
fhzgL (nfah)
y
cf
giraij
bfhLsjh,
xnrif
_y czit jahwd.
v.fh. dh.
nuholh U tiff
cL.
1. j h t u n u h o L f
xnrif
aToait.
bghJthf
mit
Ea

ghf vdgL. ghf jrh

Cl cf MF. tiw
Enzh
_ynk
fhz
Ko. it jbrfshfnth,
iHfshfnth
FGk
fshfnth
fhzgL.
v.fh.
shnlhnkhd, thth.
2. yF
nuholhf
bghJthf nuhnlhnrhtf
vdgL. nuhnlhnrhtf
mgh,
ghua
nghw
yFf mlF. nalh
vw
tFig
rhj
ghua
FWiHf
fhzgLwd.
rhnfhodh
vw tFig rhj mgh
bghfhf csd.
midJ xU br jhtufS
jhtu jit cf vd, xU br
yFf, yF jit cf
vd miHfgLwd.
dh vw nuhnlhnrhth
giraij bfhLsjh x
nrif _y cz jahwJ. J
uL tifahd ClKiwia
bfhLsJ. Na x ilF
neuf jrh Cl Kiwia
Na x yhj neuf w rh
Cl Kiwia bfhLsJ.
jF fy ClKiw vW
bga. vdnt, dh jhtu kW
yFfSilnaahd xU
viy nfho csJ.
firiH

cfU
gira
RUF E
F
gl 4.3 dh
157

ca
4.2.3. irf cyf
bghJgf

<Lf,
nkhLf,
fhshf,
ehFilf,
g~
gJf,
bga
Mait
mlF.
ir gy brfsh Md
nfnah br mikig
bfhlit. j cl iAgh
vw iHfsh MdJ.
it
w
ClKiwia
rhjit.
gira
mw
fhuzjh w cfl
UJ czit bgWwd.
t br Rt fodkhd
TL
rfiuah
Md
ifo vw bghUsh MdJ.
irf
aif
kFfshf (ijF
cf) myJ xL
fshf (w cia rhJ
thGj) fhzgLwd.
giHa buho, ghyhilfo, gH
nghw czbghUf J
nkhL irf tsU.

gl 4.5 bga

bg vw v EQ
kUJ
bjLfgLwJ.
bg kUJf uh
vd miHfgLwJ.
< Kil tot bfhl
xU br c.
J xU
rhW ir. J behj
_ykhf
MfAh
jahf
cjwJ. behj Kiw
rfiu fiur MfAhyhf
khWnghJ <L fay thit
btnaWwJ.
J
buho
jahY cjwJ.
bra 4.4
<
Jfis
rfiu
fiur nrf ntL. y
eh fJ c nghw btis
w got rfiu fiur
nk goUgij fhzyh.
Enzh
_y
<
csij ghfyh.
nkY mJbfhnth
y
ir
fhshf
fLikahd
bfhlit.
bgatfl
M n y h r i d
bgwhk Wtf
jhdhf
tsU
fhshfis
bjhlnth cbfhsnth TlhJ.

gl 4.4. fhsh

bga xU ir.
gira fhzgLtiy. J
rhWahf thwJ. J wj
ka bghUfJ thwJ.
j cl iHfsh MdJ.
bga vw irUJ
158

tifghoa
4.2.4. jhtu cyf

kh

bguf

bghJ gf
gy brfsh Md midJ
yth jhtufS, th
jhtufS jhtu cy mlF.
tUgit
jhtu
cyif
rhjit.
1. ghf (gy br c)
v.fh. yhndah,
ignuhifuh, nfuh
2. , y thtd
(iunah~igLf)
v.fh. ah, kh
3. ijfsw th jhtuf
(blnlh~igLf)
v.fh. bguf
4. wj ij jhtuf
(ndhbgf)
v.fh. irf, igd
5. _oa ij jhtuf
(Mnahbgf)
v.fh. , bjid, kh, nt.
jhtuf gy brfsh Md
nfahLf MF.
brf brYnyhdh Md
brRtiu bfhLsd.

gl 4.6.

igd

Nafh

gy tifahd ClKiw cilad.

gira wia bgUgjh
bgUghyhdit
jrh
ClKiwia bfhLsd.
w
rh
y
jhtuf
ClKiwia
cilad.
v.fh. fFlh X xL.
begj
kW
ouhuh
Q jhtuf MF.
nkY mJbfhnth
jhtu cyf
, y thtd
iunah~igLf
- 24,000 df
ijfsw thjhtuf
blnlh~igLf
-10,000 df
wjij jhtuf
ndh bgf
- 640 df
_oaij jhtuf
Mnahbgf
- 2,55,000 df
Matiw cslaJ MF.
159

ca
eF tsailj fLgL
jgl
xUiz
bfhlit.
itf
eu
brf
fhzgLtjh czfis
flJ w bgWsd.
y ydf xL
fshf thG. v.fh. ehlhG,
cUisG.
yF cyf cs yFf
lL l efwd. Kj
flgRf, gtsf ujukhf
thl
nkgF
xo
fhzgLwd.

4.2.5. yF cyf
bghJ gf
t gy brfsh Md
nfahLf mlF.
midJ yFfS w Cl
Kiwia rhjit. czfhf
neilahfnth kiwKfkhfnth
jhtufis rhJsd.
Niya it xUtif
Efnth MF.
t brf shkh
r kLnk fhzgLwJ.
t jirbrf RUF
jikilad.

yF cyf tU bjhFfis gfis bfhLsJ.

t.v

bjhFf

gf

vLJfhL

Jislf

Jisf bfhl
cl mik

flgRf

Flf

clF cL

iAuh, b#

jilGf

jiltot
Gf

ehlhG

cUis
Gf

cUis tot
Gf

mfh (cUisG)

tisjir
Gf

xj
clflf
fhzgL

,
kG

fQfhf

fhf fQf
fhzgL

uh, fugh ,
nj

bkYlf

XLila
bkikahd
clyik

eij, Mnlhg,
brah

Knjhf

njhgF
Kf bfhlit

eru,
fl bts

KJF
ehQsit

KJFeh
fhzgL

, jtis, kj

nkY mJbfhnth
xU Fl l kL gus yFf vW fzlh
a khyfnyna Kjyhtjhf cs khy jehL.
160

tifghoa

4.3. Ubrh bgaLKiw

tifghoa tuyhW
mlho
cdfis
jhtuf, yFf vd ulhf
jjh.
kUJt jij vd miH
fgl nghbul kUJt
KaJt mogil
cdfis goalh.
fnuhy nda (1707-1778)
mlho,
nahuhl
FHgij
jgjfhf
Mnah
cdf
ma bgaLKiw njh, it
tot, thl mogil
cyfs gwgLwJ. vdnt,
jhtufis yFfis
nda jhtu kW yF
tifgLd.
fSF uL bga cila Kiwia
#hnu vgt d vw
mKfgLdh. J Ubrh
brhiy mKfgLdh.
bgaL Kiw vwiHfgLwJ.
fnuhy
nda
va
Ubrh bgaLtjfhdmogil
Kiw jhtuf bgaL
f
Kiwia cUthdh. vdnt,
1. ma bga y bkh
t tifghoa jij
nyh myJ y bkh
vd miHfgLwh. t
bkhbgangh bragoUf
cUtha Ubrh bgaL
ntL.
Kiwna jnghJ eilKiw
2. ngdbga Kj vGij
csJ.
bga vG vGj ntL.
Ubrh bgaL Kiw mta
3. dbga Kj vGij
flj fhyf cdf
a vG vGj ntL.
bghJbgafis bfhL ma
4. Ubrhbgafis
mL
gld. j bghJbgaf gntW
nghJ rhthf ml ntL.
lf
gntW
FHgfis
5. ifdh vGJnghJ, mo
VgLd. it cyf ms VW
nfhoL fhl ntL.
bfhs Koahk nghdJ.
bra 4.5
cfSila gF cs kufis jhtufis cWnehf.
mt Ubrhbgafis fLof.
ya bga

jhtua bga

fugh

- bgshndlh mbkfhdh

brgU

- iAf nuh[h ird

L <

- kfh blhkofh

jfh

- iynfhbgfh vFyl

jtis

- uhdh bA[hlhilyh

cUis

- brhyhd ognuhr

wh

- bfhygh ah

kh

- kh~bguh ofh

kj

- nAhnkh bra

- xiurh rilth

161

ca

kL
i) rahdtiw njbjLf.
1. IJ cyf tifghL Kiwia tifgLat _________
(R. H nlf / fnuhy nda).
cyf
2. bkhuh
(gybr / xUbr).

_________

cdf

mlsd

3. kUJf uh vd miHfgLtJ _________ (<L / bg).

4. _________
jhtu brf fhzgL,
fhzgLtiy ( cfU / brRt ).
rilth
5. xiurh
( be / nfhJik)

vgJ

_________

yF

brf

UbrhbgauhF.

ii) bfhLfgLs yFfis mj bjhFF itf.

ehlhG,
flgR,
eru , kG
1. ehlhG

iAuh,
-

cUisG,

nj,

kj,

eij,

jilGf

2. _______________ - __________________
3. _______________ - __________________
4. _______________ - __________________
5. _______________ - __________________
6. _______________ - __________________
7. _______________ - __________________
8. _______________ - __________________
9. _______________ - __________________
 hOah eikfS ikfS nH bfhLfgLsd. eik
iii) g
vW , ik vW Ff.
1.

bjhGneh

eik

ik

2.

cUisH tisamGf neh

eik

ik

3.

bghUf kWRH

eik

ik

4.

vYU

eik

ik

5.

njh gjgLJj

eik

ik

6.

jfh thl neh

eik

ik

7.

njiyia gjgLJj

eik

ik

162

tifghoa
iv) ghOah gy totfis tiua.
v) dh gira csJ. Na x yhj neuf wrh Cl
Kiwia bfhlJ. jid vj cy tifgLJf? jhtu
cyfkh? yF cyfkh?
vi) bfhLfgLs glf bgafis cf Ma kW bgnwh
cjl vGJf.
1. f

2. kh

t.v
1.

3. eh

jbga
f

4. cUis 5. brgU

Mybga
LION

6. ntfliy

Ubrhbga
ghuh nah

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
nkY ma
jff
Life and Living - John Sears and Sue Taylor. British Library Cataloguing,
London.
Frame Work of Science - Paddy Gannon Oxford University Press,
New Delhi
izajs
www.rhs.org.uk
www.mhhe.com

163

nta
5
nta

myF

ut

th

eik Rs
gUbghUf

nta
164

eik Rs gUbghUf

eik R U, ku, nghw gytifahd bghUfis

ghnwh. fhiw ekh ghf ayhJ, Mdh czuKo. midJ
bghUfS xU Fl iwia bgWsd. it Fl lij
milJbfhS. ma cy, iw kW Fl lij
milJbfhS jik bfhlit gUbghUf MF. iwia,
lij milJbfhS gig bgWs vyh gUbghUfS
xnu tifahdit my. ghlgF gUbghUf aa
gfis g mJbfhnth.
eik Rs bghUfis TJ ftJ fh mltiz
goaLnth.
bra 5.1
1.
L

2.
3.
1.

isahL ikjhd

tFgiw

2.
3.
1.
2.
3.

5.1. gUbghUf aa gf
eh y braghLf _y gUbghUf aa gfis g
mnth.
bra 5.2
xU Rzfoia vLJ bghoahf. W Jff vyh nrJ
jh Rzfo vD gUbghUshf khsJ. W Jffjh
gUbghU cUthf mogilahf csd. j W Jff, mQf
kW _yTWfsh Mdit. _yTWf mQfsh Mdit.
nkY mJbfhnth

mQfS _yTWfS
f ad. tiw
nendhl vD
myfh msfyh.
(1 nendhl = 10-9 l)
gl 5.2 Rzh

gl 5.1 Rzfo
165

nta

5.2. gUbghU Jff gf

bra 5.3
xU fzho Ftis js iu vLJbfhL kl
msit FJ bfhs.
js rfiuia nrJ fzho Fah ewhf fyf.
fzho Ftisia TJ ftf.
msnyh myJ Ritnyh VjhtJ khw bjwjh? rfiu vgo
kiwjJ?

_yTWf

rfiuia
nrj

fyF

_yTWf
rfiu
_yTWf

gl 5.3 j kW rfiu _yTWf 1 a ms

bgajhfglit.

nkFl bragho _y kl khwhjij, Mdh Rit

khsij maKowJ. rfiu fyJsjhjh Rit
ghf khsJ. rfiu, fiunghJ _yTWfSilna
cs ilbtia rfiu _yTWf milJ bfhwd. jdh,
Ftis kl cauiy. j bragho _y _yTWfSF
ilna ilbt csJ vgij czuyh.
bra 5.4
xU fzho Ftisia vLJ bfhL, m gh ms iu ug
ntL.
vGJnfh gagLJ yw ikia fzho Ftis
bkJthf, ftdkhf nrf.
J neu mirahk itJ cW nehf.

gl 5.4 y ik guj

j braUJ y ik bkJthf Ul fygij fhzyh. j

bragho _y _yTWf bjhlJ efJ xnwhblhW fywd
vgij czuyh.
166

eik Rs gUbghUf
bra 5.5
j FHhia wJ l.
FHhUJ tU iu cf iffsh
jLJ
Wj
Kowjh?
jLJ
WjKoaiy myth? fhuz vd?
bra,
gUbghUf
_yTW
fSF
ilna
<irsJ
vgij fhLwJ.
ir
_yTWfis
izwJ.
_yTWfSF ilnaahd
<ir
gUbghUSF gUbghU khWgLwJ.

gl 5.5
FHh UJ bjhlJ
Gj

gUbghUf fodkhdit, bkikahdit, wKsit, wkwit,

ut, th nghw vyh gfS, mt mQf kW _yTWf
mikid rhJsJ.

5.3. bghUf iyf

bghUf
k, ut, th vd _W aa iyf
fhzgLwd.
bghUf iyf

th

ut
l
cs
M#
th

bjh

g cs
fhW

nkir
bg

gh
to
M

gHrhW
gl 5.6 bghUf iyf
167

UJ
tU fhW

nta
k
Fl tot, ms, gUkds bfhlJ kkhF. kf
_yTWfSF ilna cs <ir mf vgjh _yTWf f
f beUfkhf mikJsd. kfis bghJthf mGj KoahJ.
k bghUfSfhd y vLJfhLf gl 5.7 (m), (M)
bfhLfgLsJ. gl 5.8 kf _yTWf f beUfkhf
mikJsd vgij fhLwJ.

5.7.(m)

5.7.(M)

gl 5.7. k bghUfSfhd y
vLJfhLf

gl 5.8 kf
_yTWfSF ilnaahd
beUfkhd mik

f
gR xU lbghU. MdhY
mij mGjKowJ. V? g
cs W Jisf fhW u csJ.
mij mGJnghJ fhW btnaWwJ.
Mifah, gir ekh mGjKowJ.
bghJthf mGj _y
lbghUf totij
khWtJ fod.

gl 5.9 gR

nkY mJbfhnth
gUbghUf nkY uL iyf
fhzgLwd. gUbghU ehfhtJ iy
shkh - mf btggLjgl th iy.
gUbghU Ijh iy ngh-IO
fhln[ - mf F%lgl lbghU.
gl 5.10
shkh iy
168

eik Rs gUbghUf
ut
ut xU Fl gUkds bfhlJ. Mdh, mjF xU iyahd
tot ilahJ. utij vj bfhfy itnwhnkh, mj
totij
bgW
(gl
5.11).
Vbd,
ut
cs
_yTWfSilna
cs
<ir
k
bghUf
csijl Fiw. nkY, _yTWf beUfkhf yhk
mikJsjh,
utf
v
mt
totfis
kh
bfhwd.
utij
jsnt
mGj
Ko.
, vbz, gHrhW nghwit ut iy cs gUbghUfSfhd
vLJfhLfshF. ut cs _yTWfSF ilna J
ilbt csJ vgjid gl 5.12 _y mayh.

gl 5.11 ut bfhfy totij

bgWwJ.

gl 5.12 ut
_yTW mik

th
th iy cs gUbghUf
cs
_yTWf
kW
mQf
bfhfy KGtJkhf guUF.
tF Fl gUkdsnth, totnkh
ilahJ.
thf
_yTWfSF
ilna cs <ir f Fiw.
mjdh, _yTWfSF ilna cs
ilbt f mf. th _yTWf
bfhfy KGtJ gu fhzgL.
k kW ut iyfSl xLnghJ
thfis f vjhf mGj Ko.

gl 5.13 fhW
uggl
g

e o gagLJ vth cUis

milfgl k bgnuha th (Liquified
Petroleum Gas- LPG) kW kUJtkidf
gagLJ cUis milfgLs
ct (M#) Mait mGjgl
thf MF. nkY, iwa fhy
mGjgl aif th (Compressed
Natural Gas- CNG) nghFtuJ thfdf th _yTWf
bfhfy
gagLjgLwJ. bl ngUJf
gl 5.14 th _yTW mik
CNG aFwd.
169

nta
bra 5.6
xU bf gij vLJ
mGghUf. mGj Kowjh?
mj
totnyh
msnyh
khw Uwjh? iy. k
bghUis mGj KoahJ vgij
czJ bfhnth.

btna vLJ l.
KjyhtJ cRFHh iu
ug.
ulhtJ
cRFHhia
mgona itf.

nghJ ut kW thfis
ekh mGj Kowjh vgij X
M _y brJ ghngh.

lid vikahf cR
FHh brYj thrid
jlt.

uL
cR
FHhfis
vLJ bfhL 1 kW 2 vd
Fl.

nghJ cR FHhf
lid itJ mGj.
cs cR FHh (1)
lid iuthf mGj KoahJ.

mj Kidia X mil
ghdh _o, xL jhsh
xl.

Mdh, fhW cs cR
FHh (2) lid KGtJkhf
vjhf mGj KowJ.

cR FHh cs lid
1

ut js
mGjF cgL

fhW

nkfl MUJ,
utfis Fiwthfnt
mGj Ko. Mdh,
thfis v
mGjKo vgJ
bjthwJ.
thf
mGjF
cgL

gl 5.15 ut kW fh jhd mGj is

nkY mJbfhnth
e o cz rikFnghJ, mj thrid o ntfkhf guwJ.
V vW bjkh? eh cz rikFnghJ m cs thrid Jff
fh v fyJ ntfkhf guwJ. mjfhd fhuzf :1. th foyh _yTWf myJ Jff. 2. th _yTWf
ca ntf. 3. th _yTWfSilna cs mf ilbt.
vdnt, ut kW k bghUf Jffisl
Jff ntfkhf guwd.
170

thf

eik Rs gUbghUf
k, ut kW thf gf
mltiz 5.1
t. v.

ut

th

1.

Fl tot kW
gUkds bfhlJ.

Fl gUkds cL
Mdh, Fl tot
ilahJ.

Fl totnkh
gUkdsnth ilahJ.

2.

gh jik mwJ.

caj lUJ
jhthd lF
ghnjhL.

v vyh
irfY ntfkhf
gu.

3.

_yTWfSF
ilna cs
ilbt f
Fiw.

_yTWfSF ilna
cs ilbt Fiw.

_yTWfSF ilna
cs ilbt mf.

4.

_yTWfSF
ilna cs <
ir mf.

_yTWfSF ilna
cs <ir k
bghUisl Fiw.

_yTWfSF ilna
cs <ir f
Fiw.

5.

mGjF cglhJ.

js mGjF
cgL.

mfs mGjF
cgL.

5.4. k, k, th bghUf J btg is

bghUf aa iyfis khw
Kokh? xU
kij
utkhfnth myJ utij ththfnth khw Kokh? y braghLf
_y k, ut, thf jhd btg isit bjJbfhnth.
bra 5.7
gfoia xU fzho FLit L btggLj. vd
khw fwJ vgij ftf.

k (gfo)

ut ()

th (uh)

gl 5.16 gUbghUfJ btgis

171

nta
bghUf J btg is
btg mfj
btg
k
(gfo)

btg
th iy
(uh)

utiy
()
Fj

Fj
btgij Fiwj

btgiyia
khWnghJ
gUbghU
xU
iyUJ
kbwhU iyF khw mil.
gfoia (k) btggLJ
nghJ cU uhf (ut), iu
btggLJnghJ
uhahf
(th) khWwJ. _W iyf
UF.
k (gfo)
ut ()
th (uh)
gUbghU xU iyUJ
kbwhU iyF khw mil
nghJ bghUf cs Jff
(mQf myJ _yTWf)
vd khw fwJ? j iy
khw
vthW eilbgWwJ?
j nffSF g ma
Kanth.
k bghU btg iyia
caJnghJ k bghU
cs Jff (_y TWf /
mQf)
af
Mw
mfwJ.
af
Mw
mfgjh
Jff
ntfkhf
mtilwd. btg Mwdh
_yTWfSF
ilna
cs
ilbt mfwJ. jdh,
Jff X lUJ kbwhU
lF
efwd.
Fl
iyia milj wF, k cUf
172

MuwJ. vj btgiy xU
k bghUshdJ cU, ut
bghUshf
khWwnjh,
mJnt
k bghU cUF iy
vdgL. gfo cUFiy
00 C MF.
utij
btggLJnghJ
ut
cs Jff (_y
TWf / mQf) ntfkhf efu
bjhlFwd.
xU
Fl
btgiy
_yTWfSF
ilna
cs
ilbt
mfkhwJ.
j btgiy
ut ththf khWwd. vj
btgiy utkhdJ bfhf
Muwnjh,
mJnt
mj
ut bfhiy vdgL.
bfhiy 1000C MF. ut
cs _yTWf mf btg
Mwiy bgW Mahf khWwd.
nkTa sfUJ btg
iyia khdh, bghU iy
khWwJ vgJ bjthwJ.
J ilaf!
Ffhy Fghf
kiy unjrf
njfh vbz
kkhf khWwJ. V?
egfnshL thJ
il fhz.

eik Rs gUbghUf
bra 5.8
nH bfhLfgLs k, ut, th bghUfis
jikF Vg mltizgLj knfRF cj bra.

CJt if

U f

nj

gfo

bgnuh

mt

M# l

gh

mltiz 5.2
k

ut

th

bra 5.9
vyh kbghUfS xnu btgiy khw milkh?
cfl gfo, btbz, bkGF bfhLfgLsd.
gfoia xU fzho fh L btggLJf. nghJ
gfo bky cU uhf khWwJ. nghJ xU btgiykh (bjkh
l) bfhL btgiyia msJ msit fl mltiz
FJbfhf. Jnghy, btbz, bkGF Matiw jjahf
btggL, cUF btgiyia FJbfhL mltizgL
xL ghf. j braUJ f mjtiw
rf
khztfnshL gJ bfhs.
mltiz 5.3
t.v

btgiy (C)

1.

gfo

2.

btbz

3.

bkGF
173

nta

kL
1. ahF gHfkhd bghUf y nH bfhLfgLsd. tiw
k, ut, th vd tifgLJf.
brf, kbzbz, gh, njfh vbz, fhW, jf, nkir,
M#, fhg-il-MirL.
2. fhuz fla.
m) kif thr eh u UjhY czuKowJ.
M) xU fzho FLit Ul js
cfiuryhwJ. mj ms khWtiy.

cig

nrjh

3. thit ekh vjhf mGj Ko. Mdh, kij mGj KoahJ.

VbdW sf jUf.
4. bghUJf
m)

utij btggLdh

M) k

ut

v mGjyh

mQf kW _yTWf -

Mahj

<)

gh

gh jik iy.

c)

th

gUbghU mogil
flik

5. rahd ilia njbjLf.

m) _W iyf UF xnu bghU ________ (, f, fzho).
M) _yTWfSF ilna f Fiwthd ilbt cs gUbghU
________ (k, ut, th).
) 1 nendh l vgJ ________ ( 10-10 , 10-9 ,

10-12 ).

6. nfhol lij uf.

m) th _yTWfSF ilna cs < ir kijl ________
(Fiw, mf).
M) ________
iy Fl bfhss bfhlJ. Mdh, tot
ilahJ. (k, ut).
7. thr gh thf filF to bry Ko brjh.
to fhWFHh fhW Fiwthf Ujij fL, fhW ug
to filF brwh. filfhu, fhW mGJ auij
bfhL fhiw udh. fhW mGJ au vgo ntiy brwJ
vW thrDF rnjf VglJ. il bja mtDF cj
brfns.

174

eik Rs gUbghUf
8. btntW btgiy bghUf xU iyUJ kbwhU iyF
khw milwJ.
fhQ A,B,C,D khw bgafis vGJf.
A

gfo

uh
C

9. kij mGj KoahJ. fUgyifia JilF gir ekh mGj

Ko. VbdW sf jUf.

bral
gntW totij bfhl, gagLa 5 myJ 6 xU l bfhss
bfhl fzho ofis vLJbfhs. midJ fzho
ofis uh uf. fl nffSF il fhf.
m)
 ua wF vyh fzho
ofS
xnu
bfhss
bfhljh?
M) vyh fzho of
cs tot xnu khahf
1 l 1 l 1 l 1 l 1 l
csjh?
nkY mtjF
f
1. Chemistry matters Richard Hari, Oxford University press, New Delhi
2. Introductory Chemistry - M Katyal, Oxford University press,
New Delhi
izajs
http://chemistry.about.com/od/everydaychemistry.in.everyday-life htm
http://www.classzone.com/books/earth-science/terc/content/visualizations
http://chemistry.about.com/library/btacid.quiz.htm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/phys/html
fhzntoa l
yh nfhsuf - o, brid khtl

175

aa
6
aa

myF

msoa

aa
176

msoa

gl 6.1

mU, j jijl mtf thf Ua Lkidia ghf

brwh. kid cikahs kid msit rJu mo Tdh.
mU jij mjid rJul TWgo
nflh. s l
msfgL vgij mU mth. Mdh rJumo, rJul nghw
brhfsh mt FHgkiljh. mt FHgij f Kanthkh!
gu x
vdgL.

ms

gugs

bghU x nkgu ms
mj gugs vdgL.
kid x gugsit fhz
mj
sij,
mfyij
bgUf ntL.
gugs = s X mfy
gugs myF l X l
= l2. jid rJul vd
gofntL. jid m2 vd
FLnwh.

gugs
vgJ
mogil
msthd sij UKiw bgU
fzLtjh mJ t msthF.
fdms kW ml vgit
y t msfshF.
xU rJul vgJ xU l
gf bfhl rJu xD
milgL gughF.
bghUbsh gu 10rJul
v, mJ 1 gf bfhl 10
rJufSF rk vgjhF.

6.1. t msf
s, iw, fhy Mait
mogil msf vgij Mwh
tF goJnsh. mogil
msf bgUf myJ tFj
_y bgwgL msf t msf
vdgL.

1 2
1

mfy, cau, MH, bjhiy,

jok, Mu, l vgit s
btntW msfshF.
177

aa
mso btntW myFf
t. v

s myF

gugs myF

1.

brol
( cm )

brol2 myJ rJu brol

myJ br2 (cm2)

2.

l
( mm )

l2 myJ rJu l
myJ 2 (mm2)

3.

mo ( ft )

mo2myJ rJu mo myJ (ft2)

isyf
gugsit
Ff
Vf,
bAnl
vw
myFfis gagLJnwh.
1 Vf = 4047 2 = 100 br
1 bAnl = 2.47 Vf
bra 6.1
bfhLfgl gl
gugsit fLof.

bra 6.3
f mwhl fhQ nH
FlgLs
guf
gugsfis vj mydh
FLtJ trahf UF?
(mm2, cm2, m2, ft2, Vf)
t.
v

1.

Ma
nkir
nkgu

2.

fUgyif

3.

ma
ghljf

4.

msnfh

5.

mgh

6.

tFgiw

7.

isahL
ikjhd

8.

isy

bra 6.2
bfhLfgLs
gl
gir wlgLs gF
gugsit
fzLf.
xbthU a rJuK 1 br gf
bfhlJ.

gu

gugs
myF

nkY mJbfhnth
l vgJ moial bgaJ.
xU l vgJ vjid moF
rkkhf UF vd bjkh?
1 l = 3.28 mo
vdnt,
1 rJul = 10.76 rJu mo
178

msoa
ftd bfhf

fns brf

gugs
vgJ rJul
FfglhY gu rJukhf
Uf ntoa mta iy.

1 br2 = ____ 2
1 2

= ____ br2

gu vgJ rJukhfnth myJ brtfkhfnth

Ufntoa
mta iy. xGfhd tot bfhl bghUf gugsit fhz
thghLfis gagLjyh.
t.
v
1.

tot
rJu

gl

2.

thghL

s X s

s X mfy

brtf
b

3.

gu

Knfhz
h

1
2

X mogf X cau

bh

b
4.

tl

r2

X Mu X Mu

22
7

myJ
3.14

xGfw tot bfhl bghUf gugsit msl :

jfhf eh tiugljhis gagLjyh.
bra 6.4
tiugljh
x
rJu
xid
tiuJ
mj
2
gugsit kW br2
fhf.
njnghy brtf xiw
tiuJ
mj
gugsit
fhf.

gl 6.2

thghil gagL cfsJ

ilfis rghf.
179

aa
bra 6.5
cilj fzho myJ
cilj XL x gugsit
flayhkh?
tU
gagLj

cf jidF
m) thiHgH nkgu
M) cfsJ csif
gu Matiw vthW
flf?

tKiwfis

1. bghUis tiugljhJ
itJ, mj RWnfhoid
tiuJ bfhs (gl 6.2
fhosJ nghy)

gUk (volume)

2. RWnfhoF mls
a
rJuf
vifia fzl.
miu rJuFnk RW
nfhoF Ujh, mij
xwhf fUj. iy
v Ll.

Fkh FLg xU a o
tJ tjJ. mtfsJ Jfis
itf j mykh vJ iy.
Fkh, j jijl mykh xiw
thFgo nflh. mJ mfkhd
lij milF vgjh o
itgjF l nghjhJ vd T
Fkh jij thf kWjh.

3. tiugljh
xU W
rJu gugs 1 2MF.

bghU xW milJbfhS
l ms gUk vdgL.

4. bghU
=
gugs
fzlgl
arJu
f vif X 1 2

bra 6.6
nH fhlgLs bghU
f glfis
bfhL
mt ms, gUkid ga
fUJfis bgWf.

5. vdnt, xGfw bghU

gugs = ________ 2

= ________ br 2

nrhjid
1. iy
x
nkTa
fLof.

gugsit
Kiw
to

2. 1 rJul, 1 rJu mo gu
bfhl
U
rJufis
tiuf. mt gugsfis
xLghf.
M
180

vGJnfh

msoa

cfhU l gyif
Urfu thfd

ngUJ

f cWneh mjj _y,

ms mogil bghUfis
VWtir
vG
tU
dhfSF ilaf.
1.
 f ghj fa bghU
kW fbga bghU vJ ?
2. mf lij milJ bfhS
bghU kW f Fiwj lij
milJ bfhS bghU vJ?

ehfh

xGfhd
tot
y
bghUf
fzlyhnk!

bfhl
gUkid

xGfhd
tot
bfhl
y bghU gUkid fhz
mj moguig cauij
bgUfntL.
gUk = mogu X cau

bgwgL

gUkid msF myF vdthf

Ufyh?

a
msila
bghUf
Fiwj gUkid bga msila
bghUf
mf
gUkid
bfhoUF.

mJ 2 X = 3 MF. jid
fdl vW Twyh (m3).
msLf
myFf
mogil gUkid btntW
myFf Flyh.

3. nkfltUJ
Ko ahJ?

181

aa
s
myF

fd ms
myF

l
( ) (mm)

fd l
( 3 ) (mm3)

brol
(br) (cm)

fdbro
l
(br 3 ) (cm3)

bra 6.8
1. gl fhlgLs bga
fdrJu
vjid
a
fdrJufsh MdJ?
2. a fdrJu x gf
1 br v, bga fdrJu
gUkid fhz.

xU
l
gf
bfhl
fdrJu gUk xU fdl
vdgL.

13

bghUbsh
gUk 10 f
v, mJ xU l gf bfhl
10 fdrJufSF rk.
bra 6.7
gl fhlgLs tot
f gUkid fzl.

Jtiu eh goj fUJf

mogil gl fhlgLs
cUtf bgafis mt
gUkid
fla
gagL
thghLfis vGJf.

xbthU a fdrJuK
1 br gf bfhlJ.

(b)

(a)

(c)
182

msoa
utfis msLj

gl 6.3
cf mkh, ghfhul UJ gh thtUgo TWwh.
ghfhul brW f gh CWgo nflh, mt l msit
msJ jUth. mjhtJ utf fdmsit l vw myfh
msnwh.
msrho

xU l vwh vts vW
bjJ bfhnthkh!
1 l = 1000 br3
xU fdbrol vgJ xU
l vdgL. jid
(ml) vW Flyh.
utf fdmsit msl
gagL btntW fyfis g
bjJ bfhsyhkh?
bg
Fl
fdmss
utij
msJ vLf
gagLwJ.

gl 6.5
ut fdmsit msl
gagLwJ.

gl 6.4
183

aa
bra 6.9

bu

msrhoia bfhL
x gUkid fhz.
tU
gagLj .

tKiwfis

1. msrhoD Fl ms
tiu iu Cw.
2.  kl Mug msit
FJ bfhs.

gl 6.6
njitahd Fiwj
fdmss utij
btnaw gagL.
ms FLit

3. gUk fhzntoa fiy

xdh fo msrho
gffis
bjhlhjthW
fiy D KGtJ _
UFgo id brYj.
4. nghJ kl W
msil FJbfhs.
Mug
5.
 W
msoF
msoF
ilgl
ntWghL (ahr) f
gUk MF.
nkY mJbfhnth
mizfLf
myJ
njff nj itf
gL fdmsit vthW
FLwhf?

gl 6.7
Fl fdmss utij
itJ bfhtjfhf
totikfglJ.

Mu a fdmo ( t M c )

184

msoa
ml
U FL

ug ghs

uhjh

gl 6.8

jh

glfis ghUf. ah
kahf Uwhf? uhjhth?
myJ jhth?

mlia /3 (kg/m3) vw
myfh FLnwh.

jh
foghf
kahf
Uf KoahJ. Vbd, mt
fdkhd U Fil RkJ
bfhoUwh. uhjh nyrhd
ug ghsij RkJ bfhoUgjh
kahf fhzgLwh.

bra 6.10
btntW
bghUfsh
(kufil,
U,
ug)
bragl
xnu
gUkDs
_W gJfis vLJbfhf.
tiw jjahf if
vLJ ghf. tiw f
czU iw mogil
wFtir vGj.

bghU
nyrhdjh
myJ
fdkhdjh vgij khF
ms ml vdgL.
rkkhd gUk cs bghUf
mf
iw
fgoUjh
mj ml mf. vdnt, U
FlhdJ mnj gUkDs ug
ghsijl iw mf bfhlJ.
vdnt, U ml mf.

1.
2.
3.
UJ kufil kW
ugiul U iw mf
vd mayh. vdnt, U
ml mkhdJ.

XuyF gUk bfhl bghU

iw mj ml vdgL.
ml =

iw
gUk
185

aa
bra 6.11

fns brfns

glij ftdkhf ghJ

tUtdtiw fla.

1. U ml 7800 / 3. J
ghjur _Fkh? jFkh?
2. 5 s, 3 mfy, 2 cau
bfhl bjho KGtJ
ugglh,
mj iw
vts UF?
cf jidF

vbz

fhwh
uggl
gwgiy.
Mdh
thth
uggl
gwwJ. V?

g
a,
g

ghjur

1. iul ml mfkhd ut
____________ .
2. iul
nyrhd
____________ .

ut
Nlhd fhW uggl g

iul nyrhd bghU

jF. Mdh, iul fdkhd
bghU D _F.

Nlhd fhW uggl j

g gwwJ. V?

6.2. fhyij msLj

fhyij
msl
ntoa
mta vd? vnghJ gF
bry ntL? vnghJ cz
rhl ntL? vnghJ bjhiy
fh
ghfntL?
vnghJ
fntL? J nghw gntW
fhuzfSfhf
eh
fhyij
msl ntoaJ mtakhwJ.

nkY mJbfhnth
ml 1000 /3
mjhtJ 1 s, 1 mfy, 1
cau bfhl bjho KGtJ
ugglh, mj iw 1000
UF.
mnj bjhoahdJ ghjurjh
ugglh,
mj
iw
13600 UF.

Kfhy gagLa Na
fofhu, fofhu, kz fofhu
Matiw bfhL fhyij
f Jakhf msl Koahjjh
fhyij Jakhf msLtj
fhd fU njit VglJ.
fhy Cr fofhuf Ja
khd msoF gagLwd.

U
mlfis
xlh bgwgL Ko ahJ?
ghjur
ml

mlia nghy 13.6 klF.

186

msoa
jCr

L mnj KidF Udh

mJ X miy vdgL. xU KG
miyF vLJbfhS neu
miy neu vdgL.
Cr bjhflgL F,
Fo ikaF ilgl u
Cr s vdgL. X iy
UJ FlhdJ GJlgL
bjhiy R vdgL.
Cr bjhf
lgL

Cr s

gl 6.9. Cr
f
Cr
MoU
f myth? Cr KD
Dkhf brY af, miy
afF wj vLJfhL
MF. njnghw afij Cr
fofhufY
fhzyh.
Cr
fofhu jCr jJt mo
gil bragLwJ.
bfoahd
a
cnyhf
Foid aw dh fo
bjhflgl mikng jCr
vdgL. FlhdJ xUw rW
GJlgLnghJ mJ KD
D miyW. FlhdJ xU
KidUJ kWKidF brW

y
bjhi R

gl 6.10. jCr

nah vw ugy Ph jh igrh

efu cs jh Jt nfhYF
brwnghJ, skhd rah fo bjhflgl
sF uhf miyWtij flh. mt jdJ
ehoJoig
bfhL
s
miyfis
fzlh. s miyR FiwjnghJ neu
khwhk Ugij flh. s miyid
TJ nehaj _y miyfhy khwhj
jik KaJtij czjh. mt 1642M
ML wgjF K Cr fofhu xwid
totikf llh. UjnghY btfukhf
fnah (1564/1642) KjyhtJ Cr fofhu lR ehL mP oa
iA# vgtuh 1657M ML totikfglJ.

187

aa
bra 6.12
cf tF 60 br.. s bfhl xU jCriy mikf.
Foid miygo brJ, 20 miyfSfhd neuij dho
fzl.
20miyfSfhd neu
miy neu = X miyfhd neu = _______________________
20

brJ ghUfns
nkTa nrhjidia,
1. Cr sij khwhk btntW msila FLfis
bfhL Ug brf.
2. 80br, 100br sKs Criy bfhL Ug brf.
3. btntW RfSF Ug brf.
miy neu VnjD khwij fhfsh?
Fo ms, R khWgLnghJ miyneu khWgLtiy.
Mdh, s khWgLnghJ miyneu khWgL.
vdnt, jCr miyneu sij bghUjJ. Mdh,
Fo iwianah irnah bghUjJ mW vd mayh.

6.3. tha bjhiyf

uh RjU mtfsJ khkhF a bt Muh
fHf(ISRO - Indian Space Research Organisation) ntiy iljij
mJ f k miljhf. mt ntiy nrU lF brW
uhbfLfis, Jiznfhfis fhz Mtkhf Ujhf.
mtf khkhl ela ciuahliy fhngh.
uh
khkh
Rj
khkh

: khkh! f bt u Mf Ufsh?
: iy, uh. Jiznfhfis V bghWila FG
nrunghnw.
: khkh, uhbfLf bt gy Mu nyhlf
cauF brYkyth?
: Mkh Rj. uhbfLf Jiznfhfis tlghij
brYj, btfyfis btF mDg
brwd. btfykhdJ gy yr nyhl gaz
brwJ. jifa fbga bjhiyfis Fl ntW
y myFf njitgLwd myth?
188

msoa
uh kW
Rj
: vbdd myFf gagLjgLwd vgij vfSF
TWfns.
khkh
: ftf. UJ Na, eruf, nfhf
bjhiyfis msl tha myF kW x ML vw
myFfis gagLJnwh.
tha myF vgJ F NaDF ilgl ruhr bjhiy
MF.
1 tha myF = 149.6 a nyhl (14.96nfho )
1 AU = 1.496X1011
x ML vgJ btl xahdJ xU tUl flF
bjhiy MF.
1 x ML = 9.46 X 1012 (9,46,000 nfho ) = 9.46 X 1015
nkY mJbfhnth
x xU dho _W yr u brY.

gl fhlgLs iga x irntf brtjhf

bfhnth. mt xU dho cyfij 7 Kiw R tJLth.
mt NaUJ ia tjila 8 l 20 dho (500 dho)
fhy MF.
kF 1000 ntf brY gjafh xW nj gazij
Kof 17 MLf MF.
189

aa

kL
1. Md mghl 60 mo sK
40mo mfyK bfhl L kid
xW UjJ. m mt L
foaJ nghf vs gF
gl fhosthW njhl
xiw mikjh.
40 mo

glij
ftJ
3. tU
nfLstiw Ff.

100cc

40 mo

m) ut iw = _______ uh.

60 mo

M) ut gUk = _______ cc.

)ut ml = _____g/cc
4. fjrh,
jl
cs
ntlgl rJutot ta
jdJ khil nktjfhf 7
sKs fwh ta ika
cs fil fodh.
14

 jhl gugsit
n
MdF cjtyhkh?

fhz

14

nyrhdjh
2. bghU
fdkhdjh
vgij
FgJ
ml
vdgL.
 , njfh vbz t

vj ml FiwthdJ vgij
fkyh mJ bfhs Udh.
mtsJ rnfhj khyh a
ghu
iu,
js
njfh vbzia vLJ
tUgo fkyhl Tdh. khyh
vthW fkyh rnjfij
nghUgh?
190

fjrh kf uh#&, bga tl

gFia khL nkUgij
flh. Mdh _iygFf
kL nkahk v Ugij
fL Mrakiljh. vts
ygu nkahk lgLsJ
vgij
uh#&
vthW
flth?

msoa

brJ ghUf
1. ghu
x
iu,
msLf
Ffgl
25
..
bfhss
bfhl
Kfit
xiw
vLJbfhs.
Kfitah
cfsJ
egfSF
100
..,
125
..,
175 .. kW 200 .. vd iu gJ mf. xbthU egUfhd
mso nghJ Kfitia vjidKiw gagLf?
2. WJ fofhuij bfhL xU l fhy tU braghLf
vjidKiw fwJ vgij fla.
t.
v.

vif
(lF)

bra

1.

cf eg cRthr, btRthr

2.

cf eg ja Jo

3.

cf eg f ikj

3. _Fl Toa nkt rho, cUis tot msrho Matiw

bfhL btntW msila ff gUkid fhz.
cfsJ msLfis
mltizgLj.
f

fdms

1.
2.
3.
4.

nkY ma
jf
1. Framework of Science - Paddy Gannon, Oxford University
Press, New Delhi
izajs
http://www.kidastronomy.com
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/phys/html

191

aa
7
aa

myF

afa

aa
192

afa

7.1. ntf (SPEED)

isahL
nghof
100
kW
4 X 100 Xlgjaf f mfkhd
ntfij btgLJgitahf mikwd.
vyh ufS xnu bjhiyit fljhY,
FWa fhy mj bjhiyit flgtnu
bt bgwtuhth. mjhtJ, mf ntfJl
myJ f iuthf XLgtnu bt bgWth.
aF bghU x Ka g ntf
MF. J xU bghU vts iuthf myJ
bkJthf brwJ vgij msLtjhF.

gl 7.1

nkY mJbfhnth
2012M ML yl eilbgw x ngho cnr ngh
100 . bjhiyit 9.63 dhofY, 200 . bjhiyit 19.23 dhofY
Xo rhjid giljh. t 4 X 100 bjhl XlY FGdUl
bt bgWsh. tuJ mntfkhdJ mtiu "d ngh"
vwiHf fhuzkhdJ.
bra 7.1
rhiy brY kGJ,
to, khLto Ma
tiw ftJ ghf.
t Fl bjhiy
bry vJ Fiwthd neuij
vLJ bfhS?
kGJ Fiwthd neuij
vLJ
bfhtjh
mJ
iuthf brwJ vdyh.
khLto
mf
neuij
vLJ
bfhtjh
mJ
bkJthf brwJ vdyh.
to it uLF
ilgl ntf brtij
mayh.

kGJ

to

th}

iuthf brY bghU

ntf mf vd bkJthf
brY bghU ntf Fiw
vd Twyh.
th}ia
g
idf?

khLto

193

vd

aa

7.2. ntf vwh vd?

1 .. = 1000 l

bghUbsh ntf vdgLtJ

mJ xU dho flF bjhiy
MF.
flj bjhiy
ntf =
vLJ bfhl neu

1 k = 60 l = 60 x 60 dho

= 3600 dho

bjhiy
lY
neu
dhoY
mslgLtjh,
ntf myF l / dho
MF. jid m/s vd Flyh.
ntfij nyhl / k [km / h]
vw myfhY Flyh.

vLJfhL

kGJ x ntf 50 km/h

vgj bghU vd?
kGjhdJ xU k neu
50 .. bjhiy brY vgjhF.

vdnt,
1 .. / k = 1000 / 3600
= 5 / 18 /
m) 2 .. / k = 2 x 5/18 /
M) 3 .. / k = 3 x 5/18 /
bghU ntf bjkhdh, mJ
Fl neu flj bjhiyit
fzLlyh.
bjhiyit fzl ntfij,
neuij bgUf ntL.
flj bjhiy = ntf x fhy.

bra 7.2
ehF egf bfhl xU FGl bf gJ xiw
bfhLf. Fl lUJ xbthUtuhf gij Rgo
bra. xbthUtU R gJ bjhL fis FJ
bfhs. xbthUtU gJ a bjhiyfis msJ mij
bfhL ntfij g thf.
fns brfns
m) 36 / k = __________ /

<) 15 / = __________ ./k

M) 72 / k = __________ /

c) 25 / = __________ ./k

) 180 / k = __________ /

C) 35 / = __________ ./k

bra 7.3

194

afa
ntfij g ma xU bghik kGJ gjaij elJnth!
tF khztfis IJ FGfshf f. bjhlF l xU
nenfhL tiua. xbthU FGUJ xUtiu jiu kGij
cUl brhy. kbwhUt nfhil flJ kGJ brtUJ
mJ gjF MF neuij fzlntL.
nfhoUJ kGJ F tiu cs bjhiyit msf. xbthU
Kiw fh ntfij fzL FJ bfhs.
t. v.

FG

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

I
II
III
IV
V

kGJ flj
bjhiy

vLJ
bfhl neu

ntf

Ko vd?
1. vj FG kGij f ntfkhf brYaJ?
2. vj FG kGij f bkJthf brYaJ?
khWgL ntf
ngUJ gaznghJ ngU ntf khWglyh. ngUJ Wjij
beUFnghJ mj ntf Fiw.
beLrhiyf ngUJ mf ntf brY. Mdh, efuf
myJ khefuf brYnghJ nghFtuJ mfkhf Ugjh
bkJthf brY.
ngU ntf, btntW neu ilbtf btntwhf UF.
vdnt, ngUJ khWgl ntfij bfhLsJ vdyh.
20 ..

35 ..

1 k

15 ..

60 ..

40 ..

2 k 3 k
4 k
gl 7.2. khWgL ntf

5 k

J nghw bghUfSF ruhr ntf fzlgLwJ.

ruhr ntf =

flj bkhj bjhiy

vLJ bfhl bkhj neu
195

aa
bghUbshW vyh neufY xnu ntfJl brYkhdh, mJ uhd
ntfij bfhLsJ vdyh.
40 ..

40 ..

1 k

40 ..

40 ..

3 k
2 k
gl 7.3. uhd ntf

tiugl FLj
bjhiyfh bgo
bf gja ghJ
bfhoUFnghJ
tiugl
fhlgLtij
ghUnwh myth!
tiuglUJ
mtf
vLj Xlf (runs)
tu
kW
mtf
braghLfis xL ma
Ko.
tiugl Kiw gagLj
gLtJ V?

40 ..

4 k

5 k

Xlf
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

10

15

Xtf 20

gl 7.4. bf gja tiugl

xWl xW bjhlila gy vf nrj xU bjhFig bfhL

mtF ilgl bjhlig bjthf ma KoahJ. mnj vfis
tiugl _y FL nghJ mtF ilgl bjhlig bjthf
ghJ czuyh. vdnt, fhyij bghUJ bghU flF bjhiyit
bjhiy - fhy tiugl _y Flyh.
iwa ma
Urfu thfdf KgF bghUjgLs msL fUia
ghUf myth?
nj nghw msL fU, ngUJ, kGJ nghw thfdfY
bghUjgLsij fhzyh. fUahdJ ntfij,
bjhiyit msLgo mikfgoUF.

ntfkh Xnlhl

fU xU gF Km/h vd vGjgoUF. J
ntfkh (speedometer) vdgL. J vj xU rkaY
thfd ntfij msL. kbwhU gF thfd
flj bkhj bjhiyit msLkhW fU mikUF.
J Xnlhl (Odometer) vdgL.

196

afa

7.3. bjhiy - fhy tiugl

uhn#Z
j
jijl
<nuhoUJ
nfhaUF
kG brW bfhoUjh.
5 lfSF xU Kiw kGJ
brY
bjhiyit
FJ
bfht mt ftdkhf Ujh.

t. v.

fhy
lf

bjhiy
..

01.

02.

03.

10

10

Kj 30 lfSF mt
Fj bjhiyf mltiz
gLjgLsJ.

04.

15

15

05.

20

20

06.

25

25

07.

30

30

uhn#Z Fj msfis tiugl

x _y Flyh.
tU
gLjyh.

tKiwfis

brFJ nfhil OY vd
Flyh (Y mR)

ga

neuij
X

mY,
bjhiyit Y - mY vLJ
bfhs ntL. bjhiy kW
fhyfhd
jFj
ms
lfis khf ntL.

mRf kW msl
tiugljh
xiw
vLJ
bfhL, mj xU UJ
xWbfhW brFjhf cs U
nfhLfis tiua ntL.

bjhiy ()

ilkl nfhil
Flyh (X mR)

OX

cjhuzkhf

vd

X m 1 br.. = 5 l,
Y m 1 br.. =
vd
mslij
bfhsyh.

Y
35

tiugl tiuj

30

ms lgo X -m
J fhyfhd kfis,
Y-mJ
bjhiyfhd
kfis FfntL.

25
20
15
10
5
0

5 .
vLJ

10

15

20

25

30

fhy (l)
gl 7.5 bjhiy - fhy tiugl

197

eh vLJ bfhl fhy,

bjhiy t kfgo
fis
FfntL.
fis
izfntL.
J nenfhlhf miktij
fhzyh.
uhd
ntfF
bjhiy
fhy tiugl
nenfhlhf mik. khWgL
ntfF btntW totfis
bgW.

aa

bjhiy ()

60

40

20

fhy (k)
gl 7.6

ntf mfF nghJ tiugl VwK mfkhf UF.

bra 7.4
A, B, C vw _W kGJf kJiu UJ nryF
brwd. btntW neuf mit flj bjhiyf mltiz
bfhLfgLsd.
flj bjhiy ()

t.
v.

vLJ bfhl neu

(k)

A kGJ

B kGJ

C kGJ

1
2
3
4
5

1
2
3
4
5

20
40
60
80
100

50
100
150
200
250

40
80
120
160
200

xnu tiugljh _W kGJfSFkhd bjhiy - fhy

tiuglij tiua.
m) tiuglUJ bgwgL Ko ahJ?
M) vj kGJ mf ntf brwJ?
198

afa
Ka brf:

fhy
(a)

fhy
(b)

bjhiy

bjhiy

bjhiy

bjhiy

fhQ tiuglf vij Fwd?

fhy
(c)

fhy
(d)

a) kW (d) khWgL ntfij FwJ.

b) bghU iyahf csij FwJ.
c) uhd ntfij FwJ.

7.4. irntf (VELOCITY)

dnjhW f oUJ
gF brf. gF
btntW ghijf bryyh.
gl
csJnghy
_W
btntW
ghijf
brY
bjhiyf rkkhf UFkh?
bjhiyf rkkhf UfhJ.
J brY ghijia bghUJ
khWgL.

cfsJ oUJ gF
nenfho
brtjhf
gl 7.7
bfhlh - Jnt oF gF
ilgl
fFiwj
bjhiythF.
J lbga vdgL. gl J
nfhodh fhlgLsJ.
U fSF ilgl fFiwj
nenfhL bjhiy lbga vdgL.
nkY mJbfhnth
mnkhl (Anemometer) vgJ fh
ntfij mslgagL fUahF.
RHY jL xWl mYa
zf izfgoUF. fh
ntf mfFnghJ zf mf
ntfJl RHY.
gl 7.8. mnkhl
199

aa
irntf vdgLtJ bghU
xU dho mil lbga
MF.
lbga
irntf =
vLJbfhl neu
irntf myF / (m/s)
irntf
vgJ
Fl
ir
brY
bghU
ntfkhF.
fns brfns

v, mj irntf, xbthU
dho 5 / mfF vgjhF.
vLJfhL
aF bghU irntf
Fiwkhdh,
mJ
vKLf
bfhLsJ
vdyh.
u
iya uiy WJtjfhf
u to ntf bkJthf
FiwfgLwJ.

RnuZ A UJ BF brW
L
B
UJ
CF
brwh.
m) RnuZ flj bjhiy ahJ?
M) RnuZ milj lbga
ahJ?

7.5. KLf (ACCELERATION)

gF
to
brf
myth?
gF
bry neukhlJ v vd
brf?
rahd
neuF
gia
mila
toia
ntfkhf brYJf myth?
mjhtJ, to irntfij
mfngh myJ toia
KLFnth. vdnt, KLf vgJ
irntf khwij FF.
xU dho irntf
VgL khw KLfkhF.
irntfkhWghL
KLf =
vLJbfhl neu
j myif Twyhkh?
KLf myF /2 (m/s2)
kGJ x KLf 5 /2
200

p KLf
gJ xW brFjhf nkneh
vagLnghJ vd fG vW
ghfyhkh?
gJ nkneh brYnghJ
mj
irntf
gogoahf
FiwJ
RahF.
mjhtJ,
gJ
vKLf
milwJ.
mjFwF gjhdJ neh
G. nghJ mj irntf
gogoahf mfF. mjhtJ gJ
KLfgLwJ.
g
vKLf
myJ
KLfF fhuz <
irahF. vdnt, mJ p
KLf vdgLwJ. gu
j ruhr k 9.8 /2. J g
vw vGjh FfgLwJ.
g = 9.8 /2
mjhtJ, bghU nkneh va
gLnghJ mj irntf xbthU
dho 9.8/ Fiw. nH G
nghJ mj irntf xbthU
dho 9.8/ mfF.
cf jidF
nfhFL xW bga f
xW Fl cauUJ
nH lgLwd. t vJ
Kj jiuia mil?

afa

7.6. iwa ma
rhfr isahLf
f gwitfis ngh gwf nkbyG bry idjJ
clh? mitfSl nrJ gwf ntL vw Vf bfhlJ clh?
1. bjhago gwj (Hang Gliding)
J f nyrhd aukw fhdh brYjgL, jitUJ
bjhago gwF isahL MF. ed fhy jit Cf mYa
cnyhf fyitah cUthfgLwd. jit C rlUJ
bjhflgLs fW mikD gwgt ghJfhghf Ufyh.

2. gwj rhj isahL

(para gliding)
J
edfhy
Mfha
isahL
MF. j
gwF C, aukwJ.
fhdh
brYjToaJ.
J fhdh bgjhf
Toa wifia bfhlJ.
J vLJ brtjF,
brYJtjF, nH wF
tjF vjhdJ.

jeho
nt
khtl
cs Vy kiy nyrhd rfis
bfhLsJ. vdnt, J gwj
isahoF Vwjhf mikJsJ.
jehL
RWyhJiwahdJ
xbthU tUlK Mf - brlg
khjf, Vy bjh gwj
isahL Hhit elJwd.

J jtif ieyh
myJ ghaluh cUth
fgl ghuhN MF. gwgt
jDl izfgLs
fW mikD trahf
mkJ bfhsyh.
J
bjhF
jit
Cia (Hang Glider) l
f nyrhdJ, vjhf
af ToaJ MF.
201

aa

kL
1. br jdJ LF mU cs fhF eilgfhf brwh.
mt A vw UJ elf MuJ 7 MuKs tlghij
elJ L A ia milwh.
A

m) mtsJ lbga ahJ?

M) mt elj bjhiy ahJ?
2. k jdJ oUJ ghij 1 tahf rf jdJ oUj ghij
2 tahf brW 20 lf rijia milwd.

m) k, rf ntff ahit?
M) mtf irntf ahJ?
) f mtJ vd?
3. kF 72 ntf brY u to uh#& gaz brjh.
toia WJtjfhf XLe mj ntfij Fiwjh. xU dho
ntf VgL Fiw vKLf vdgL.
u to vKLf 10 /2 v to f vts neu
vLJbfhS?
202

afa
4. bfhLfgLs tiugl ngUJ
x afij FgjhF.
ij
bfhL
ngU
afij sFf.

bjhiy

m) AB gF FgJ _________

B
C

M) BC gF FgJ _________
) CD gF FgJ _________

fhy

brJ ghUf
1. tiugljhis vLJ bfhf. tU msfis bfhL u-neu
tiuglij tiuf.
fhy (l)

10

15

20

25

30

bjhiy ()

10

20

30

40

50

2. cfsJ egfSF ilna Xlgja xiw el, mtf

ntfkhf XLgt ah vd fla.
ehF egfis xbthUtuhf 50 bjhiy XlbrJ, mjfhd
neuij fzl. tU mltizia bra.
t.v

eg bga

vLJbfhS neu
(dho)

ntf
(/)

nkY ma
jff
1. Physics for higher Tier - Stephen people, Oxford University
Press, New Delhi.
2. Fundamentals of Physics - Halliday, Resnick and Walker, Wiley
India Pvt.Ltd.
izajs
http://www.sciencemadeeasy.com
203

aa

204

ca

u, ajhf fo bfhL UF jfsJ oF brwh. mt

j jijl, "vthW xU L flgLwJ?" vd ddh. mtDila
jij, L vgJ kz, brf, ff kW bklh flgLwJ
vwh. mgoba u mtDila cl vjdh MdJ vgij ma
Udh.
kj cliy, il xL ghF nghJ, nH bfhLfgLs
jftf rahf bghU tUtJ FljfJ.
br

brf

brf, fyit, U

cWf =

Rt

kj =

60

kj cl mik kW af

cd
cW klyf

cWf

Rf

brf

br EQWf

_yTWf

mQf

Rf

mQf

cWf

_yTWf

cW klyf

br EQWf

cd

brf

gl 1.1 cd iyf

khztfns!
midJ cdfS wghd
cl
mikid
bgWsd.
kj cl Fl tot kW

braghLfSl
Toa
w
mikig bgWsJ. midJ
cWfS
xWl
xW
xUizJ bra wd.
61

ca

1.1. kj cW kly mik /braghLf

nkY mJbfhnth

kj cl gy cW klyfsh MdJ
vgij Vfdnt goJnsh. e cl
gJ
cWklyf csd. mtW ytiw g
RUfkhf mJ bfhnth.
1. njhYW kly

njh
ekJ
cl f fdkhd
cWghF. e cl
vil VwFiwa
7 nyh njh csJ.

njhYW kly njh, cnuhk,

vbz Ruf nghwit csd.
cnuhk

cnuhk iw
jir
vbz Ru

ef,

ait

Ruf,

wnjh

uh#&
bt
isaho bfhoU
F nghJ mt fh
K FlJ. jdF
V twJ? vjdh
twJ?
vd
bjJ bfhs mt
Mtkh Ujh.
njh vgJ X cz
cW. J ekF bjhL
czit cztjF
cjwJ.

gl 1.2 njh FWF btL njhw

ait Ru

gf:
ccWfis
1. cl
ghJfhwJ.
2. aitia
Rugj _y
kly
xU
ff
cWghf bragLwJ.
3. X cz cWghf bragLwJ
4. itl D ia jahf
cjwJ.
2. brkhd kly
brkhd
kly
th,
czFHh, iuig, fu,
WFl, Ruf csd.
gf:
1. gy tifahd cz bghUf
brj F eilbgWwd.
62

brfgl cz _yTWf
2. 
crgL uj
_y
fljgLwJ.
brfglhj
cz
fthf
3. 
btnawgLwJ.
3. Rthr kly :
midJ cdfS cthH
Rthr mta. cz ct,
behf cjdh vfgL
(ijfgL) va bghUfshf
khw milwd. j fna
Rthj vdgL.
gf:
RWwUJ
1. Eiupu
ctia
(M[#)

kj cl mik kW af
vLJ bfhL RfSF
uj Xl _y gntW
gFfSF
ct
fljgLwJ (cRthr).
2. czbghU vfgLtjF
ct
gagLwJ.
id nghJ njhW
fay
th
Eiupu
_y
btnawgLwJ.
(btRthr).
4. vY kly
ekJ cl vY kly
vYf,
w
Rfshyhd
FUbjYf,
jir
ehf
nghwit mikJsd. ekJ cl
vY kly 206 vYf
csd.
midJ
vYfS
_Lfsh izfgL clF
xU totij jUwJ.
gf:
1. vY kly ekJ clF
totij mgnjhL, af
F cjwJ.

2. cSWfshd _is, ja,

Eiupu
nghwtiw
ghJfhwJ.
3. uj btisaQf, uj
tgQf kW uj
jLf nghwit
vY
k{i# cUthfgLwd.
5. jir kly
jir kly _W tif
ahd jirf csd. mit vY
jirf (til jirf), bk
jirf (taw jirf), ja
jirf.
vYjirf vgJ vY
fSl izfgLsd. bk
jirf vgJ uj FHhf
RtfY, clw cWfshd
iuig,
Fl
nghwt
RtfY fhzgLwd. ja
jirf vgJ ja kLnk
fhzgL xU wghd jirahF.
gf:
jirf
clYF
1. vY
cUtij mwd. nkY e
cl cWf aFtjF
cjwd.
cl
2. e
btgiyia
xnu
uhf
itJ bfhs
n j i t a h d
btgij cg
brgit jirfns
MF.
jirf
3. w
cSWf
afF
cjwd.
gl 1.4 jir kly

gl 1.3 vY kly

63

ca
ja, jir ehfsh Md
RU

jikila
X cWghF. ja ujij
midJ ghffSF bfhL
brwJ. L mit midJ
ghffUJ
ujij
bgWwJ.
gf:
1. ujkhdJ, czl bghUf,
ct,
f
bghUf,
Ahnkhfis flJ wJ.
cl btgiyia,
msit fLgLJwJ.

nkY mJbfhnth
eKila Kf fhL gntW
cz btghLfSF, 40
tifahd jirf braghnl
fhuz MF.
6. uj Xl kly
cl
gy
gFfSF
njitahd bghUfis uj
_y flJ gia brtJ, uj
Xl kly. kly ja
kW uj FHhfsh MdJ.
j tahf uj brwJ.

bra 1.1

ehnd brnw

nehf:
ehoJoig fzLj.
ja

iu

brKiw:
fla
1). ehoJoig
kfo
mogFY,
bgUu gFY, vdJ
Mfhouiy
eLuiy
itJ bkJthf mGnd.
2). KgJ dhofSF eho
Joig
fznl.
xU
lfhd
eho
Joig
fzl, mij uoghnd.

jk

kj aghd
xU lF 72.

gl 1.5 uj Xl kly

ehoJo

ehoJo
vifia
bfhL vdJ ja Joig
afij bjJ bfhnl.

uj t
mQf
cs t w
nkhFnsh
vdgL. itna
ujF t
wij
jUwJ.

64

kj cl mik kW af
kly, btw eu kly.
bt cyfij bjJ bfhs e
cl IJ czcWf csd.
mit f, _F, fhJ, ehF, njh
Madth.

t,
midJ
yFf
ujK
t w
UFkh?
iy
brth!
y
yFfshd eL, f wh
nghwt uj y wkhf
fhzgL.
fugh

uj wkwjhf fhzgL.

7. eu kly

_is

jLtl

euf

ika eu kly _is, jL

tldh MdJ. btw eu
kly _is euf, jLtl
eufsh MdJ.
8. ehsyh Ru kly
kly
ehsyh
Ruf bjhF fhzgLwJ.
Ru RuF ntbghUfns
Ahnkhf.
uj
_y
mit bragL lF vLJ
brygLwd.
Ahnkhf
cl
braa
ntiyfis
xGFgLJwd.
9. f f kly
f bghUfis btnaw
cj
klynk
f
f
kly MF. xU n#ho
Wuf, xU n#ho Wehs,
Wig
kW
Wwt
mikabgWsJ. uj cs
fbghUf toflgL xU
Fl fhyilbt Wuhf
btnaWtnj j gahF.
10. dbgUf kly

gl 1.6 eu kly

_is, jLtl kW eufsh

Mdnj eu kly. eu kly
UtifgL. mit ika eu

Mf fhzgL jff
kW bgf fhzgL mlf
f
cslanj
dbgUf
klykhF. jf cg br
M dbrYF Jbr vW
bga. mlf cg br bg
dbrYF mlbr vW
bga. kly g
a
dfis dU brJ kj
dij iy W bfhtnj
MF.
65

ca

1.2. a kUJt kj cl ey ngz

Mnuhakhd th vgJ nehfis jLgJ ir mgJ
MF. bgUghikahd uhk kf uL tifahd iria
rhUwhf. mit j kUJt, Mntj kUJt vgitahF.
j kUJt (j kUJt)
j
kUJt
vgJ
e
jeho
njha
f
bjhikahd jH kUJt Kiw
MF. gHfhy yafshd
Uku, UFw, bjhfha
Kjyhd f gy j kUJt
Ff
l
bgWsd.
J UJ d nfush,
fehlfh, Muunjr nghw
khyfSF guaJ. gbdL
jf
jh
j
kUJt
Kiwia cUthdhf. j
vgJ vw brh UJ
njhanj MF. j bghU
Kotw nguhdj vgjhF.
jf mfaiu Kj j
vd
FLnwh.
mtiu
"j kUJt jij" vd
miHnwh.
jf
bghJthd
fUJ "cznt kUJ kUnj
cz" vgjhF.
e thif
Kiw,
czgHfK
e
cley ngQtY nehfis
FzgLJtY
Ka
gfhWwd.
jkUJt
jhtuf (_iff) cnyhf
fk
(jhJ) yFbghUf
(t) nghwtUnj kUJf
jahfgLwd. j kUJ
jahf VwFiwa 1200 _iff
gagLwd. jf kUJt
ir Kiw Kj iyfis
bfhL, brof ntfis
bfhL irafgLwJ.
66

gl 1.7. j ita

neh u Fiwahk Ujh

mj (gg) vw mLj
iyF brwhf.
Nuz, khiu, ijy, nya,
urhad, gg kW bru
nghw gntW kUJ totf j
kUJt gagLjgLwd.
Mntj kUJt
Mntj vgJ aifahd
_if kUJfsh FzgLJ
ah
njha
f
giHikahd ir KiwahF.
Mntjh vgJ ciu ga
mayhF. (M-c, ntjma)

kj cl mik kW af

gl 1.8. Mntjh

ekJ cl thj, j, fg Ma _W ehofsh MdJ. t

rkiy VgL ghfis gLJtnj Mntj nehfkhF.
j Kiw cl, kd rhj ahfis FzgLJtjhf eggLwJ.
nahfh, ahd, ikahFj nghw midJ Kiwfis gagL
FzgLJtJ Mntj ir wgrkhF. J agila itF
xU ir Kiwahf fUjgLwJ.
Mntj ir Kiw, neh jiknfg _if kUJf
bfhL, cliy oJ Lj (k[h{), cz fLghL brj,
clgf brj
vd gntW Kiwfis gagL ir
mfgLwJ.
nkY mJbfhnth
bra 1.2
nAhnahg kUJt
nH y kUJt jhtuf
bfhLfgLsd. mt
nAhnahg vgJ xU khW
kUJt gafis
kUJt KiwfS xwhF.
fLof.
ij b#kia nrj kUJt
rhKbt Ahk vgt 1796
KjKjyhf mKfgLdh.

sF
kr
L

dh kUJt
nuf
eho
ngh
nul kW nuhkha eho
nfy vgtfsh ghuga
kUJtKiw
flaglJ.
wF mu kW bga ehLf
kUJt Kiw ts miljJ.

Js
nt
fwhiH
dh
67

ca

1.3. nehf, FiwghLf kW jL Kiwf

neh

eh rhL cz cilJ FSnfhrhf khWwJ. midJ

cfSF njitahd Mwiy mF _ykhf FSnfh csJ.
fiza RufgL R vw Ahnkh, FSnfh msit
fLgLJwJ. uj cs FSnfh ms 80-120 . / bl.ia
l mfkhdh, mj kjDF neh csJ vd bjJ
bfhsyh. vgJ neh mW. Mdh J xU FiwghlhF. j
FiwghoF fhuz, clg yhik, Kiwaw czgHf kW
R gwhFiw nghwit MF. nehah ca uj mGj,
cl gUk, janeh, nghw w nehfS VgL.

3K

dr clg
gl 1.9. a rj cz nfhu

t :  nehia jLf Kokh?

gh : 
Ko t. rahd clg Kiw kW
Mnuhakhd cz Kiw _y neh
tuhk jLf Ko.
t : 
gh, Mnuhakhd cz Kiw vwh
vd?
gh : Mnuhakhd cz Kiw vgJ...
1. r

hghil rahd msY rj czthf, Fl
ilbtY cbfhtJ.
2. xU ehSF 3 Kj 5 l mUJtJ.
3. ehrJ cz, gir fhff, iuf, jha tiff, mjj
gUt fhy ilF ff nghw cz tiffis mf ms
cbfhtJ.
68

kj cl mik kW af

1.3.1. clg eikf

xU eh ruh mkuh j
jhjhl fhF brwd.
UtU
isahoajh,
J
neu nrhtiljd. Mdh
jfsJ jhjh kL D
elJbfhL Ugij al
ghjd. ruh mt j taY
vthW RWRWl Uwh
vd jhjhl nflh. mjF
jhjh, j
theh Jtiu
kUJtkidF
brwiy,
kUJ khiufS rhliy
vd gyjh. mt ehnjhW
br clgfshjh, mtuJ
cl Mnuhakhf csJ vW
Tdh.

y Ka clgf:
1. bkJthd Xl
2. TilgJ isahLj
3. fhgJ isahLj
4. Jj
5. to XLj
6. l u ntf eil
7. nahfh kW eld MLj
midtU ehnjhW clg
brj
ntL.
ehnjhW
FHijf FiwjJ 60 lf
cliy braiy UFkhW
isaho gnff ntL.
clg gaf
1. clg
jajirf,
Eiupu cl cl gy
ghffis tikgLJwJ.
2. j
_y
njitaw
vfgLtjh
r(fnyh)
cl vil uhwJ. cl gUk
jLfgLwJ.
3. J uj cs rfiu
msit Fiwf cjwJ.
4. J uj cs bfhGig
Fiwf cjwJ.
5. J uj mGjij uh,
e cl eyid nkgLJwJ.

clg
KaJtij
g eh bjJ bfhnthkh?
clg
vgJ
midJ
kjfSF
njitahd
xwhF. clg, e jirf,
ja, Eiupu kW uj
Xl
klyF
ctia
mwJ. clYF nghJkhd
ctia
ilf
brtnj
Mnuha mF MF.

to XLj
fhgJ isahLj

Jj

gl 1.10 fhW rhj clg

69

eil g

ca

1.4. cz gjgLJj

1.4.1. gjgLJj Kiwf

gh myJ iwia xU eh
KGtJ wJ itJ L, kWeh
ghjh mit bfL nghUF.
Mdh, m myJ rfiuia
miw btgiy itUF
nghJ mit bfLtiy. V? y
cz tiff miw btgiynf
bfLnghtjF
fhuz
m
cs <ugj jh. mj tifahd
cz tiff mGF bghUf
vdgL. v.fh. ff, fhff,
gh, iw.
cz bghUf y, miw
btg iy bfLnghfhk
UF. Vbd, mit cyJ
Ugjh bfL nghtiy. j
tifahd cz bghUf mGfhj
bghUf vdgL. v.fh. m
cz bfLnghfhk zh
tUJ jLgjF gytifahd
gjgLJ Kiwfis ifahsyh.
ciwf ilF gjgLjgl
gh
jF
vLJfhlhF.
gjgLJj
ifahsgL
gytifahd
KiwfS
y
bjhikahdit,
y
a
ma Egfis ifahL
gjgLjgLgit.
cz gjgLJj vwh vd?
cz bghUfis
l
ehfSF
bfL
nghfhk,
itUF
Kiwna
cz
gjgLJj vdgL.
gjgLJj nehf
z bghUf zhtij
1. c
Fiwj.
2. cz bghUf w, Rit
kW ClbghUfis aghd
iynyna itUj.
3. vyh fhyfY tUl KGtJ
cz bghUf ilf t
brj.
4. e cz nkY xU tifia
nrj.

cz bghUf ghOah,
ir,
y
EQf
tsailahk
ghJfhF
Kiwna gjgLJj vg.
czbghUf behf
braf Tl jLfglntL.
cz gjgLJj gytKiwf
csd. mit cyJj, F%Lj,
btggLJj, rfiu kW c
fyj. ed Kiwahd fR
KiwY cz gjgLjgLwJ.
cz gjgLJ tKiwf
ytiw fhngh.
cyJj
Kiw czYs iu
cyuitJ btnaw ntL.
mWtil
brj
jhafis
rahd Kiw Na x
cyuitJ,
mjD
UF
<ugjij Fwd. j _y
ghOah, ir kW f
jhFjUJ czbghUf
ghJfhfgLwd.
btggLJj
cz gjgLJj J
X KiwahF. cz cs
EQfis mgJl,
cs
behf
aig
khWw Kiw MF. jdh
cz
bghU
ghJfhghf
nrfgLwJ. (v.fh.) gagLJ
K myJ nrF K ghiy
bfhf itj. btggLJjiy
eh vbghGJ idjhY e
K njhWtJ ghoa gh vw

70

gl 1.11 cyJj

kj cl mik kW af
thijjh. Kiw ghiy
70c Kj 75c btgiy tiu
Fl neu tiu fh,
ntfkhf FubrtJ ghoa

gl 1.12 gh

Kiw vdgL. ghoa vw

Ph
ghiy
ghJfhF
Kiwia fLojh.
F%Lj
cz bghUfshd iw,

nghwit
f
Fiwj
btgiyF cgLJnghJ
bra
jLfgLwJ.
mjdh
EQ ts, braghL
jilgLwJ.

gl 1.13 Fgjd bgo

c nrj
cz
bghUf
c
nrgj _y, cz cs
uhdJ rLgut f _y
btnaWwJ. cz bghUf
<ugj iyba EQf
tsu KoahJ. behf bra a
KoahJ. y czf, iw, ,
befh, , khfh, vYir
nghwit c nrj _y
gjgLjgLwd.

rfiu nrj
czbghUf rfiuia
nrgj _y, rfiu
fiuJ
mzbghUf
uw iyia clhF. iy
vwh EQf tsuh. vdnt,
czbghU ghJfhfgLwJ.
cz bghUf rfiu nrg
jh cz zhtJ jLfgL
nrfgLwJ vgijl J
cz tiffshd gHJita,
gHghF, gHur nghwit cUthf
fhuzkhf csJ.

1.4.2. Jj cz Kiw,

a isfS
gntW
fhuzfsh
Jj
cz
iwF
midtuhY
UggLwJ. Jj cz vgJ
Fiwj neu rikfToa X
va trahd czthF. j
Rit kW thrid midtuhY
ghuhl gLwJ. iwa cz
vgJ
onyna
KGikahf
rikfgl cz mW. F
isF vd mUjhY,
gjgLjgl myJ gjgLf
nrfgl
czitna
W
bgUghikahndh
j
o
cgnahfgLJwd.
Jj czit mf ms
cbfhgtfSF cl gUk
neh, ca uj mGj
cl
gy nehf jhf
thL.
Jj cz vg, gyjugl
bghUfsh Md gjgLjgl
cz kW jah iy cs
cz, gff, til, rnkhrh, g{
kW bghj czf nghwit

mlF.
j
czf
cl eyF VwjW. nkY
o
rikF
Mnuhakhd
cz UF ClbghUf,
itlf nghwit
t
ilgiy.
[h, ghlh, gf, L,
g{, rnkhrh nghw czf
71

ca
Rit mf. Mdh ClrJf
f Fiw.
vdnt, clYF
vjjY ga ilahJ.
Jj czit bjhlJ cbfh
SnghJ, xU kj cl ey
gy Mgjhd isf njhwyh.
gy FLgf xWF nkgnlh
tUkhd <LnghJ, ghugakhd
Kiw a
girahd cz

njitgLwd.
Mnuhakhd
cl
eyF
vuhf
Jj
cz kj cz goa l
bgWsJ.
Jj cz a Rit kzK
bfhl czthY mikahf
bfhy ToaJ.

1.5. 
ed ma - fR
Kiw cz gjgLJj
cyJj, CWfh nghLj,
btggLJj,
F%Lj
nghwit
ghugaf gj
gLJj KiwfshF. iwa
edf
cz
fR
Kiw gjgLjgLwJ.

gl 1.14 Jj cz

bghUfis
bfhL
rikf
neu kW Mw iybagJ
cikahF.
Jj cz a isf
1. Jj cz f mf ms
Mw br cL. Jj cz
cs mf Mw br _is
fLgLJ wid FiwwJ.
2.
bjhlJ,
Jj
cz
rhLtjh cl vil TLjY,
cl gUkD VgL. Vbd
Jj cz cl g fLghL
ika khwij VgLJ.
3. g nghJ, Fiwj Mw
brbfhl
czit
VW
bfhSgoahf kj cl totik
fgLsJ. mf Mw br
bfhl czit VWbfhs e
cl totikfgliy.
4. Jj cz uj FHhf
uj Xlij jilbrwJ, mj
_y khuil VgLtjF t
tFwJ.
Jj czf f mf ms
fiu bfhGfS, ju Fiwj
fhnghiAnuLfS, mf ms
nrhlh c csd.
ekJ
clYF
ehrJ,
Mnuhakhd bfhG tiffS
72

frh
gjgLjgl cz

gl 1.15 frh gjgLjgl cz

X-ff myJ fhkh ff

myJ w Cjhff _y
cz cs ghOaf kW
irfis
bfhY
Kiwna
fR Kiw MF.
fR, cz Rit
kW
cz
ju
tiw
mwjh?
iy.
fR
cz
cs
Rit
kW
juij
mgiy. btfha,
cUisHF
Kisl
gaW
tiff nghw czf f
RF
cgLjgl

ajhfnt, bjhlJ UF.

frh
gjgLjgl
czf eRjik bfhlJ
vd
y
jtwhd
fUij
bfhLsd. Mdh mJ jtW.
J eRjik mwJ.

kj cl mik kW af

kL
1. rahdtiw njbjLJ vGJ.
i) ja kL fhzgL xU wghd jir ____________
m) vYjir

M) jajir

) cSWjir

ii) ekJcl vY kly ____________ vYf csd.

m) 206

M) 306

) 606

iii) ehsyh Ruf RuF ntbghUf ____________ vdgL.

m) behf

M) itl

) Ahnkh

iv)  jeho njha fgHikahd xU irKiw ____________

m) jkUJt

M) Mntj

) dh

v) ghoa Kiwia fLojt ____________

m) ngh nul M) ghoa ) mfa
2. cdf cl gntW iyf nH bfhLfgLsd. mtiw
rahd tir vGJf.
mQf, brf, cWf,
_yTWf, cW kly.

EQWf,

Rf,

cd,

3. mltiz bfhLfgLs cWfis (m) fl fhf. xbthU

FGY nruhj jj cW csJ. mij mltiz (M) fl vGJf.
cs _F bghJthf bghUJw cW klyij () fl
vGJf.
t.v

1.

c, vYf, fu,
fiza

2.

njh, Ko, ef, gf

3.

jkf, iuf, uf,

jJf

4.

_is, jL tl, euf,

Wuf

vYf

brkhd
kly

4. bghUJf
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

cyJj
btggLJj
rfiu nrj
F%Lj
Jj cz

gHJita

mikahf bfhyToaJ
cyj jhaf
gh
73

ca
5. xbth gfis vGJf.
(m) Wuf

(1 ) ______________ (2) ______________

(M) vY

(1 ) ______________ (2) ______________

() njh

(1 ) ______________ (2) ______________

(<) uj

(1 ) ______________ (2) ______________

6. itfsh vd fG?
(m) Jj czit cbfhS bghGJ
--------------------------------------(M) ujYs FSnfh ms 120./ bl. l mfkhF nghJ
-----------------------------7. ey cz gHfK, thif Kiw nehf mlhk eik
ghJfhJ, ekF Mnuhakhd thifia juToad. bfhLfgLs
mltiz VnjD _W f braToa bra kW braTlhj
braiy vGJf.
t.v
1.
2.
3.
4.

bra Toa bra

bra Tlhj bra
ehnjhW clg brj Jj czit cQj

8. u cl gUkdhdt. mf vil bfhlt. mtUF FSnfh

ms mf. u jh kUJt Mnyhridia ehodh. kUJt
dr nkbfhs ntoa y brafis Mnyhridahf tHdh.
Mnyhridahf tHfgl braf vdthf Uf Ko?

nkY ma
jff
How the body works - Steve Parker, D.K.Ltd., London.
izajs
http://www.enchantedlearning.com
ma rhj fhzntoa lf
GASS fhLf mUfhaf, nfha.

74

ca

rJU KUfD egfSl isaho

bfhoUjd.
J neu isahoa nrhJ ljh mtfSF _R thaJ.
XLj, fhgJ isahLj nghw brafnghJ ekF V
ntfkhf _R thFwJ vgij g eh bjJ bfhsyhkh?

2.1. Rthj mta

cdf
cthtjF
bragLtjF
Mw
njit.
Mw
yhj
nghJ
ekh
ntiy bra ayhJ. ekJ cl
midJ brafSF
Mw
mta. eh XUF bghGJ
ekJ cWfshd ja, _is,
Wuf kW Eiupuf a
bfhoUF. vdnt, 24k neuK
ekJ clYF Mw njitgLwJ.
vUJ
eh
Mwiy
bgWnwh?
eh
cbfhS
cz jh Mw csJ. eh
czit thL gfsh bkW
76

GaJ
czghij
tahf
iuigDns
brYjgLwJ. mF czthdJ
WW Jffshf ijfgLwJ.
mj WFlYF crgL
brY
czbghU
cs
Mw cl gntW ghffSF
uj FHhf _y vLJ
brygLwJ. cz cs
Mw
Lfglhj
tiu
ekF vj gaD iy.
fhy
jtwhk
xGfhf
cz
cbfhs
ntLbkd
cf
bgnwhf
tWj
fhuz vd? eh czUJ

jhtuf kW yFf Rthj

Mwiy bgWnwh. eh cbfhl
cz RthjnghJ ct
l(M#Dl) izJ nt
a khwkilJ Mwyhf bt
gLwJ. vdnt Rthj vgJ
cdf Ka fthF.
RthjnghJ
ct,
EiupuYF
fljgL
ujJl
fyfgLwJ.
ct fyj uj cl
midJ gFfSF brW
mFs midJ brfSF
brwilwJ.
ct,
brf
cns
brwilbghGJ, r bghU

vfgLwJ. mjid M#
ndw milj vnwh. j
fnghJ, kW fay
th fbghUshf brUJ
btnawgL, ctah Mw
bt bfhL tugLwJ. j
f
Rthj myJ br
Rthj vdgL.
bra 2.1
ehnd brnw
mikahf
cfhJ
xU
lF vjid Kiw _R
Lnw vd fznl.
kj
ruhrahf
xU
lF 16 Kj 18 Kiw _R
Lwh.

Rthj tiff
Rthj U tifgL. (i) fhW Rthr (ii) fhyh Rthr(behj)
(i) fhW Rthr
bgUghyhd cdf ct cjah cz bghUf
vfgL Mwiy btbfhzwd. vdnt ct cjl
eilbgW RthrF fhW Rthr vW bga.
j rkghL tUkhW
FSnfh + ct

fay th + + Mw

(ii) fhyh Rthr

y EQf, <, ghOah nghwit ct mw iy
czUJ Mwiy bgWwd. vdnt, ct mw iy
eilbgW RthrF fhyh Rthr vWbga. e vY jirf
fhyh Rthr eilbgWwJ.
FSnfh

ct mw iy

v MfAh + fay th + Mw

nkY mJbfhnth
ghOah kW irf fhyh Kiw Rthgjh rfiuia
MfAhyhf khWwd. xU w j MfAh rKjhaF nfL
isgjhf UjhY, kWw nj MfAh vbghU rhjdkhf
gagLwJ. < vgJ xUbr ir MF. J fhyh
Niy Rthr brJ MfAhiy cg brwJ. Mfnt J
kJghd jah gagLwJ.
77

ca
bra 2.2
ehfns brnwh
xU l ehf _RL vifia fznlh.
t.v eg bga

aghd
iy

ntf eil

XLj

Xiy

1.
2.
3.
_RLjYF RthjYF ilnaahd ntWghL.
t. v.

_RLj

Rthj

1.

J X aa f. Vbd J X nta f. Vbd

F fhW X l UJ F cz bghU gy nt
knwh lF l bgawJ. idfSF cgLwJ.

2.

f
nghJ
btlgLtiy.

3.

Rthr cWf gnfwd.

Mw f
nghJ
btlgLwJ.
cUs
brf
eilbgWwJ.

Mw
f

Rthj vgJ ct cjah cz bghU vfgL

Mwiy bgWtjhF. mgoba,
brf cz bghU
vfgLtjF, kufil vfgLtjF cs ntWghL vd?.
t. v.

Rthj

kufil vj

1.

cUs brf eilbgW.

btw eilbgW.

2.

btg Mw btgLwJ.

x Mw kW btg Mw
btgLwJ.

3.

Mw gogoahf a ms
btnaWwJ.

bkhjkhf mf ms Mw
btgLwJ.

xnrifia g Kng
Rthjiy ntWgLJnth.
t. v.

goJnsh.

Rthj

xnrifia,

xnrif

1.

u gf vd bjhlJ
eilbgW fahF.

gf bghG kLnk eilbgW

fahF.

2.

midJ cdfY
eilbgW f RthjyhF.

gRjhtuf kLnk eilbgW

cz jahF fahF.

3.

cz vfgLwJ.

cz jahfgLwJ.

4.

f nghJ ct
cGfgL fayth
btnawgLwJ.

f
nghJ
th cGfgL
btnawgLwJ.
78

fay
ct

jhtuf kW yFf Rthj

2.2. kj Rthr

bjhF
fhzgLwJ.
cjujhd vW bga.

eh

F
R

Ei

up

H
R F
_ s
i is

R H
_ F
W

cjujhd

gl 2.1. kj Rthr kly

kj Rthr kly, _F,

ehaiw,
_RFH,
_R
isFHh
kW
Eiupuiy
cslaJ. khgiw cns
X iz Eiupu Uwd.
khgiw khjirf csd.
it _ykhfnt eh Rthf
KowJ.
y jirf e yh vYfSl
izJsd.
jirfns
yh vY Til cwkhf
btwkhf
af
ga
gLwd.
EiupuYF
nH
tikahd
jilahd
jir

jF

ekJ _ uL Jthuf
csd. mtF ehJthuf
vW bga. ehJthu eh
gs wJ L _RFH
wwJ. _RFH uL
_Ris FHfshf wJ.
xbthU
_Ris
FHY
EiupuYF brW mF nkY gy
isfshf J _R isW
FHyh
fhW
Eziw
Kowd.
Eziw Rtf uj
jJf vdgL gy bka uj
FHhf csd. EiupuYF
brY
ct
uj
fywd. uj cs fhg
il Mi[L EiupuYF cs
Eziw tJ nrwJ.
eh vthW _R Lnwh?
fhW
cGj
kW
btnaw fna _R Lj
vdgL. J xU bjhlahd
fthF. X cd theh
KGtJ, midJ neufY
eilbgW f MF. xU kj
xU lF vjid Kiw
_RLwhndh mJnt _R Lj
j vdgL.
eh _ir cGFnghJ,
cjujhd w yh vYf
nkw neh cawJ myJ
wJ. brayh khgiw
ms bgjhF. jdh ct
iwj
fhW
btUJ
EiupuYF ntfkhf fl
t EiHwJ.

_F
ehgs
_RFH
fhW Eziw
isWFH
79

_R isFH

_R

ca
eh fhiw btnaW bghGJ, cjujhd nk neh caJ
aghd iyia milwJ. yh vYf neh wFwJ.
brayh khgiw ms FiwwJ. jdh Eiupu UJ _R
isFHf, _R FH kW eh tahf fhW btnawgLwJ.
fhW
Eiupu
khgiw

cjujhd

gl 2.2 cRthr

cjujhd

btRthr

bra 2.3

ehnd brnw

nehf:
eh RthFnghJ btnawgL fh
(fhg-ilMirL) fay th mfkhf csJ
vgij mj.

gh nghw
btik

vdF njitahdit:
_ol Toa uL fzho Ftisf,
c (Straw), Rzh
brKiw:
1. uL FtisfY Rzh iu C, _o
bfhL _ond. xU Ftis _o kL
Jisnl.
2. 
Jisl _obfhl Ftis cia
brU, d mjDns fhiw brYnd.
3. khwfis cW nehnd.
kbwhU Ftis cs Rzh iul
4. 
Kj Ftis cs Rzh , gh nghW
khsij fnl.

80

Rzh

jhtuf kW yFf Rthj

5. 
fayth g ahbj,
Rzh iu ghyhf khW
jikilaJ. vdnt Kj Ftis cs Rzh gh nghW
khaJ. nrhjid _y, eh RthFnghJ btnawgL fh
fayth mfkhf csJ vd mJ bfhnl.
th gkhw
ct iwj fhW, EziwD brwl, uj jJfYs
uj ctia cRwJ. ct ujYs nkhFnshDl
fyJ, M - nkhFnshdhf kh cl midJ brfis
brwilwJ. brfD, cz bghUf M#ndw mila
ct gagLjgL, MwyhdJ, faythl btgLwJ.
j fayth
ujjh vLJ bfhsgL EiupuYF brW
mUJ btnawgLwJ.
fhW
Eziw

jJ
gl 2.3 fhW Eziw mik

bra 2.4
cWneh mnth
X mfw be FLitia vLJ bfhs. mj mowij
mfw. X Y-tot fzho FHh U ftil KidfY
gl 2.4 fhosthW gid fl. jid FLit
thgF tahf cns bghUj. FLit mogF uguh
Md ciwid fl fl.
fia Gf. FLitYs g cwJ. V cwJ?
ug ciwia Ggjh, #ho cs bfhss mfkhwJ.
vdnt btUJ fhW gDF ghJ brW mjid cg
brwJ. bghGJ fia Lf. ug ciw giHa iyF
brwil. FLit cns bfhss Fiwtjh, g cs
fhW t klyF ntfkhf btnaWwJ. vdnt g RUFwJ.
Rthr braKiwia tU gl cjl mayh.
81

ca
fhW
cGj

fhW
btnaWj
fzho FHh
(_RFH, _R is
WFH)

be FLit
(khgiw)

g
(Eiupu)
bfhss FiwwJ
mGj TLwJ

bfhss TLwJ
mGj FiwwJ

ug ciw
(cjujhd)

nkY mJbfhnth
ekF V Jk tUwJ vd bjJ bfhnthkh? xthik
VgLJ y bghUfshd R, kfuj Mait ekJ ehgs
EiHJ, bjhju VgLJtjh tUtnj JkyhF. Jk f
_y xthik bghUf btnawgL ehgs RjkhwJ.
nkY mJbfhnth
fhW khRgLjyh gy Rthr nehf VgLwd.
if ojyh Eiupu Wneh VgLwJ.
Fu vgJ Rthr kly Ka isthF.

2.3. yFf Rthr

kjid nghnw, jhtufS,
yFfS, _RL Rthr
brwd. Rthr mogil
f midJ cdfY
xnu
khahfnt
UwJ.
eh bghGJ y yFf
RthrKiw g fhngh.

82

m) xU br kW gybrf bfhl

W
yFf
brf
midJ,
RWwYs
fhW
myJ
UJ
vLJbfhL
ctia
faythit gut Kiw
btnaWwd.
v.fh. mgh, ghua

jhtuf kW yFf Rthj

brf

fhW Jisf

_R FHh

brf _y j btnaWj
gl 2.4 - fugh

M) kG kW mil Gf,

<ugj
kW
tHtHghd
jik bfhl
njh
_ykhf Rthr brwd.

Eiupu

gl 2.6 jtis

C) 
jtis
nghw
yFf,
njh kW Eiupu
_y
Rthwd.

gl 2.5 kG

) 
yFfshd f
gy
WJisf
fhzgL.
mtF
fhWJisf
vW bga. j fhW
Jisf
_R FHh
Kotilwd. thgkhw
j fhWJisf
_y
eilbgWwJ.
<) f brf vwiHf
gL w cWf _y
fiuJs ctia c
Rthwd.
c) Ctd, gwgd kW ghof
Eiupu _y Rthwd.

2.4. jhtuf Rthr

kw
cdfis
nghW,
jhtufS
Rthj _ynk
czUJ
Mwiy
bgW
wd. bghJthf jhtuf
RthrbfW
jahf
wghd cWf VJiy. kW
yFf csij nghW Rthr
afkhd _RLj f
eilbgWtiy.

83

ca
jhtuf iy cs W
Jisf _ykhfnt Rthwd.
JisfSF
iyJisf
vW bga.
fh cs ct gut
_y iyF brtJ, iy
cs fayth
gut _ykhf
btnaWtJ
iyJisf
_ykhfnt eilbgWwd.
jLfY
W
Jisf
csd.
JisfS
th
gkhwF
cjwd.
ntfS jna Rthwd.
k
JffSil
cs
fhwiwf cs fhiw ntf
Rthwd.
Mfnt, nt, jL, iy Ma
jhtu midJ ghffS
jjna Rthr <LgLwd.
thjhtuf mj nt,
jL, iy _y neilahf th
gkhw <LgLwd.
gfbghG
jhtuf
xnrif eilbgWwJ.
f
nghJ
fayth
cGfgL ctia bt
LwJ.xnrif
nghJ
btlgL
ct
xU
gF jhtuf jkJ RthrF
vLJbfhL, ia iyJis
tna btjSwd.
Rthrj nghJ btlgL
faythit
jhtuf

fhbr

wj iy Jis
gl 2.7 iy Jis

jkJ
xnrif
idF
vLJbfhwd.
Mdh
u
xnrif
eilbgwhjjh Rthr nghJ
bttU fayth iyJis
_ykhf
tklyF
brwd. tkly UJ
ctia
vLJ bfhL
Rthwd.
Rthr Utiff
ct
ilgij
bghUJ
Rthr
U
tifgL
1. fhyh
Rthr
2. fhW Rthr
y EQf, vLJfhlhf
<L kW ghOah fhyh
Kiw Rthr brwd.
ca jhtuf fhW Rthr
Kiw Rthr brwd.

nkY mJbfhnth
jhtuf gf xnrifnghJ
faythit
cns
vLJbfhL
ctia
btLwd.
midJ
neufY RthjnghJ ctia
cns
vLJbfhL
faythit
btLwd. vdnt, u kujo
cwf TlhJ. it uL xWbfhW
ntWgL kW <Lbr ffshF.
84

jhtuf kW yFf Rthj

kL
I. yFfis mj Rthr cWfis bghUJf.
t.v

yFf

Rthr cWf

1.

fugh

br

2.

jtis

Eiupu

3.

Eiupu kW njh

4.

kG

fhW Jisf

5.

eh

njh

II. Rthr kly gFbgW Rthr cWfis rahd Kiw

tirgLJf.
_RFH, _F, fhW Eziw, _R isFH, ehgs,
_Ris W FH,
III. bfhLfgLs gl kj Rthr kly ghffis Ff.
_F, _RFH, _RisFH, Eiupu, _Ris WFH.

IV. rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJf.

m) 
eh
RthF
fh
(ct/ fayth).

mf

fhzgLtJ

________

M) fhww RthrKiwF ________ vW bga (fhWs Rthr/

fhyh Rthr).
) jhtuf ________ _ykhf Rthr eilbgWwJ (_RFH/
iy Jis).

85

ca
V. tU id Lgl thijfis uf
________ + ________ + Mw

m) ________ + ct
________
M) FSnfh +

________ + fay th + ________

VI. th yFf vthW Rthwd?

(m) mgh____________
(M) ____________
() jtis____________
VII. jhtuf xnrif gfbghGY, Rthj eh KGtJ
eilbgWwJ.
(m) uL ffY th gkhw <LgL thfis vGJf.
(M) iyF th gkhw vjtahf fwd?
nkY ma
jff
1. Biology Understanding Life (3rd edition)
- J ones and Barthlett. Barthlett publishers U.K
2. Biology
-S
 ylvia.S Mader - Brown Publishers U.S.A
izajs
www.health.howstuffworks.com,
www.biotopics.co.uk

86

nta
mwhl th eikR gntW khwf fwd. khwf
xW myJ xF nkgl bghUfsh eilbgWwd. vLJfhlhf
gfo cUFj, uhahf khWj, rfiu fiuj, gh juhf
khWj. ff vyh khwf MF. Gfgl ug tisa
VgL khwK khwfhd vLJfhlhF. bghUf VgL
khw y gjidfSFgL fG. ghlgF y braghLf
thyhf eik R fG khwfis g bjJ bfhnth. khwfis
U tiffshf fyh.
1. aa khw 2. nta khw.

3.1. aa khwf
bra 3.1 
njitahd bghU : a F

ehnd brnw

eh xU a Fia cilJ m VgL

khwij fla Kanw. eh Fia U
JLfshf cilnj.
F jdJ Kija totij bgw nkir J
uL JLfis beUfkhf itnj. Mdh
F jdJ Kija totij bgwiy.
Vbdwh mj ms (w njhw ) khw csJ.
nt gf vj khwK Vgliy. vdnt J
aa khw vgij mJ bfhnl.
bra 3.2 

gl 3.1 cilj
F

ehnd brnw

njitahd bghUf :
fhj JL, fjnfh
eh
fhj
JLfis
WW JLfsh m VgL
khwij fla Kanw.
eh xU rJu tot fhjij
ehF JLfshnd. L,
Jlhfgl fhj JLf
xbthiw L ehF
JLfshnd.
fhj
jdJ
Kija
totij bgw nkir J
fhj JLfis beUfkhf
itnj.
fhj
rJu
totij
bgWwJ. Mdh mj ms
(w njhw ) khw csJ.
88

mj nt gf vj
khwK Vgliy. vdnt J
aa khw vgij mJ
bfhnl. F I cUFj
vgJ x aa khw vgJ
cfSF bjkh?

gl 3.2
F I
cUFj

gUbghUf kW mj jikf

gl 10.3 fhj
_y kz UF
Uig bjLj

bra 3.3 
ehnd brnw
njitahd bghUf: fhj, jL, kz,
UJf.
kz UJfSl idjh a
ntbghU ilFkh? jid eh xU
nrhjid _y fla Kanw. eh js
kziy, UJffis xU jo
nghL xwhf fynj. bra _y vj
xU a nt bghUS cUthfiy.
j fyit J fhjij bfhL
brnw. fyit Uj UJff
fhjjh <fgld. kz kL jo UjJ.
bra _y vj xU a nt bghUS
cUthfiy vgij mJ bfhnl.

j brafUJ vj xU a bghUS cUthfiy, nta

khwK fHiy. aa khw kLnk fUwJ vgJ
bjthwJ. j bradh Vgl khw jfhfkhdJ. J xU
id. vdnt J X aa khwkhF.
bra 3.4
cW neh mnth
gofkhFj
nehf : gofkhFj X aa khw vgij mJ bfhSj
njitahd bghUf: djf, d, T FLit, Knfhz jh,
bu jh, d jh, f tiy, r my, fhg rng, tojh,
r mL.
brKiw : xU djf js iu vLJ, brL msF
fhg rng gofij nrf. js r myij
nrJ, fhg rng ewhf fiu tiu btggLj. wF j
fiuriy Fu brJ tojh tofo, ilj toiu L J
neu Fu bra. J neuF wF mfiur goff
cUthwd.
braUJ, cWnehf _y fiuJs fhg rng
gofkhdJ L gofkhfnt ilwJ vgij eh mnwh. vdnt
fhg rng fiuj vgJ X aa khw MF. bgwgl a gof
xU Fl totikig btntW msit bgWsJ. thW a
bghUf goff mt fiurfUJ bgwgLwd. fnt
gofkhFj vdgL.

gl 3.4.
gofkhFj Kiw
fhg rng
89

nta
bra 3.5
cW neh mnth
gjfkhj
nehf: gjfkhj xU aa khw vgij
mJ bfhSj.
njitahd bghUf: djf, d, Knfhz
jh, f tiy, r mL, fu.
brKiw:
xU d jf js fuij vLJ
bfhs.
gl fhosthW xU diy jiyHhf
fJ jfia _l.
d fhig gir bfhL _l.
j _y fu Mahf btnaWtJ
jLfgLwJ.
d jfia Nnldh, fu Mah
fzho d cw kkhf
gowJ.
braUJ,
eh
cWnehdh,
fu
Kj Mah d fzho d cw
kkhfgowJ. nkY fu ntgf
khw iy. J xU idahF. vdnt fuij
btggLJnghJ VgL khw aa khw
MF. kbghUis(fu) btggLJnghJ
utkhf khwhk neuoahf th iyF khW fF
gjfkhj vW bga.

1
2
3

gl 3.5 gjfkhj
1. gR
2. jiyHhf fJ
itfgl d
3. go
4. d jf
5. fu

f!

gl3.6 (m) vahj

iH sF

xU
iH
s
rhu
ghbghGJ
iH Nnl, ufhrkhf
xia
cGnghJ
iH
njhw
khwij
fhzyh.
rhu ghtij Wdh
iH
KUj
njhwij
bgWwJ.
iH
xtJ
X
aa khwkh vgJ g
cf fUJ vd?
90

gl3.6 (M) v
iH sF

gUbghUf kW mj jikf
bra 3.6

cW neh mnth
Fj
RUFj

btg

bfhj

cUFj

Mahj

Fj
ciwj

gfo Fa

nehf : bghU iy khw xU

aa khw vgij mJ
bfhSj.
njitahd
bghUf:
Kfit,
gfo, r
mL, jL,
Knfhz jh.
brKiw: xU fzho Kfit
js gfoia vLJ bfhL,
mij xU Knfhz tot cs
jh itJ, btggLdh
gfo cU uhf khWwJ.
L iu gfoahf khw
Kokh? khw Toa tKiw
xiw Tw.
xU fzho Kfit js
iu vLJ,
btggLJnghJ
vd khw fwJ vgij
cWnehdh,
,
Mahf
khWtij fhzKo. fzho
Kfit J xU jil itJ
_LnghJ uh, joJ gL,
F
milJ,
Jfshf
kh fzho Kfit Gtij
ghfyh. iu L gfoahf
khw Kokh?
91

gl 3.7 btgdh bghU

iykhw

j
bra
_y,
gfoia btggLJnghJ
uhf, iu btggLJnghJ
uhahf,
uh
F
milJ
L
uhf
khWtij fnlh.
iu
F%L
nghJ,

gfoahf
khWwJ.
nkFl vyh khwfY,
nt nrk vj khwK
fHiy. vdnt J X
aa khw MF.
k
bghU
btggLJnghJ
utkhf
khW f cUFj vdgL.
utij btggLJnghJ
uhahf
khWwJ.
jF
Mahj vW bga.
uhia Fu brjh uhf
L khWwJ. j fF
Fj vW bga.
iu
R
btgiyF
Fjh, gfoahf
khWwJ. jF ciwj vW
bga.

nta

th

F
RU

f
ah

gj
f
kh
j
go
j

Wj
kh

cUFj
k

ciwj
gl 3.8 iy khw

nkFl
vyh
braKiwfY, gUbghUf
aa gfsha tot, ms,
w kW btg iy Mat
kLnk khw fwJ.
k bghUis btggLJ
nghJ mj njhw kLnk
khw bjwJ. Mdh bghU
ntgf
vj
khwK
eilbgwiy. xU gUbghU
aa gf kL khw
VgLJtJ
aa
khw
vdgL. aa khw bghJthf
idahF.
a
bghU
cUthfhJ.

gl 3.9 (m) JU Va U rfu thfd

92

ut

3.2. ntkhwf
f U JUoUgij
ghUf. U JL, U
bghUf nghwtiw kiHnyh,
fhnyh,
wj
btnyh
itFnghJ brgG w gly
cUthwJ. gly cUthij JU
vnwh. j f JUoj
vd miHfgLwJ.
fh cs M# kW
Ul U nrJ nuw bgw
U MirL Mf khWwJ.
f JUoj vdgL.
JUof kW M# f
mta.

gl 3.9 (M) JU Va ngh

gUbghUf kW mj jikf
bra 3.7
nehf:
JUof

kW
M#
(cth)
f
mta vgij mJ
bfhSj.
njitahd
bghUf:
nrhjidFHh, U
M,
vbz,
fha FnshiuL, _o.
brKiw :

cW neh mnth
1

vbz

bfh
fha
FnshiuL
fhW
kW

kL

fhW
kL

gl 3.10 JUof njitahd fhuf

_W nrhjid FHhfis vLJ 1, 2, 3 vW FL bfhs.

 j bragl U Mia xbthU nrhjid FHhY
R
nghl.
Kj FHh js nrf.
 ulhtJ nrhjid FHh fh toj iu C mj nk jhtu

vbzia js nrf. _whtJ FHh uw fha
Fnshiuil nrf.
 W nrhjid FHhfis, _W myJ ehF ehf fJ cW
_
nehf.
ulhtJ kW _whtJ
M FHh cs M
JUofhkY, Kj M
FHh cs M JUoJ
csij ghfyh. UJ
JUof kW M#
njit vgJ bjwJ. JUit
Uig xL ghf.

nkY mJbfhnth
bkGF vj vgJ xU nt
khwkhF. bkGF vnghJ mj
_yTWf fay th kW uhf
khw milwJ.
bkGF _yTW

JU vgJ v cila
Toa bghUshF. nkY J
U nk gF cUth
Uig tYHf br.
U,
JU
btntW
bghUf MF. JU vgJ a
urhad bghUshF. vdnt,
j f nta khw
MF.

fhg
iAu#
M#
gl 3.11 bkGF t vj

93

nta
bra 3.8

cW neh mnth

nehf : bka ehlh vj

xU ntkhw vgij mJ
bfhSj.
njitahd bghUf: bka
ehlh, r mL, ifo.
brKiw : xU a bka ehlhit
vLJ vf. ufhrkhf btik
w
xl
vJ
rhgiy
bfhLwJ.

gl 3.12 bka ehlh vj

j rhg bka ehlhit ngh UFkh?

UfhJ.
L bka ehlhit rhgUJ bgwKokh?
bka ehlhit rhgUJ L bgwKoahJ.
bra _y a ntbghU cUth csJ.
J bka gUJ khWgLsJ.
J xU ntkhw MF.
f!
ghtnghJ
eh gy tifahd
glhRfis btoJ
F L g J l
k milnwh.
glhR KGtJkhf
btoj
wF
gl 3.13 glhR
m vd khw
btoj
fUwJ
vW eh vaJ clh?
mJnghy fhjijnah, kuijnah
vFnghJ,
js
rhgYl
btgK
x
cUthwJ.
nkFl uL brafY,
L glhirnah, fhjijnah
myJ kuijnah bgw KoahJ.
vd khw fUwJ vW
mnthkh?

94

nkY mJbfhnth
1. fhff kW gHf
cs thrid, w
kW Rit Mat
fhuz mt
~dh nrkf
Ugnj MF. ~dh
nrkf janeh
kW ytifahd
Wnehfis jLF
jikilaJ.
2. fhfisnah gHfisnah
bto J neu fh
itF nghJ gG
wkhf khWwJ. V vW
bjkh?
3. fh kW gHf cs
~dh nrk vw
ntbghU fh cs
M#Dl id J
bkyh vw gG w
bghUshf khWwJ.

gUbghUf kW mj jikf
bra 3.9

cW neh mnth

nehf: rika nrhlhl vYirrhW idj xU nt khw

vgij mJ bfhSj
njitahd bghUf: vYir rhW, rika nrhlh, nrhjidFHh,
nrhjidFHh jh.
brKiw : xU nrhjid FHh js vYir rhW ( my)
vLJ bfhs. js rika nrhlhit nrf. vw
rjJl th Ff tUtij ftf. j th Ff
fhg-il-MirL MF.
vYir rhW + rika nrhlh
fhg-il-MirL + c +
( my)
vw rj tUtjF fhuz mUJ fhg-il-MirL
btnaWtnj MF. J xU nt khwkhF.
nkY mJbfhnth
bt brj ghuf kW
fuof
gsgsghf
UF.
y
m
ehfSF wF wHgij fhzyh.
gl cs uL fuofis ghUf.
M
xW gsgsghf csJ, kbwhW
gsgsig HJsJ. ulhtJ fuo,
fh cs rgUl idjjh
gsgsig HJsJ. ntidia
gl 3.14
L
fuoia
m. gsgsghf cs (fuo) gagL
M. gsgsig Hj (fuo) gsgsghfyh. J xU nta khw.
bra 3.10

ehfns brnth
gh juhf khWj

nehf : gh juhf khWtJ nt khw vW gl 3.15 gh juhf khWj

mJ bfhSj
njitahd bghUf: gh, j myJ nkh
brKiw: ghiy eF btg gLndh.
jkhf Fj wF js nkhiu myJ
jiu nrnjh. y kneu fJ
j
gh
ghFnghJ gh, juhf kh csij
fnlh. ghY, jU ntWgl ntgfis bfhlit. J xU
ntkhw vW mJ bfhnlh.
fl nffSF il fhz Ka bra.
mfkhd ciwnkhiu nrjh j vd Ritilajhf khW? gh
mf Nlhf UF nghJ ciw nkhiu nrjh vd khw fG?
ghYl ciw nkhiu nrJ, F rhjdbgo itjh juhf
khw vts neukhF? bt itjh vts neu MF?
95

nta
nkfl
braghLfUJ
xW
myJ
xWF
nkgl
a
ntbghUf
ilwJ
vd
mayh.
ntid _y ilj id
isbghU
idgLbghU
ntgfUJ
ntWgL
fhzgLwJ. J
shid
ahF. j idiana ntkhw
vnwh.
idgLbghUf
af itF cik

idJ
xWF
nkgl
idis
bghUfis
bfhLwd. ij nt khw
vnwh. ntid _y
ilF
isbghUf
ujukhdit,
ntWgl
nt
gfis
bfhlit.
j
id
ntid
vW
miHfgLwJ.
ntkhwf
e
mwhl
thif aikahjit. eh
mwhl gagLJ kUJf,
sho, nrh, rhaf (bg)
nghw gy bghUf ntidf
_ynk ilwd.
nkY mJbfhnth

gl 3.16
J
cs
U

gl 3.17 brid JiwKfYs

fg

J bl cs FJdh
mU mikJs U
7
lUF
nk
cauK
6000
vil
bfhlJ.
J 1600 MLfSF K
flglJ.
ts
fhy
flJ Tl, j U
W
JUofiy.
cy
gy
gF
cs
Mthsf j jikia
g
M
brJshf.
j _y, af 1600
MLfSF
KUnj
cnyhf bjhEgij bjJ
itJsij fhLwJ.

fg bgUgF Ugh
bragLsJ. fl fg
jFnghJ, mj moghf
vnghJ _sJ. fl
mf ms c csJ.
vdnt
fg
vtsjh
tzR brjhY m
cs U ghff JUoJ
nrjij iswJ. bgUgF
JUoJ bghUshjhu nrjij
iswJ. jdh vts
bghUshjhu el VgL vgij
J ghUf.

96

gUbghUf kW mj jikf
nt khwf elF nghJ ,
btgij xia btL myJ cGF
xia clhF
w khW.
kz khW.

3.2.1. aa, nta khwfSF ilnaahd ntWghLf

mltiz 3.1
t.v

aa khw

nta khw

1.

aa khw xU
idahF

nt khw xU sh
idahF

2.

abghU cUthfhJ

abghU cUthF

3.

_yTW mik khwhJ

_yTW mik khW

4.

Mw khw fHhJ

Mw khw fG

5.

jfhfkhdJ

ujukhdJ

nkY mJbfhnth
JUogij jLf
1. tzR myJ cabghU _y
jLj.
2. ehfKyh Rj (U J
Jjehfij Rj).
3. Fnuhaij UJ Rj.
4. bta cnyhfij U J Rj.
gl 3.18
tzR bragl rd
97

nta

3.3. myf, fhuf kW

cf
xU PhWHik thr
mkh ka czfhf Kilia
ntf itjh. mJ Nlhf Ujjh,
mt Frhjd bgo UJ
iu vLJ Kil itfgl
z Cdh. J neu
fJ mt filF brWlh.
Kilia
g
kwJlh.
mt
filF
brW
tj
wF Kilia vLJ ghjh
mj XL mfgL KGtJkhf
fgL UjJ. J mtUF
Mrakhf UjJ. mt mij
KfJ ghif jdJ jtW vd

vW czjh. mtru mt
UF gyhf iunghynt Uj
fiu(fho) Kil itUj
z Clh.
vd
eljJ vW cfsh Tw Kokh?
iyba cfsJ mkhl
nfL ilia fLof.
eKila mwhl thif
eh gy bghUfis gagLJ
nwh, vLJfhlhf vYir,
, jfh, c, rfiu kW
f(fho). it midJ
xnu Rit cilajh? J tiu f
RitJ
ghjiy v,
bghGJ
RitJ
ghJ
bghUf Ritia fhQ
mltiz ug.

mltiz 3.2
bghU

Rit ( / / fr /
kwit)

j
MuR rhW
uhir gH

vrif !

vYir
rhW

vj bghUis
jFj
tfhLj
yhk
Ritfnth
iffsh
bjhlnth TlhJ.

rfiu
khfh
befh
nrhlh c
f
rika c
jfh

goa cst y ghf, y frghf, kW y ghf

Ugij czuyh.
98

gUbghUf kW mj jikf
3.3.1. mwhl th myf, fhuf kW cf
nfhilfhy cf o
CWfh jahF nghJ f vw
myij nrghf. vjfhf
nrwhf
vW nfoU
fsh? iyba bghGJ
fhuzij fLof.

iAu#id bgWsJ.

j,
vYirrhW,
MuR,
f Mad ghf csd.
j RitF m cs mynk
fhuzkhF. j nt a my
jikahF. my vw thij
ml vw y bkh
brhUJ vLfgLsJ.
brh bghU vgjhF.

jhtufUJ
yF
fUJ bgwgL myf fk
myf vdgL. tifahd gy
myf aif ilwJ.
MuR kW vYir
my
csJ.
gh
UJ
cUthd j ghf UF.
m
yho
my
csJ.
czf fhzgL myf
a Fiwjit. Fghdf
fhngh my csJ. M
kh my csJ.

myf
ekJ
mwhl
thY, czY neuoahfnth
kiwKfkhfnth
Ka
gF
twd. bghJthf, myf
lbga
brajf

f
( mo my)

my UtifgL.
1. fk my
2. fk my
fk myf

vYir
( my)
jfh
(M[h my)

M
(kh my)

aif
ilF
myf

vW
( gh my)
gh
(yho my)

uhir
(lhlh my)

gl 3.19 myf mj _yf

99

nta
fk myf

fhuf
mwhl th fhuf kW
mf

gl 3.20 fk myf

jhJ bghUfUJ bgwgL

my fk my vdgL.
vLJfhlhf
iAnuhFnsh
my(HCl),
fjf
my
(H2SO4) kW ie my
_W bgUghY
(HNO3).
M
Tlf
(gl
3.20)
gagLjgLwd.
tif
myfis ftdkhf gagLj
ntL, Vbd mit, mF
jik bfhlit. j myf
njhiy mgnjhL, cnyhffis
mF jik thjit. fzho
kW kghlij mfhJ.
Mjyh mit fzho Ftis
itfgLwd.
vyh myfY lbga
brajf iAu# ma csJ.

buho nrhlh Rit ghf

UfhJ. mJ frghf UF.
buhonrhlh
my
iy
vgij fhLwJ. j fiuriy
ufsh bjhLghjh, mJ
nrh nghw tGtGghf UF.
tif bghUf fhujik
thjit.
cnyhf
MirL
kW
iAuhirL
nrkf
fhuf
vdgL.
fhuf
gf, myf gfSF
vuhdit. nrhoa iAuhirL
(vnrhlh)
kW
bghlha
iAuhirL (vbghlhR) nghw
fhuf mF jik cilait.
fhuf
Ul
nrUnghJ
iAuhirL maia bfhL
wJ. fiu fhufSF
mf vW bga. fha,
nrhoa, bghlha Mat
iAuhirLf
mffSF
vLJfhLfshF. it
fiu fhuf MF.
vyh mffS fhufshF.
Mdh vyh fhufS mff
my.
mf vw thij muh
brhUJ
tjjhF. j
bghU kurhg. j rhg
nrhoa
kW
bghlha
fhgndLf UF.
mwhl th eh gagLJ
y fhuf mltiz 3.3-
bfhLfgLsJ.

fL ma
Lf br kW jis
ghufis vthW ik
gLJwhf
vgij
ftf. mjF V ia
gagLJwhf?

vrif!
ntbghUfis Ritfnth,
ifah bjhlnth TlhJ.
100

gUbghUf kW mj jikf
mltiz 3.3
fhu bga

ntWbga

Rl Rzh

fha MirL

bghlha iAuhirL

fho bghlhZ

fha iAuhirL

W Rzh

nrhoa iAuhirL

fho nrhlh

bka iAuhirL

bka ghk

mltiz 3.4
fhu bga

fhzgL bghU

fha iAuhirL

Rzh

mnkha iAuhirL

fzhoia Rj br bghU

nrhoa iAuhirL,
bghlha

nrh

iAuhirL
bka iAuhirL

my

fhuf kW myfis fl gnrhjid

xU bghU jikia ma Mthsf, mij bjhlnth,
Ritfnth khlhf. Vbd my kW fhu Ma uL F
isfToait kW njhiy mF jik cilait. vdnt
wfhoia gagLJtnj ghJfhghdjhF.
bghJthf gagLjgL y wfhof k, bk MuR kW
~dhj. ij ju, y aif wfhofS csd. mit kr,
t KilnfhR rhW kW % rhW MF.
mltiz 3.5
wfhof

my mj w

fhu mj w

~dhj

wkwit

st

kr

kr

brft

% rhW

st

bt kr

t KilnfhR rhW t / st

101

gir

nta
3.3.2. aif fhzgL wfhof
k - X aif rha
bghJthf gagLjgL aifwfho
k MF. J iyf (gl 3.21) UJ
jahfgLwJ. j w Cjhthf UF.
my nrF nghJ j w tghf khW.
fhuf k wfhol y wij
jUwd. tif wfhof fiurfshfnth,
W fhj JLf (k jhf) tonyh
gagLjgLwd. bghJthf t kW y
wyhd k jhf gagLjgLwd.

t kjh

gl 3.21 iyf

y kjh
my

fhu

gl 3.22 t k jh fhufiur
bjhLnghJ ywkhf khWwJ.

bra 3.11
nehf : k jhis bfhL
fiur jikia flj
njitahd bghUf : nrhjid
fiurf, nrhjidFHh, k jh,
nrhjidFHh jh

gl 3.23 y k jhis my
bjhLnghJ tghf khWwJ.

cW neh mnth

brKiw : xU nrhjid FHh MuR

rhWl js iu nrJ fyf.
ilF
fiur
xU
Jia
brhLL fU cjl t
w k jh J l. jh w gl 3.24 khztf my, fhu
g M brwhf
khajh? nj braiy y k jh
bfhL bra. nj ngh, tU
bghUfis nrhjid brJ wkhwij goal. y kW t
w k jhf wij khwhj fiurf eLiy fiurf vW
miHfgLwJ. tif fiurfSF my kW fhujik
ilahJ. (v.fh. thiy to)
102

gUbghUf kW mj jikf
mltiz 3.6
t.
v

nrhjidF gagL
fiur

1.

FHh

2.

nrh

3.

4.

rfiu fiur

5.

c fiur

6.

Rzh

7.

ryit nrhlh fiur

8.

9.

bkah ghk

10.

fhlgl
Fghd

t w
k jh
J is

y w k
jh J
is

fljit

kr X aif wfho
bra 3.12

ehnd brnw

nehf: kr bghoia gagL thJ mil jahj.

njitahd bghUf: kr bgho, mil, nrh fiur
brKiw : xU njfuo kr bghoia vLJ bfhnl.
js iu nrJ fghf kh bfhnl. j fig
btis jh J jl fha itnj. vdF oj glfis
nrh fiuriy gagL tiunj.
nghJ vDila thJ mil jah.
eh kr milia WW JLfshf bto bfhnl.
eh j kr milia gagL mltiz cs nrhjid
fiuriy nrhjid brJ mltiz g brnj.
kr
f
nrh
fiur
gl 3.25. thJ mil jahj
103

nta
v

nrhjidF
gagL fiur

1.

vYir rhW

2.

MuR rhW

3.

4.

bkah ghk

5.

rika nrhlh
fiur

6.

Rzh

7.

rfiu fiur

8.

rhjhuz c fiur

kr jla
jh J khw

nkY mJbfhnth

fh gG w csJ.
j Rit fr. J fhukh?
mykh? Ritia itJ
g mfhk nrhjid
brJ ghJ g Tw.

kj cl cs brf (DNA) o
M ngh my csJ. it
brf brafis fLgLJwJ.
vLJfhlhf j brf kj
cl mik, w kW cau
MatF fhuzkhf mikwJ.
ujf cl flikF cjwJ.
uj mndh myf csJ.
bfhG bfhG my csJ.

bra 3.13

ehfns brnwh

vfSila wfho
nehf : wfho jahj
njitahd bghUf: t Kilnfh, %, brgU .
brKiw : ehf t Kilnfh, %, brgU Matiw
vLJ bfhnlh. d jjahf cu nghL miunjh.
mjid jFj fiugh (mnlh myJ MfAh) Ma
cjnahL fyFnth. d fiuriy jjahf tofo
fzho FLit nrfngh jnghJ vfSila wfho jah.

gl 3.26 wfhoia
jahf gagL
aif bghUf

104

gUbghUf kW mj jikf
myf gf
Rit cilait.
mF jik cilait.
bghJthf vyh myfY iAu#
UF. UD iAu# cs
midJ nrkfS myf my.
v.fh. nj(CH4), mnkhah(NH3)
kW FSnfh (C6H12O6)
myf cnyhffSl idJ
iAu# thit btnaWwd.
cnyhf + my

c + iAu#

myf y k jhis t
wkhf khW.
myf ~dhj wfhol
vj j wK jUtiy.
myf bk MuR wfho
l st w jUwd.
myf rhuij eF flj
Toait.
gl 3.27 kjh

nkY mJbfhnth
stgh, ykh? iAuhah nknuhigyh, myff gagL
xU bro MF. bro k jiknfg btntW w
f ToaJ.
myjiks k tsUnghJ y wY,
fhujiks k tsUnghJ Cjh wY, eLiy jiks
k btis wY F.

gl 3.28 iAuhah nknuhigyh

105

nta
myf gaf
fk myf gaf
1. nta MTlf gagLwd.
rha, kUJ, cu, btobghU kW
2. 
thrid
uaf
jahF
bjhrhiyf gagLwJ.
3. cnyhffis jhJf UJ J
vLgjF kW vYf UJ
id gjF gagLwJ.
4. myf, fayth, iAu# rigL,
iAu#, rg il MirL nghw
thfis jahgjF gagLwd.

fk myf
gaf
1. czit gjgLj
2. itl C jahf
3. rika nrhlh
jahf
4. cz kW
Fghdf
Ritia Tl

5. bgnuha RfgjF gagLwJ.

tzf

btobghU

myf
gaghLf
cu

v~F bjhrhiy

J
bgnuha
gl 3.29 myf gaghLf
106

gUbghUf kW mj jikf
fhuf gf

fhuf gaf

1. fr Ritilait.
2. 
tik f fhuf mF
jikthjJ.
3. wj flf MF.
4. nrh kW vbz nghW
bjhLtjF
tHtHghf
UF.
5. t k jhis y wkhf
khW.
6. iAuh
bfhlit.

bjhFia

1. nta Mtff gagLwJ.

2. nrh, J kW sho
jahF bjhrhiy
gagLwJ.
3. bgnuha Rf iyaf
gagLwJ.
4. fhj, kUJ jahgjF
gagLwJ.
5. Milf goJs fiw, vbz
RFfis mfw gagLwJ.

nrh jahj

Mtf fhuf

fhu
gaf

bgnuha Rf

kUJ
jahj
Mil cs
fiuia Fj

fhj bjhrhiy
gl 3.30 fhu gaf

bra 3.14

ehfns brnth

my kiH g thj
khztf WW FGfshf J bfhs
ntL. xbthU FG my kiH fhuz
kW a isf g thf ntL.
d FGjiyt thj fUJfis
bjhFJiufntL. Ko Ma midJ
fUJfis bjhFJ tHfntL.
107

khztf

nta
eLiyahf

nkY mJbfhnth

myf y k jhis
t wkhf,
fhuf t
k jhis ywkhf khW
vW goUnwh. mit uL
btntW ntjik bfhlit.
X myij fhunjhL fyjh
vd MF? eh tU bra
_y mij flnth.
bra 3.15 cW neh mnth
nehf
:
fhu
myjh
eLiyahfgLtij
mJ
bfhSj
njitahd
bghUf:
iAnuhFnsh my, nrhoa
iAuhirL,
~dhj,
fzho Kfit, fzho F,
nrhjid FHh, nrhjid FHh
jh.

fjf my nt
bghUf
mur
vW miHfgLwJ.
Vbdwh gntW nt
bghUfis
jahf
fjf my mogil
_ybghUshF.
xU
eho
bghUshjhu,
mj eho gagLj
gL fjf myij
bghWjjhF.
cy
mf tik f my
~Snuh r my
MF (HFSO3).
nkY mJbfhnth

brKiw : xU nrhjid FHh

5
nrhoa
iAuhirL
vLJbfhf.
2-3
Jf
~dhj
nrjh,
fiur w stghf
khW. d, fiur j
iAnuhFnsh
my
Jfis
bkJthf
nrJ
ghf. mj w kiwJL.
J
fhuf,
myjh
eLiyahfgLtij
fhLwJ.
fhujik thj fiuriy
myjikbfhl
fiurnyhL
nrF nghJ eLiyahf id
eilbgWwJ. j _y my
myjik,
fhu
fhujik mfgLwJ. j
idF wF ilF fiur
eLiy jikl fhzgLwJ.
id eljl nrhjid
FHhia
bjhL
ghf.
108

ekJ t my RugJ
cfSF
bjkh?
eh
cz mUa , t
my RuwJ. mJ czit
brkhdkhf
brwJ.
myf
t
mf
Rugjh,
ekF
tW
nfhshWf
VgLwd.
y czf t cs
myjikia
Fiwf,
eLiyahf
gagLwJ.
t
myjikia
Fiwf Kakhf gagL
bghUf xW gh MF.
cfsh btgij czu Kowjh?
eLiyahf id eilbgW
bghGJ btg btlgLwJ.
xU myK fhuK idJ
KYkhf eLiyahf elgjh,
va
c
ilwJ.
c
fhujik,
myjik
yhk eLiy jik cilajhf
UF.
my + fhu

c + + btg

gUbghUf kW mj jikf
c
bghJthf xU myK fhuK eLiyahf id <LgLnghJ
cUthF ma nrkfns c MF.
nrhoa iAuhirL + iAnuhFnsh my

(fhu)
(my)

nrhoa FnshiuL + + btg

(c)

mltiz 3.8
my bga

cUthF c

c bga

iAnuhFnsh my FnshiuL

nrhoa FnshiuL
fhg FnshiuL
~bgFnshiuL

ie my

nrhoa ienu
fhg ienu
~bgienu

ienu

c gaghL
mltiz 3.9
c bga

gaghL
kj clYF

fha ghng
fha yhnl

kj cl uhf af

~bgu rng
nrhoa FnshiuL
L gaghL
nrhoa FnshiuL

czit bflhk ghJfhf,

Ritia Tl

nrhoa ig fhgnd

Fghd, buho jah

nuwgl
bghlha
mYa rng.

jiu ikgLj

bjhrhiy gaghL
nrhoa fhgnd

ryit nrhlh jahf

fhg rng

bfh

bghlha ienu

btokUJ jahf
109

nta
3.3.3. eLiyahf ( mwhl
thif fhzgLgit )

bjhrhiy ff
y bjhrhiy ff
myf
csd.
it

Mjhuf (MW, fl) fyF

nghJ kW mt thG
cdf
mfgLwd.
Mifah,
tif
ff
fhufis itJ eLiyahfYF
cgLjgl ntL.

brkhdik
ekJ t iAnuhFnsh
my
RuwJ.
J
cz
brf cjwJ. mf my
Rujh
brkhdikia
cL gQ. mJ tWtia
VgLJ.
brkhdikia
r bra
bkah ghk
gagLjgLwJ.

kiz brikgLJj
trha
yf
mfkhd
cuf
gagLJtjh,
k
myjik thjjhf khWwJ.
mj k
bro tsuhJ.
Mifah,
fhuij gagL
eLiyahfgl ntL. mnj
ngh k fhujik cilajhf
Ujh, fk bghUf cs
myjh k fhujik
eLiyahfgL.

vW foj
vW
foF
nghJ
gh
myij
njhD
brYJwJ. jdh t kW
f
VgLwJ.
foth,
Jjehf
fhgnd(fhyik)
bfhL
njg
_y
njhD
brYjgl
my
eLiyahfgLtjh FzkhwJ.

fh mltizia brf (mltiz 3.10)

my

fhu

myf Rit cilad

fhuf t k jhis ykhf
khW.
myf iAu# bfhlJ
fhuf wj flf MF.

kL
1. 
aa khwf s Toait (id) nta khwf s
ayhjit (sh id). fh khwf aa khwfsh myJ
nta khwfsh vW tifgLj.
m) Kilia bghj.

M) bgnuh vj.

) fzho cilj

<) gh UJ j cUthFj.

c) RU iy mGJj.

C) xnrif

v) brj
110

gUbghUf kW mj jikf
2. bjhiyia fLgLj Fkh mJUilia nuh itjh.
y ehfSF wF, mJ jh lJ. j khwF fhuz
vd? j cs f ahJ?
3. ky jij M th tjh. mij JLfshf bto
mtSF bfhLjh. J neu mJ gG wkhf khaJ. mij
fL mt j jijl J vgo fjJ vW nflh. mt
jij g vdthf UF?
4. nj bfhodh f tF. cfSila egid nj bfhodh
vthW cj brf?
1. vbghUis mt if jlf? 2. mbghU ntg ahJ?
5. fhuzij TWf.
m) brkhdikia FzgLJ khiuf bghJthf fhu
UF. V?
M) flfiu gFf iuthf U JUogJ V?
6. mdnuh ghOahf (fhyh Niy cs ghOah)
yFf ffis brJ aif thit btLwd.
(khw-m). thf vbghUshf vfgLwd (khw-M). j
khwfis tifgLJf. tUtdtW rahdij nj brf.
1) m xU nta khw
2) M - xU nta khw
3) m kW M uLnk nta khwf
7. kufilia JLfshf btLjY, mjid vjY U ntwhd
khwfshF. fhuz TWf.
8. xU JUoj Mia, JU ofhj Mia vLJ uil
Rayh mof. tW vJ tikahdJ? V?
9. bghUJf.
m) f
M) gh
)
<)
fha MirL
c) bka iAuhirL
10. nfhol lij uf.

-
-
-
-
-

Rl Rzh
mo my
bkah ghk
lhlh my
yho my

1. myf ________ Rit bfhlit (fr / ).

2. bkGFt
vj
(aa / nta).

________

111

khwF

cjhuz

MF

nta
3. bghJthf fhufis, myfis fla gagL aif
wfho ________ ( k / dhj ).

l
I. cf o fhzgL bghUfis goaL mij my, fhu kW
c vW fhQ Kiw tifgLJf.
1. Fayiw bghUf ( nrh, ryit nrh, U eh )
2. mHF rhjdf
( gl, )
3. cz bghUf
( CWfh, vYir, mndhnkhnlh,
nrhlh)
4. ju bghUf (fh ngl, Frhjd bgo, bfh,
#d Jilgh )
II. xU aif wfhoia jahf. cf L gF UJ
btntW j khfis vLf. ( FiwjJ 5 khf ).
(mt my, fhu kW eLiy jikia cfSila wfho
_y flf. mij cWneh mltiz FJ Koit thf)
j kh

my

fhu

eLiy

kh - 1
2
3
4
5
khfis tifgLa , vj khia m) FogjF M) fGtjF
) ghrdF <) FgjF gagLJf vW vGj.
nkY ma
jf
1) Introductory Chemistry - M Katyal, Oxford University press, New Delhi
2) Advanced Organic Chemistry Bahl and Arun Bahl Johnson
izajs
http://chemistry.about.com/library/btacid.quiz.htm
http://www. chem4kids.com/files/read-acidbase.html
http://www funsci.com/fun3-en/acids/acids.htm

112

aa
fghf mQ iya

xU eh fhiy KJ mgh vghuhj ikahd bria j

FHijfl bjjh.
jij : FHijfns, u jahuhFf. eh fghf
uhfh mQ Muh ikaF bry nghnwh.

cs

KJ : mgh, fghf mQfU ciy csjh?

jij: Mkh, fghf dhwiy cg br mQfU ciy
xW csJ. brw LKiw eh nk^ mizF brW
iya rhu vthW cg bragLwJ vgij
fnlhnk! idUwJ myth? mjF Kija LKiw
yf bfhL rhu jahF v md rhu
iyaij ghnjh myth? j ML mQ Mwiy
gagLJ fghf mQiyaF bry Unwh.
 F brtJ vdF f crhfkhf UwJ mgh. cg
KJ : m
iyaf rhu cg br Kiwfis mJbfhs eh
f Mtkhf Unw.
 Dila aa tF rhuij g nkY mJ
jij: c
bfhth.
eKila mwhl braghLf rhu f Ka gF twJ.
rhu yhj thifia ekh idJTl ghf ayhJ.
rhu ekJ brafis vjhFtJl, ekJ thifia trahFwJ.
f gagLJ
goaLf.

bghUf

114

rhujh

aFgitfis

a
rhu sFfis xu
brtjh UoY ekh ghf
KowJ. nkY mLf
btgij
cUth
cz
rikf rhu gagLwJ.
ekJ Fuiy ff _y vLJ
bry,
bjhl tof
kfis Xl UJ knwh
lF
iuthf
bfhL
bry rhu gagLwJ.
ekJ
th
mfkhs
ffS
rhujh
aFwd.
rhuij
bgWnwh?

eh

vUJ

eh
Lf,
gf
gagLJ rhu mUfhik
cs Jiz iyafUJ
bgwgLwJ.

lig

gl 4.1

nghW
tisj
jfLfis
bfhoUF. myJ uh
brYjgL
j ligf
RHwgLwd.
it
af f RUfSl
izfgoUF.

Jiz
iyaf
bga
cg
iyafUJ
rhuij bgWwd. cg
iyafUJ rhu ff
thyhf khfSF vLJ
brygL
btF
bjhiyF
bfhL brY tif mj
dGj mffgLwJ.
Jiz
iyaf
thW
rhuij
bgW,
mj dGjij Fiwj
wF
fgf
thyhf
khfSF mDwd.
j
khfUJjh
rhu
Lf,
gf
nghw rhu njitgL w
lfSF mDggLwd.
cg
iyaf
ligf vdgL bga RHY
rfuf mikJsd. xbthU
ligD
fhwhiy
csJ

gl 4.2

va a x, f
RU
xW
fhjKidfSF
ilna
RHYgo
mikf
goUF. fRU RHwgL
nghJ rhu cUthwJ. md
iyaf
fRUshdJ
uhah
RHwgLwJ.
uhahdJ
lig
cs
jfLfJ GnghJ jlhdJ
RHwgLnghJ mjDl izJ
fRUS
RHwgLwJ.
115

aa
gok
vbghUfshd
yf,
vbz, aif vth nghwit
vfgL, uhdJ NlhfgL
uh bgwgLwJ.

jehL KJwJ

mQ
iyaf
nua
mQ
sfgLtjh
cUthF
btgij
bfhL
uh bgwgLwJ. j uh
ligfis RHw gagLwJ.
iyaf ntfkhf
brY

ligfis
RHWwJ.

4.1. fy (Electric cell)

fy vgJ ndhlij
jU _ykhF. mJ ntahwiy
dhwyhf kh jU X
mikghF.
fy UntWgl cnyhf
jfLf gFbghU vdgL.
ntbghUD itfgLsd.
ntid fhuzkhf X
cnyhf jfL nendhlij,
knwh
cnyhf
jfL
vndhlij
bgWtjh
ndhl cUthwJ.

fhwhw
vgJ
Jfjf
ikahd,
khrw
Kakhd
Mw
_y MF. fhwhiyf f
bga fhwhof _y fhwhw
dhwyhf khwgLwJ.
ah fhwhw _y
cg br khyf
jehL Kjl twJ.
J 5000 bkfh th dhwiy
cg br w bfhlJ.
bgUghyhd
fhwhiyf
jehoYs
JFo,
fahFk,
Ubent
khtlf mikJsd.

fyf tiff :
fyf UtifgL.
Kjik fyf
Kjik fyf vgit
xUKiw kLnk gagLjgl
Toait.
mtiw
L
ndw
bra
ayhJ.
fyf gagLjgLbghGJ
mtYs
ntbghUf
gagLjgLtjh,
L
tiw cgnahf KoahJ.
vLJfhL: fofhuf, lh
sFf, ol fofhuf,
fzL
fU
(Calculator)
nghwitf
gagL
fyf.

gl 4.3

116

a
Jiz fyf (nr fyf)
Jiz fyfis ndw brJ gyKiwf gagLjyh.
vLJfhL: jhaf,

ifngf,

mtrufhy

sFf

nghwitf gagLjgL fyf.

eilKiw gagLjgL fyf msf

AAA
AA

AAAA

fyf
msf
9V Battery

C
D

Button cells

gl 4.4

Kj Kjyhf fhth vw jha

Phah
fy
cUthfglJ.
mnyrhnuh nthlh vgtuh nkgLjglJ.
J nkY nkgLjgL jfhy fyf
cUthfgLwd. jnghJ eilKiw L
L dhwiy juToa fhufyf, Na
fyf csd. Na fyf xahwiy
dhwyhf khWwd.
117

fhth

aa
bfhLfgLs glfis MuhJ fyfis bfhL bragL
fUf, fyfis gagLjhj fUf vd tifgLJf.

Fgjdbgo

Eziy mL

iffofhu

bjhiyfh

ifng

bjhlto

Rtfofhu

fgh

rhu bghik

4.2. RW
RW vgJ fy neKid UJ vKidF }l
brY bjhlahd _oa ghijahF.
RW vgJ bghJthf tUtdtwh cUthfgL.
m) fy (m) fy mLF - ndhlij jU _y.
M) izff - ndhlij vLJ bry.
) sF - nghw dhwiy gagLJ mik.
<) rh - ndhlij
njitahd
nghJ
brYjnth,
Wjnth gagL mik. J R vgFY
izfglyh.
ndhl brYnghJ RW _oa RW vd ndhl
bryhjnghJ RW wj RW vd Twyh.
118

a
tU glfis ftf.

(a)

(b)

(c)
gl 4.5

nkfhQ glf VnjD x sfhdJ xUkh? V vW

Twyhkh ?
gl (a) ndhlij jU fy iy.
gl (b) ndhl brtjfhd iz f iy.
gl (c) ghij bjhlahf iy.
vdnt nkfhQ vj glY sfhdJ xuhJ.

xU
fy
kW
xU
sF izfgl RW
gl 4.6 fhlgLsJ.
gl 4.6

tU glf fyK, sF btntW Kiwf

izfgLsd. t vjj izf sF xU?
jfhd fhuzij TWfns.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(e)

(f)

(d)

119

aa
bra 4.1

cW neh mnth

vYirgH fy
ekF njitahdit:
vYirgH, Rkh 5 br.. sKs
jhuf, U iz ff, U
M, fhtdh l
1. vYirgHij nkir J mG
cUo, mjD ewhf rhW cUthFkhW
brantL.
2.
X iz f xU Kidia

jhufl ewhf izf. jhu
fia vYirgHD brhUf.
kWKidia fhtdhl xU UFl
izf.
kbwhU iz f xU Kidia
3. 
U Ml izf. U
Mia jhufUJ Rkh 3br bjhiy UFgo
vYirgHD brhUf. f kWKidia fhtdhl
kbwhU UFl izf.
4.nghJ fhtdhl FK sfkiltij fhzyh. F
vYir gHrhW gFbghUshf, jhuf, U M,
thfshf bragLwd.

X vYirgH jU ndhl f Fiwthf UF. vdnt
ij nghw _W myJ ehF fyfis xwhf izJ.
a sif ( led ) xu brayh.

nkTa bragho jhuf neKidahf U M

vKidahf, vYirrhW gFbghUshf bragLwd.
njnghW vYir gHF gyhf cUisHF myJ
%il gagLjyh. itfUJ rhu cUthwjh?
nkY mJbfhnth
fhtdhl
fhtdhl vgJ, RWf
brY ndhlij fla
gagL fU MF. fhtdh l
tna ndhl brYnghJ mj
FK yfkil.

120

a
FpLf vjfhf?
xUtUF Riw sFnghJ mij tiua ntoa flha
VgLwJ. Riw tiunghJ mf neukhF. nkY, fy mLF,
sF nghwitfis xbthUtU btntW jf tiuthf.
J FHgij VgLJ. jF fhz, FpLfis gagL
RWfis tiu Kiwia gagLjyh.

4.3. bghUf FpLf

R bghJthf
gagLjgL bghUf FpLf
mltiz bfhLfgLsd.
t.
v

bghU
bga

gl

FpL

sf

1.

fy
(Cell)

skhd nfhL
neKidia, a
nfhL vKidia
FF.

2.

fy
mLF
(Battery)

uL myJ mjF
nkgl fyf
nrj mik.

3.

bjhL rh
(Switch)

bjhL rh braglh
(OFF) iy
csJ. RW
ahfiy.
ndhl bryhJ.
bjhL rh bragL
(ON) iy csJ.
RW ahF.
ndhl brY.

4.

sF
(Bulb)

sF
xuiy.

sF xwJ.
5.

iz
f

bghUfis
izf gagL.

121

aa

4.4. RR
ia Wjnth afnth,
Wjnth vij gagLJf?

sif

xuitfnth

jfhf gagLjgL mik R vdgL. jid bjhLrh

vd Twyh. R, R ndhlij mDkfnth, jLJ
Wjnth gagLwJ.
rh K
_lgLnghJ (ON) RW ahF. nghJ R
ndhl brY. vdnt sF xU.
rh _oa iy cs RW
FpLfis
gagLa RW

(ON iy )

gl 4.7

rh K wfgLnghJ (OFF) RW ahfhJ. nghJ R

ndhl bryhJ. vdnt sF xuhJ.
rh wj iy cs RW

FpLfis
gagLa RW

(OFFiy)

gl 4.8

f!
sD
cs iH
mWJLnghJ
sF
xtiy. V?
122

a
bra 4.3

ehnd brnw

va rh (switch) xiw cUthFj

vdF njitahdit: bkikahd
a kugyif, ngg , U
bfhil Cf(Drawing board pins),
_W iz ff, jh
bghUjgl sF, fy.
1. bfhilCfSl jjahf
U iz ffis iznj.
xU Cia kugyif J
bghUnd.
2. 
kbwhU Cia ngg
xUKid cs tisa tna
brY, gyif J bghUnd.
3. 
U iz ff x
Kidia fy ne Kidl
iznj.
4. kbwhU iz f Kidia
s
xU
Kidl
iznj.
5. s kWKidia fy
vKidl iznj.
6. 
ngg uL Cfis
bjhLgo Ugglh sF
xU. (nghJ rh jhahuhlJ)
nkY mJbfhnth
yhF
yhF vgJ rhuij
cUthfty
dhF.
J
jfhfhf jdJ iuia
of tikahd rhuij
cUth jhf ToaJ. tif
f mnkrh e a
Y, bj mbkfh cs
Xndhbfh
egLifY
thwd.
123

aa
bra 4.3

ehnd brnw

vdF njitahdit: xU fy mLF, rh, sF, sho

msnfh, ku msnfh, jhu f, cnyhfrh, cnyhf C,
fzho jL.

(B)
(A)

1. iz ffis bfhL gl csijngh RW

xiw cUthnd.
2. eh vLJ bfhl bghUfis xbthwhf A kW BF
il iznj.
3. rh _lgLnghJ sF xwjh vd ftnj.
) FL Fnj.
eh ftjtiw jFj flF (
t.
v.

bghU

1.

cnyhf rh

2.

ku ms nfh

3.

sho msnfh

4.

cnyhf C

5.

jhu f

6.

fzho jL

sF
xwJ

sF
xuiy

jhuf, cnyhf C, cnyhf rh Ma bghUf

izfgLnghJ kLnk sF xtij fnl. nghJ
bghUf tna ndhl ghwJ vd, RW
milwJ vgij mJ bfhnl.
ku msnfh, sho msnfh kW fzho jL Mait
izfgLnghJ sF xuiy. UJ bghUf
tna ndhl ghaiy vd RW ailaiy
vgij mJ bfhnl.
124

a
nkTa braghoUJ bgwgL Kof mogil
bghUfis flf, fhbghUf vd tifgLjyh.

4.5. flf kW fh bghUf

flf (Conductors)

fh bghUf (Insulators)

j tna ndhlij nghf

mDkF bghUf.
vLJfhL: jhu, U nghw
vyh cnyhff, kj cl, .

j tna ndhlij
nghf mDkfhj bghUf.
vLJfhL: sho, ku, ug,
fzho.

jhu gl 4.9

ku

gl 4.10

4.6. ndhl btgis

kiH,
anghJ
oia
bjhlJ
thd
g
vd
njhW
xia
ghUf.
j
xia
eh d vnwh. d
vgJ U nkfTlfSF
ilna eilbgW tikahd
ndhljh bgwgL bgh
MF.
d
jhFnghJ
kuf v; fllf oJ
G. kuf vtjF fhuz
mt
tahf
brY
tikahd ndhlnk MF.
f
tna
ndhl
brtij
fzh
ghf
Kokh? KoahJ. Mdh mjdh
cUthF isfis ghJ
czu Ko. bka f xiw
fy U KidfSilna
izf. y dhof fJ
fia bjhL ghf. vd
czf? mJ Nlhf UwJ

f!
ntiy brgtf ug
ifiw kW fhyfis
mJ bfhtJ V?
myth? M mJ Nlhf csJ.
ndhl brtjdhjh f
NlhdJ vW mnwh myth?
f brY ndhl
btgisit
VgLJwJ.
nktFf
ndhl
brYnghJ V btg cUthwJ
vgij mJ bfhf.
125

aa
bka f xiw fy U KidfSilna izf.
y dhof fJ fia bjhL ghf. vd czf?
mJ Nlhf UwJ myth? M. jfhd fhuz vd? ndhl
f tna brYnghJ btgij cUthFwJ.
bra 4.4

ehnd brnw

vdF njitahd bghUf :

1.5 V bfhl _W fyf, _W iz ff, a sF,
fh gil
1. _Wff UKidfY
bjhL ghnj. nghJ
Rkh 1 br.. sF cnyhf
sfhdJ
Nlhf
f UFkhW fhig
Ugij cznj.
nd.
UJ
ndhl
2.fy
vKidia
f x _y rh
xU Kidl iznj.
kbwhU f _y rh
kWKidia
s
UF gFl iznj.
UKidfis
fh
gil _y iznj.
3. 
_whtJ fia bfhL
fy
neKidia
s
mogFl
iznj.
4. rh _lgLnghJ sF
xtij fnl.
5.rh wj iy csnghJ
sif bjhL ghnj.
6.rhia _o J neuF
ndhlij
ghgo
brj
wF
sif
nkfl braghoUJ,
ndhldh cUthF
btgkhdJ
ndhl
brY fhy kW gh
ndhl
ms
Matiw bghUjJ vd
mnwh.

brYnghJ
sfhdJ
btgkiltij
cznj.
ndhlkhdJ btg isit
VgLJwJ
vgij
mnj.
7. 
wF
s
tna
rW
mfkhd
neuF
ndhlij brYnd.
nghJ
sfhdJ
mfkhf
btgkiltij
fnl.
8. s
tna
mfgoahf ndhlij
brY tif R U
fyfis iznj.
nghJ mfgoahd btg
cUthdij fnl. _W
fyfis izFnghJ
nkY mfgoahd btg
cUthtij cznj.
nkY mJbfhnth

n u h
vgJ
f
kW Fnuha
nrj cnyhf
fyit

126

a
ndhldh cUthF btgisit mogilahf bfhL
aF xU y rhjdfis fhnghkh?
sF

bt
bfhfy

(Electric bulb)

(Electric kettle)

xia ju
gagLwJ.

iu bfhf
itf,
nj
jahf
gagL.

buho RL
mL

ryit bgo
(Electric iron)

(Electric toaster)

Jfis
njf
gagLwJ.
rhjdf
cUthwJ?

buho
RLtjfhf
gagL.
btg

vthW

btg
rhjdf
midY
ndhldh
btgij cUthF f xW
UF. J btgnkW bghU
vdgL.btg
rhjdf
J xU f Kakhd gF MF.
J jtif bghUsh (nuh)
bragl
fRU
MF.
ndhl brYnghJ mf
ms btgkil. j btg
cz rikf, ( mL)
iu Nlhf ( bt
bfhfy) gagLwJ.
sD
lldh
bragl RUtot f csJ
J iH vdgL. s
cs
iH
tna
ndhl brYjgL nghJ
ewhf NnlwgL ufhrkhd
xia jUwJ.

cUF iH (Electric Fuse)

rhjd tna mf ms
ndhl brwh vd fG?
mJ mf ms btggLjgL
nrjkil. RWf VnjD
FiwghL VgLnghJ, jifa
iy cUthF. iy f
mghafukhd rkaf ia Tl
cUthfyh.
mfgoahd
ndhl
brYnghJ
rhjdf
nrjkilahk jLf, cUF iH
vw mik gagLjgLwJ.
R
gagLjgL
ghJfh mik cUF iH
vdgL.
jJt kW braghL
ndhljh VgL btg
is mogil cUF
iH bragLwJ.
127

aa
cUF iH vgJ fzho myJ
bruh bghUD itfgl xU
fahF. fahdJ btgkilnghJ
vjhf
cUF
bghUdh
bragoUF. J j tna Fl
bgUk
ndhlij
mDkFgo
totikfgL.
ndhlkhdJ
bgUk kF nkgL nghJ, fahdJ
btgkilJ cUL. jdh RW
JofgL, R brY ndhl
jil bragL. cUF iHfhd
bghJthd FpL.

cUF iH

gl 4.11

nkY mJbfhnth
a
msyhd
RW
(Miniature circuit breaker)

wgh

RW wgh vgJ mfgoahd

ndhl
brYnghnjh,
R
FWF jl VgLnghnjh Riw
ghJfhF jhdhf bragL xU R MF.
RW
wghf njitnfg
btntW msf ilwd. RW
wghf jhdhfnth, ekhnyh L
giHa iyF bfhL brygLwd.
Mdh cUF iHia, mJ cUa wF
kh mikf ntL.

4.7. ndhl fhjis

lR ehil rhj mP oa xabl
1820M ML tFgiw ghl el bfhL
Ujh. mnghJ nkir J itfgoUj
fhjC tlF-bjF ir yhjij ftJ
Mrakiljh. ftdkhf ghjnghJ fhj CahdJ
ndhl brY fF mUfhik Ujij
flh.
fhj Cia ndhl brY fUJ rW
bjhiyF vLJ brYnghJ mJ tlF-bjfhf
gij flh. L fhj Cia ndhl
brY fF mU bfhLtUnghJ mJ
irkhWtij flh. UJ ndhl brY
fia R fhjy Ugij cW brjh.
128

oa
xabl

a
fhj Cbgo
fhj CbgoahdJ, gl fhlgLsJ.
fhj C bgoD fhj C ika
TKid J bghUjgL, ilklkhf
RHYgo mikfgoUF. fhj CahdJ
vnghJ tlF-bjF ir F.
gl 4.12.

bra 4.5

cW neh mnth

ekF njitahdit : fhahd bgo, fhj C, U fy rh,

sF, iz ff.
1.fhahd bgo x cns
jiy UJ yFwJ.
cs a bgoia vLJ
4.fhjij FnghJ fhjC
mjD a fhj Cia
giHa
iynf
L
itf.
Utij fhzyh.
2. bgo
J
fia
5.rhia
_oa
iy
y RWf Rw. f
itJ
R
ndhl
UKidfis
fy
brYgo
brf.
nghJ
mLF kW rhia bfhL
fhj C yfkilwjh?
gl csJnghy Riw
M. yfkilwJ.
cUthf.
6.rhia
wj
iyF
3. ndhl bryhk UF
bfhLtJ
ndhlij
nghJ, fhj CF gf
WJf. fhjC L
rlfhj
xiw bfhL
giHa iyF Uwjh?
tu. nghJ fhj C
M. giHa iyF UwJ.
nrhjid UJ bgwgL Ko ahJ?
"ndhl brY fia R fhjy njhWwJ" vgij
ma KowJ.
129

aa
4.8. fhj (Electromagnet)

ndhlF fhjF ilna bjhl csjh?

bra 4.6
ehnd brnw

vdF njitahdit : 1.5 nth bfhl ehF fyf, jhuf,

l U M, F^f, izff.
U
M
J
1. 
jhufia gy RWfshf
Rnd.

tnj. nghJ F^f

<fgliy.
UJ
ndhl WjgLnghJ,
M fhj jikia HJ
LwJ vd mnj.

2. 
f
xU
Kidia
fy xU KidlD
kWKidia rh tna
fy kWKidlD
iznj.

5. 
M Js f
RWf
vifia
mfJ,
L
nrhjidia
brnj.
nghJ MahdJ Kig
l mfkhd F^fis
<gij fnl.

3. 
rhia _oawF MF
mU
y F^fis
bfhL tnj. nghJ
MahdJ y F^fis
<gij
fnl.
FUJ
ndhl
brYnghJ
MahdJ
fhjkhtij mnj.

6. _W
myJ
ehF
fyfis
bfhL
ndhlij mfgL,
L nrhjidia brnj.
nghJ MahdJ mfkhd
F^fis
<gij
fnl.

4. rhia wjwF, MF
mU F^fis bfhL

nkfl braghoUJ M fhj tikahdJ f

RWf vifia, mj tna brY ndhl
msit bghUjJ vd mnj.

130

a
ndhl brYnghJ bghU
fhjkhfglh, mJ fhj
vdgL.

nkhlh,
jfU,
bjhiyng, rhuk nghw
rhjdf fhjf ga
gLjgLwd. gy bghikf
fhjf gagLjgLwd.
ff jt G U
nghw
fhj
bghUfis
btna vLf kUJtf a
fhjfis
gagLJ
wd.

gl 4.13.

Bt - fy mLF, K - rh
T - Kid, H - Ra, G - k,
I - Ugil, E - fhj

4.9. rhu k (Electric bell)

rg
cfSila
eg LF brfsh?
cfsJ
tUifia
mtUF
vthW bjf?
fjit
jofsh? mFs kia
xfsh?
kia
xgJ
vjhd bra myth?
rhu k
mJbfhnthkh?
rhu
fhlgLsJ.

braghil

L giHa iyF
Kidia bjhL.

brW

jdh L ndhl
brY.
jdh Ugil
GfgL x cUthF. J
L L fGnghJ Ra
bjhlJ kia jh bjhl
xia jU.

gl

nkY mJbfhnth

braghL

zhd
bghUf
Fa
UJ Uig
bjLf
fhjf
gagLwd.

gl
fhlgLs
rhu k R, rh
_lgoUFnghJ fRU
tna ndhl ghwJ. jdh,
fhj fhjkhwJ. mJ U
gilia GF. mjdh mjDl
izfgl Ra kia
jh xia cUthF. nghJ
ndhl
JofgLtjh
f RU ndhl bryhJ.
vdnt fhj fhj jikia
HF. jdh U gil

131

aa

kL
I. rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJf.
1. fy _____________ khWwJ.
(a) nt Mwiy dhwyhf
(b) vu Mwiy nt Mwyhf
(c) dhwiy x Mwyhf
(d) x Mwiy btg Mwyhf
2. fl x tna ndhl brYnghJ mij R _________
cUthwJ.
(a) btg
(b) fhjy
(c) vua ir
(d) nkTa vyh
3. Jiz fyf _____________ .
(a) ndw bra ayhjit
(b) L gagLj Koahjit
(c) ndw branth L gagLjnth Koahjit
(d) ndw brJ, L gagLj Toait
4. bghUjkwij fLof _____________ .
(a ) buho RL mL
(b )
(c) ryit bgo
(d) miw Nnl
5. 
cUF iHahdJ mj tna brY ndhl Fl
_____________ csnghJ cUL.
(a ) Wk kigl mfkhf
( b) Wk kigl Fiwthf
(c) bgUk kigl mfkhf
(d) bgUk kigl Fiwthf
132

a
II. nfhol lfis uf.
1. FpLfis gagL tiuagL RW ___________ vd
miHfgL. (RW gl / gl)
2. buho RL mL kW ryit bgo Mait btgkila
fhuz ndhl ______________ is MF. (fhj / btg)
3. cUF iH vgJ xU ___________ rhjdkhF. (ghJfh / btg)
4. s iHahdJ ___________ bfhL bragLwJ.
(ll/ nuh).
5. T Kid J bghUjgl fhj CahdJ vnghJ _______
iria fhL. (HF - nkF, tlF-bjF)
III. bghUJf.
(a)
1. fy -

}l af

2. cUF iH

ndhlij jU _y

3. fh bghUf -

(b)

(c) fhj

4. rhu k
- (d) rhjdfis nrjkilahk
jLF
5. ndhl
-
(e) ndhlij j t nghf
mDkfhjit
IV. tU TWfis rahf vGJf.
1. fyfhd Fpo skhd nfhL vKidia FF.
2. s tna bjhlJ ndhl brYjgL nghJ mJ
FU.
3. fl x mU itfgL fhj C yfkil.
4. flf j tna ndhlij bry mDkfhjit.
5.  fhj _y zhd bghUf Fa UJ shoif
fyh.
V. tUtdtfhd fhuzfis TWf.
1. JneuF xUgo bragl sif bjhLnghJ
btgij cznwh.
gagLj,
2. cUFiHahf
njbjLf ntL.

vjhf

cUFfia

eh

RW xF mU fhjCia bfhLtUnghJ mJ
3. 
yfkilwJ.
4. fhjjh
<fgL
Wjgll nH Gwd.
133

UJff,

ndhl

aa
VI. cfSF A kW B vw U fyf bfhLfgLwd. xW
ewhf bragL iyY, kbwhW braglhj iyY csd.
t ewhf bragL fyij fla VnjD xU Kiwia
TWf.

VII. tU glf fhzgL jtWfis flJ vGJf.

VIII. tU glfis ftJ tUtdtiw bfhL ilaf.

( xU, xuhJ, fl, fhbghU )

(a)

(b)

ug tisa

metal key

1. gl (a ) sF ___________ . vdnt, ug tisakhdJ

___________ MF.
2. gl (b) sF ___________ . vdnt, cnyhf rhahdJ
___________ MF.
IX. g
 l fhlgLs ehF fyfis vthW fy mLfhf
khwyh vgij nfhLf _y izJ fhLf.

134

a
X. tU rhjd FpLf ytiw bfhL sF xW
va njitahd Riw tiuf.

xi. tU Riw ftf. sfhdJ xtjF R

braglntoa
khwfis flf.
rahd Riw
FpLfis bfhL tiuf.

brJghUf
1. cfl _W fyfS, xU sF jugLsJ. xU
fyij bfhL Riw cUthf. ijnghynt uL
kW _W fyfis bfhl Riw cUthf. s
xj VgL khWghil ftJ mltiz vGJf.
fyf vif
xW

xj jik

uL
_W
2. 
cfl U M, skhd fhlgl jhuf,
fyf, U F^f Mait jugLsd.

_W

50 RWf bfhl fhjij cUthf. Jl xU fyij

izJ F^f mU itf. fhjjh <fgl F^ f
vifia fzLf. ijnghy uL kW _W fyfis
bfhL nrhjidia Ug brJ msLfis mltizgLJf.
fyf vif

<fgL F^f vif

xW
uL
_W
135

aa
nkY ma
jf
1. Know about Science - Electricity - Anju Chawla, Dreamland Publication
2. Young Scientist - World Book, Inc.
3. New Science in every day life - Oxford University Press.
izajs
http://www.howstuffworks.com
http://www.dmoz.org/kidandteens/schooltime/science.com

136

137
137

ca

FHijfns! nkny bfhLfgLsJ X mHfhd njhlJl Toa

o gl. gJ yFf kiwJsd vgJ aghdJ. mtiw
eh fLonghkh?
gl jhtufSF yFfSF ilna cs beUfkhd
cwid fhLwJ.

98

Niy kly

1.1. Niy kly

XN mUnf kj tlF
ahidf EiHjd.

UZz kh 24, 2010. XN mUnf cs FKog vD

uhkF EiHj ahidfis L rdkh fhoF Juld.
_W Mahidf kj tlkhd uhkF Obud EiHJ
ld.

td mYty TWgo Rkh 15 Kj 20 taJ tiu cs ahidf
fhiy ntis FKog uhkF EiHjd. khtl td mYty
.fnzr, cj td ghJfh mYty nf.uhn#u kW XN
td viy mYty M. khnjtu Mnah, uhk kf cjl
glhRf btoJ uhkF EiHj _W tdahidfis rdkh
fhoF Juld.

td ahidf kj tlF EiHtJ vgJ flj 3-5
khjfshf dnjhW eilbgW thoifahd fahf csJ.
f nghJ
ahidfsh xUtUF F Vgliy.
uhkF EiHj _W ahidf xW 15 taJ M ahid kw
uL 20 taJ Mdit vd td mYtyf bjjd.
nkny bfhLfgLsJ ehj tj br MF. fhLfis
L ahidf V btna tUwd vgij f jJlh?
jF fhuz vd? fhLf xU Niy kly. ahidf fhLf
thwd. kf fhLfYs kufis btLtjhY, fhLgFfis
ntshikF kw njitfSF gagLJtjhY ahidf
Ulkhd fhLf ms FiwwJ. ahidf fhilL V btna
tUwJ? kf thG lij neh brwJ.
99

ca
Niy
kly

cUs
fhuf

jhtuf

yFf

cuw
fhuf

fhW

Niy
klykhdJ
c
r_f aif rhj NH
Fl gFia bfhlit
MF.
Niy
kly
vgJ
aifahfnth,
braifahfnth
Ufyh. Fs, bt, fhL, V,
ghiytd itah aifahf
mikJs
Niy
kly.
bjho, fh, beta it
braifahf mikfgl Niy
klykhF.
Niy kly mik
xU
Niy
kly
uL Kakhd fhufis
bfhoUF. mit c fhuf
kW cuw fhufshF.
cfhuf _W tiffshf
tifgLjgLsd.
 gahsf:-xnrif
1. c
_y jkF ntoa cz
100

Na x

bghUfis jhnk jahJ

bfhS gRjhtuf.
2. Efnthf:yFf
jhtufis
cgJ
ekF
bj
kW
L
xU
yF kw yFfis rhJ
UF. czfis jahF
jhtufis
neuoahfnth
kiwKfkhfnth rhJ UF
midJ yfSF Efnth
vW bga. v.fh. ML.
3. ijgit:it
wj
bghUfis
cbfhL
Mwiy bgWwd. ijgj
_y
L
fkf
kF
brwilwd.
v.fh. ghOah, ir.
cuw fhuf
it k, , fhW kW
RWNH fhufshd btg,
Nax,
<ugj
Matiw
cslait.

Niy kly
bra 1.1

ehnd brnw

(( eh glij cW nehFnw.
(( _W cfhuf, uL cuw fhufis dfhnw.
(( glYs _W gwitf bgafis vGJnw.

1. _________________
2. _________________
3. _________________

1.2. cz r
Nand midJ cdfSF KjikahdJ KakhdJkhd
Mw _ykhF. gRjhtuf Na Mwiy cftJ xnrif
_y czit jahwJ. j Mw, jhtufis cQ Kj
iy EfnthF fljgLwJ. thwhf X ulhiy
Efnth, Kjiy Efnth cia jh c thtjfhd czthf
cbfhwJ. it _whiy Efnth cah czgLwJ.
Mjyh
xU
Niy
kly,
cdf
cQjY,
czgLjY nrj fia cz r vdyh. thwhf
X cYs cz Mw, kbwhU cF mjid cgj
_ykhf xnu ir fljgLw rbjhl, cz r vdgL.
1) bt cz r

be
(cgahs)

v
(jhtu c)

gh
(Kjyhiy C
c)
101

fGF
(ulhiy
C c)

ca
2) fhLf cz r

(cgahs)

kh
(jhtu c)

(C c)

3) Fs czr

jhtu
jit c
ulhiy
C cf
(fGF)

_wh
Cliy

jhtu
cf (v)

ulh
Cliy

kj

cz
r
xnth
cdK Fl xU kl
iybfhwJ. cz r
j iyia Cl iy vnwh.

ehfh
Cliy

Kjyh iy
C cf
(gh)

bga

jhtuf vgJ cgahsf,

Kj iy klkhF. ulh
iy kl jhtu cf
fhzgL.
khr
cf
jhtufis cQ yFfis
rhJ Ugjh _wh iy
klkhF. ehfh iy kl
bga C cfis bfhlJ.
nkY mJbfhnth

cgahsf
(jhtuf)

cz r
X cw
ciljhY, mj Ko X
cd mitna cUthF.

Kjyh
Cliy
102

Niy kly

1.3. cztiy
bra 1.2
ehnd brnw
(( eh fhf, iw cQbghGJ vj Cliy Unw
vgij fLonw.
(( eh kj cz r tiff ytiw nfhoL fhLnw.
fGF

kj

gh

ML

nfh

Ka

jtis

btL

tL

cz tiy

xU Fl Niy kly X cz r bjhl kL jna

Ugiy. xU yfhdJ xnu tifahd czit cbfhtiy.
gytifahd czit cbfhwJ. v.fh. Ka, v, gh nghwtiw fGF
czthf cQ. v, jtisia gh czthf cQ. vdnt cz
r bjhluhdJ gy izfis bfhLsJ. Mw khwfhf
fG vzw czr bjhlf tiy nghw mikng cz
tiy vdgL.

1.4. Mw khw
midJ cdfSF Nand Kjikahd Mw _ykhF. Na
MwyhdJ NaUJ Kj tklyij tjilwJ.
gRjhtuf xahwiy cftJ ntahwyhf (cz) khWwd.
j nt Mw msthdJ X Cl iy UJ mLj CliyF
khWnghJ FiwwJ. j Mw khw xnu ir kLnk eilbgW.

103

ca

1.5. cnfhsf
midJ
cdfS
NalUJ Mwiy neil
ahfnth kiwKfkhfnth bgWwd
vgij eh mnth. Nadh
ntW VnjD khwf csdth
vdbjkh? Naid R
tUtjh eKila Uljg
btgiy Naid rhnj csJ.
Niy
klyij
g
goJnsh. Niy kly
ajhfnth,
bgajhfnth
Ufyh.
WW
Niy
klyf xwhf nrUnghJ X
mfw guig VgLJwJ.
J gy tifgl jhtu, yF
tiffis
cslaJ.
mnj
rka j mfw gu
xnu
khahd
jgbtgiy
fhzgLtiy. J nghw mfw
guig bfhl gFiana
cnfhs vnwh.

gytifahd cnfhsf
jgbtgiy
fhuf,
a
mik
t
mogil e gytifahd
cnfhsf cL. Fs
jhtu, yF tiffis bfhL,
cnfhsf gy tifgL.
1.5.1. fhLfS mj tiffS

gl 1.1 btgkly kiHfhLf

cs gFf fhzgLwd.
F btgiy (200C 250C)
jkhf UF
MoF 190
br.. msF kiHbgh FJ
fhzgL. ah mjkh
nfhg f, nkF bjhl
kiyf, m[h, nkF tfhs
Ma gFf tif fhLf
fhzgLwd.
2. bt unjrf
it bj mbkfh, nkF
Mnuah, tl nkF ah,
HF
ghjh
fhz
gLwd. twl jgbtg iy,
<u jgbtg iy kh kh
F fhzgLwd. MoF
25 br.. kiHbgh fhzgL.
nfhilfhy mofo fhL

1. btgkly kiHfhLf
tiffhLf bj mbkfh,
Mfh,
njh-knyah
nghw kanuifF mU
u unjr
Ciy fhL

ghiytd
btg kly kiHfhL

iy fhL
jbtgkly bt

bt
kiHfhL

bra 1.3
ehfns brnwh
tFgiw cs khztfis ehF myJ IJ khztf bfhl
FGfshf f. xbthU FG X cnfhs vd bj brJ
bfhL mt jgbtgiy, jhtu, yFf FJ thf.
104

Niy kly
VgL.
ah
bt
gFf yY, fh kiyY,
ehfkiyY fhzgLwd.
3. ghiytdf
Mfh,
mbkfh
mnrhdh khy, ka Mah,
bknfh
Ma
gFf
ghiytdf
fhzgLwd.
F gf bghGJ btgkhf, u
bghGJ Fuhf fhzgLwd.
MoF 25 br..F Fiwthd
kiH bghnt UF. ah
uh#jh
khy
jh
ghiytd csJ.

gl 1.2. ghiytd
4. jbtg kly bt gF
tlF
kW
bjF
mbkfhY, Inuhgh xU
gFY fhzgLwJ. F
MoF 25 br.. Kj 100 br..
tiu kiHbgh UF. F
U Kiw f twl jgbtgiy
fhzgLwJ. F btg fhW
R nfhilfhyK mf F
bfhl FfhyK ywJ.
gF ah cuunjr
fhzgLwd.
5. iy fhLf
tlmbkfh,
HF
Mah
kW Inuhgh fhzgLwJ.
75 br Kj 100 br tiu
kiHbgh
UF.
F
jgbtgiy jkhf fhzgL.
jkhd Ffhyij bfhlJ.
ah
grh,
jehL,

cuunjr, fh, xorh kW

kaunjr tif fhLf
fhzgLwd.
6. CiyfhLf
fdlh,
Inuhgh,
uZah
fhzgLwJ. jF ngha
fhLf vd kWbgaU cL. F
FWa F nfhilfhyK, l
FfhyK, mfkhd gbgh
fhzgL. MoF 20 br Kj
60 br tiu kiHbgh UF.
fhLf
KGtJ
gdhY
gfoahY _o fhzgL.
tif
fhLf
ah
khryunjr, grh, fhZ
gFf fhzgLwd.
7. uunjr fhLf
KGtJ
_oaciw
gah
NHgl
tlJUt
gFF
Hnf
fhzgLwd. 25 br
ms kiHbghjh UjhY,
F ujukhf k ciwnj
fhzgL. F jgbtgiy
fLFuhf, Fj fhW
bfhlJ.
btgiy
10CF
Fiwthfnt fhzgL. fhLf
ah kakiy gFf
kLnk fhzgLwd.
1.5.2. fhLf KaJt
 hLf MWf cgF _y
1. f
tskhf csd.
2. kiH bghit mfwd.
3. k mig jLJ bts
fLghLF cjwd.
4. g w i t f , y F f
thlfshf csd.
5. aif fay th kW
ct
rkiyahf
Uf
cjwd.
fhLf fl Kjnfhyhf
fUjgLwd. e mwhl th
fhLf Ka gfhWwd.
105

ca
nkY mJbfhnth
td knfhrt - ah tUlnjhW #&iy khj ku eL Hh
bfhlhlgLwJ. fhLf kufis ghJfhgij ga zit
kfilna VgLJtnj Hh nehfkhF.
1.5.3. gntW tifahd jhtu- ydf
cnfhs gy tifahd jhtu-ydf csd. fhyiy
khWghlh X cnfhs cs jhtu ydf kbwhU
cnfhs thH Toad my. btntW tifahd cnfhsf
thG jhtu ydf nH bfhLfgLsd. cy cs mf
jhtu kW ydfis bfhl guL tifahd c Fts
ikaf ah xwhf csJ.
t.v

cnfhs

jhtuf

1.

btg kly
kiHfhLf

njF, ug,
bgUbfhof,
bjhW jhtuf,
MLf, bguf

2.

bt
unjrf

tiff

3.

ghiy
tdf

rijgWs f
tiff, mnfah,
vUF, ngr .

4.

j btg
gyhL thG
kly
tiff
bt gF

5.

iy
fhLf

X, kh, khf,
mnfah, ig, ~

6.

Ciy
fhLf

%, ~, ig,
Mbg, nyh,
khf, iyff,
fhshf

7.

u
mfw iyila
unjr fhLf brof, iyff

106

ydf
jhtu cf,
f, bfhF
yFf, FuFf,
btsthf, bga
idf, ghf
gwitf, ffhU,
f, tFiuf,
xlf, Wij,
ahid, fiuahf.
fhuh kh, nj,
xlf, g
Xehf, e,
fhblUikf, khf,
f kW gy
m, fU fuo,
tLf, gwitf,
a ghof
Ksg, t
m, Ka, rhgw
brehf, f
kW gy
bu khf, Mij,
e, Xeh, lbgaU
gwitf, gfuo,
bgFf

Niy kly
bra 1.4

ehnd brnw

bra 1.5

ehnd brnw

fhLfis
mgjh
VgL
isfis
g
kfSF
zit
1. fLkhd bghU - bg
V g L j
- ntiy
2. ciwl
Rtbuho/ Kiu
3. ir
- kufil
thrf/
JL
4. cgfuz
- fh~
uRu
t
- iz
5. kUJ
VnjD xiw
6. Foghd
- gid Xiy jah brnt.
bghUSl mj cgnahfij
bghUJnw

kL
1. rahd ilia njbjLf.
m) mf mls fhLf fhzgLtd ________ (kuf / f)
M) ________ J X aif Niy klyF vLJfhlhF
(beta / ghiytd)
) cz r _whtJ iy ________
(jhtu cf / C cf)

mikJsd

<) gy cz rf izJ fhzgLtjF ________ vW bga

(cz tiy / cz RH)
c) td knfhrt goif bfhlhL khj ________ (#& /#&iy)
2. tU thijfis khaikJ cz ria mikf.
m) gh, v, be, fGF, btLf
________ ________ ________ ________ ________
M) kj, bga , jhtu jit c, a , f
________ ________ ________ ________ ________
3.

_wh Cliy
C cf
gh

jhtu cf
ulh Cliy
v

jhtuf
cgahsf
Kjyh Cliy

m) bfhLfgLs flf cs bghJthd f ahJ?

M) n
 kny bfhLfgLs flfis MuhJ X cz ria
mikf.
4) ntWgLJf.
m) Efnthf, ijgit
M) cz r, cz tiy.

107

ca
5. fhLfis mgjdh tUtdtF VgL isfis vGJf
m) fhL yFf M) RWNH
6. fhLf cs cz tiy bfhLfgLsJ:
ulh C cf :

Kjyh C cf:

jhtu cf:

eij

cgahsf

iy kF

gUJ

fhf

Mij

kutL

Gf

iyf

v Rbl m

ijf

m) n
 kny cs cz tiyia ghJ nH bfhLfgLstiw
dfhf.
i) C c ii) jhtu c iii) cgahs
M) ehF tifahd C cfis, cz tiyUJ njbjLJ,
mJngh vjid tif cz rfis cfsh tiua Ko?
7. tU Ka gf mogil fhLfis tifgLJf.
 tgkly kiHfhLf, bt unjrf, ghiytd, iy
b
fhLf, Ciy fhLf, u unjr fhLf.
t.v

Ka gf

1.

fhLf bjhlJ

2.

jkhd F fhy

3.

ciwg, gfo

4.

btg ehf, F ehf

5.

_oa ciwg

6.

mf kiH bgh

108

fhLf

Niy kly
8. fhQ goa cs yFfis mJ thG cnfhsnjhL
bghUJf.
m. gh

- bt unjrf

M. Wij

- uunjr fhLf

. xlf

- btgkly kiH fhLf

<. kh

- Ciy fhLf

c. fU fuo

- ghiytd

C. breh

- iy fhLf

v. bgF

- j btgkly bt gF

nkY ma
jff
1. Ecology - Shukla and Chandel, S.Chand & Company, New Delhi.
2. Environmental Science (9th edition) - Enger and Smith, McGraw
Hill, New York
izajs
www.national geographic.com.
www.mongabay.com.
ma rhj fhzntoa lf
1. gtsghiwf - klg, uhnktu.
2. rJyfhLf-rhtu, fl khtl.

109

 - X ma ts

gl 2.1 nk^ miz

t, gh, brth Mnah nk^ mizF RWyh brwd.

j msF guUJ, eh V D gwhFiw
Unwh vd t ajh. brth mjF 70% uh usJ.
vD m 3% kL jh e vwh. vdnt, kj gaghobfd
fFiwj msnt csJ.

khztfns, xnth ML
kh 22 M eh V eh cyf

dkhf
bfhlhLnwh
vgij bjJ bfhnth.
j nehf ................................. MF.

111

ca

2.1. gut

nkY mJbfhnth
Ka df

X aif ts. J
jhtufSF,
yFfSF
aikahjJ.
ekJ

mfms
csJ.
m
jsnt kj d njitF
Vg gagLjgLwJ.

cyf rJy d - ut 2
cyf fhLf d - kh 21
d - Vu 22
cyf RWNH d - #& 5

cs ts bgUks
fl kW bgUflf csJ.
bgU gF ctghf
Ugjh mit FogjF Vwjy.
bgUgF e JUtgFf
gfoahf
ciwJsjh
mJ v ilfToa uhf
Ugiy.
xU eh xU kj Fof,
Jitf, rikf, cl ey ngz
vd FiwjJ 50l iu
gagLJwh vd Ia ehLf
rig bjwJ. j ms
vgJ VwFiwa uliu th
UF rkkhF.

aif ts d - mnlhg 5
aif ghJfh d - etg 25
bra 2.1

ehnd brnw

gwhFiwia FJ
brjh, thuj, f
jf tU brf, glf,
fLiufis
nrfnj.
mtiw vDila
br
FngLf xond. ij
g MaUlD, egfSlD
gJ bfhnl.
kwit 0.6%
nkgu 0.3%

e 3%

yjo
30.1%

eMW 2%

rJy 11%
gkiy kW
gfo
69%
fl 97%
V 87%
e

gl 2.2

112

nkgu

 - X ma ts

2.2. Mjhuf
1. kiH
kiHnu f auhF. Na
btgjh fl, MWf cs
,
MahF nghJ, mt
cs khRfis LJ, kL
Mah nkf cUthwJ. nkf
cs Jf FJ go
milJ kiHbghwJ. Kj
bg kiH fh cs
y thf fiuJ, mjDl
y khRfS nrJ tUwd.
bjhlJ tU kiHbgh a
kLnk UF.

2.4 gkiy

3. MW
kiyf cs gfoahdJ
cUFtjhY,
kiH
bghthY
M tUwJ.
4. fl
bgUfl f mf ms iu
bfhLsJ. gy a l
fl UjhY mf ctghf
Ugjh ntshikF L
gaghoF cfjjW.

gl 2.3 kiH

2. gkiy, gfo, btg

ilF 3% e,
eh xUgF gkiy, gfo,
btgahf csJ. J mf
caukhd lfY
JUt
gFfY jh fhzgLwJ.
bra 2.2

5. VfS, FsfS
ML
KGtJ
jiu
bfhoUF
ynk
fhzgL
bgU
gsf
Vf MF. Fsf vgit
jfhfkhfnth,
ujukhfnth
jiu nrJ itUF
MHkw gFfshF. cyfsha
j njitF it fa
jh.
ehfns brnwh

 iH , MW , fl , FsJ Mat khfis nrfJ

k
fl mltizia ug.
t. v

kh

Jhik

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
113

gaf

ca

2.3. iyf
vgJ l, ut, th vW _W iyfY csJ vgJ eh
Vfdnt mj brahF. _W iyfS xW kbwhwhf khW
jikilad myJ khwToad.
j _W iyfS eik Rs RWw fhzgLgitna.
l iy

gl 2.5a 0 br-
gfoahf ciwwJ.

ut iy

gl 2.5b 0 br- F
nkUJ 100 br tiuF
utkhf csJ.

th iy

gl2.5c 100 br-F

nk uhahf khWwJ.

1. l iy : gfo vgJ l iyahF. tkly g fo,

ciwg, gghiw, Myfo vd gy iyf csd. it JUt
gFfY, mf caukhd kiy fufY fhzgL.
2. ut iy : kiH J, gJnk ut iy cs uhF. gu
gF flf, Vf, MWf nghw lf ut iy csJ.
nkffshf,
3. th iy: uhna th iy MF.
_Lgahf, uhahf th iy fhzgLwJ.

Mutkhj

gothj

nkf cUthj

uh nghF
tnjhLj

Mahj

nrfukhj
aif bjhlahd
RHF a RH vW bga.
gl 2.6 a RH
114

 - X ma ts

2.4. yjo

nkff
jhtuf uh nghF
gLif

Xil

yjo kl

gl 2.7 yjo kl

euhdJ kiH bghdhY,

gbghdhY,

yguid tjilwJ.
bgUghikahd
MWf
_y
brwilwJ.

eh cs gF mU
y
xU
JisL
njhL nghJ mFs k
<ugir bfhL Ugij
fhzyh.

e,
fliy

kJf <ujik mF
yjo Ugij FwJ.

f Fiwj ms kiH nu
kF fJ, yjo
uhf nrfgLwJ.

eh f MHkhf njhl
njhl xU mL k
JffSF ilY, ghiw
fSF ilY cs guf
KGtJ uh uUF.
j mL nkguF
gLif vW bga.

k
mLFfSF
nH
fhzgL yjo iu yjo
kl vW TWnwh.
yjo nkgu cs ,
gLif vd miHfgLwJ.
nkY mJbfhnth
cyf t M xW
cynyna
yjo
iu
mfkhf
gagLJ
ehL
ah. jdh e eho
yjo mghafukhd iy
FiwJ bfhL tUwJ vW
TWwJ.

gLif
vgJ lF
l ntWgL. nkY J
xnu
gFY
ntWgL
fhzgL.
bghJthf
z
FHh
_ykhfnth, a nu
_ykhfnth yjo iwf
gLwJ.
115

ca

2.5. Fiwj

3. fl cFj

1. aif fhuzf

cy gy ehLfY fl
cFtjh
e
_yf
FiwJ tUwd. f mf ms
yjoiu gagLJt _y
yjo gLif FiwJ Ltjh
mjD fl cFJ LwJ.
mjdh
yjo
klK
ghgilwJ.

Fiwj ms kiHbgh,
btg fhW yjo iu
Fiwg
f
Ka
gF
twd.
2. kj fhuzf
fhLfis mj, kf bjhif
bgUf, iuthd efukakhf,
fheilf mf nkr, yjo
iu mfms gagLJj
nghwit.

4. tfkakhF ts
y jah Wtdf MWf
UJ, yjo gLifUJ
mfgoahd iu cRtjh
yjo FiwwJ.
5. M kz bfhis
y MWf kz bfhisdh
bgUks
ghfgLsd.
v.fh. ghyhW.

gl 2.8 fhLfis mj

2.6. gut

ah ilF bgUks gUt kiHia rhnj mik. #&

Kj brlg tiuyhd ehf ah KGtJ gutyhf mf kiH
bgh. Mdh yfhf jehL khy j kiHfhyf
ghasit mnlhg, etg khjf bgWwd. kiH ilfhj jh
ghiytdK, mf kiH bghit bgW tlHF khyfS ah
csd. bghJthf ah tl gF mf ms kiH bgh
fhzgL. ah mfkhd ef cL. _W Ka efshd J,
fif, ukuh kakiy njh _ uL gF ygu
ghwd.
nkY mJbfhnth
gUtfhykiHnghJ MWf
cy kiH bgh ehF
tuJ f mfkhtjh bts
ah
bgWwJ.
VgLwJ. khwhf, nfhilfhy rjjij
MoF xU kjDF
f bga MWfY kl X
js
Fiwant
brwJ. ilF ms ah 133tJ
bghJthf fhy WW is l csJ. ah L
efS nuhilfS KGtJ Jf Toa ts Xuho
1897 rJu. ms csjhf
twL Lwd.
fzlgLsJ.
bga
mizf
fLtjh
2025 fLikahdgwhFiw
MWf cs iu nrfyh.
d ML KGtJ iu rkkhf ah bgUgF VgL
gjfyh.
vd vrfgLsJ.
116

 - X ma ts
bra 2.3
ehfns brnwh
ah kiHbgh ga tiugl
bfhLfgLsJ. e eho ruhrahd
ML kiHbgh tu jugLsJ.

ah ML
kiHbgh

1. vfSila thlij tiugl

Fnjh.
2.vfSila
thl
nghJkhd
kiHbgh csjh vd Muhnjh.
3. vfSila thl kiHbghid
mff njitahd eltoiff
FJ fyJiuahondh.

2.7. gwhFiw
mogil
njitfSnf
jLghL VgL iy
gwhFiw vgjhF.
vgJ L JfToa
ts
vwhY,
kjfsha
eh gagLJ ms f
mfkhf Ugjh, yjo kl
FiwwJ.
kl Fiwtjfhd
gntW
fhuf
kfbjhif
bgUf
fhuzkhf FoUf Lf,
mYtyff, filf, rhiyf
nghw njitf o eh
cnsh.
njitfSnfg
fh
lf,
isahL
ikjhd,
fhf
nghw
gy
lf
fllf
flgLwd.
jdh
yF brY yjo
ms FiwwJ.
kfbjhif
bgUf
fhuzkhf
bjhrhiyf
vif mfkh lJ.
eh gagLJ bghUf
jah xbthU iyY
gagLwJ.
ah
xU
ntshehL
vgij
eh
efnth.

mu
fl
a
bgUfl

tfhs
Flh
50 br.. F
50-100 br..
100-200 br..
200-300 br..
300br.. F nk

trhf jfsJ yf
ghrdF
kiHiana
esd. Mdh gUtkiH
jtWtj fhuzkhf yjo
iu
eh
mfgoahf
gagLJtjh, yjo kl
FiwwJ.
yjoiu a nu
_ykhf mf ms vLJ
ga gLJtjhY gwhFiw
VgLwJ.
e
khRgLjYF
f
Kakhd
fhuzf,
oUJ btnaW ff,
bjhrhiy
UJ
btnaW eR bghUf,
trhf
gagLJ
bfhf nghwitahF.
itah iyf fyJ
iu khRgLJwd.
iu nrf rahd tKiwf
ifahsgLtiy.

gl 2.9 c thtjfhd
Ka Mjhu nu MF
117

ca

2.8.  nkyhik
nrfj

kiH

kiH nrf Kiwf

bga
1. neuoahf
bjhof
kiHiu
nrfJ
itJ
njitF cgnahfyh.

kiHiu neilahfnth myJ

F
brYnah
yjo
tsij bgUFjiy kiH
nr vnwh. Kiw _y
yjo ms ghJfhfgLwJ.
yjo
klms
FiwtJ
jLfgLwJ.

2. kiHiu
F
brY
yjoiu mffyh.
kiH nrf KaJt
gwhFiw VgLnghJ ekJ
njitfSF yjoiu eh
rhJnsh.

yjo
msit
mff
fllf
Tiuf
G
kiHiu
nrffyh.
fllfis Rs y
G iu nrffyh. TiuJ
G iu Vfdnt cs wj
znyh myJ MFHhfnyh
neilahf
brYjyh.
wj
btf fhzgL iu nrf
va, wj tf csd.

iuthd efukakhf,
fh
lf brY kiH ms
btFthf Fiwj Matwh
yjo ts FiwwJ.
kiH nrf _y ef
bjUf
VgL
bts
bgUid jfyh.
flfiunahu gFf fl
cFjiy jLfyh.

jHf muR ehonyna K

ndhoahf
kiH
nrf
lij
mkgLsJ.
xbthU oY flhakhf kiH
nrf mikfgl ntL vw
cjuit wJsJ.

yjo ts ghJfhfgLwJ.
kmig jLfyh.
jhtuf
nkgLjyh.

tsid

nrfF l

nrfF bjho

gl 2.10 kiH nrf

118

 - X ma ts

2.9. iwa ma

bra 2.4
ehfns brnwh
nr tKiwf FJ
fh jiyf fyjh
brnth.

2.9.1. gghiwf - ts
gkiyf
JLfns
gghiwf MF. it J
cU, bgUfl fywd.
gghiw btik w a
fhW EFfSl fhzgL.
Ff gu btik w
xia uggjh gghiw
KGtJ
btik
wkhf
njhWwJ. gfo F
yhUF nghJ ywkhf
bj. jF fhuz thd
y wij uggnj MF.
iwa cy mfF e
njitF gghiw _y ilF
iu Fouhf gagLJtnj xU
wj thF. tlah cs
midJ MWfS kakiy
cs
gghiwf
Unj
njhWwd.

1. xU J
nrfngh.
twia uLnth.
2. kiHJf - cJf.
3. __________________________
nkY mJbfhnth
kGit
bfhL
kj fid RjgLJ
aftiwKiw
ah
totikfgLsJ.
kj
f f Fiwjs nrF
Eg JthF. j Kiw
ftiwia
gagLJtJ,
ifahStJ
vaJ.
RfhjhukhdJ Tl. kjff
KGtJkhf
ktsF
njitgLw vUthf (btnf)
khwgLwd.

gghiw
iu
Fouhf
gagLJt
cs
uL
nekiwahd Niy isf.
(m) kj d iyfis
(MW,
Vf)
rhUj
btFthf FiwwJ. jdh
Niykly kj jhfK
FiwwJ.

(M) gghiw iu Fouhf

gagLJt _y JUtgF
f cs gkiyfcUFtjdh
VgL flklms caid
Fiwfyh.
gyhu
MLfshf t
kly cs
uh, ciw gah
ggiwfshf
khWwJ. vdnt
jh gghiwf
cs a
euhf cs J.

gl 2.11 gkiy cUFj

119

ca

2.9.2. fl jU Fo
(fl iu FouhFj)
fl cjikia
euhf khWtJ xU braifahd
KiwahF.
c
jikia
mfW
bghJthd Kiwf.
(m) tofl: fl iu Mah
Fj fna tofl
Kiw vdgL
(M) jiy rL gut: xU
flJ r tna fliu
ntfkhf brYJnghJ mr
EJisf iu kL btnaW.
bgUghyhd cfis, jhJ
fis jLJ W L.
jehL
muR
jiy
rL
gut
Kiw
_y
fliu FouhF lij
bjhlsJ.
j
_y
gwhFiwia vjhf rkhf
Ko.
N fliu FouhF l
J
ah
fliu
FouhF
fbga
l
MF. brid UJ tlnf
35 .. bjhiy cs N
mUnfs fhLg uhk

mikfgLsJ. j l
600 nfho %gh bry 60 Vf
gugs
WtgLsJ.
8600 jiy rLgut
glyfis, fliu Fouhf khw
gagLJwd.
l
_y 273 a l fliu
ehbshWF 100 a l
euhf
khWwd.
N
l ehbshWF bridF 100
a l e jUwJ.
1000 l %gh 48.66 F brid
khefu Fo JiwF nahf
brwJ. Rkh 5 yr kfSF
njitahd Foiu mgnj j
Ka nehfkhF.
be fliu FouhF l
N lij mLJ brid
Fo tHf kW f mfW
thafhf be fliu
FouhF
lij
908.28
nfho
%gh
bjhlsd.
l _y ehbshWF 100
a l eiu fl
UJ J vLf aY.
brid
kf
e
njitia brtjfhf be
l UJ Fo 40 .. u
bfhLtugLwJ.

gl 2.12
N
fliu
FouhF
l - Utq
khtl

120

 - X ma ts
nkY mJbfhnth
gFJ toj _y ilF
atouhF. j ato
ikahf
Ugjh
g
ma MtffY, kUJt
MtffY gagLwJ.

2.9.3.
1. 2006 Kig kh vw
gF fl Obud ghf
khajhf mF tF kf
Td. kh tisFlh vgJ
f khRgl tisFlhthF.
Vbd
F
xU
eh
Mufzfhd lf _y

gl 2.13 j flfiu - F#uh

ffS bjhrhiy ffS

tJ nrwd.

2. Kig f
elj y k neufny F#uh
cs
kf
jfsJ
j
flfiuY
fl
ghf
bra 2.5
ehnd brnw khaij bjjd.
Kig cs a bjhEg
eh dK cgnahF
ika cs a tYef,
msit fhQj.
fl ghf khWtJ
X
gagLa
aifahd f vd sf
bra
ms l
mjd.
Foj
bjhlahf
y
ehf
rikj
Fj
Jitj

kiH bgjh e xU bga

Fs nghy nj flfiu
XugF
yfo
ghiwf njFwJ. wF j

-X ma ts. kj d Rfhjhukhd
aikahjJ . iu msthf gagLj ntL.

thifF

nkY mJbfhnth
midJ fl kW bgUflf
ciu bfhlit. f mf c
jikia
bfhl
fl
rhfl
j fl cuwJ. Vbd cs
mf cjik fhuzkhf vj xU
dnkh myJ fQF bjaToa
th cdnkh c thH KoahjthW
csJ. xU l j 300 uh c
fiuJsjhf fgid brJ ghf. xU kjDF j bjaiy
vwhY Tl, j rhfl Gjh mt _f khlh. gyhf nk
jgh vw br aghf UwJ.
121

ca
cs ghiwf tiltjh cs flYF tJ nrwJ.
ml ntWgLtjh, tJ nrj e tiyf fl nk
kl jwd. flfiunahufY guwd. y ehfSF
d uL U fyJ kWgo rhjhuz fl uhf khL.

kL
1. rahd ilia njbjLf.
m) mfms iu bfhLs nfh__________MF. ( / brth
uf)
M) ___________ f mf ms iu bfhLsJ (bgUfl / Fs)
) ___________ vgJ th iyahF (kiH / uh)
<) ___________ iu Fouhf khWtjF braifKiw c iu
FouhF l gagLwJ (fl / MW)
2. nH bfhLfgLs Mjhuf, fiyJs vGJfis rahd
Kiw vGJf.
iHk, g, WM, fl, V, Fs
__________, __________, __________, __________, __________, __________.
3.  RH gl bfhLfgLsJ. fh thijfis rahd
l vGJf.
fl, nkf, Mahj, kiH

4. kj dF j f mta. fhuz TWf.

5. m) efukakhf vjdh eilbgWwJ? efukakhjyh,

i) kjDF VgL eikf
ii) td cfSF VgL ikf Matiw goaLf.
M)efukakhjdh VgL isfis fisa cdF bjj xU
tia FLf.

122

 - X ma ts
6. cf g egfSF iu nrgjfhd nahridia TWf.
m) iu gagLa FHhia _l. c)
M)

C)

v)

<)

V)

7. xbthU ehS eh iu gagLJnwh. tU mltiz f

ftjij uf.
t.v

_yhjhu

FHhf vif

fa Toa FHh

<

vyh ehfS f uh
zhF ms l

8. kiH nr FJ ma fl lfis ghitl. d

mj KaJtij goal.
m. Mya M. g fll . muR mYtyf <. L
9. jehL khy muR fliu Fo uhF l rhjid JsJ.
fl iu FouhF l cs VnjD uL lfis TWf.
m)
M)
nkY ma
jff

1. Frame Work of Science - Paddy Gannon, Oxford University

Press, New Delhi
2. Environmental Science - Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
izajs
www.rainwaterharvesting.org
http;//www.worldwaterday.org
ma rhj fhzntoa lf
1. N fliu FouhF l - Utq khtl
2. be fliu FouhF l - fhu khtl
3. rhj} miz - Utzhkiy khtl

123

vj kW Rl
ffhy kjDF beU gaghL bjahjjh ntf itfhj czit
cbfhlh. mtf uL ffis njJ (cuh brJ) beUig
cUthd. j f vghuhk eljJ. beUig fLoj wF,
rikgjF x ju
fhLyFflUJ jfis ghJfhJ
bfhs beUig gagLd. idnghJ x, btg kW
gntW ntbghUf ilwd.
gl 3.1 (m)

gl 3.1 (M)

3.1. vjY mj tiffS

vj vgJ bghUf fhWlndh myJ M#Dlndh nrJ vJ
xia btgij btL f MF. vgjF gagL
bghUf vbghUf vdgL.
bra 3.1
ehfns brnwh
nehf : vbghUshf gagLjgL gntW bghUf g mJ bfhsj.
eh LfY, bjhrhiyfY, nghFtuJ thfdfY gntW
tifahd vbghUfis gagLJnwh.
ekF bjj y vbghUfis goaLnth.
1.
2.
3.

gy bghUf v gig bgWsd. v bghUf, aa

iyf mogil k, ut, th vd _W tifgL.
tuo (cyj rhz), wF, yf nghwit k vbghUf MF.
bgnuh, kbzbz nghwit ut vbghUf MF. aif
vth, yf th, rhz vth, kkhfgl bgnuha th (LPG)
nghw thf th vbghUfshF. bka ehlh vJ, bka
Mi[il jU id, x btgK btlgLwJ vgij eh
mnth. mJnghy xU W fJil vjh vd khw fwJ?
f fh vJ fay thit, btgij, xia bfhLwJ.
j id vjYfhd cjhuzkhF.
vjYFgL bghUf vaToa bghUf vdgL.

125

nta
bra 3.2
cWneh mnth
nehf : vaToa, vahj bghUfis ntWgL mj.
njitahd bghUf : f
 hj , ku , U, M , kbzbz,
f , kuf, F, fzho, mL, L.
brKiw : X L fhj iy vLJ v mLYs beU
itJ, vd elwJ vW TJ ftJ, fh mltizia
unth. mltiz cs kw bghUfis mnjngh brJ v
bghU vJ? vahj bghU vJ? vgij fLoJ mltizia
unth.
mltiz 3.1
bghU

va Toa bghU

vahj bghU

fhj
ku
U
M
kbzbz
f
kuf
F
fzho
nkFl braUJ fhj, , ku, F nghw bghUf
va Toad. ff, fzho, U, M nghw bghUf vahj
bghUf vd tifgLjgLsd.
vtjF njitahd
gjidf

i
g

vj

bt

bgnuh

ku

vaToa bghU
gl 3.2 v bghUfS vahj bghUfS
126

vj kW Rl
vjYF Vw
flnth.
bra 3.3

Niy vd vgij, fhQ M _y

cW neh mnth

vrif!
nehf: vjYF fhW mta
v bkGFtia
vgij mJ bfhSj.
ghJfhl gagLj.
njitahd
bghUf:
clw
fzho
cUis,
bkGFt,
bgo, kufil, fzho jL.
fhQ
nffSF
brKiw: v bkGFtia xU il fLoJ thngh.
nkir J itngh.
fzho
cUis
bra-1
vjjh?
bkGFt
v
bkGFtJ
xU
myJ mizJ ljh?
clw
fzho
cUisia
fJ
itf.
fzho bkGFt uw tif
cUis mo kufilia
vJ if bttjjh?
itJ fhW cns brYkhW
itngh.
vj jil bkGF
v
bkGFtia
cW
t vjjh?
nehFnth.
bra-2
bra _y vjYF
njitgljh?
nghJ fzho cUis mo fhW
itJs
kufilfis
f vgij rf khztfSl
ntL.
thngh.
L
v
bkGFtia
m) Kj bra cUis
cWnehFnth.
vjj jil
bra-3
bkGFt
vjJ.
Wahf neuhf itfgl fzho
Vbdwh fhW jF
cUis nk xU fzho jil
jil cns brwJ.
itJ _Lnth.
L v bkGFtia cW
M) ulhtJ
bra
nehFnth.
cUis
Gs
_W iyf v bkGF
kufilia a wF,
t v iyia M
uw tif vJ if
brnth.
btnaWwJ.
cUis
) _whtJ
fhW cns bryiy.
mjdh
bkGFt
mizJ lJ.

bra-2
bra-3
bra-1
gl 3.3 vtjF fhW mta
127

_y,
 j

bra
vjYF fhW mta
vgij
bjthf
bjwJ.

nta
f
cl g
bfhlh,
cldoahf eh
fgia
bfhL
_Lnwh.
V?

vbtgiy
v
Fid
bkGF
t mUnf bfhL
brYnghJ clnd bkGFt
vtiy, xU Fl btg
iyia milj wnf mJ vwJ.
X vbghU vtjF Fl
ms btgiy njit.
xbthU vbghUS btntW
btgiy v. y bghUf
clnd g bfhS.
y
vbghUf
gw
lneu
vLJbfhS. X vbghU
va
njitgL
Fiwjgr
btgiy
mj
vbtgiy
vdgL.
bra 3.4

cW neh mnth
gl 3.4 fhj
Ftis iu
btggLJj

nehf:
vbtgiy
KaJtij mJ bfhSj.
njitahd bghUf:
Ftis, j, mL.

fhj

brKiw:
xU fhj Ftis iu C
mL itJ btggLJnth.
128

btgkilwJ.
Mdh
fhj Ftis vtiy.
Vbdwh,
uhdJ
fhj
Ftis cs btgij vLJ
bfhL, btgkilwJ. vdnt,
fhj Ftis gw njitahd
btgiy ilgiy. mjdh
mJ gWtiy.
j _y uhdJ vthW
jLghf bragLwJ vgJ
bjthwJ. v bghU J iu
CWnghJ, v bghU cs
btgij c bfhwJ.
jdh v bghU btgiy,
gw njitahd btgiyia
l(vbtgiy)FiwJ
LwJ.
Mfnt vj W
LwJ.
xU bga kuJil va
brnghJ ahdJ, guj l
gLwJ. iw mfkhf Ugjh,
gw njitahd btgiyia
mila mf neu vLJ bfhwJ.
kuJfshdJ ajhf csJ, iw
Fiwthdjhf Ugjh gw
njitahd btgiy Fiwthf
njitgLwJ. Mfnt cldoahf
g bfhwJ. vdnt, mf
iw bfhl bga kuJL gw
mf neuij, Fiwj iw
bfhl kuJff gw Fiwj
neuij vLJ bfhwJ.

vj kW Rl
vj tiff
vj ehF tifgL. mit jirahf vj, ntfkhf vj,
bkJthf vj, KWbgwh vj MF.
jirahf vj
y vbghUf vj xU LjY, jirahf g
bfhS. cjhuzkhf bt ghgu, vj xU bghU LjY
jhdhfnt g bfhS. jifa vjYF jirahf vj
vW bga.
ntfkhf vj
v Fia e o cs
ut bgnuha mL(LPG) mU
vLJ brYnghJ, vd fwJ?
cldoahf g bfhwJ. jF
ntfkhf vj vW bga. nkY glhR
btoj, fu vj, bka
ehlh vj, kbzbz mL
vj nghwit ntfkhf vjYF
rhwhF.
gl 3.5 bka ehlh vj

bkJthf vj

Fiwj ntf vjYF bkJthf vj vW bga. tifahd vj

Fiwj btgij btrij bfhLwJ. e cl eilbgW
cz M#ndw bkJthf vjYF xU ey vLJfhlhF.
fhngh iAnu + M#

fhgilMi[L + +Mw

KWbgwh vj
vbghUnshL M# vwnghJ vj id fG.
ngha
ms M# vbghUSF ilfhlh, vtJ KW bgwhJ. J
KWbgwh vj vdgL. KWbgwh vj nghJ fhg, fhg
nkhdhirlhf khWwJ.
fhg + M#

fhg nkhdhirL
nkY mJbfhnth
U JUoj, bkJthf
eilbgW
vjYF
X
vLJfhlhF.
U JU
ojnghJ, Ul U
M#D nrJ ntid
J, Mwiy btLwJ.

gl 3.6 U JUoj
129

nta

3.2. jLghf
mwhl th btg Mw
ekF bgJ gagLwJ. mnj
neu,
btgij eh rahf
gagLjhlh, bgU nrjij
clhF.
gjh c nrj VgL
bghUfSF H VgLtij
giff thyhf mnwh.
Mfnt, gij vgo jLgJ
vgij gntW tf
jL kW ghJfh Kiwf g
bjJ bfhtJ mtakhwJ.
ia
fLgLJ
mizF Kiwf

kW

1. ga l cs va Toa
bghUfis mwgLj.
2. gal,
kz
myJ
fgia
gagL
fhnwhlij fLgLj.
3.iu gagL gwhjgo
btgiyia Fiwf.
bghJthf U, kzY ia
mizf
gagLjgLwd.
U,
kzY
fhnwhlij
FiwJ ia fLgLJwJ.
Fghf,
vbz
g
vnghJ mij fLgLj
jiu
gagLjTlhJ.
Vbd, vbzahdJ iul
nyrhdJ, j nk jJ
f bga gJfis VgLJ.
Mifah, vbzdh g va
Toa ia Eiughid (~nghik)
bfhL mizf ntL. ahdJ
rhjdfdhnyh myJ
fdhnyh VgLwJ.

gl 3.7 jL

ia
mizgjF
k
fhgilMi[L
myJ
fhgbluhFnshiuL
gagLjgLwJ. id ia
mizgjF gagLJnghJ
mdh gh VgL.
aizgh
gf,
bjhrhiyf,
kUJtkidf,
iuauFf
kW tf tshff t
w aizgh itUgij
eh midtU mnth. vbghG
bjyh gJ VgLwnjh
mbghGbjyh mizghid
gagL ia mizf ntL.

CF
ifo

FHh

mf
mGj
cs
jfubgo

cy
fhgil
Mi[L
myJ

gl 3.8 aizgh

130

Jthu

vj kW Rl
3.3. RlU mj mik
ut bgnuha th Rliu ftJ mjDila wij TW.
bkGFt Rl w vd? ghl bka ehlh vthW
vwJ vgij idJ ghf. mltiz 3.1 bfhLfgLs
bghUfis vJ ghj mDgt yho, nghJ vJghJ
mltiz ug.
mltiz 3.2
t. v

bghU

1.

bkGFt

2.

bka

3.

fu

4.

kbzbz

5.

kuf

Rl cUthF

Rl gFf:
vahj gF(Zone of Non-Combustion)
J ia R
fUghf
mikJs gF. F vahj th
Jff csd. F M#
yhjjh vj eilbgwhJ.

btgkhd
gF
jbtgkhd
gF
Fiwj btg
gF

Fiwthf v gF (Zone of partial

Combustion) kr Rl gF

Rl cUthfhJ

KGtJkhf v
btgF (y)
Fiwthf v
ka gF
(kr)
vahj bkGF
thit
bfhl cgF

bkGFt

v bkGFt cs
iAnuh fhg vJ fhg kW
iAu# jkfshf wJ.

gl 3.9 bkGFt Rl mik

nkY mJbfhnth
cf C mUfhik cs
aiz iya bjhiyng
viz bjJ itUf
ntL.
mtru C -108

aiz-101

131

nta
gF kr wkhf UgjF fhuz vahj fhg Jffns MF.
J Rl ufhrkhd gF.
KGtJkhf v gF (Zone of complete Combustion) yRl gF
gF x juhj bka gF. J Rl btg Fj btgF.
gF fhgD, iAu#D KGtJkhf M#ndw milJ fhgil Mirlhf uhahf khWwJ.
iAnuh fhg + M#

fhg -ilMirL (yRl) + (uh)

3.4. vbghUf vw
vbghU vgJ vnghJ btg Mwiy jUtJ MF. ku, aif
th, bgnuh, kbzbz, Or (Diesel),yf kW ut bgnuha
th (LPG) Matiw vbghUshf gagLJnwh. jha thfd,
if to, ngUJ, fgf, khdf nghw ed nghFtuJ
thfdfis af vbghU gagLwJ. bgUghyhd bjhrhiyf
Mw njitF vbghU gagLjgLwJ. md iyaf
vbghUisna f mfkhf rhJ csd. ekJ gaghoF ekJ o
rikgjF vbghUis eh gagLJnwh.
vbghU gf
gy bghUf vJ btg Mwiy bfhLwd vgJ ekF
bj. Mdh vyh bghUfS vbghUshf gagLjgliy.
ey vbghU gf nH bfhLfgLsd.
1. Fiwj iy, v ilf Toajhf Uf ntL.
2. ifahStjF, nrJ itgjF kW gagLJtjF
vikahf Uf ntL.
3. v
nghJ
eR
thitnah,
ifianah
myJ FisF
bghUisnah
jUtjhf
UfTlhJ.
4. v nghJ Fiwthd
ms fia, rhgiy
jUtjhf Uj ntL.
5. vbghU fnyh kL
mfkhf Uj ntL.
6. j vbtg iy (Ignition
temperature)
Fiwthf
gl 3.10 gntW
Uf ntL.
vbghU gaghL

132

vj kW Rl
fnyh k
vbghU iAnuhfhgfsh MdJ. mit vnghJ iAnuh
fhgf M#ndw milJ, fhg-ilMirL, kW btg
Mwiy btLwJ. J btg cid MF.
fay th + + btg Mw
k vbghU
yf, ku, kuf, ff kW
vbghU
jik
mit
vnghJ btL btg bkGF nghwit eh bghJthf
msit rhJ csJ.
mf gagLJ k vbghUf
btgij btL vbghU MF.
wj vbghUshF. xU nyhuh k vbghU y FiwghLf
msyhd vbghUis M#ndhL
1. j
vbtgiy
mf
vFnghJ ilF btg
( Ignition temperature )
msnt mj vbghU fnyh k
2. it vj wF mf ms
MF. y vbghUf fnyh
rhgiy, fia bfhLF.
kf tU mltiz
3. j fnyh kL Fiw.
bfhLfgLsd.
ut vbghU
mltiz 3.3 - y vbghUf
bgnuh,
kbzbz
fnyh kL
kW
Or
nghwit
ut
vbghUfshF.
v
fnyh k
vbghU
MfAhY xU ut vbghUshF.
(Kcal/Kg)
jha au, ngUJ kW
ku
4,000
ghu cJ nghwitf
ut
yf
7,000
vbghUis gagLJwd.
ff
8,000
th vbghU
kbzbz 10,300
nj,
fhgnkhndhirL,
bgnuh
11,500
iAu# Mait
th
aif th
8,000 - 12,000
vbghUfshF.
nkY aif
th
th, cg th, yf th,
3,000 - 6,000
th, ut bgnuha th,
iAu#
34,000
rhz vth nghwitfS th
nj
13,340
vbghUfshF. l kW ut
vbghUfisl, th vbghU
vbghU tiff
wjJ.
vbghUf _W tifgL.
j wgrf
mit
jF vbtg iy Fiw.
m) k vbghU
it KGtJkhf vwJ.
M) ut vbghU
if kW f fFiwthf
cUthwJ.
) th vbghU
iAnuhfhg + M#
vbghU

133

nta
J midtU v ifahs
Toajhf, nrJ itf,
vLJ brtjF vjhf
csJ.

(85%) fyitahf nrJ, mGj

utkhfgl th. j fnyh
kL
mf.
th
fJ
btahtij Jehw _y
fla v bkfhl
vw idah th nrfgLwJ.

j fnyh k mf.
j iy Fiw.

rhz vth (nfhg th)

aif th
bgnuha
zUJ
aif th ilwJ. J
iAnuhfhg fyitah MdJ
(nj, <nj) J f kthd
iy ilF th vbghU
MF.
cg
th,
yf th

th,

cg th, th, yf
thf
bjhrhiyf
gagLjgLwJ.
thf
yf myJ ff UJ
bgwgLwd.
ut bgnuha th (LPG)
J bgUghY rikgjF
gagLwJ. ut bgnuha th
vgJ nuhng (15%), nlid

gl 3.11 rhz vth

nj, <nj fyj vth

rhz
vththF.
khLf
mfkhf UF uhkwf
rhz vth fyf mf
cUthfgLsd.
kw
vbghUfisl J f kthdJ.

3.5. vbghUfS RWNHY

1. mfkhd ms vbghUis gagLJtJ RWNHYF ghig
VgLJwJ. ku, f, bgnuha nghw fhgdh Md vbghUf
vnghJ, vahj fhg Jffis btnaWwJ. Jff
_RFHh bjhlghd nehfis VgLJwJ. vLJfhL MJkh.
2. KWbgwh vj _y fhg nkhdhirL btahwJ. J eRjik
bfhl th MF. _oa miwF ij vgJ MgJ. Vbdwh
UJ btnaW fhgnkhdhirL, miw cwFgtfis
c Hfbr.
3. vbghUf vnghJ fay
mfFnghJ btgkilwJ.

th

btnaWwJ.

th

4. f, Oriy vFnghJ fjfilMi[L th btnaWwJ.

th mF jik thjJ _R zwiy clhf
ToaJ. bgnuh _y bragL auf ieu# Mi[L
134

vj kW Rl
thit btnaWwd. fjfMi[L, ieu# Mi[L
thf kiH fiuJ my kiHahf cUthwJ. it gf,
fllf, k MatF ikia VgLJwd. jhf
bgnuh, Or gagLJtjF gyhf, mGjgl aif th
(CNG) gagLjgLwJ. Vbd thf Fiwj msnt eR
bghUfis btLwd. mGjgl aif th RWNHiy
ghfhj ththF.
my kiH cUthFj

ieu# Mi[L

my

kiH

fjf
Mi[L

gl 3.12. my kiH cUthFj

btgkilj
thfdf, bjhrhiyf UJ btnaW fhgil Mi[L,
fhgnkhdhi[L, nj nghw thf btgiyia
mff brwJ. j fhuzkhf JUt gkiyf cU
bts mgha Vgl fl kl cau fhuzkhwJ. mjdh
flnyhu gFf _F mgha csJ. btgkiljiy
jLf bjhrhiy, thfdf UJ btnaW eR thfis
fLgLj Ka vLf ntL.
UJ
nkneh brY
Mw

Na
Mw
t kly cs fay
thdh crgL btg

md
iyaUJ
flUJ
btnaW fay th
btnaW
UJ
btnaW btg btg
thfdUJ
btnaW
fay th

gl 3.13 btgkilj
135

tkly
Mw
vbuhj

ij got vbghU
vfgLtjh
tkly fay
th ms TLwJ

kufis
btLj

nta

kL
1. rahd ilia njbjLf.
m. vbghUf vnghJ xl tUtJ
i) btg

ii) x

iii) fhW

iv) nkTa VJ iy.

M. v oF bghUf
i) v gW ii) vahj bghUf iii) fdkhdJ iv) nyrhdJ
. LPG vgJ
i) nj, nuhng

ii) nuhng, nl

iii) nl, nj

iv) nkTa VJ iy.

<. U JUoj vgJ _____________ vj MF.

i) bkJthf

ii) ntfkhf iii) m ntfkhf

iv) KWbgwh vj

c. __________ vgJ vjYF ewhf Jiz .

i) M# ii) fhg-ilMi[L iii) ieu# iv) iAu#
C. bgnuh vgJ
i) k vbghU

ii) mf gwToaJ

iii) KW bgwh vj

iv) bkJthf gWj

2. nfhol lij uf.

bghUf
___________
m) v
(vbghU / vahbghU).

vW

miHfgLwd

oJ
M) vbghU
v
Fiwj
btgiy_________
vW miHfgLwJ (bghU btgiy / v btgiy).
) vbzah
Vgl
ia
gagLwJ. (j / ~nghik)

fLgLj____________

<) xU nyhuh vbghUis vF bghGJ btgL btg Mw

________ (fnyh k / Rl).
3. nH bfhLfgLst rahd TW vJ? jtwhd TW vJ ?
vgij Ff.
jtwhd TF rahd giy vGj
m. jirahf v bghUfis vl btg njitiy.
M. vyh tifahd ia iu gagL mizJ lyh.
. xyh v gF btg mf.
<. ey vbghU vgJ Fiwthd fnyh k bfhlJ.
136

vj kW Rl
4. bghUJf.
1.

fjf kW ieu# Mi[Lf xU Rl

2.

aif th

xuh Rl

3.

v MfAh

my kiH

4.

kr wRl

th vbghU

5.

y wRl

ut vbghU

5. kyF tU bghUfis
tifgLj cj bra.

vaToad,

vahjit

vW

fhj iy, kz, bgnuh, ug o, Rzfo, ngg

6. vbzah Vgl ia fLgLj Eiugh
gagLjgLwJ. iu V gagLjTlhJ?

(~nghik)

7. fhuz fla
m) rhjdf ojh, mij fLgLj iu gagLjTlhJ.
M) k vbghUis l th vbghU wjJ.
) kufil of l neu MF. Mdh kuJff of
Fiwj neu MF.
<) kufilia l kbzbz ntfkhf oJ bfhS.
8. knfZ kW thr Ma UtU jiu Ftis vLJ
mjid NLgL M eld. knfZ Rl kr gF itJ
NLgLdh. thr y w cs Rl btgF itJ
NLgLdh. ahUila Ftis iu NlhF.
9. fhQ bghUf gWnghJ, ia vgo mizf ntL?
m) Nlhd vbz cs ghu gWnghJ
M) grhyhd jiyaiz gWnghJ
) kufj gdh
<) rhudh gdh
10. nH
bfhLfgLs vbghUfis k, ut kW th
vbghUf vd tifgLj.
bgnuh, yf, ku, vbz, aif th, k bgnuha th ,
ff, th, kuf
k vbghU

ut vbghU

137

th vbghU

nta
11.nH bfhLfgLs vbghUf gfis, mj cs
dhfis bfhL thJ,
eh gagLJtjfhd wj
vbghUis njbjLf.
vbghUf
1. f 2. bgnuh 3. iAu# th
dhf
i) j vbghUis vjh vts btg btL?
ii) J RWNH khRghil VgLJwjh?
iii) J v ilfToajh?
iv) jid v nrJ itf, X lUJ kbwhU lF
bfhL bry Kokh?
v) j iy vd ?
12. cs jiy FJ cfsJ tF thf
m) gok vbghUfSF xU wj khW c vbghUfns.
M) fhg- ilMi[L xnrifF mta. Mdh j th
btg milt Ka gF twJ.

l
1. cf gF cs 5 Lfis nj brJ, ut bgnuha th
(LPG) kbzbz, rhu, aif th kW rhz vth nghw
vbghUf vij gagLJwhf vW flJ mltizia
uf.

rikf vLj
neu

mf
jkhf
Fiw
mf
jkhf
Fiw
mf
jkhf
Fiw

vbghU
iy

mf
jkhf
Fiw

cUthd if

jbghU

138

ut bgnuha
th (LPG)

rhz
vth

aif
th

rhu

vbghU jik

ku

vbghU tif
kbz
bz

vj kW Rl
2. mltiz cs jftfis M brj, cf oF vj
vbghUis nj braf? V?
nkY ma
jf
1. Chemistry Facts, Patterns and Principles - Kneen, Rogers and

Simpson (ELBS), The language book society
2. Frame work of Science Paddy Gennom, Oxford University press,
New Delhi
izajs
http://www.einstrumentsgroup.com
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/combsustion
http://www.chem.csustan.edu./consumer/fuels
ma rhJ fhzntoa lf
uhkw cs rhzvth fy
aiz kW Jiw

139

btgaY xaY

4.1. btga
U njfuo xiw bfh
D itf. vd fh
f? xUy lf mJ
ofKoahj ms NlhF. nghJ
vd eljJ? bfhuhdJ jdJ
btg Mwiy njfuoF
bfhLJsJ. gfoia bjhL
nghJ Fahf cznwh.
nghJ ekJ clUJ btg
gfoF khwgLsJ.
vdnt Nlhd bghUUJ
Fahd bghUSF khw
glJ Nlhd myJ Fahd
czit jU Mw btg
vdgL.

lfSF wF mij bjhL

ghf. vjhtJ khwij cz
fsh? M. mJ Nlhf Ugij
czuKowJ.
M) Na x J neu
Yf.
cfsJ
jiyia
bjhL
ghUf.
btgij
czfsh?
) ka ntis brU m
ahk elf aYkh? y Nlhf
Ugjh elgJ fodkhf UF.
itfUJ Na xia
ju, btg Mwiy jUwJ
vgij mayh.
2. vj

4.1.1. btg _yf

1. Na
Na xia jUwJ. mJ
btg Mwiy jUwjh?
m) W cnyhfjL xiw
Na x itf. xUy
gl 4.2 vj

yf, kbzbz Mait

vJ btg Mwiy jUwd.

gl 4.1. Na

gy a MLfSF K
wJ, y ijl yFf,
jhtuf UJ bgwgLtjh
it
ijgot
vbghUf
vdgL.

nkY mJbfhnth
Na dhoF 3.8 x 1026 #] btg Mwiy btLwJ. j
Mw mQfU iz vw fdh cUthwJ.
btg MwYF Nand Kjik _ykhf sFtnjhL
kLkyhk, Na vj xU cdK thtJ
mJ.
nghJ Na Mw Na mLfY, Na
btggLfY gagLjgLwJ.
#& vgJ Mwiy mslgagL myF MF.
141

aa
3. cuh
Ffhy RWw F
ahf Ugij cznwh. eh
ekJ
iffis
njFnghJ
btgkiltij
cznwh.
ntfkhf njF nghJ mfkhf
btgkiltij
cznwh.
F U bghUf xWl
xW njfgL nghJ, cuh
fhuzkhf btg njhWwJ.
Mkj cuhit gagL
beU bghia cUthdh.
y rkaf Uffis xWl
xW njJ beUig cUthdh

gl 4.3.

beU bgh

fhL

gl 4.4

4) ndhl
ndhlkhdJ
fl
tahf brY bghGJ btg
Mw cUthwJ. Nnl,
bgo, ut Nnl
nghwit
j
jJt
mogil bragLwJ.

gl 4.5 bfh fy

4.1.2. Nlhd kW Fahd bghUf

bra 4.1

ehnd brnw

vdF njitahdit: mfykhd _W ghuf,

Nlhd , rhjhuz FHh .

f Fj ,

1. e
 h mfykhd _W ghufis vLJ bfhnl. x f
Fj iu, kbwh Nlhd iu, _whtJ ghu
rhjhuz FHh iu u bfhnl.
2. v
 dJ xU ifia f Fj Y, kbwhU ifia Nlhd
Y xU y lf _ UFgo itnj.
3.
 wF iffis btna vLJ U iffis rhjhuz FHh
cs ghuD itnj.
4.
 f Fj itfgl if mf btgij, Nlhd
itfgl if Fiwj btgij cztij mnj.
5.
 UJ bjhL ghJ cztj _y bghU xW bgWs
btg Mwiy rahf fzl ayhJ vgij mnj.

142

btgaY xaY

4.1.3. btg kW btgiy

btg
Mw
fQF
ydhfhJ. Mdh mjid czu
Ko.
bjhL
ghJ
cztj
_y bghU xW bgWs btg
Mwiy rahf fzl ayhJ.
btg Mwiy msl eh btgiy
vw msit gagLJnwh.
bghU xW vts Nlhf
csJ myJ vts Fahf
csJ
vgij
msLtnj
btgiy MF.
btgiykh (Thermometer)
Nlhf csJ myJ Fahf
csJ vw cz vjDl
xLnwh vgij rhjJ
Mifah btgiyia msl
btgiykh vw fUia
gagLJnwh.
btgiykh vj mogil
cUthfgLwJ?
bra 4.2
ehnd brnw
vdF njitahdit:
TFLit, xU Jis milgh,
t ik,
a Jisila
fzho FHh
1. TFLit x js
t ikia C mjid uh
und.
 xU Jis milghdh mj
2.
thia Wfkhf _o, milgh
cs Jistahf cR FHh
xiw brhUnd.
3.TFLitia
bfhF
D itnj. nghJ FHh
nknyWtij fnl.
4. NlhFnghJ tiltjh
FHh nknyWwJ vgij
mnj.

5. caU ms btgiy

msit
FF
vgij
cznj.
6. nghJ
FLitia
Fu
brnj. FHh kl nH
wFtij fnl.
nkfl braUJ utf
NlhfgL nghJ til.
FfgL
nghJ
RUF
vgij mnj.
g
mogil
btgiykh cUthfgLwJ.
mndfkhf vyh bjhiyfh
iyafS mt brf
xgu
Ko
Ka
efuf mW gthd fmf
kW f Fiwj btgiyfis
FLwhf.
xU y iyaf bra
vw
brhiy
ntW
y
iyaf
~ghu
vw
brhiy
gagLJwhf.
tilnaahd
ahr
vd?
btgiyia
Fl
bra
kW
~ghu
vw
U
myFfis
ga
gLjyh.
btgiykh
Ujkhd
msL
Kiwf
gagLjgLwd.
1) bronuL myJ bra
msL Kiw
2) ~ghu msL Kiw
143

aa
btgiykh U l msLf
mogil msf FfgLwd.
xW l msL vW kbwhW nk
l msL vW TwgL. itfSF
ilgl ilbt rkghffshf fgL
xbthU ghfK 1 o vW miHfgL.
l msL : a gfo cUFiy
nk l msL : a bfhiy
msL
Kiw

nk l
msL

l
msL

ghff
vif

bra

100o C

0o C

100

~ghu

212o F

32o F

180

bra
msoUJ
~ghu
msoF khw gagL bjhl:
C
100

gl 4.6.

(F-32)
180

C bra btgiykh fhL msL

F ~ghu btgiykh fhL msL
fns brfns
1.

86 F

___ C

2.

122 F

___ C

3.

___ F

37 C

4.

___ F

70 C

nkY mJbfhnth
bf msL Kiw
(( SI msL Kiw
btgiymyF
bf.
(( bf msL Kiw
j
msL
Kiw
vdgL.
(( bf
msL
Kiw 0 K= -273o C
(( 0 K ( bf) vgJ
jR
btgiy
vdgL.

bgUghyhd
btgiykhf
ghjur
gagLjgLwJ.
Vbd,
1) mJ gsgsghf, xfh bghUshf csJ.
2) fzho xlhJ
3) btgij v flJ.
4)abtgiy khwF mf ms til
5) uhf til.
xU y btgiykhf MfAh gagLjgLwJ.
144

btgaY xaY

4.1.4. btgiyia msLj

Mtf btgiykh
J bfoahd fzho FHhah NHgl fa
Jis cila FHh MF. xU Kid cUis tot F
fhzgL. FG a Jis FHh xU gF ghjurjh
uggoUF.
fhW fgl wF FHh nk Kid
_lgoUF.
msLf -10 C Kj 110 C tiu
FfgoUF. btgiykh F Nlhd D _Fgo
itfgLnghJ, FD cs ghjur Nlh til. vdnt
FHhD ghjur kl caU. FHhD cs ghjur kl
ms btgiyia jU.
kUJt btgiykh
cfSF fhr csnghJ kUJtl brUf.
kUJt brj Kj ntiy cfsJ cl btgiyia
fljjhfjh
UF.
jfhf
mt
kUJt
btgiykhia gagL Ugh. j mikig mJ
bfhnthkh?
f a Jisila xU fzhoFHhia R bfoahd
fzho FHh UF. xU Kid cUis tot F
fhzgL. FG W Jis FHh xU gF ghjur
uggoUF. FHh cs fhW fgl wF kWKid
_lgoUF. FGF rWnk xU W tis fhzgL. J
tilj ghjur L FGF bryhk jLf cj.
35 C Kj 42 C tiu mslgoUF. ghjur kl ms
nehah btgiyia jU. kj cl btgiyia
fhz kLnk J gagLjgL. kj ruhr cl btgiy
36.9 C (m) 98.4 F MF. J kUJt btgiykh mF
L fhlgoUF.
~ghu msLf Ffgl kUJt btgiy khfS
gagLjgLwd. bra kW ~ghu msLf
Ffgl btgiykhfS eilKiw csd.
nkY mJbfhnth
jnghJ ol btgiykhfis bfhL btgiy
mslgLwJ. J fzho, ghjur yhj xU dQ
mik MF. J v cilahJ. gagLJtJ ghJfhghdJ.
nehah if monyh myJ thnyh itj xU
lF wF W rjij VgLJ. mJ btgiy
msit neuoahf vf fhL.

145

gl 4.7

gl 4.8

aa

4.2. xa

gl 4.9

u vLfgl efu x glijjh F ghf.

vyh sFfS mizfglh mj efu vthW UF
vgij fgid brJ ghUf. cfsh vijahtJ ghf Kokh?
x yhjnghJ bghUis ekh ghf Kokh?
x yhjnghJ ekh vj bghUis bjthf ghf ayhJ.
x kW UL vwh vd?
ghF czit jU Mw x vdgL. x yhj iy UL
vdgL. bghU xiw eh ghfntL v bghU UJ
xahdJ e ffis mila ntL.

4.2.1. vbuh
ikahd fzho nghw bghUf tna x FJ brY.
Mdh nkir, ehfh nghw bghUf tna x FJ
bryhJ. mt J G x xU gF U mDggL.
x bghUf J gL U mDggL bra vbuh vdgL.
eh kW vY JL fij
xU eh eh xW jdJ th
vY JLl ghy xiw
flJ brwJ. mJ nH brY iu
ghjJ. mnghJ D
kbwhU eh th
vYJLl
Ugij
flJ.
mj nguhir oj
eh ulhtJ vY
Jil
bgw
idjJ.

D bj ehia gaKW
vYJil bgWlyh vw
vz mJ gykhf FiujJ.
mnah ght! eh thUj
vYJL D GjJ.
nguhir bfhl eh
jDila
vY
Jil HjJ.

gl 4.10
146

mj eh D
vij ghjjhf f
idf?

btgaY xaY

jh{kAh

bkGFt

mdgwit

F
fhlgLs
glfis
ftf.
F bghUis nghw mnj njhw
bfhl cUtij ghfyh. J bghU
g vdgL.
g vthW cUthwJ?
x vbuhgjh g cUthwJ.

4.2.2. Mo

bra 4.3
ehfns brnth
Mo vwh vd?
ekF njitahdit: W
dnjhW eh jiy nghJ fzhoJL, btisjh.
myJ
Kf
fGnghJ
Kf 1. xbthU bghU J
ghF fzho ekJ cUtij
Nax
gLgo
itJ
ghnwh. Kf ghF fzho
vbuhF xia Rt
e cUtij ghf Ko. Mdh
J H bra.
rhjhuz fzho kufil myJ f
2. nghJ
fzhoJL
nghwitf gij ghf KoahJ.
mfgoahd
xia
V?
vbuhgij, btis
Kf ghF fzho G
jhshdJ
f Fiwj
bgUghyhd x vbuhfgLtjh
xia
vbuhgij
g njhWwJ. Mdh kw
fnlh.
bghUf
mj
ms
xia
3. UJ
btntW
vbuhgJ iy.
bghUf btntW msF
jJ G xia
VwFiwa
xia vbuhF vgij
KGtJkhf
vbuhf
Toa
mnjh.
gsgsghd gu Mo vdgL.
bgUghyhd
Mof
fzho
bfhL
cUthfgLwd.
Mo
rkjskhf mikjh mJ rkjs Mo
vdgL.
147

rkjs
Mo
cUthF
g
jikfis
flnthkh!

aa
bra 4.4
ekF njitahdit:
rkjs Mo, bkGFt.

cW neh mnth

1. rkjs Mo K bkGFt xiw

itf.
2. bkGFt
gij
Mo
fhz.
3. rkjs
xU
iuia
MoF
itf.
4. iu
g
bkGFt
njhWwjh?
iu g njhWtJ iy.
J nghW MoD fhzKoj
Mdh iu of Koahj g
kha g vdgL.
kha g vnghJ neuhfnt mik.
rkjs Mo njhW g vnghJ neuhd kha gkhF.
bra 4.5
ekF njitahdit :

cW neh mnth
rkjs Mo.

1. e
 h rkjs Mo K W ekJ
gij ghnghkh? mJ eikl
bgajhf njhWwjh? myJ
ajhf njhWwjh?
2. rkjs
MoUJ
ndh efu.
3. nghJ
g
khWgLwjh?

bkJthf
ms

4. g ms khWgLtiy.
eh mJ bfhtJ
rkjs Mo cUthF g ms bghU msF rkkhf UF.
nkY mJbfhnth
(( Mof w bka btR bfhLfgoUF. id
ghJfhf mj J MuR myJ t w tz rgoUF.
(( M
 o tna ghF nghJ, btUJ xahdJ
vbuhfgL e ffis milwJ. J Mo w g
csJ nghw njhwij jUwJ.

148

btgaY xaY
bra 4.6

cW neh mnth

ekF njitahdit:
rkjs Mo, jokdhd btisjh
1. jokdhd btis jh J VII
vd vGJnth.
2. mjid rkjs MoF K itngh.
3. rkjs Mo njhW g IIV vd
mik
4. F gf
VgLsJ.

vil

khw

5. rkjs Mo K WbfhL,
tyJ ifdh cf _if
bjhl. fzhoD vd
ghf?
6. rkjs Mo bj cf g
lJifdh _if bjhL
bfhoUF. mjhtJ, MoD
lgf
tygfkhf,
tygf
lgfkhf
njhWwJ. g lty
khw vdgL.
rkjs Mo cUthF gkhdJ vbghGJ lty khwkhf UF.
nehahfis V brY thfd K
ECNALUBMA

vd
vGjgLs
ftJfsh?

My

vGJfis

mJ AMBULANCE vw thijjh. lty

khwJl vGjgoUF. j thfd
Kdh brY thfd XLef jf
thfd cs ndhF Mo tna
ghFnghJ mjid rahf gof Ko.
gl 4.11 mtru C
fns brf
nkY mJbfhnth
(i) T E I U Q P E E K
rkjs Mo KG
(ii) N W O D T I S E S A E L P
1. j fzho
brhwd?

gf

vd

2. ijnghw xUy thafis

fzho gkhf kh vGj.
149

cUtij fhz rkjs

Mo cau FiwjJ
bghU cau
ghas Uf ntL.

aa
bra 4.7

cW neh mnth

ekF njitahdit:
gilahd W rkjs Mo, tiugljh,
mgh, bg .
1. gilahd W rkjs Mo xiw
tiugljh xU nfho J
bghUJkhW itf.
2. tiugljh
njhW.

MoD

3. bg myJ mgh xid

MoUJ ulhtJ fl
Kid itf.
4. MoD mj g iyia FJ bfhs.
5. bghUis btntW gFf itJ xbthU Kiw mjfhd
g iyia FJ bfhs.
6. tUJ bghU MoUJ cs bjhiyF MoF
g cUthF bjhiyF VjhtJ bjhlig fhzKowjh?
MoF K bghU vts bjhiy csnjh mnj bjhiy
MoF bghU g njhW.

4.3. nfhsf Mof

(Spherical Mirrors)
fzD, fkyh jf u
czfhf fhUjd. fz
jDila a jo mtDila
gij
fhwh.
jo
vbuh VgLtjh mtDila
g njhWtjhf fkyhl
Tdh.
Wjh
tF
ijg mnjh vwh.
fkyh xU Jfuoia vLJ
fhJ fzh vDila
gij fhz KowJ vwh.
F fuo xU Moahf
bragLwJ.
vdnt,
MoahdJ
rkjskhf
Uf
ntoa
mtaiy
tisj gu Moahf braglyh.
150

gsgsghd
nkirfuo
cfSila cUtij ghUf.
fuo
UgffS
xnu
khahd
gij
cUthFwdth?
xU y Mof rkjskhf,
y Mof guf nkneh
tisJ, y Mof guf
cneh
tisJ
Ugij
czthf. nkneh tisj
guila Mo, F Mo vd
cneh tisj Mo, F Mo
vd miHfgL. it tisj
Mof vdgL.

F Mo

gl 4.12

F Mo

btgaY xaY
Mofis tiugl _y Fj

rkjs Mo

m)

F Mo
gl 4.13

M)

F Mo

fns brf.
(M) kW () vw tisj
Mofis gFahf bfhL
nfhsf tiunth.
F Mo

vj xU tisjgu nfhs
xU gFahf mik. vdnt F
kW F Mof nfhsf Mof
vdgL.
fns brf
ug gJ xiw vLJ
bfhL, f cjah xU
WgFia bto vLf. bto
vLfgl gF cgf
Fthf, btgf FJ
mik.
nghJ
F,
F
Mof
nfhs gFf vgij VW
bfhsyh myth!

bra 4.8
cW neh mnth
ekF njitahdit:
F Mo, btisjh
1. F
Naid
Moia,
neh UFgo of.
vbuhJ
tU
xia
btisjh
x
J
Ggo brf.
2. btisjhis
KD
Dkhf ef bjthd
x cUthFgo brf.
3. j x na Na
g MF.
jh J myJ iu J G
g bk g vdgL.

nfhsf Mof J x G
nghJ vd fG?

nkY mJbfhnth
fyfiu
sff
Mof
gagLjgLwd.
l uF mj xia
vbuhJ
fl
brY
fgfSF cjwJ.

F Mo xia vbuhJ xU
nrF (FF).
F Mo xia
J bry itF.

F Mo

vbuhJ

151

aa
bra 4.9

cW neh mnth

ekF njitahdit: F Mo, bkGFt, jh, iu,msnfh

1. F Moia jh bghU
nkirJ itf. 15 br..
myJ 20 br.. mss mil
xJ btis jhis
xl. J iuahf gagL.
2. v bkGFtia Mo
K Rkh 50 br.. bjhiy
itf.
iuia
ef
Rl bjthd gij
bgw.
3. J bk gkh? kha gkh?
g Rliul bgajhf
csjh? ajhf csjh?

4. bkGFtia Moia neh

ef btntW lf
itJ
xbthU
Kiw
iu bjthd gij
bgw.
5. f
ghjtiw
bra.

iu
njhW
g
bkg.
J
bghUisl
bgajhfnth myJ ajhfnth
myJ bghU msilajhfnth
UF. Mdh jiyHhf mik.
bghU F MoF f mUfhik csnghJ MoD bga neuhd
kha g cUthF.
bra 4.10
cW neh mnth
ekF njitahdit: F Mo, bkGFt, jh, iu,
1. F Moia jh bghU nkirJ itf. mj K v
bkGFtia itf. iuia MoF K itJ KD D
ef gij bgw Kaf.
2. gij iu bgw ayhJ. F Mo xffis J bry
itgjh iu g cUthfhJ. Mdh MoD bghUisl
a neuhd kha g njhW.
UJ eh bjJ bfhtJ vd?
F Mo vnghJ bghUisl a khagij kLnk cUthF.
152

btgaY xaY
nfhsf Mof gaf
thfdf Kf sF,
ifsF, M sF,
bjhiyneh nghwt
vbuhghdhf gagLwJ.

Kf rtu br Moahf
gagLwJ.

F Mo

g kW fhJ, _F bjhil
kUJtf mtf ghf
ntoa gFf J xia
Ff gagLwd.

Na mLf rikf ntoa

czbghUf J Na
xia Ff gagLwd.

F Mo

j ghit gF mfkhdjh
w cstiw ghf
thfdf gagLwJ.

mfkhd lij
ffhF Mofshf
gagLwd.
153

aa

4.4. Nax - btisah myJ wKilajh?

gl 4.14. thd

thd thdiy ghUfsh?

thdyhdJ kiHbgnghJ thd NaDF vir
gytzfSl bga nghy njhW. J btis x vgJ
gytzf bjhF vw Mrakhd cikia cW brwJ.
ghitahsUF wUJ xahdJ Jf J Gtjh
thd njhWwJ. UJ Nax gy tzfsh MfglJ
vd mayh.
bra 4.11
cW neh mnth
ekF njitahdit: Kglf, rkjs Mo.
1. fzho Kglf xiw vLJbfhf.
rkjs Mo xdh Na xia Kglf
xU gf Ggo bra.
2. KglfUJ bttU xia iu
myJ Rt J Ggo bra.
iu thd cs tzfis nghw
tzfis fhzyh. UJ Nax gy
tzfis bfhlJ vgij cW brayh.
Mahnyna
bga
vbuh
bjhiynehf,
xW jeho cs
#thJ kiy (nt
khtl) mikJs
fht
Muh
ika csJ.
154

vjid wf csd? vyh

wfis vjhf ja
Koah
lhY,
ftdkhf
ghFnghJ VG wf csij
mayh.
mit : Cjh, fUy, y, gir,
kr, MuR kW t. jid
VIBGYOR vd FLnwh.

btgaY xaY
wif vwh vd?
btis x vgJ VG wfsh MdJ vgij mnth. wfis
jjahf f aY. thW btis xahdJ mjD mls
VG wfshf fgL f wif vdgL.
wf bjhF wkhiy vdgL.
wfis nrJ btis xia bgw
aYkh?
aY, jid l to _y
brJfhlyh.
l to, tl gy tl
gFfshf fgL xbthF
xbthU wlgLwJ. tljL jh
x bghUjgLsJ. jh cs
ifoia RH jil RHy brayh.
jil ntfkhf RHWnghJ tzf
kiwJ, jL VwFiwa btisahf
bj.
gl 4.15 l tL

bra 4.12
ehnd brnw
vdF njitahdit:btis mil, tzf, ija C myJ
Tikahd bg, sho ls.

l til cUthf:
1. btis mil x tljL xiw bto vLJ bfhnl.
2. ghifkhia gagL, jil VG rkghffshf nj.
3. xbthU gFF wkhiy cs xbthU wnl.
4. jo eL WJisL mjtna skhd bg myJ
Cia brhUnd. mjid sho ls tna brYnd.
5. jil Kojtiu ntfkhf RHnd. jL ntfkhf RHYnghJ
tzf xW nrJ jL btisahf bjtij ghnj.
6. UJ btis x VG wf mlsd vd mnj.

155

aa

kL
I. rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJf.
1. bra msnfh 100o vgJ ~ghuA& msnfh 180o rk
v 1o bra vgJ vjF rk?
m) (F-32) x 100/180

M) (F-32) x 180/100

) (F+32) x 100/180

<)

(F+32) x 180/100

2. ~ghuA& msnfh nk kW l tiufSF ilgl

f vif
m) 212

M) 180

) 100

<) 32

3. m# rkjs MoUJ 1 l bjhiy wh. mt Moia

neh 50 br.. efUwh. nghJ m#F mtdJ gF
ilgl bjhiy
m) 50 br..

M) 2 .

) 3 .

<) 1 .

4. UL miw itfgLs fzho cfsJ Kfij fhz

lh s UJ tU xia vj J brYj ntL?
m) Mo

M) cfsJ Kf

) gf cs Rt

<) miw nkTiu

5. tUtd bk gij, kha gij cUthFtJ vJ?

m) rkjs Mo

M) F Mo

) F Mo

<) nkTa vyh

II. nfhol lfis uf.

1. bghU xW bgWs btg Mwiy
________________ (btgiy / mGj)

msl

gagLtJ

2.
 aF thfd x rfu btg miltjF fhuz
_______________ (cuh / vj)
3. b
 tgiy mso bfhiy ____________________ Mf
vLJ bfhsgLwJ. (nk ltiu / l tiu)
4. kh iu bgwgL g __________(bk g / kha g)
5. gu xUJ x U mDggL f _____________
(vbuhj / yf)
156

btgaY xaY

III. bghUJf.
1. Na

m. vj

2. fhj vj

M.btgiyia msLwJ

3. btgiykh

. x wif

4. FMo

<. btg kW x_y

5. wkhiy

c. xffis F

IV. tUtdtF fhuz jUf.

1. u neu thd v f ghij xwhf ygLwJ.
2. kUJt btgiykh xU tis fhzgL.
3. 4
 000 C btgiy cs ut x btgiyia rhjhuz
Mtf btgiykhia bfhL msl KoahJ.
4. F
 Mo bk gij cUthFwJ. Mdh F Mo bk gij
cUthFtiy.

V. kUJtkid mU

M Tl KJ

t xUt braghL rahdJ. kbwhUt braghL jtwhdJ.

sFf.

VI.
 #, kUJtuhd jdJ mkhF kUJt cgfuzfis U f
brJ cjt vdh. mt kUJt btgiykhia bfh
fGdh, mJ cilJ lJ, mt brj jtW vd?

VII. fzho ghFnghJ lty khwjh khwkilahj IJ My

vGJfis vGJf. (cjhuz H )

157

aa

VIII. Mof cUthF gfis ftJ mit vtif Mof

vd tifgLJf?

(a) _____________

(b) _____________

(c)_____________

IX. cfl btntW tifahd Mof jugLsd. mtiw

J m va Kiwia TWf.
X. glij cW nehFf. UJ f
bgW Ko ahJ?

brJ ghUf
1. F Mo xiw bjhiy cs bghUis
neh of. Moia KD D
ef mj bjthd g Rt myJ
iu J Ggo bra. MoF iu
myJ RtUF ilgl uij msL
btntW
bghUfSF
nrhjidia
Ug bra. msLfis Ff.
bghU

2. cnyhf ghu x js iu vLJbfhs. btgiykhia

D itJ xU y lf fJ btgiyia FJbfhf.
ghuij fhiy 10 kF Rkh 20 lf bt itj wF
L btgiyia fhz. ijnghy ka 12 k kW gf
2 k Ma neuf Ug bra. cfsJ msfis g
bra.
neu

tFgiwD btgiy
C

bt itj wF
btgiy C

fhiy 10 k
ka 12k
gf 2k
nkY ma

jf: 1. Young Scientist Vol - 4 - World Book. Inc

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btgaY xaY

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