WINDINGS

Winding consists of

Insulator

1. Conductors or wires
1 2 3
2. Turns

conductor

3. Coils

2
series

Parallel
When these coils are connected in series or parallel
then winding is formed

WINDINGS
The windings in rotating electrical machine can be
be classified as
a) Concentrated winding
b) Distributed winding

a) Concentrated winding:
Turns have SAME magnetic axis
Wdg turns are wound together.
One multi-turn coil
For example, primary and secondary wdg of transformer

Magnetic axis

primary

secondary

a) Concentrated winding:
Turns have SAME magnetic axis
Wdg turns are wound together.
One multi-turn coil
For example, primary and secondary wdg of transformer
Top view of wdg

primary

secondary

a) Concentrated winding:
Turns have SAME magnetic axis
Wdg turns are wound together.
One multi-turn coil
For example, primary and secondary wdg of transformer
Top view of wdg

primary

secondary

If wdg is cut, vartically, conductors can be viewed

Another example is of field wdg of DC machines

For this wdg first former is made with insulation

Another example is of field wdg of DC machines

For this wdg first former is made with insulation

Another example is of field wdg of DC machines

For this wdg first former is made with insulation

Earth's Magnetic Field

Earth
Magnet

N
S

Compass

Flux Path
through rotor
and stator core
Pole

Flux Path
through rotor
and stator core
Pole

Now if the pole is cut, the front view will be

as shown below

Flux Path
through rotor
and stator core
Pole

Now if the pole is cut, the front view will be

as shown below
Flux waveform
Flat Topped
4

4
Flux Path
through rotor
and stator core

Pole

Now if the pole is cut, the front view will be

as shown below
Flux waveform
Sinusoidal
Flat
Topped
2 4
1 3

4 2
3 1
Flux Path
through rotor
and stator core

Pole


ROTOR

STATOR

b) Distributed winding:
The wdg turns are arranged in several FULL- PITCH
or fractional-pitch coils.
The coil are housed in the slots spread around the
air gap periphery to form phase or commutator wdg.
For example
Stator and rotor of Induction machines
The armature of synchronous machines
The armature of DC machines

Slot

Tooth

Stator core or Stamping

Slot

Tooth
Air gap

Rotor
Shaft

Stator core or Stamping

Slot

Tooth
Air gap

Rotor
Shaft
Insulator
Conductors
Stator core or Stamping

b) Distributed winding:
Armature Winding is again classified as
a) Closed Winding
b) Open Winding
a) Closed Winding means
If one starts from any point on the wdg and traverses it,
one again reaches the same starting point
For example commutator wdg in AC and DC m/cs
Insulation
Conductor

Shaft

Commutator
Brush

b) Distributed winding:
Commutator
Commutator
Armature
Winding is again classified as
a) Closed Winding
b) Open Winding
a) Closed Winding means
If one starts from any point on the wdg and traverses it,
one again reaches the same starting point
For example commutator wdg in AC and DC m/cs
Armature Wdg

Insulation
Conductor
Commutator

Shaft
Armature Core

Brush
Due to commutation action, wdg is shorted & closed

The open wdg terminates at another point or terminal or

slip rings. For example, star wdg
Slip
Rings

R1
B2
B1

Shaft

R2
Y2
Y1

Slip Rings

The delta wdg is a closed wdg, can be made open

by making reconnection in star
But commutator wdg in no case, can be open circuited.
Some common terms used in wdg are described below:

1. Turn: One turn consists of TWO conductors, T=2 Z

Conductor AB and Conductor DE
C

Overhang
D

B
CORE
A

Start Finish
terminals
BCD is called as OVERHANG.
This portion is outside the core

1. Turn: One turn consists of TWO conductors

Conductor AB and Conductor DE
C

Overhang

Start Finish
terminals
One coil may consists of 1 turn ie one turn coil,
2 turns, 3 turns, N turns or Multi-turn
A multi-turn coil is one which has more than one turn

2. Coil Sides:
AB and DE are called as Coil Sides of a coil
Overhang

C
B

C
D

Coil Sides

Coil sides
A

Start Finish
terminals
T=2 CS Conductors in One coil side = No of turns
Two turn coil = four coil sides One coil side = 2 Z=2T

3. Layer Winding:
If one coil side occupies the total SLOT area, then it
is called as Single Layer Winding.
Two coil sides
per slot

If the slot contains even number of coil sides, then the

winding is called as Double Layer Winding.
are numbered ODD
Top coil sides
(Top Layer)
Bottom coil sides
(Bottom Layer)
6
8
2 4
Four coil sides per slot
are numbered EVEN
1

3. Layer Winding:
Double layer wdg has one side in the top layer and
other side in the bottom layer.
In the drawing the top coil side is shown by a SOLID
line and bottom coil side is shown by a DOTTED line.

Top coil side

1

Bottom coil side

8

3. Layer Winding:
Single layer wdg is used in small machines upto 5kW.
Double layer wdg is used in m/cs above 5kW.
Advantages of double layer wdg over single layer wdg:
1. More economical
2. Easier to house in slots during repair
3. Lower leakage reactance
4. Better performance
5. Better emf waveform in case of generator

4. Pole Pitch:
Pitch indicates a particular method of measurement.
The peripheral distance between two adjacent poles
is called pole pitch.
Pole pitch is always expressed in electrical degrees.
Pole pitch is also expressed in terms of coil sides and .
teeth.
The flux under pole is

1800

radians

Electrical

Pole Pitch

Pole
Pitch

Two Pole Machine

1800 electrical
=1800
Mechanical

Pole Pitch
Total mech.
angle
=3600 mech

Pole Pitch

Pole Pitch

Total elect.
angle
=7200 elect
Four Pole Machine

E=MP, P=pole pairs

1800 electrical
=1800 Mechanical

1800 electrical =450 Mechanical

Pole Pitch

Pole Pitch

Pole Pitch

Pole Pitch

Pole Pitch

Two Pole Machine

Four Pole Machine

5. Coil Span or Coil Pitch:

The distance between two coil sides of a coil is called
as coil span or coil pitch.
It is usually measured in terms of teeth, slot or electrical
degrees.
S

Pole
pitch
Coil
Span

Coil side

Coil side

If supply is given to end

terminals, the current
direction is as shown in fig.

Suppose upward direction of

current produces N pole
Then downward direction of
current will produce S pole
If coil span is equal to pole
pitch, then the coil is called as
FULL-Pitched coil

5. Coil Span or Coil Pitch:

If coil span is less than pole pitch, then the coil is called
as Chorded, Short-Pitched or FractionalPitch coil
The coil pitch is rarely greater than pole pitch.
S

Pole
pitch
Coil
Span

Coil side

Coil side

FULL-Pitched coil

Pole
pitch

Coil
Pitch

Short-Pitched coil

 =300

=
30

6. Slot Angular Pitch:

The peripheral distance between two adjacent slots,
is called slot angular pitch.
Slot angular pitch is always expressed in elect. degrees.
Slot angular pitch is given by gamma
180 0

electrical
Slots per Pole
12 1 2
If total no of slots = 12,
11
3
Poles = 2, then S/P=6
4
10
0
180

300 elect
6
9
5
If coil pitch=S/P, then it results
8
7 6
in Full Pitch Winding
If coil pitch < S/P, then it results in Short Pitch Wdg

Distributed winding:
Armature Winding
Closed Winding
If one starts from any point on the wdg and traverses it,
one again reaches the same starting point
Used all types of DC m/cs and AC commutator m/cs
Closed type wdg is always double layer wdg.
Simple closed type wdgs are of two types
1. Simplex Lap Wdg
1. Simplex Wave Wdg
This types depends on the manner of connections to the
commutator segments.

1. Simplex Lap Wdg

1st 2nd 3rd 4th

In race, what is
it called?
LAP

So this is the shape of LAP wdg

1st 2nd 3rd 4th

In race, what is
it called?

Bottom coil side

Top coil side

1. Simplex Lap Wdg

So this is the shape of LAP wdg

LAP

1. Simplex Lap Wdg

Finish

Bottom coil side

Start
1
Commutator
segment

Top coil side

Coil 1

Single Multi-Turn Lap Coil

Coil 1

Movement of lap
first to forward
then to backward

Commutator 1 2 3 4 5
Conductor Insulator

1. Simplex Lap Wdg

Coil 1

Coil 2
Start -2
Finish -3

Start -3
Finish -4

3 Multi-Turn Lap Coils

Coil 2
Coil 1
Coil 3

Start
1
Commutator
segment
Finish

Coil 3

Commutator
segment 2

135

81012

2
Commutator 1 2 3 4 5

Bottom side of
coil 1
& top side of
coil 2
are connected

Conductor Insulator

1. Simplex Lap Wdg

Coil 1

Coil 2
Start -2
Finish -3

Start -3
Finish -4

3 Multi-Turn Lap Coils

Coil 2
Coil 1
Coil 3

Start
1
Commutator
segment
Finish

Coil 3

135

81012

2
Commutator 1 2 3 4 5

Commutator
segment 2
Bottom side of
coil 1

& top side of

coil 2
are connected

Conductor Insulator

2. Simplex Wave Wdg

This movement is similar to wave

2. Simplex Wave Wdg

This movement is similar to wave

2. Simplex Wave Wdg

This movement is similar to wave

TATA

2. Simplex Wave Wdg

This movement is similar to wave

2. Simplex Wave Wdg

N

Start of coil 1
180
is bent towards
Coil 1
Left wrt lap wdg
10
1
Finish of coil 1
is bent towards
right
360
0

Coil 2
17

Commutator

11
Conductor

26

3600

Movement of
wave wdg
S
is only
forward

21
Insulator

Wave wdg - Single turn coil

2. Simplex Wave Wdg

N

Start of coil 1
180
is bent towards
Coil 1
Left wrt lap wdg
10
1
Finish of coil 1
is bent towards
right
360
0

Coil 2
17

Commutator

11
Conductor

26

3600

Movement of
wave wdg
S
is only
forward

21
Insulator

Wave wdg MULTI -turn coil

2. Simplex Wave Wdg

N

Start of coil 1
180
is bent towards
Coil 1
Left wrt lap wdg
10
1
O
K
Finish of coil 1
Havetowards
U followed?
is bent
or shall I move like wave?
right
360
0

Coil 2
17

Commutator

11
Conductor

26

3600

Movement of
wave wdg
S
is only
forward

21
Insulator

Wave wdg MULTI -turn coil

7. Back Pitch:
The distance between top and bottom coil sides of one,
coil is called back pitch, symbol yb.
It is measured at the back of the armature
First comes TOP side, second comes BOTTOM side
You have to see from bottom to top for measurement
Thats why the name BACK
Coil 2
Coil
1
Coil 3
It may be expressed in terms of
slots, teeth or coil sides

For lap wdg, for coil 1

yb=8-1=7
For coil 2, yb=10-3=7
For coil 3, yb=12-5=7

yb
135

81012

12345

7. Back Pitch:
The distance between top and bottom coil sides of one,
coil is called back pitch, symbol yb.
It is measured at the back of the armature
It may be expressed in terms of slots, teeth or coil sides
N

For wave wdg,

for coil 1
yb=10-1=9

1800

Coil 1
yb

For coil 2,
1

yb=26-17=9

Coil 2
10

17

yb

26

Thus the back pitch is

Always ODD

3600

3600

11

21

8. Front Pitch:
The distance between two coil sides connected to the
same commutator segment is called front pitch,
symbol yf.
Consider lap wdg
Stand on commutator segment, raise your hand and see
towards front side.

You will see bottom side of coil 1

and top side of coil 2

For commutator segment 2

yf =8-3=5
For commutator segment 3
yf =10-5=5

Coil 2

Coil 1

Coil 3

yf
135

81012

12345

8. Front Pitch:
Consider wave wdg
For commutator segment 11
yf =17-10=7

Front Pitch yf is
always ODD
number

1800

Coil 1

yf
10

17

26

3600

3600

Coil 2

11

21

9. Winding Pitch:
The distance between two consecutive and similar top
or bottom coil sides, as the winding progress is called
the winding pitch, symbol yw.
It is expressed in terms of coil-sides.
For lap wdg the consecutive and similar top coil sides
Coil 2
are numbered 1, 3, 5 or
Coil 1
Coil 3
similar bottom coil sides are
numbered 8, 10, 12
yw
yw
Therefore, wdg pitch yw=3-1=2
1 3 5 y 81012
b
yw=5-3=2 =10-8=2 =12-10=2;
yf
Therefore, for lap wdg
y w= yb - y f
12345

9. Winding Pitch:
Consider wave wdg
The consecutive and similar top coil sides are numbered
1, 17 or similar bottom coil sides are numbered 10, 26
Therefore, wdg pitch yw=17-1=16
yw=26-10= 16

Therefore, for
wave wdg

1800

Coil 1

yw= yb + yf

yb

Coil 2

yw
10

17

yw

26

yf
3600

3600

11

21

1. Simplex Wave Wdg

This movement is similar to wave

Have U followed?
or shall I move like wave

1. Simplex Wave Wdg

1

1. Simplex Wave Wdg

This types depends on the manner of connections to the
commutator segments.

1. Simplex Lap Wdg

1. Simplex Lap Wdg

1st 2nd 3rd 4th

In race, what is
it called?
LAP

So this is the shape of LAP wdg

2. Simplex Wave Wdg

1st 2nd 3rd 4th

In race, what is
it called?
LAP

So this is the shape of LAP wdg

1. Simplex Lap Wdg

1st 2nd 3rd 4th

In race, what is
it called?
LAP

So this is the shape of LAP wdg