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Alkene (C=C)
Alkane
Halogenoalkane
(R-X)
Reactions undergone
Nucleophilic addition
What is formed
Alkane
Aldehyde
Ketone
CO2, H2O
Halogenoalkane
NaOH, Reflux
NaCN, ethanolic, heat
Alcohol
Nitrile
Excess ammonia
Concentrated NaOH in ethanol,
reflux
Cr2O72- or KMnO4, acidified
Amine
Alkene
Free radical
substitution
Nucleophilic
substitution
Elimination
Alcohol (OH)
Oxidation
Nucleophilic
substitution
Dehydration
Iodoform test
Halogenoalkane
Alcohol
Aldehyde
Ketone
Halogenoalkane
Alkene
Carboxylate ion
Remarks
Effervescence observed in QA
Markovnikovs rule applies (stability
and position)
OH group replaces halogen
CN group replaces halogen. One extra
Carbon.
Aldehyde
Ketone
Oxidation
Carboxylate ion
Carboxylate ion
Carboxylate ion
Carboxylic acid
Nucleophilic addition
Condensation
HCN, KOH
HCN, KCN
KCN, H2SO4
2, 4-DNPH
Reduction
Oxidation
Nitrile with
alcohol group
*Cyanohydrin
Orange
precipitate
Primary alcohol
Carboxylate ion
Nucleophilic addition
HCN, KOH
HCN, KCN
KCN, H2SO4
2, 4-DNPH
Condensation
Carboxylic acid
Nitrile
Reduction
Acidic hydrolysis
Reduction
Hydrolysis
Nucleophilic
Acyl chloride
Nitrile with
alcohol group
*Cyanohydrin
Orange
precipitate
Ester
Acyl chloride
Alcohol
Carboxylic acid
Amine
Carboxylic acid
Ester
substitution
Benzene
*remark: ALL benzene
reactions apply for
methylbenzene as well.
*remark: the CH3 on
methylbenzene behaves
like a typical alkane.
Methylbenzene
Specific
Phenol
Electrophilic
substitution
Addition
Oxidation
Acylation
Electrophilic
substitution
Phenol
Amine, ammonia
Concentrated HNO3
Concentrated H2SO4
30C
Cl2, AlCl3
Ester
Amide
Br2, FeBr3
RCl, AlCl3
(Friedel-Crafts Alkylation)
Ester
Cyclohexane
Benzoic acid
Acyl chloride
Br2 in CCl4, room temperature
Br2 (aq)
Dilute HNO3, room temperature
Concentrated HNO3, room
temperature
Ester
Phenol with 1 Br
Phenol with 3 Br
Phenol with 1 NO2
Phenol with 3 NO2