Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
ISBN: 978-960-9571-80-7
2016
18
2016
18
2016
2016
18
......................................................................................................................................................................................17
.......................................................................................................................................................................................25
......................................................................................................................................................................................29
1: , :
..................................................................................................35
1.1 .................................................................................................................................37
1.2
2015
2016....................................................................................38
1.3
...........................................................45
1.4
........................................................................................................49
1.5
...................................................................................................56
2:
...........................................................................................................61
2.1 .................................................................................................................................63
2.2
..............................................................................................................64
2.3 ................................................69
2.4
.............................................................................................................................72
2.5 .....................................................................................76
2.6
..............................................................................................................................78
2.7 ,
............................................................82
3:
, .........93
3.1 .................................................................................................................................95
3.2 ................................................................................................96
3.3 ................................................................................107
3.4 ...................................109
3.5
4:
, ..........127
4.1 ..............................................................................................................................129
4.2
2015.........................................................................................................130
4.3
(2008-2014)........133
4.4 ........................138
4.4.1
2010-2015.........142
3.6
...............112
...............................................................118
5: ...........................................149
5.1 ..............................................................................................................................151
5.2 ,
...................................................151
5.3 ..............................162
5.4 ...................................165
5.5 ..................................................................................170
5.6
...........................................................................................................................177
5.7 ...........................181
5.8
.....................................................................................187
:
............................................................................................................191
........................................................................................................................................................................199
1.1:
1.2:
1.3:
2.1:
3.1:
3.2:
3.3:
3.4:
3.5:
3.6:
3.7:
4.1:
4.2:
4.3:
5.1:
5.2:
5.3:
5.4:
5.5:
ESA (.
% )....................................................................................................................................... 39
(. ,
).................................................................................................................... 41
(. )................................. 59
,
(2010-2015)................................................................................................. 77
(2010- 2015)............................................................................................................................... 114
(2010-2015).................................................................................................. 114
(2015)
............................................................................................................ 115
(2015)
............................................................................................................ 115
(2015) ............................................................. 116
(2015).................................................................................................... 117
(2015).................................................................................................... 117
(2010-2015)............................................. 130
/
(2009-2015)................................................................................................................................ 131
(2009-2015)....................................................................... 132
............................................ 152
(2005-2009 2010-2014)......................................................................................... 154
(2005-2009 2010-2014)........................................................ 155
(2005-2009 2010-2014)............................................................. 156
(2005-2009 2010-2014)............................................................. 157
5.6:
5.7:
5.8:
5.9:
5.10:
5.11:
5.12:
5.13:
5.14:
5.15:
5.16:
5.17:
5.18:
(2005-2009 2010-2014)........................... 163
(2005-2009 2010-2014)........................... 164
MKE
(2005-2009 2010-2014)...................................................................................... 166
MKE
(2005-2009 2010-2014)...................................................................................... 167
(2005-2009 2010-2014).................... 168
(2005-2009 2010-2014)...................................................................................... 169
(2005-2009 2010-2014)...................................................................................... 171
(2005-2009 2010-2014)...................................................................................... 172
(2005-2009 2010-2014)...................................................................................... 173
(2005-2009 2010-2014)...................................................................................... 174
(2009 2014)........................................................................................................................ 179
(2009 2014)........................................................................................................................ 180
(2005-2014)........................................ 186
1.1: /
(2006-2016)................................................................................................................43
1.2: (2015 2016).................44
1.3:
(2006-2016)...................................................................................................................................45
1.4: (2006-2016)................................46
1.5:
(2007-2016).................................................................................................47
1.6: ()
(1995-2017)...................................................................................................................................48
1.7:
, -
(2010-2015)...................................................................................................................................50
1.8: ,
- (2010-2015).....................................51
1.9: ,
- (2010-2015).....................................52
1.10: ,
- (2010-2015).....................................53
1.11:
, -
(2010-2015)...................................................................................................................................54
1.12: ,
- (2010-2015).....................................54
1.13: ,
- (2010-2014).....................................55
1.14: (%)
( 3,5%)....................................................................................56
1.15: (%) 2 (
2,5% 33%)..................................57
1.16: (%) 3 (
1,5% 60%)..................................58
2.1: (2006:1-2015:3, %
,
, ).............................................64
2.2: (2006:1-2015:3, %
, , )............................65
2.3: ,
(1995-2016, )...........................................................................................66
2.4:
(2006:1-2015:3, %
, ,
)......................................................................................67
2.5:
(2006:1-2015:3,
)......................................................................................68
2.6: (2006:1-2015:3,
,
)..................69
2.7:
(2006:1-2015:3, %
, ,
).............................................................................................................................................70
2.8:
(2006:1-2015:3, %
, ,
).............................................................................................................................................71
2.9: ,
(2006:1-2015:3,
, ).......................................................................72
2.10:
(2006:1-2015:3,
).............................................................................................................................................73
2.11: ,
(. ,
2010:1-2015:3 2015:4)...................................................................74
2.12: ,
(2006:1-2015:3,
)......................................................................................76
2.13: ,
(2006:1-2015:3, )...........................................77
2.14: ,
(2005:1-2015:3, ).............78
2.15: (2005:12015:3, 2010, )............................79
2.16:
(2005:1-2015:3, )...........................................80
2.17: (1995-2015 2016).............81
2.18:
(% , 2006:1-2015:3).....................................................................................................83
2.19:
(. , 2006:1-2015:3)...........................................................................................84.
2.20: (. , 2006:1-2015:3).........85
2.21:
(. , 2006-2014).....................................................................................................86
2.22: (2006-2014)...............................86
2.23: ,
(. , 2006-2014).....................................................88
2.24: (. , 1998-2014).....................................89
2.25: ,
(%, 2006-2014)............................................................................................................................90
3.1: ( 15-74 ,
2004- 2015)..........................................................................97
3.2: ( 2008:3,
2014:3 2015:3)...................................................................................................................97
3.3:
( 2008:3, 2014:3 2015:3)...................................................................98
3.4:
( 2008:3, 2014:3 2015:3)...................................................................99
3.5:
(2014).............................................................................................................100
3.6:
( 2008:3, 2014:3 2015:3).............................100.
3.7: ,
(2001-2015)..........................................................101
3.8: ,
(2001-2015)............................................102
3.9: ,
(2001-2015)...................................................103
3.10: ,
(2001-2015)........................................................104
3.11: ,
(2001-2015).............................................105
3.12: ,
-
(2013)................................................................................................................................106
3.13:
( 2008:3, 2014:3 2015:3)................................................................107
3.14:
( 2008:3, 2014:3 2015:3)................................................................108
3.15:
( 2008:3, 2014:3 2015:3)................................................................109
3.16:
(2004:1-2015:3).......................................................................................................................110
3.17: -
(2013 )...................................................................................................111
3.18:
(2010-2015)................................................................................................................................113
3.19: (%)
(2009-2014)..............................................................................................118
3.20:
( 2008)
- (2010-2014)...................................119
3.21:
( 2008)
- (2010-2014)...................................120
3.22: (%)
-15 (2009-2012, ,
2005)..........................................................................................................121
3.23: Gini -15 (2009 2014)..........................122
3.24: (%)
(2009 2014)......123
3.25:
( 18, 2009 2014).....................................................................124
3.26:
(%, 2009 2013)...........................................................................125
4.1: ,
(2008 2014)...........................136
4.2: ,
(2008 2014)...............................136
4.3: ,
(2008 2014).........................137
4.4:
(2015:2)..................................139
4.5:
( 2009:2 2015:2)....................................................................................140
4.6:
(2015:2).................140
4.7:
( 2009:2 2015:2)....................................................................................141
4.8:
2010-2015 (
, ,
)...............................................................................................................142.
4.9:
(2010-2015).................................................................................143
4.10:
( 2016)...................................................................................................................144
4.11:
( 2010 2016)....................................145
4.12: (PPS)
( 2016)....................................................................146
4.13: (PPS)
( 2010
2016)..........................................................................................................147
5.1:
(2005-2009 2010-2014)......................................................................................158
5.2:
(2005-2014).........................................................................................159
5.3: (%)
(2005-2014)...................................161
5.4: (%)
(2005-2014)..............................................................................................161
5.5: - 61
(2005-2009 2010-2014).............................165
5.6:
(2005-2009 2010-2014)......................................................................................175
5.7:
(2005-2009 2010-2014)..........................................................176
5.8:
(2008-2014)........................................................................178
5.9: (2005-2014,
, . ).......................................181
5.10: (%)
(2005-2014)..........182
5.11:
(2005-2009 2010-2014)......................................183
5.12:
(2005-2009 2010-2014)......................................................................................184
-
:
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
HR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
2016
. ,
.
. ,
, ,
.
:
2015
.
.
, .
() 2016
,
.
,
2010-2015. ,
.
,
, .
.
, .
2016
17
.
() /
.
, , , 2018 .
.
2015 0,6%,
( 1,1%)
. ,
2015 ,
, .
,
2015,
.
, .
.
2013
, .
,
.
, 2009,
2013, . ,
,
, , 2011, ,
, . 18
2016
.
,
, . ,
.
,
24%. ,
. ,
, 73,7% .
,
,
(58,1%) 15 19
(47,7%) 20 24.
-, ,
.
.
,
,
, ,
.
,
. ,
,
.
,
. 2010 30 , . , 48%
, 20,9%
2016
19
, 43,4%
. ,
,
- -15.
, 2014
Gini 34,5, 1,4
2009.
,
.
.
2015 ()
, 94% . 282 , 263 , 12
, , 7 . , ,
.
2009 2015 . 2009,
21% , 2015
55%. 2014-2015 19,6% 45,6%.
.
.
.
, ,
. ,
.
20
2016
,
,
.
, ,
.
,
: 800 50% (14,5% 499
, 22% 500-699 13,5% 700-800 ), 8001.000 18,6% 1.000 15,7% (9,8%
1.000-1.299 5,9% 1.300 ).
, 2010-2015 24,7%
34,3% 25 .
.
.
,
(2010-2014)
(2005-2009).
, . ,
.
, , ,
.
,
.
2016
21
,
.
() .
. ,
,
.
,
.
, ,
(
), .
,
,
. , , ,
. ,
, .
. , , , ,
,
, . ,
, -.
, ,
.
, ....
22
2016
. ,
, .
,
, ,
.
,
,
.
2016
23
,
.
, , ,
.
, , ,
, , .
.
,
. .
,
.
, , ,
.
, .
,
, , , , . , ,
, ,
.
,
, ,
.
2016
25
,
.
. ,
- ,
.
.
,
, .
, .
, ,
.
,
,
.
.
, ,
, ,
, , ,
.
.
,
.
, . ,
,
,
.
, , , .
26
2016
.
,
,
.
().
, ,
,
. ,
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
()
, .
,
2016 , .
2015
.
,
,
,
.
2016
27
, ,
.
,
.
,
,
.
28
2016
2015 2010-2014.
. ,
, ,
-.
.
2016.
,
. ,
.
, . ,
,
.
, 2015 ,
.
,
,
.
12 , - ,
2016
29
, , ,
.
:
,
().
11 2015
2015-2018. 2015
-,
. ,
.
, ,
.
.
2009 .
.
,
, .
,
,
.
30
2016
2015,
. , ,
. ,
, , .
, . ,
,
, , .
,
,
,
.
. ,
.
,
, ,
, .
, ,
.
2016
31
.
,
.
2016
. ,
,
, , .
5 .1 1 2015 2016
. ,
. ,
-
2016-2019.
2
.
,
.
, ,
.
3 .
,
1. 2016,
,
, . , . , . , . , .
, . , . , . . .
32
2016
.
. ,
,
, .
4 2015.
. , ,
. , . ,
- .
5 . , ,
, , ,
. ,
,
. ,
, ,
.
,
, .
2016
33
1
,
:
,
:
1.1
. ,
, 2015
. ,
.
.
, 2015,
2016,
.
-
.
,
.
(. , 2015). 1.5.
.
2016
37
1.2 2015
2016
2015
: ) )
- - )
)
.
.2 2016, 2015 -5.618 . , 3,2%
459 . 0,2%
2015 (. 1.1).
, 1.286 . (0,7% ) 7.408 .
(4% ). , 2015 349
. , 5.944 . 2015,3
2015 90 . .
,
, .
() ( 241 . 863 . ),
2. , -
-0,25% 2015, 0,5% 2016, 1,75% 2017 3,5% 2018
.
3. , ANFA
SMP ( ) 2.098 . 64 .
. ,
(433 . ) (94 . ).
38
2016
() ( 1.221 . , 750 .
). ,
( ),
979 . (
898 . 2015)
.
1.1: ESA
(. % )
2014
2015
2015
2016
1.
-9.526
-3.388
-5.985
-5.070
2. (, ,
..)
-7.593
-573
-4.637
-2.966
550
863
241
315
3.
4.
5. (2+3+4)
(%)
6.
(%)
7. (ESA)
(%)
8. (
)
(%)
9.
(%)
10.
697
-6.345
-750
-459
-1.221
-5.618
-3.695
-3,6
-0,2
-3,2
-2,1
6.989
3,9
7.867
4,3
6.904
3,9
6.821
644
7.408
1.286
3.126
0,4
0,7
1,8
555
0,3
5.595
3,03
-349
-0,2
919
317.117
316.900
316.500
327.600
178,6
171,4
180,2
187,8
177.559
184.870
175.658
174.438
: ( 2015 2016)
-1.044
3,9
0,5
1.2
2016
39
.
51.421 . , 4.182
. 2015 1.670 .
.4 ANFA SMP,
1.921 . .
,
, . ,
, 54.951
. , 754 . 2015 713 . .
,
19.758 . ,
2.122 . 593 .
2015 (.
1.2). ,
,
2015. , (23.773 . )
2014, 1.380 .
2015,
176 . . ,
, . ,
,
ANFA SMP. , ,
()
.
4. 2015 ANFA SMP 2.015
. - 2015. ,
2015, 2016, 3.882 . 2014 2015.
(291 . ), Eurogroup 27
. , (. , 2015).
40
2016
1.2:
(. , )
2014
2015
51.367
55.603
53.091
51.421
I.
20.464
21.880
19.165
19.758
3.474
3.512
2.868
3.180
12.207
1.928
2.855
2.474
2.710
11.842
1.675
2.780
.-.
2015
12.093
1.700
2.785
23.776
25.153
23.597
23.773
606
674
500
625
13.618
13.184
2015
14.411
13.519
13.629
8.702
8.922
8.798
8.760
381
391
315
310
469
II.
IV.
VI. (-)
465
450
3.579
3.291
3.550
3.901
384
577
268
254
1.817
V.
756
2.847
5.408
1.825
VII.
3.370
55.705
4.473
2.922
55.063
4.732
3.370
4.717
2.877
55.664
54.951
41.928
41.887
41.924
41.298
14.421
13.931
14.495
14.388
.
V.
V.
VI.
18.478
5.733
3.295
0
5.569
18.766
5.394
2.796
1.000
18.804
5.707
2.792
126
4.832
18.740
5.383
2.787
0
5.900
5.830
5.800
345
700
590
565
6.592
6.400
42
587
818
200
720
6.400
178
703
6.406
: ( 2016,
- 2015).
2016
41
/ 2010
1,20 1,16 2014 (. 1.1).
/
54,6% 45,4%.
.
.
2016
. , , ,
,
.
(1,65 . ), (187,7 . ),
. 2016,
3,7 . 2,1% 3,1 . 1,8% .5
1.1:
/ (2006-2016)
: ( 2016,
2015- 2015) ( )
: 2016 .
5. ,
2016 919 . 0,53% ,
47 . , 0,03% .
2016
43
1.2:
(2015 2016)
: ( 2016)
:
.
6
.
(. 1.3).
2010, , , .
,
. ,
.
6. 2016 -0,7%,
2015.
44
2016
,
.
1.3:
(2006-2016)
: ( 2016,
- 2015)
: 2016 .
1.3
,
2015 179%
, 0,4 2014 ( 1.4).7
2,7 . ( 2,1 . 2014),
2015.
7. 2016
2015 180,2%.
2016
45
1.4:
(2006-2016)
: AMECO
: 2016 .
, ( repos) 2015 ,
.
, 2018,
.
, (. , 2015), . ,
, .
1.5 ,
/ 46
2016
.
2010-2015
.8 2012,
/,
(PSI). ,
, .
1.5:
(2007-2016)
: AMECO ( )
: 2016 .
1.6 ()
8. ., , Gechert and Rannenberg (2015)
2010-2014.
2016
47
.9
,
Ponzi ultra-Ponzi.
2015 ultra-Ponzi.
.
Ponzi ,
.
,
.
1.6: ()
(1995-2017)
: 2016 2017 .
48
2016
(. 1.6).
, 2010-2015,
: ) ,10 )
) ,
,
. , (
,
),
,
Ponzi, (.
1.6).
,
.
1.4
.
, -- . 1.7
,
2010-2015.
,
- .
,
4,1%, 10. . IMF (2012b) Blanchard and Leigh (2013) (2015)
.
2016
49
2,3% .
.11
1.7:
,
- (2010-2015)
: AMECO ( )
1.8
.
.
,
, , .
,
.
.
11. - . iAGS (2016) Euromemorandum (2016).
50
2016
1.8:
, - (2010-2015)
: AMECO ( )
.12
1.9
2010-2015.
.
21%
. ,
.
12. ,
: ) , ) )
. AMECO, 82% 2010-2015.
88%.
2016
51
1.9:
, - (2010-2015)
: AMECO ( )
, 1.10, 2010-2015
.
.
, ,
21% (. 1.11).
,
, .
. 1.12
,
52
2016
- .
.
,
.
1.10:
,
- (2010-2015)
: AMECO ( )
: 2010-2014 2010-2015.
2016
53
1.11:
, - (2010-2015)
: AMECO ( )
1.12:
, - (2010-2015)
: AMECO ( )
: 2010-2014 2010-2015.
54
2016
1.13:
, - (2010-2014)
: Eurostat, AMECO ( )
(. 1.13). ,
2010-2014, 26%
.
-
.
(Heise, 2011).
,
.13
.
13. ,
. ., ,
2020 (European Commission, 2010).
2016
55
1.5
;
2015 .
.
, -
: ) 14 )
, / .
2019,
(effective tax rate) 2015,
46%. 1.14
-
2019. , .
1.14: (%)
( 3,5%)
: IMF, AMECO ( )
14. . Antonopoulos et al. (2014), (2015).
56
2016
2,1%
2019, .
168 '
7,75 . . ,
.
1.15 . ,
33%,
- 2,5% 2018
( 2). , 105 '
4,9 . .
1.15: (%) 2
( 2,5% 33%)
: IMF, AMECO ( )
3
60% -
1,5% 2018 (. 1.16).
2016
57
0,55% 2019. -
45 ' 2,25 .
.
2018
.
.
1.16: (%) 3
( 1,5% 60%)
: IMF, AMECO ( )
1.3 .
2,10%
7,74 . 168
2016-2019 7,75 . . 2
4,9 . , 3
2,073 . 45 . ,
58
2016
. ,
2015,
, ,
. .
1.3: (. )
(
3,5%)
2
(
2,5%
33%)
168
105
3
( 1,5%
60%)
45
4.657
2.911
1.247
931
582
249
2.150
7.739
25.410
1.344
7.750
7.750
7.000
4.837
16.510
576
4.900
4.900
2.073
2.250
2.250
6.600
*
. .
,
. (.
, 2015),
,
,
.
.
.
2016
59
2.1
2010 ,
.
2015
,
-.
.
.
,
.
.
.
, ,
.
.
2016
63
2.2
2015 2014.
. ,
2015, , . 2.1
. ,
2015 0,6%,
(-1,1%).
2015, 2014.
2.1:
(2006:1-2015:3, %
, , )
: Eurostat,
64
2016
( 0,5%), 2.1. ,
8,4% ( 2.2),
(-0,2%), , 6,5 .
2.2:
(2006:1-2015:3, %
, , )
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
-10%
-20%
-30%
-40%
2006:1 2007:1 2008:1 2009:1 2010:1 2011:1 2012:1 2013:1 2014:1 2015:1
: Eurostat,
2.3 ,
1995-2016.
2016
65
,
. ,
2015, ,
.
. , ,
, ,
, .
10
2.3: ,
(1995-2016, )
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
: AMECO
66
2016
,
2014-2015, ( 2.4).
(
2015, ).
2015
2010, (2010-2014),
1-1,5%.
2.4:
(2006:1-2015:3, %
, , )
% ,
10%
5%
0%
2006:1 2007:1 2008:1 2009:1 2010:1 2011:1 2012:1 2013:1 2014:1 2015:1
-5%
-10%
-15%
: Eurostat,
, .
2.5
2016
67
2006-2015. ,
, 16 .
2008,
2012. 2014 2015,
, . ,
2015
.
30%
25%
2.5:
(2006:1-2015:3, )
( )
20%
( )
15%
120%
110%
100%
90%
80%
70%
10%
5%
130%
(,
( )
0%
2006:1 2007:1 2008:1 2009:1 2010:1 2011:1 2012:1 2013:1 2014:1 2015:1
60%
50%
40%
: Eurostat,
2015. ( 2.6)
16. , (
) .
68
2016
. ,
,
,
,
.
2.6:
(2006:1-2015:3, ,
)
50%
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
2006:4
2007:4
2008:4
2009:4
2010:4
2011:4
2012:4
2013:4
2014:4
: Eurostat,
2.3
, , ,
.
: ,17
17. , .
2016
69
,18 .19
: Eurostat,
18.
.
19. .
70
2016
2.8 . 2012
1,5 .
. (. 2.8).
.
2014-2015,
( 2014 2015).
,
.
.
2.8:
(2006:1-2015:3, %
, , )
: Eurostat, ( )
,
,
2016
71
.
.
, , , ,
, , .
2.4
2.9
2006-2015,
. 2009
( 3,2%). , 2010-2015
2010 .
2.9: ,
(2006:1-2015:3,
, )
60%
110
( )
100
2006:1 = 100
90
80
50%
40%
( )
30%
70
60
20%
( )
10%
50
40
2006:1 2007:1 2008:1 2009:1 2010:1 2011:1 2012:1 2013:1 2014:1 2015:1
0%
: Eurostat,
. , 72
2016
(
), , .
2.9, 2009
. 2014-2015,
,
, . , 2015
(2,5% 2014).
2.10:
(2006:1-2015:3, )
65%
60%
55%
50%
45%
40%
2006:4
2007:4
2008:4
2009:4
2010:4
2011:4
2012:4
2013:4
2014:4
: Eurostat,
.
,
. ,
2016
73
(-28,1%)
2010-2015,
(-10,2%),
( 2.10) .
,
2014 2015.
2.11:
,
(. , 2010:1-2015:3 2015:4)
22.000
20.000
-10,4%
18.000
16.000
14.000
-37,1%
12.000
10.000
8.000
6.000
4.000
2.000
74
2010:1
2011:1
2012:1
: Eurostat,
2013:1
2016
2014:1
2015:1
2.11
. , .
(
) 17,2 .
2009 10,7 . 2015. 6,5 .
38%. (, )
19,8 . 2009
17,2 . 2015. 2,6 .
10,3%.
.
.
.
2015
.
, ,
, .
, ,
,
.
,
-- .20
,
,
.
, .
20. ., , (2013) Onaran and Obst (2015).
2016
75
2.5
. 2.12 (),
.
(2008-2009), . 2010
, 2015
(-3,7%), 2016 (-2,2%
).
2.12:
,
(2006:1-2015:3, )
: Eurostat,
2009 2015,
26,1%.
:
(2008-2009), , (2010-2015), 10,2%
2007.
76
2016
2.1 .
2.1: ,
(2010-2015)
2010:1 2015:3
2010-2015
2015
2016
-26,1%
-10,2%
-17,7%
2015:3
2009:4
-5,9%
-3,0%
-2,9%
2016
-20,4%
-7,4%
-14,1%
: Eurostat, ( )
130
( )
2006:4 = 100
( )
60
70%
50%
40%
30%
80
70
80%
60%
110
90
2015
2009
2.13: ,
(2006:1-2015:3, )
120
100
( )
20%
10%
0%
50
2006:1 2007:1 2008:1 2009:1 2010:1 2011:1 2012:1 2013:1 2014:1 2015:1
: Eurostat,
, ,
,
2016
77
. 2.13
.
2.6
. 2010 ,
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0
-5.000
-10.000
-15.000
2005:1 2006:1 2007:1 2008:1 2009:1 2010:1 2011:1 2012:1 2013:1 2014:1 2015:1
: Eurostat,
78
2016
, 27%
2008. 2.15,
, (,
, 2007) (-29 . 2007, , , 12% ). , 175 .
( 240 . 2008)
3 . .
2.15:
(2005:1-2015:3, 2010, )
. 2010 ,
65.000
60.000
2.000
( )
1.000
0
-1.000
-2.000
55.000
-3.000
-4.000
50.000
45.000
-5.000
2010
( )
40.000
2005:1 2006:1 2007:1 2008:1 2009:1 2010:1 2011:1 2012:1 2013:1 2014:1 2015:1
-6.000
-7.000
-8.000
-9.000
: Eurostat,
, 20102015 ,
2.16, ,
.
.
2016
79
2.16:
(2005:1-2015:3, )
130
125
120
115
2006:1 = 100
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
2006:1 2007:1 2008:1 2009:1 2010:1 2011:1 2012:1 2013:1 2014:1 2015:1
: Eurostat,
,
,
, , , .
. ,
.
, , ,
.
, ,
.
10% ,
.
80
2016
, ,
. ,
,
. , .
,
.
. ,
, .
2.17:
(1995-2015 2016)
300
250
200
150
100
50
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
: Ameco
2016
81
2.17 ,
.
,
,
.
.
2.7 ,
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
2.18
21 2006-
2015. .
(.. )
22 (.. ).
21. : ,
, ,
.
22. . Godley and Lavoie
(2007).
82
2016
2012 23 ,
. ,
.
2.18:
(% , 2006:1-2015:3)
: Eurostat
. 2012-
2013,
, .
,24 2012 23. . .
24. ,
. 1.
2016
83
,
, .25
.
2012
PSI .
2.19 2.20 .
,
.
2008 , 2010 .
2.19:
(. , 2006:1-2015:3)
: Eurostat
,
,
2012.
25. .
2.14 2.15.
84
2016
2.20: (. , 2006:1-2015:3)
: Eurostat
2.21 . 2009
,
. , 20132014
.
.
2014-2015,
.
2.22 ,
2006-2014. 115% , . ,
2006
2010, 2010. ,
, 15,5 . 800 . , 14,7 . ,
24,6 . .
2016
85
2.21:
(. , 2006-2014)
: Eurostat
2.22: (2006-2014)
25.000
140,0%
20.000
120,0%
15.000
100,0%
10.000
80,0%
5.000
60,0%
40,0%
-5.000
20,0%
-10.000
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
0,0%
( )
/ ( )
:
86
2016
, .
.
.26
.
. 2013,
. ,
. ,
.
2.23,
, ,
27
. ,
2012 . ,
.
,
,
. 2.24 .
,
, .
2016
87
2.23: ,
(. , 2006-2014)
30.000,0
25.000,0
20.000,0
15.000,0
10.000,0
5.000,0
0,0
-5.000,0
-10.000,0
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
: Eurostat ( )
2007
,
. , .
. , 2007-2008,
.
,
, .
, 2009 ,
,
.
.
88
2016
. ,
.
. ,
, . ,
,
. ,
, .
2.24: (. , 1998-2014)
40.000
30.000
20.000
10.000
0
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
-20.000
1998
-10.000
: ( )
2016
89
.
-.
2.25, 228, 2013,
2013. 2, ,
.
20,00%
2.25: ,
(%, 2006-2014)
1,5%
15,00%
1,0%
10,00%
0,5%
5,00%
0,00%
0,0%
-5,00%
-0,5%
-10,00%
-1,0%
-15,00%
-20,00%
2006
2007
2008
2009
M2 ( )
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
-1,5%
( )
,
, . ,
, .
28. 2 , , ,
.
90
2016
. ,
,
,
.
2016
91
3
,
,
3.1
. , 2015
24%, ,
48% 2014.
2018 .
,
, , .
.
: ) ,
, ) . ,
, ,
. ,
.29
,
.
29. ., , iAGS (2016) ETUI (2015).
2016
95
, ,
,
.
,
.
3.2
3.1.
2013, 27,9% 24,5%
2015. 2014 2015
5,6%
2014 2015. , .
,
20 ,
2036, 7,3% 2008,
.
,
. ,
.
,
.
3.2
. 2015
73,7%
. , 855 ,
,
.
,
50%.
96
2016
3.1: ( 15-74 ,
2004- 2015)
: ,
3.2:
( 2008:3, 2014:3 2015:3)
: ,
2016
97
3.3 .
. , 2015
15-19 58,1% 20-24
47,7%,
. 25-29
34,3%, 30-44 23,4%, 45-64 18,4%
65 18,4%.
2014 2015 25-29 (
13,5%) 30-44 ( 5,1%). ,
, 65 (16,8%).
20-44
, .
3.3:
( 2008:3, 2014:3 2015:3)
: ,
( 3.4) ,
, .
98
2016
3.4:
( 2008:3, 2014:3 2015:3)
: ,
,
. 3.5
. -,
.
2014, -
46%, 45% 39%. ,
,
. ,
2009.
3.6 .
. , ,
. , .
.
2016
99
3.5:
(2014)
: ,
3.6:
( 2008:3, 2014:3 2015:3)
100
: ,
2016
:
( ,
) 2001-2008 ,
, .
3.7: ,
(2001-2015)
: ( )
, 3.7
2000-2015. ,
(34,5%) (31,8%),
(5,5% 2008). , ,
2016
101
(17,5% 2015). 10
.
( ,
),
50,1% (
10,3%) ( 3.8).
, 2012-2013.
,
,
9,7% 2008.
(194%), 30,7% 2013 26% 2015.
3.8: ,
(2001-2015)
: ( )
102
2016
3.9: ,
(2001-2015)
: ( )
,31 ,
, ,
.
(. 3.9), , 2001 30% 30. -: ,
, ,
( , 2014).
ISCO (01 , 02
03 ). 2012 26,4% ( 21% ), 24,6% 2001-2012.
31.
. (2015).
2016
103
, 32,9% 2008
33,9% 2015. ( 20,9%)
( 19,5%) .
(15,5%), 7,7%
2008, 29,6% 2013 27% 2015.32
3.10: ,
(2001-2015)
: ( )
. ( ) ,
, ( 10,8%)
( 30%) ( 3.10). 32. 298 .
104
2016
( 4,5%)
, ( 10,5%) .
(7,9% 2008),
32,8% 27,9% 2013 2015 . 3.11 ,
, ,
.33
3.11: ,
(2001-2015)
: ( )
33.
. ,
(. .., 2006).
2016
105
( 63,7%) .
( 55,2%)
( ) , .
( 165,5%) , 25% 2015.
,
- .
: ,
,
. , ,
. 3.12
36,8% 2013,
13%. , o
8,4%.
3.12: ,
- (2013)
: 2011.
,
. 106
2016
.
. , 1%
. ,
.
.
3.3
3.13 . ,
64,2%
. , 2008 2015
203 , 255
164 . ,
11,8% 2008 9,4
2015,
8,6% 4% .
3.13:
( 2008:3, 2014:3 2015:3)
: ,
2016
107
(.
3.14), : ,
,
, (370
) ( 10,4% 2008 3,1% 2015). , , 305 14,1% 9,5%
. ,
, ,
, (219 ).
3.14:
( 2008:3, 2014:3 2015:3)
: ,
, ,
:
) ,
) ,
) .
108
2016
,
.
3.4
, , .
,
5,5% 2008 9,1% 2015.
, 2008
41,6%
, 69,4% 2015 (.
3.15). ,
, , ,
,
.
3.15:
( 2008:3, 2014:3 2015:3)
: ,
2016
109
,
. , ,
, 167
2015 27,5% 24%.
3.16:
(2004:1-2015:3)
: Eurostat, ( )
: ) , , )
, . ,
. , ,
, , . 2008
110
2016
57 , 2015
128 . , 26,7%, 2,7 . 3.16
,
, 30,12% 2015.
, ,
.
,
. ,
2008 81% ,
0% 2015. , 2008
2% ,
85% 2015. , ,
.
, . Eurostat,
19,1% 2008 25,7% 2014. , 24,6% 2008 31,2%
2014, 5,8% 2008 12,7%
2014. ,
, 3,7% 2008 6,3% 2014.
3.17: -
(2013 )
: 2011.
2016
111
, ,
- .
. 3.17,
. ,
.
. ,
.
, , ,
, . . ,
, .
, ,
.
. , ,
.
3.5
, 2015
100 (. 3.1). 332.310 , 38.202
294.108 20102012. ,
112
2016
. 2013 , , 1 .,
845
( 3.18).
1.800.000
1.600.000
3.18:
(2010-2015)
1.531.179
1.400.000
1.619.845
1.371.450
1.200.000
1.000.000
800.000
600.000
400.000
200.000
0
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
: ,
( )
,
2013
(.
3.2).
2010 , 28,5%.
2013
2014 2015
.
2016
113
3.1: (2010-2015)
2010
-96.150
-125.944
-72.014
945.911
839.015
849.494
() 1.042.061
964.959
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
133.488
99.122
99.700
1.149.194
1.566.139
1.809.552
306.598
263.388
251.768
336.158
( )
735.463
701.571
669.740
679.548
881.424 1.004.705
315.070
307.959
295.429
253.438
281.711
310.418
29,4%
27,3%
27,3%
33,1%
39,9%
41,2%
420.393
57,2%
393.612
56,1%
374.311
55,9%
426.110
62,7%
585.593
599.713
68,0%
705.147
694.287
69,1%
: , ( )
, (.
3.1).
2012 27% , 2013 1/3,
40%. ,
2012 56%
2013 62,7%, 70%.
3.2:
(2010-2015)
2015
1.444.836
1.138.567
306.269
2012
2.714.652
2.255.004
459.648
2014
2013
2011
2010
2010-2015
2010-2015 (%)
1.420.671
2.024.104
2.856.532
2.690.703
1.159.683
1.637.917
2.418.683
2.263.264
260.988
386.187
437.849
427.439
-1.245.867
-1.124.697
-121.170
-46,3%
-49,7%
-28,3%
: , ( )
114
2016
34,
1.619.845, 46,7% (. 3.3). 24 7,2% ,
13% 25-29 , 30-44 ,
30% 45-64 0,41% 64
(. 3.4).
3.3: (2015)
2015
2014-2015
2013-2014
1.619.845
100
88.666
159.729
863.837
53,33
52.140
77.578
756.008
46,67
36.526
82.151
: , ( )
3.4: (2015)
<19
2015
3.837
19-24
112.836
45-64
484.502
25-29
30-44
>65
0,24
6,97
209.047
12,91
6.609
0,41
803.014
1.619.845
2014-2015
360
180
7.054
16.708
49.208
55.767
4.989
49,57
25.941
100
88.666
29,91
2013-2014
1.114
15.391
70.459
1.224
159.729
: , ( )
363.710 ,
22,45% . 40,7% 500
1.000 36,8% 1.000 (.
3.5).
34. ( 2016). 1 21 2015.
2016
115
3.5:
(2015)
( )
2015
363.710
22,45
701-800
139.596
8,62
501-600
601-700
801-900
901-1000
1001-1200
1201-1500
1501-2000
2001-2500
2501-3000
>=3000
155.266
9,59
115.777
7,15
151.887
96.857
9,38
5,98
171.139
10,57
63.958
3,95
152.648
127.662
31.217
50.128
1.619.845
9,42
7,88
1,93
3,09
100
2014-2015
2013-2014
29.792
56.386
10.339
22.986
18.153
14.511
5.343
2.272
0
1.366
1.709
1.510
1.268
2.403
88.666
31.712
31.853
12.744
5.896
10.472
-1.475
-2.222
-1.523
-2.117
-4.983
159.729
: , ( )
3.6 3.7
( ,
), 41,9%
33,7% .
,
( , , ).
2013 ,
, , , .
2013 ,
, (, ).
, ,
.
116
2016
3.6:
(2015)
47 ,
56
2015
39.957
18,0
1.409
3.440
23.588
10,6
611
412
29.486
46 ,
86
49
45
10.484
9.342
8.192
10
7.240
96
55
43
7.150
6.401
4.876
222.281
2014-2015
13,3
4,7
4,2
3,7
3,3
3,2
2,9
2,2
100
2013-2014
1.270
4.369
646
714
771
1.615
250
262
414
320
325
504
253
2.217
191
363
7.872
17.714
: , ( )
3.7:
(2015)
47 ,
46 ,
56
10
85
20142015
20132014
218.193
13,2
11.398
15.704
79.738
4,8
3.435
6.676
2015
171.402
167.204
69.458
55
86
84 ,
49
52
35 , ,
65 , ,
66.667
51.597
45.251
38.701
35.242
23.361
8.099
1.651.176
10,4
10,1
4,2
4,0
3,1
11.483
12.377
-986
2.989
2.605
2,7
10.935
1,4
11.996
2,3
2,1
0,5
100
5.337
1.528
-9.858
9.725
31.336
11.142
36.383
4.921
10.082
1.440
4.287
620
-2.507
94.056 165.623
: , ( )
2016
117
3.6
, ,
. 3.19
2009-2014. 19,7%
2009 23,1% 2013, 2014
1%.
3.19: (%)
(2009-2014)
: Eurostat ( )
2008. 2014
48%, 30
2010.
2010, 48% 2008.
118
2016
,
, 8
2010.
,
2014.
3.20 ,
2010-2014.
, ,
.35
3.20:
( 2008)
- (2010-2014)
: Eurostat, AMECO ( )
35. . OECD (2015) Giannitsis and Zografakis (2015) , .
2016
119
, . 3.21,
2010-2014
.
3.21:
( 2008)
- (2010-2014)
: Eurostat, AMECO ( )
.
3.22, - 2009-2012 2005,
.36
.
36. . (2015).
120
2016
3.22: (%)
-15 (2009-2012,
, 2005)
: Eurostat ( )
,
. , . 3.23,
2014 -
-15
Gini. , 2014 Gini 34,5 1,4 2009.
-15.
( ).
,
.
2016
121
, ( 3.24).
, 26,6%
2009 51,8% 2014,
28,7% 2009 46,4% 2014.
33%
( 15,7% 2009), 1 2
.
3.23: Gini -15 (2009 2014)
: Eurostat
3.25,
Eurostat,
3.24.
2014 20,9%, 10 2009.
.
122
2016
2014 43,4% 20,2% 2009,
.
3.24: (%)
(2009 2014)
: Eurostat
14,6%, 6,3 2009.
2014 13,1% ( 8,1% 2009) 17,6% ( 8,5% 2009). ( 10,2%
2009 13,1% 2014),
( 14,5% 2009 25,8% 2014).
2016
123
. 3.26
2009 2013.
3.25:
( 18, 2009 2014)
: Eurostat
, 4% 2009 7,9% 2013.
,
1 10 .
(
2,1% 2009 5,3% 2013).
,
9,3% 2013 6,6% 2009. ,
2013 8,7%
5,1% 2009.
124
2016
3.26:
(%, 2009 2013)
: Eurostat
2016
125
4
,
,
4.1
,
.
.
2010
(N. 3845, . 3871, N. 3899), 2011 (N. 4024), 2012 (. 4046, 6 , . 4093), 2013 (N. 4172), 2014 (. 4254, . 4303)
2015 (. 4336).
:
( )
50 .
(),
.
(. , 2015 2 3
), ,
,
.
2015. ,
.
.
2016
129
4.2 2015
( 4.1) 2015 , 94% . 282
, 263 , 12 ,
, 7 .
,
2012-2015, 90%
(2012: 97,11%, 2013: 96,69%, 2014: 93,77%). , 227 2010 976 2012,
409 2013, 286 2014 , , 263 2015, /
65 2010 12 2015.
2012, 976 ( 170 2011). 2012
. 4024/11 . 2013-2015
, .
2012 ,
586 (510 25 ).
,
.
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
4.1: (2010-2015)
/ /
65
227
14
14
409
38
23
14
12
162
170
976
286
263
2273
306
74,18
423
96,69
215
1005
282
37
305
2472
: ( )
130
2016
(%)
79,07
97,11
93,77
94,03
4.2 (
, , )
2009-2015
. , ,
. 2009
2015 . 2009
21% , 2015 55%. , 2009-2015
329% 707%.
2014-2015
19,6% 45,6%.
,
.
4.2: / (2009-2015)
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2009-2015
2009-2015 (%)
2014-2015
2014-2015 (%)
805.064
677.521
326.967
1.809.552
375.843
241.985
66.615
684.443
40.489
945.138
707,55
91,46
775.221
593.337
460.706
586.281
746.911
58.153
7,79
566.373
412.019
233.558
228.994
157.738
519.783
329,52
29.843 111.148
3,85
19,62
224.545
1.566.139
68.300
762.564
101.868
1.107.224
60.677
875.952
286.478
864.414
102.422
45,61
243.413
15,54
(%)
1.004.488
55,5
308.600
45,1
790.918
513.887
301.858
289.671
198.227
806.261
50,5
46,4
39,6
33,1
21,0
406,74
27,00
213.570
: , (
)
2016
131
(.
4.3).
2011
2009-2010,
. 2012,
84.490.
2013-2014, (2013:
58.054, 2014: 45.789), 2015 57.251.
2009-2015
237%.
1.645%
. ,
153% 277% .
4.3:
(2009-2015)
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2009-2015
2009-2015 (%)
2014-2015
2014-2015 (%)
30.928
25.488
28.410
49.640
32.420
18.713
12.219
15.641
12.405
14.258
21.478
19.128
6.527
4.146
10.682
7.896
15.386
13.372
7.414
1.013
612
26.323
20.301
29.644
34.850
26.542
7.540
4.758
57.251
45.789
58.054
84.490
58.962
26.253
16.977
153,11
277,26
1645,42
453,24
237,23
26,09
35,28
18.709
5.440
21,34
11.495
3.236
10.070
2.786
21.565
6.022
29,66
40.274
11.462
25,03
(%)
46
44
51
41
45
29
28
54
53
: , ( )
132
2016
4.3
(2008-2014)
( ,
, , ..), .
, ,
, . , ,
,
. ,
,
.37
, 2008-2014
28,4% 2014 9,5%.
, , ,
24%, 7,5% .
.
.
. , ,
, .
2008 2014.
,
,
, .
37. . Huselid (1995), Kleinknecht (2009), Lucidi (2012).
2016
133
.38
,
, ,
.
-100%
,
, 987,5% /.
-100% /, /,
, 71,3%
. ,
,
.
,
,
.
,
, - , - .
.
39 ( ,
) ( , , , , , ) ,
, .
,
( , )
38. . (2015).
39. 2008-2014 (, ).
134
2016
( , ). ,
(
, , , , ).
,
,
.40 ,
. , (, 2015).
,
.
( , , ,
)
. ,
( , ).
.
2016
135
4.1: ,
(2008 2014)
2008
2014
: , , ( )
,
, .
4.2 2008 2014.
4.2: ,
(2008 2014)
2008
2014
: , , ( )
136
2016
,, ,
. ,
.
4.3
2008
2014.
.
, .
( ) , -,
, ,
2014.
, .
( )
,
. , ,
.
4.3: ,
(2008 2014)
2008
2014
: , , ( )
2016
137
.
, ,
. ,
.
, , .
,
, ,
,
.
4.4
,
(., , 2014
2015 , 2014). ,
,
2,9%
2010, 1,7% 2011, 9,3% 2012, 8% 2013 1,4% () 2014
(, 2015).
( ,
) 2,2% 2014,
0,5% 2015 (, 2015).
( 2015)
138
2016
(. 4.4)
800 50% (14,5% 499 , 22% 500699 13,5% 700-800 ), 800-1.000
18,6% 1.000 15,7% (9,8% 1.000-1.299
5,9% 1.300 ).
4.4:
(2015:2)
: , ( 2015) ( )
2009 2015 (. 4.5),
700 ,
36,5% 2015 ( 13,1% 2009), 2
700-899 (25%
2015 27,3% 2009). ,
900-1.300 ,
16,9% 2015 ( 35,7% 2009).
,
, , , 7,7%
2010, 0,5% 2011, 3,8% 2012, 1,2% 2013 0,8% 2014 (, 2015)
0,5% 2015 (, 2015).
2016
139
4.5:
( 2009:2 2015:2)
: , ( 2009 2015) ( )
: , ( 2015) ( )
140
2016
2009 2015 ( 4.7)
1.000 ,
35,8% 2015 ( 18,9% 2009),
1.000-1.100 (13%). ,
1.100-1.600 , 34% 2105 ( 46,5% 2009).
4.7:
( 2009:2 2015:2)
: , ( 2009 2015) (
)
, 2010,
2010-2014 19,3% (-29,1% , -23,5% ,
-21,5% -12,7% ,
),
24,4% (-8,9%
2010, -4,7% 2011, -7,6% 2012, -5,7% 2013 -0,1% 2014).
4.8
2010-2015.
2%, 2,8%. , , 7,4% 40,5%
,
(, , ). (9,1%), (6,9%),
(6,7%), (5,8%), (5,7%) (4,8%).
, ,
2016
141
(0,5%),
(1,8%), (1,9%) (3,7%), (4,1%),
(4,2%), (5,9%), (6,4%) (7,5%),
(10,4%) (20,1%).
4.8:
2010-2015 ( ,
, )
: Ameco ( )
2010
, .
2015
2 ,
.
4.4.1 41
2010-2015
/
41. 22 28 -
2015. 6 (, ,
, , ) ,
.
142
2016
.
2012, , 22%
( 32% 25 ). ,
,
( , 2014).
4.9
.
. ,
2010-2015.42
, (43,7%), (37,3%),
(31,4%), (24,6%), (23,1%), (22,8%), (22%), (19,8%), (16%),
(4,8%),
(3,6%), (2,3%), (2,3%) (1,5%).
4.9:
(2010-2015)
: Eurostat ( )
42. Eurostat
()
.
2016
143
,
: (-3,7%), (-2,9%), (-2,5%), (-2,2%),
(-1,4%) (-0,2%).
, 2010-2015
24,7% 34,3% 25 .
4.10:
( 2016)
: Eurostat
urostat
2016.
(
).
, , - (, )43 - ,
- ( ) -.
4.10, :
1.467 1.923 ,
, , , , ,
43. 12 , ,
, 14 .
144
2016
618 791 ,
, ,44 , ( 2015)
215 431 ( -
, ).
4.11:
( 2010 2016)
: Eurostat
44. Eurostat
6 2012, 684
12 (586 14/12).
2016
145
, (. 4.11)
2016, 684
12 ( 863 2010 877
),
- , (791 ), (764 ) (728 ),
(618
). ,
- , 1.467 .
4.12 4.13
,
.
. ,
,
.
. ,
. -, ,
. ,
.
4.12:
(PPS) ( 2016)
: Eurostat
146
2016
( ). ,
, ,
( ).
, .
4.13: (PPS)
( 2010 2016)
: Eurostat
2016
147
5.1
.
.
. ,
.
.
,
, , .
.
, , ,
, . ,
. ,
.
5.2 ,
2016
151
;
45 61
( 5.1),
, (2005-2009) (2010-2014).
..
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
5.1:
..
18
19
21
20
22
, ,
23
24
25
26
()
,
,
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
....
,
, ,
,
, ,
- .
,
,
( )
152
2016
..
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
..
49
51
50
,
,
,
,
,
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
60
59
61
,
,
,
,
,
,
, ,
5.2
, , .
,
, , , ,
.
, ,
, 2013.
2016
153
..
1
2
3
4
10
5.2:
(2005-2009 2010-2014)
,
,
, ,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
2005-2009 ..
136,58
84,25
101,60
73,73
72,95
54,28
52,01
49,43
45,60
43,11
10
71,35
,
,
,
,
2010-2014
145,79
80,33
69,42
68,66
65,63
52,06
46,40
46,26
, ,
.
45,58
39,19
65,93
: Eurostat ( )
5.3 ,
, ,
. , ,
,
.46
46. (2015), 2011-2013 86,9% 28 -
,
154
2016
5.3:
(2005-2009 2010-2014)
..
2005-2009 ..
5,03
5,65
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
,
,
,
: Eurostat ( )
7,19
7,64
7,81
8,37
9,95
9,79
10,51
10,69
10
8,26
,
,
,
,
,
,
2010-2014
3,39
5,17
6,14
6,23
6,28
7,31
8,04
8,05
8,05
9,33
6,80
5.4 .
. ,
, ,
, , .
, .
(2015) 2004-2012
41,2% 2002.
,
18,8%.
2016
155
5.4:
(2005-2009 2010-2014)
..
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
,
,
: Eurostat ( )
2005-2009 ..
64,18
24,41
17,53
12,43
49,83
22,14
15,48
7,78
5,95
5,89
22,56
10
,
,
,
2010-2014
105,42
42,15
30,24
16,20
13,10
11,88
8,43
7,89
6,99
6,08
24,84
, .
. ,
, 2014. ,
.
.
.
, , . ,
( 8 10)
, : ) ,
, )
156
2016
. ,
.
5.5
.
. 2005-2009, 47
.
5.5:
(2005-2009 2010-2014)
..
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
,
,
,
,
,
,
: Eurostat ( )
2005-2009 ..
0,00
0,34
0,20
0,38
0,57
0,63
0,86
0,74
0,87
0,94
10
0,55
,
-
,
,
2010-2014
-0,16
-0,15
0,00
0,26
0,37
0,38
0,47
0,50
0,54
0,55
0,27
47. (2015),
,
,
. , , (, , ).
2016
157
. 5.1
2005-2009. ,
2010-2014,
. ,
. ,
.
5.1: (2005-2009 2010-2014)
2010 -2014
160
140
120
100
80
R = 0,632
60
40
20
-20
158
20
40
60
: Eurostat ( )
2016
80
100
120
5.2
. ,
, 2010-2013 .
2014 2005-2014.
,
, .
2013-2014, , .
5.2:
(2005-2014)
: Eurostat ( )
.48 Abdon et
al. (2010) 124 ,
: )
48. ., .., (2005), (2008), (2008), .. (2009),
.. (2011) (2014).
2016
159
)
.
51, ,
.
.
,49
.
.
,
OECD (2011), , , .
:50 ,
, , .
5.3
. ,
2005-2009
82,68%, 81,95%.
,
, 5.4,
,
21,57% 2005-2009 13,38% 2010-2014. ,
, : , ,
.
2010-2014
.
49. , Krishna and Levchenko (2013),
.
50. 5.1,
5-10, 13-16 22. 11-12 17-21.
160
2016
5.3: (%)
(2005-2014)
: Eurostat ( )
5.4: (%)
(2005-2014)
: Eurostat ( )
2016
161
,
. 4,
, .
,
.
5.3
. ,
5.6 51 .
2005-2009 2010-2014.
,
. ,
, , . ,
, ,
.
, , .
51. 61 , 27
2005-2010, 2010-2014 25.
162
2016
..
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
10
5.6:
(2005-2009 2010-2014)
2005-2009 ..
2010-2014
21,53%
1
33,25%
,
12,64%
2
20,35%
,
10,05%
3
13,28%
-
6,71%
4
5,05%
,
5,79%
5
4,51%
,
5,44%
6
3,68%
,
,
4,37%
7
3,20%
,
,
3,82%
8
3,00%
,
,
3,58%
9
2,43%
3,40%
10
1,94%
: Eurostat ( )
5.7
.
( , , ,
, ) .
.
, ,
2016
163
, ,
. ,
2010-2014.
.
..
1
2
5
6
7
8
9
10
5.7:
(2005-2009 2010-2014)
2005-2009 ..
14,08%
12,03%
11,08%
6,16%
6,05%
4,12%
3,91%
,
,
,
,
: Eurostat ( )
5,33%
4,11%
3,26%
10
2010-2014
14,63%
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
8,72%
8,57%
7,82%
6,74%
5,22%
5,16%
5,09%
4,51%
4,10%
5.5
.
2005-2009
.
, . 164
2016
, .
5.5: - 61
(2005-2009 2010-2014)
5.4
, , .52
52. .,
, Fagerberg (1996), Lall (2000) Felipe and Kumar (2011).
2016
165
2005-2009 ..
1,254
1,101
1,090
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
,
,
,
,
: Eurostat ( )
1,003
0,974
0,969
0,965
0,891
0,843
10
0,870
0,996
2010-2014
,
1,910
,
1,737
,
,
1,341
,
,
1,245
1,150
()
0,979
0,979
0,977
0,976
0,963
1,226
5.8
.
, ,
. 53 ,
. ,
:
, .
53. ,
.
166
2016
,
.
,
, .
.
,
,
,
, ,
.
0,089
0,198
0,253
3
4
0,298
0,306
0,314
0,358
0,371
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
,
,
2005-2009 ..
0,372
0,294
: Eurostat ( )
0,377
9
10
2010-2014
0,165
,
,
0,258
,
,
,
,
,
0,235
0,259
0,273
0,299
0,340
0,367
0,376
0,384
0,295
5.9
.
,
.
. :
2016
167
, , , .
.
, , .
..
1
2
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
5.10:
(2005-2009 2010-2014)
,
,
: Eurostat ( )
2005-2009 ..
7,89%
7,74%
7,55%
6,87%
5,65%
5,35%
6,08%
5,50%
4,91%
3,45%
10
2010-2014
,
,
,
12,75%
7,58%
11,30%
10,86%
7,91%
7,44%
,
,
,
,
,
,
7,23%
5,93%
5,44%
4,60%
5.10 54
168
2016
.
,
2005-2014 , , ,
,
.
..
1
2
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
5.11:
(2005-2009 2010-2014)
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
2005-2009 ..
35,85%
2010- 2014
30,80%
30,28%
11,85%
10,42%
3,90%
8,48%
3,74%
3,19%
3,59%
3,10%
2,34%
2,42%
2,06%
1,72%
10
13,69%
5,68%
3,46%
3,18%
2,33%
: Eurostat ( )
, 5.11
. ,
2016
169
2005-2014.
5.10 5.11,
.
, , , ,
. , ,
.
,
.
: ,
, , , .
5.5
, , , .
.
.
.
170
2016
..
1
4
5
6
7
8
5.12:
(2005-2009 2010-2014)
, ,
- .
,
,
,
,
,
2005-2009 ..
2,25
1,91
1,85
1,62
1,61
1,54
1,48
1,39
1,39
10
1,36
10
1,64
2010- 2014
2,49
, ,
- .
1,56
,
,
,
2,12
1,46
,
,
,
,
1,42
1,58
1,40
1,37
1,35
1,32
1,31
: Eurostat ( )
5.13 .
, 55.
,
. :
55. GO < D+W+IBT+II P+D+W+IBT+II < D+W+IBT+II P<0, GO , D , W , ,
.
2016
171
.
.
.
.
.
, .
,
, .
..
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
5.13:
(2005-2009 2010-2014)
,
,
,
2005-2009 ..
0,70
0,75
0,75
0,78
0,82
0,92
0,95
0,96
0,97
10
0,91
0,85
2010- 2014
0,58
0,69
,
0,75
,
0,83
,
,
,
,
,
0,84
0,84
0,86
0,86
0,88
0,94
0,81
: Eurostat ( )
5.14 56
56. 61 , 25 2005-2009,
2010-2014 29.
172
2016
. .
2010-2014
, 5.7.
5.14:
(2005-2009 2010-2014)
..
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
,
: Eurostat ( )
2005-2009 ..
23,47%
15,18%
14,89%
9,88%
8,07%
7,32%
3,46%
2010-2014
30,02%
9,64%
7,36%
6,61%
6,19%
4,98%
4,40%
3,13%
3,93%
2,38%
2,46%
2,36%
10
2,32%
5.15 .
, 2005-2014.
2016
173
..
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
10
5.15:
(2005-2009 2010-2014)
,
,
2005-2009 ..
14,18%
13,30%
8,75%
8,70%
8,05%
8,02%
4,95%
4,23%
3,43%
3,17%
10
: Eurostat ( )
2010-2014
20,66%
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
, ,
.
13,07%
7,72%
7,37%
7,35%
6,31%
5,35%
4,41%
4,28%
4,04%
5.14 5.15,
,
, .
.
, ,
.
. ,
.
,
. 174
2016
5.6 57
.
,
.
5.6:
(2005-2009 2010-2014)
: Eurostat ( )
57.
. Trnquist.
2016
175
, ,
,
. 2 .
5.7:
(2005-2009 2010-2014)
: Eurostat ( )
176
2016
,
.
(profit led growth model).
. 5.7
.
.
. ,
.
.
, ,
. ,
2013-2014
,
. 2015 ,
.
5.6
5.8
2008-2014 .
,
. 2013
4,11%, 2008 2014 178,2%.
.
,
. ,
4,12% 2008 45,07% 2014.
, ,
6,39% 2008 25,61% 2014.
2016
177
: ( )
5.16 2009
2014. . :
.
, , - . .
.
.
,
( )
,
. , 178
2016
,
. ,
,
, , .
5.16:
(2009 2014)
..
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
10
2009
..
18,07%
17,90%
, ,
.
,
,
,
,
,
15,54%
15,50%
15,41%
14,60%
13,93%
11,95%
11,41%
10
11,41%
14,57%
, ,
- .
2014
45,94%
45,07%
44,12%
39,22%
39,16%
38,77%
37,41%
,
,
: ( )
35,98%
33,20%
32,03%
8,82%
5.17
.
2005-2014 :
2016
179
, .
, .
.
.
9
10
2009
..
2014
0,51%
2,96%
1,37%
6,38%
1,80%
6,96%
1,84%
8,75%
2,33%
,
,
2,79%
2,99%
3,09%
3,15%
3,48%
10
2,33%
9,14%
9,27%
10,54%
11,22%
....
10,71%
12,24%
8,82%
: ( )
180
2016
,
.
5.7
5.9 ,
.
, ,
.58
5.9:
(2005-2014, , . )
: ( )
2016
181
()
72,48% (27,52%), 79,97% (20,03%).
.
5.10: (%)
(2005-2014)
: ( )
5.11 59
. 2005-2010,
.
. ,
.
,
.
59.
. Trnquist.
182
2016
5.11: MKE
(2005-2009 2010-2014)
: Eurostat ( )
5.12.
, . ,
.
2016
183
5.12: MKE
(2005-2009 2010-2014)
2005-2009
250
200
150
R = 0,129
100
50
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
-50
0,8
1,2
2010-2014
1.400
1.200
1.000
800
R = 0,056
600
400
200
0
-200
0,5
1,5
2,5
: Eurostat ( )
.
. ,
2015, : ) , ) , ) , )
) .
:
184
2016
2010 2014.
2010-2014
2005-2009.
,
2010-2014
.
, 20102014 .
5.18 ,
. , 5.18 5.1. ,
, . ,
:
( ).
( ).
, ( ).
( ).
(
).
( ).
(
).
( ).
,
( ).
( ).
,
, (
).
2016
185
( ).
. ,
.
. ,
, ,
.
, , , .
5.18 ,
. (12)
(32), , .
5.18:
(2005-2014)
10, 17-18
4, 14, 22, 46
7, 16, 59
9, 27
12
13, 20
36, 56
47
10
52, 53
6, 8, 34, 39
12, 21
3, 5, 49
1, 24, 37, 41
13
13
13
32
2, 35, 44
54
13
17
10
3
52
: ( )
186
2016
5.8
. ,
. ,
, .
. 61 , .
,
. ,
, ,
, .
,
,
. ,
, .
.
.
, 2014
2005-2014. ,
. , ,
.
,
.
2016
187
. ,
,
, . ,
,
, .
, , .
,
,
.
. ,
. - 2005-2009 2010-2014,
, ,
, .
, .
. ,
. ,
.
, .
. ,
. ,
,
. ,
188
2016
,
, ,
, .
, . ,
,
, .
,
. ,
, .
, ,
,
, . , ,
. ,
. ,
, .
,
,
.
. , 20102014
2005-2009.
. , , .
,
.
,
. ,
2016
189
. ,
, , , .
, , .
,
. ,
-.
: ) ,
) , )
) .
: ) , )
)
....
. ,
, , ,
. , , ,
,
.
. ,
,
. ,
,
, . ,
,
, ,
,
.
190
2016
.
,
, ,
.
.
.
,
,
, , , ,
, .
. (. 3863/2010, . 3996/2011, .
4093/2012, . 4336/2015) ,
. ,
, 35%
, ,
.
.
, ,
2016
193
. , ,
, ,
, .
.
.
,
, , .
.
.
.
,
.
. .
: ) )
.
,
. . 194
2016
,
.
, ,
, .
:
,
.
, ,
,
. , ,
.
, ,
.
,
. , ,
,
.
,
.
2016
195
,
, ,
.
,
,
,
,
.
. :
(),
,
,
,
,
,
.
/,
1,3,
/ ,
, ,
.
.
,
, ,
. ,
,
. , 196
2016
.
,
.
, , ,
.
.
.
.
,
. .
2016
197
, . , . (2015). :
, 12,
, .
, . , .
: , , ( ).
, . (2008). , :
, , . (.),
, : .
, . (2012). :
, : .
, . , . (2014). : , 28,
, .
, . (2005). : , : .
, ., , ., , . , . (2009). , : .
, ( ).
, . (2015). ,
, 35, , .
, ., , ., , ., , . ,
. (2011).
21 , 10,
, .
, ., ., -, . (2006). , : .
(2013). ,
2013, .
2016
199
(2014). ,
2014, .
(2015). ,
2015, .
, . , . (2015). : , 32,
, .
(2014). : 2012-2013. : (20012012).
, . , . (2014). 2013, ,
42, .
, . (2013).
, 32,
, .
, . (2014). ,
, 30, , .
, . , . (2015).
, 34, , .
, . (2015).
, 42,
, .
, . (2008).
, , . (.),
, : .
(2015). : 2015,
.
(2015). 2014, .
200
2016
Abdon, A., Bacate, M., Felipe, J. and Kumar, U. (2010). Product complexity and
economic development, Working Paper 616, The Levy Economics Institute of
Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York.
Antonopoulos, R., Adam, S., Kim, K., Masterson, T. and Papadimitriou, D. (2014).
Responding to the Unemployment Challenge: A Job Guarantee Proposal for
Greece, Research Project Reports, New York: The Levy Economics Institute
Observatory of Economic and Social Developments, Labour Institute, Greek
General Confederation of Labour.
Blanchard, O. and Leigh, D. (2013). Growth forecast errors and fiscal multipliers,
Working Paper 13/1, International Monetary Fund, Washington DC.
ETUI (2014). Benchmarking Working Europe 2014, Brussels.
ETUI (2015). Benchmarking Working Europe 2015, Brussels.
Felipe, J. and Kumar, U. (2011). Unit labor costs in the Eurozone: The
competitiveness debate again, Working Paper 651, The Levy Economics
Institute of Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York.
Gechert, S. and Rannenberg, A. (2015). The costs of Greeces fiscal
consolidation, Policy Brief, Macroeconomic Policy Institute, Hans-BcklerStiftung, Dsseldorf.
Giannitsis, T. and Zografakis, S. (2015). Greece: Solidarity and adjustment in
times of crisis, Study No. 38, Macroeconomic Policy Institute, Hans-BcklerStiftung, Dsseldorf.
2016
201
IMF (2012a). Greece: Request for extended arrangement under the Extended
Fund Facility: Staff report; Staff supplement; Press release on the executive
board discussion; and statement by the Executive Director for Greece, IMF
Country Report No. 12/57.
IMF (2012b). World Economic Outlook: Coping with High Debt and Sluggish
Growth, October.
Kleinknecht, A. (2009). Flexible labour markets: Good for jobs, bad for
innovation?, Contribution to the International Forum APDC think thank
Lisbon Civic Forum, March 27th.
Koo, R.C. (2011). The world in balance sheet recession: Causes, cure, and
politics, Real-World Economics Review, 58, pp. 19-37.
Krishna, P. and Levchenko, A.A. (2013). Comparative advantage, complexity,
and volatility, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 94, pp. 314-329.
Lucidi, F. (2012). Is there a trade-off between labour flexibility and productivity growth? Some evidencefrom italian firms, AIEL Series in Labour Economics, in Addabbo, T. and Solinas, G. (eds), Non-Standard Employment and Quality
of Work: The Case of Italy, 1st edition, ch. 13.
Malliaropulos, D. and Anastasatos, T. (2013). The improvement in the
competitive position of the Greek economy and prospects for an export-led
growth model, Economy and Markets VIII (1), Eurobank.
Martnez, F.L., Cano, L.D. and Bernardo, J.L. (2013). Profits and extraordinary
profits in the spanish economy during the 2000s, The EIB International Journal
of Finance, 7, pp. 28-47.
OECD (2015). In It Together: Why Less Inequality Benefits All, OECD Publishing, Paris.
202
2016
OECD (2016). How Good is Your Job? Measuring and Assessing Job Quality, OECD
Publishing, Paris.
Onaran, O. and Obst, T. (2015). Wage-led growth in the EU15 member states:
The effects of income distribution on growth, investment, trade balance, and
inflation, Foundation for European Progressive Studies.
Ortiz, I., Cummins, M., Capaldo and J. Karunanethy, K. (2015). The decade of
adjustment: A review of austerity trends 2010-2020 in 187 countries, ESS
Paper Series 53, International Labour Organization, Geneva.
Van Gyes, G. and Schulten, T. (eds) (2015). Wage Bargaining Under the New
European Economic Governance, Brussels, ETUI.
2016
203
Ameco database, http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/ameco/user/serie/
SelectSerie.cfm
Eurostat, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/
, http://www.oaed.gr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id
=726:2012-06-22-09-30-54&catid=95:2012-06-22-09-1003&Itemid=747&
lang=el
, ,
http://www.ypakp.gr/
204
2016
ISSN: 1108-7765
ISBN: 978-960-9571-80-7
24, 104 34
.: 210-8202247, 210-8202239
-
Advertising
60, 104 42
.: 210 5156810-20-30, Fax: 210 5156811,
e-mail: info@kambili.gr, www.kambili.gr
ISSN: 1108-7765
ISBN: 978-960-9571-80-7
2016
18
2016
18