LE THANH PHONG CHUONG 6: 7 . TRANG THAIUNG SUAT VA LY THUYET BEN 1. Cée dink nghia. I. Trang thai ting sud. Vat thé khi chiu t4 dung cila ngoai Iie thi bén trong s@ phat sinh ying sud, Ta thay trong teuting hgp tng quat, ving sus tai nhing diém khie nhaw e6 gid ti Khe nhau, Neay ed khi khéo sét tai mét diém thi ting sus trén ede mat ct a(trén hinh 6,1) khéc nhau di qua diém 46 cling sé khiée nha. ‘Tap hgp ti cd nhting ting sudt wen moi mat e&t ngang di qua digm khio sit duge goi trang thai tag sust tai diém a6. Nhu vay, dé xée dinh trang thai dng sudt tai mot digm nao d6 thi ta phi x4e dinh ing susie trén tt ed ede mit eat e6 thé di qua diém 46, Mud thé thi ta phai xe dinh duge ting sust trén mat nghiéng bat ky. Nhotng ting sust cila mot trang thai ting sust tai mot diém e6 méi lién hé v6i nhau. Dé nghién citu nbiing tig suai 46, ta uring tuging téch tai diém khdo sit mot phan t6 hinh hép lip phutsng ¢6 kich thude v6 cing bé, Ung suift wie dung trén efe mat eta hinh hop Auge phiin thanh céc than phan song song vi céc canh ctia hinh hép 46, Gain mOt he true toa 46 sao cho ede true song song Vi ee canh ella hinh hop ip phusng. ‘Trén cée mat eiia phan t6 sé c6 chin thinh phiin dng suit gém ba tng suit phip o,. o,. 6, va sau dng suit tigp 1, 5, Tyee Tags Fy (hh 6.2). Cée thanh phan dng suai nay dae teung cho trang thai tng sust tai mot digm, ching lap thinh mot dai luigng duge goi Ka tenxs Xing susit ky higu 7, , viét dui dang ma trdn nhut sau r, Leal D. Do dé trong chin thinh phin dng sudt wen ede mat eta phiin 16 thi chi ¢6 s4u thanh phan dng suai la de kip tuyéin tinh, Cée tng suit phap dude kf higu kem theo mot chi s6 4€ chi phucng phap tayén eda mat ext céc tag sust tip ky higu kem theo hai chi s6, chi s6 chi s6 tt nhait dng 4€ chi phurdng phiip tuyéin ciia mat edt cdn chi s6 thi hai dé chi phang evia tng suat 46, 65LE THANH PHONG 0 “teh inh6.l-Trgng thie Minh: Ting thi ag ih 6.3: Phim chin sure mgetdn safe tSng qu 2. Mat chink, phutong chink, sing sud chink, phan 16 ckinh. Trong ly thuyét dan hdi, ngubi ta ching minh duige ring tai mot diém bat ky cla v4 thé chu Ive, bao gid cing tim duge ba mat tudng hé vuéng géc vdi nhav ma trén ba mat d6 ede thanh phin ting sudt tiép bling khong, Nhitg mgt 46 due goi 12 mgt chinh, Phudng phdp tuyén cia mat chinh duge goi 1a phwong chinh. ‘Ung suat pap tic dung ten ee mgt chinh duge goi tag sudit chinh va duiye ky higu la 2, 8, theo guy uBe 6, 26, 2 0 VE gid tr dai sé Ba phuong chinh lip thinh mét hé true Descartes goi 1a hé toa 44 chinh va phan t6 hinh hop Jay tai diém Khao sat, co cdc mat tring véi ahifng mat chinh duge goi la phan t6 chinh xem hin 6.3. 3. Phan logi trang thai ng sudt. ‘MOt trang thai ting suat duge dac trang boi ba ting sudt chinh, Tay theo si tén tai cia cdc ting: sudt chin nay ma chia ra ede loai eta trang thai ting sudt. Néucé ba ting sudt chink déu khiéc khong, diém 46 & trang thai tg sust kh (hah 6,42), Néu c6 mot ting suat chinh bing khong, diém d6 8 trang thai tng swat phang (hinh 6.45). Néuc6 hai ting sudt chinh bing khong, diém dé 6 trang thai tug sus dda (hinh 6.4c), » I Hy ‘Trang thi ving sudt don aa duige khdo sit 6 chuag thank chju kéo-nén @iing tm, Sau day ching ta chi nghién exw trang thai tap suatt phang, cdn trang thai wag svat Khoi ta ehi teinh bay hig khi nigm eo bam, I. Trang thdi ung sudt phang. 1. Trang thdi ing sudt phdng téng quat. Xet mot diém nao dé thude vat thé c6 trang thai ting swat phng, neha 1a co mot tg suat chinh bing khong, Téch tir diém 46 mot phan t hinh hop 14p phusug e6 mor mgr trang vei ‘mat chinh ¥di ng suat chinh bang khong va chon hé trac toa dé xyz. c6 tryc 7 vung B6C VSI mgt chinh d6, Ie may T,,= ty Trén nhug mat con Jai (khong phdi la mat chin) ca phan t6 sé c6 nhitng ttag suat o,, 6, t, Va t,, Trang thdi tg sudt abu thé duige poi 18 trang thdi ng suit phdng tng qust va duge biéu din trén hink 6.5. Hai mgt chin con Iai ‘vudng a6e vi mat chinh da biét va sone sone v6i true. Dau ciia wing suit due qui wée: vag sudt phdp duong khi hudug ra agoai mat edt, tag sustt ti€p dwong khi di quanh phin 16 theo chiéu kim dng hd, inh 64: Pla oa cane tig sue 66LE THANH PHONG t.. Find 65: Teng th tg supa. inh 6: ng su wen att tng. 2. Ung sudt tren mdt edt nghiéng. Ct phan t6 khdo sét trén hinh 6.5 bling mat cét nghiéng song song vdi tryc z va xét sy cin bang cia phan phén t8 nbv'trén hinh 6,6, Goi w va v I ede truc phép tuyéa va tiép tuyén vd mat cat nghiéag 46, mye w hop vai tryc x mot gée @ chien dung qui ude nguige chiéw kim déng hé tinh tit tryc a, Goi ting sudt phép va ti€p trén mat eft nghiéng la o, va z,,. Néu da biét ting suat trén ee mat ela phan ta o,0,,2, Feta clin xdc dink céc tag suit ten mgt aghiéng 0, vat, ‘Lap phifong trinh can bang hink chiéu lén c4e phiong w va ¥ cho ta: SU 05 oS ps2 Syn S984 +, Sen) DEF Sire SEE, S yey 6080 =O DV =O 4, Sizer) F Sipser) SUA ~C, Sipe) 808 @+O SiyoreyCO8 A+ Ey Syorey 88 =0 BEV: Sizer) = Sipere)-C080 5 Sigore) = Sjaere)-Sinas sin? q = 2924, 1, _ beeosa nas cov a= 18520, asinecosa=sin 2a sav ki bin d6i rt gon ta due (6.2), in2a +2, cos 2a (63), 3. Bai bién cita trang thi sing suit phaing Xét mat c6 phdp tyen v vudng g6e vi phone u va hyp vei phifong xmot gSc 4-90" o,=% = Ss" © cosa{a—90°)-t, sin2la 90°) (64), = cos2a+t,, sina Thy hin phépedag o, 8(6.2) vio, 3(6.1) ta dig: ato-e+e, 65). i mt digm, tng ting suit phép tr€n hai mt wuSng gée vai nhau IA mot hing sS'va goi én ciia trang thai ting suat ph&ng, 4. Cle tri esta ting sudt phdp va gid tri ung sudt chink. Tit (6.2) ta nbn thay tng suat phap 1a mét ham ciia Se a, do AS ting suat phdp dat eve tr} hi: @), oOLE THANH PHONG Vay ting suft chinh 1a ting sus pap ext tr Giii diéu kign tn ta tim éuige phuidng chink: 25 1920 S2a=2Btkra >a, Ta thay hai mat chinh vudng g6c v6i nhaw va ciing vubng g6c v4i mat chinh da bie. a 1g 1 ees Ae Dé §: sin2a = +874 __, cost = + —|_ thay vao (6.2) sé 6 ngay hai gid tri ca yitig?2a yitig?2a Xing sudt chinh, déng thoi li ting sudt eve tris oto, 43 0, ) +403, (6.6). Sous VA Fnys ta cling thm lai due (6.5), 5. Cite tr cia ttng tiép. ‘Ti (6.3) tng suit ip 494 ete ti hi thay gid tri may nguge vao (6.3) ta duige: fee Lle.-0,) +40, 2 Phap tuyGn ciia mat c6 ting suit tip eve tri hgp vai phuidng chinh mot g6e 2a=90 >a=45" IIL. Vong tron Mohr ting sud. 1. Phutong trink vong tron Mohr. Khif tham 6c trong 2 phudng trinh (6,2) va (6.3) bling eich: +0, 4 phutong teinh (6.2) sang vé wi binh phutong hai vé ela hai phutsng tin: este cinta) siaa+r,smta] —_ oe test tenn (0 22H at Diy ft phuong tinh vOng trom rong hé tue (c,, es : vim 228) nt tf voi ) 423, Vong ta nay duge goi la vong tn Mohr eiia trang thai tng suit phdng, 2. Cach ding vong tron Mohr. Dutg hé truc toa d6 vudng g6e 0, -r,,. Lay hai diém Ava Bwén truc hodnh o 66 hoanh d6 1a o,,0, (gid sit 0, > 0,). Dung tring diém ca doan AB chinh fa tam C cila vong tron. 68.L& THANH PHONG: Dung digm D(g,.r4) goi ld diém evs, Vong tron o6 tam C ban kinh CD 1A vong ton edn —— amg, CD? = VBC + BD = +22, IA bain kinh R eiia vong On, Voi tim C, ban Ve inh R ta dung dutge vong tron Mohr nhur én hinh 6.7, Vinh 6.7: Dog vongioa Mol ng sua 3. Tim ttng suai trén mat edt nghiéng. ion 6 ag sult tren mat eft aghieng, XGt phiin W chiu ede tg s bé mac nhw hinh 688, Ta dyng duge vong ton Mohr ting swat nhur trén hinh 6.8, Méi diém trén vong tron Mohr img sua aemg tng vai ting suit ten mOt mat et nghieng nao d6, Tir diém exe D ké during thing song song voi phutong phiip tuyén cia mat c&t nghiéng hgp véi true hoanh mot g6e a, eft vong tron Mohr tai diém M. Hanh d9 eda digm M 18 tr s6 tg suit phép ova tung d6 Ia tr s0 cia mg sud gp +, Ta e6 thé elut tinh hoanh 4 OG va ung d> GM e6 ti 96 o, va r,, (xem hinh 6.8e), o,+6, 0G =0C+CG= + CP.cos(2c, + CM cos(2a, + 2a +9, <°* + CP.cos 2c,.c08 2a ~CP.sin 2a.sin Ze BE y: CP. cosa, = Ci va CP.sin2cy, = Al Ta 06: 0G cos2a—7,,.sin20 Tutomg ty ta 06 GM = CM. sin(2s Vi CM =P. a, +22) = CM. sina, 008 2a + CM. cos2a, sin2a Nen CM. AP CP. c0s2a, CP.sin2a, 9 VA CM.sos2ay, ooLE THANH PHONG ¢, Do dé: GM= t,, cos2a+ sin2a =, 4. Phuong chink, tng sudt chink, eile sri ciba ung sud. Madin tim phutng cia cde ttag suat chinh va tng suat tie eye tr, ta ke cdc tia DA, DF, DI va Di (hinh 68c), Cée mat ¢6 ng suat chinh tc dyng duige vé tren phiin t& da cho (hinh 6.8b), ‘Ta thay cdc mit cé tag sudt tiépeue teh Tyas. Trin hop thin mét géc 45° vdi cdc mat chinh, Cae phutdng chinh a vi ct, dulge xdc dnb tit wong trn Moby: ED t f, wea, =~t9(7— a, (8), Cée ting suat tig eve tr: eles 5. Trang thdi ting sudt phdng dg bigt, trang thai ung swat tnsot thudn tidy. a-Trang thdi ting suat phang die biét. ‘Trén phan td trang thdi tng suat phng, név c6 mot ng suit php bing khOng (gid sit 7, =0) thi dude goi Ia trang thai tng suét phing dic biét, Ta ky higu: o.=o, 2,,=0 nhut ‘réu hinh 6,92, Vong tron Mobr cia trang théi dug sudt nly dufge vé trén hinh 6.9b, R= +, (69), inh 6.9: Tegog thing et 4) hing de bie Cie ttng suit phap eye tr} tink theo (6.6) Grae = FE NO HAE (6.10). Céc tng suat tie eve tr inh theo (6.7) iW tae (.D). b-Trang thai ting sudt trig thudn ty. ‘Trén phan t6 & trang thai ving suat phAng, néu céc mat bén cita phin t6 chi ed tng suat tig, khong cé ting sudt phép thi dugc goi 1a trang thai ing sudt trvgt thoda tiy, Ta ky higu: £,, =F (inh 6.10a), Vong trdn Mobr cila trang thai tg sudt nay duge ve tren hinh 6,10b. 70LE THANH PHONG ‘oattafann » fl acs Ce tug sus php eve tj tinh theo (6,9) O. =47 (6.19) Ce ng suit tip eve tr tinh theo (6:7): Tae = EE (6.13), Cac phuong chinh hgp voi bé mat ciia phan t6 cae gée 45° IV. Khdi nig vé trang thdi ting sudit Khoi. Trong truvng hop tng quat, trang thdi ving suat tai mot diém la trang thai tig suit Khoi, ghia 18 cd ba tg suit echinh 7, 7, va 0, déu khiée khong. Tuoag tng v6i ede cap ting suite (0.04). (03.05) Va (0,.0,) ta ve duige ba vong tron Mohr ting suat voi tam la C,. , va Cy nh hinh 6,110. Hit 611: Tegng tig st, X61 mg ett nghiéng udo dé edt qua phan t6 (mac gach chéo ten biah 6,114), wen mat nay 9 6 itug sud phap va ttag suit 1iép, Ly thuyét dan héi da chifug miah duge rng sug suit én mit cat nghiéng 46 wong wing v6i mox diém nim trong mién gach chéo pidi han bOi ba voug tudn ting sudt trén Hinh 6,11), Néu ky higu cée ting sudt ip eye hinh 6.1 1b ta e6: GI 2), ty, VB ny ume o-9; 3 (6.14). Nhing diém nam trén chu vi cia céc vong tron wong vng vai tng suat tren cde mat song song v6i ting sudt con lai, ede tug sui tiep cye tr nay téc dung tren ede mat nghieng e6e 45° vdi hai phyong chinh twung tag va song song vdi phuoug chinh cdn lai (hinh 6.12). Ching han r,, téc dung trén mat nghiéng gc 45° voi o,, @ va song song véi 7, (hinh 6.12c). nLE THANH PHONG 6.12 Ug st én ef meson song vt ping chih V. Quan he giita ting sudi va bién dang. Dinh lujt Hooke. 1. Trang thai ting sudt don. DSi véi trang thai ting suat dan thi phan t chinh chi cé bién dang dai (hinh 6.13): Hin 6.13: Big dgng dge v4 bien dang agang Hanh 6.14: Biéndgng poco phn 3 a pi cut sust aan, feang te ngs case ty Bin dang dai theo phuing cia tng suat: chang han phyong xtrén hinh 6.13. 6.19). a « Bign dang d&i theo phufong vudug gée vi phucag cia ving sudt: plug y, ztr2n hah 6,13, 6.16), 2. Trang théi wing suit tragt thudin ti. G trang thdi nay trén phn t6 khdng cé bién dang dai ma chi cé bién dang géc (trvgt) trong it phing téc dung cia ting suattiép: ( vi dy mat phing xy trén hinh 6,14). Gitta tag sudt tigp r va biéu dang gée y e6 quan hé bic abit goi la din lugt Hooke vé bién dang tne. yet 17), Vo Oma) 3. Trang thdi ung sudt tng quat. G trang thai fag suat nay tren phin 16 c6 ca bien dang dai cla cde canh va biéa dang g6e cia cde gée vudng. Ta thifa nh: tfag sudtt php chi gay ra bién dang dai, cdn tng swat tiép chi gay ra bién dang géc trong mit phdng téc dung cila tng svat uép, Ap dung nguyén ly cOng téc dung: bién dang do nbiéu ving sudt gay 1a blag tng céc bién dang do timg tng sudt riéng le gay ra. © Bign dang dai: Bién dang dai thco phuting x Li mét him ciia céc ting suat php ky higu e, : (hinb 6.13). 3,-0(c,.0,.0.)-6,(¢,)+8,(0,)+8,(0,). e,(o,) - Bién dang dai theo phung x do &, gay ra, tinh theo (6.15): 8,(o,)= rRLE THANH PHONG: © {o,) - Bign dang dai theo phutong x do @, gity ra, tinh theo (6.16): ¢{o,)= 0, 2 (o,) Big dang dai theo phutng x do a, gy r,t theo (610) 6,7, ) =u ‘Tuuing ty cho ede phutdng cdn Iai, ta Ip duge biéu thie cia dink luat Hooke téng quit cho bign dang dai (6.18). 1 Mp, ile. +0} Oi v6i phiin 1 66 céc dng suit chinh ta e6 biéu thie tuimng ty, Khi thay a, y, 2 bing I, 2, 3. + Bich dang g6e: ‘Trong titng mat phing, bién dang g6c do ting suit ti€p wong ting gay ra: (hinh 6.14), t, f, -t, oe: a 6.19) Yo Ty mung (6.19), ‘+ Bin dang thé tich t¥ d6i: 1a hidng thay di ciia mot dd vi thé tich, ky higu 4. Goi thé tich ban du eta phn 16 1a dV : dV = drdy.de, Trude va sau bien dang eée canh eda phn 16 thay di nhitng higng: de> (dx-+e,dx); dy + (ty+e,dy); de> (dz+e,dz), Do d6 n&u goi thé tich Iie sau cba phan tla dV, thi: dV, =(ax+e,dx\dy+s,dy\det o,de)=dedyddl+e,\I+s,\i+e,), Bign dang thé tich tung 463 0 sé 1a: paint ctanadiee Mien ea ME 0 6, Yon)or w dye Sau khi khai tign va bé qua ef v6 eding bé bic eao nhén duge: O=e,+8, +8, (6.20) Thay ec gi tr bien dang 3 (6.18) vio din dé eo TH(e,+0,+0,) (621). Dinh luat Hooke khéi: big dang thé tich twoing 46% t18 vai tng cée ting sudt phip, Ce biéu thite (6.18), (6.19), (6.21) duige goi lt ding ludt Hooke tng quit. 4. Trang thdi tng sudt phing. Biéu thite bien dang qua ting suit: 1 6,5 (6.-10,); 6, = Bigu thie ding suit qua bign dang: o,=Ble, tne, =e, tue} 1, =G 75, (6.23). 5. Quan hé giita ed bling sf din hdi E, u, va G. Xét phiin (6 phing chu bién dang trvgt thudn ty. Tide va sau bien dang g6c vudng thay 46i mét lugng 7, dung chéo cia phin t8 m= V2dv 6 bign dang dai tuy¢t 46i Am nhw trén 6.22). Ininh 6.15, Vi bign dang bé nén ta 66 thé viet dn = BLE THANH PHONG as le ‘inh 6.15: Quan be git ele hing 8 diab lew leu sun= Hr Mey, (+ ar)=— EO ©. So sanh (b) va (©) ta nit ra quan he: Dp Dt Bg ae 2+ w) Nh vay ba hing sédinhéi E.G va w dac trang cho tinh dan héi cia vat ligu dang hudng ¢6 mdi lién hé véi nhau. Médun dan héi targt G xde dinh theo (6.24) hoan toan phi hop véi két qua thi nghiém, VI. Biéu thite cita thé néing bién dang dan hoi. L.Thé nang bién dang dan héi riéng. Khi phn t6 bién dang, trong mdi dén vj thé tich tich ly mét thé nang bién dang dan hi w dude goi Ia thé nang bién dang dan héi riéng, (6.24), Gitcang thai ting swat don thé ning bién dang dan hoi iéng due tinh: w= yee Boi voi phan (6 o trgng thai ing suai kh6i wen hih 6,16 06 cde tng suet ao, ving v6i cdc bien dang dai Hint 616: Tang thi dng sucks. S ‘Theo nguyen ly cOng téc dung, thé nang bién dang dan hoi riéng duige tink: Lye, +046, +0365) (625), 2 Cie gid tri 5,,5,,8, dutge tinh theo (6.18): 1 1 E ng tinh theo ting sua Ho, +0)h % ~ alo, +) ‘The nang bién dang dan bdi 1 2B! 2. ThE niing bidn dang dan héi thé tich va thé nang bidn dang dan héi hinh déng. 2402 +03-2ule,o, + 0505+ 040,)) 4LE THANH PHONG ‘Vai mot phan t6 6 trang théi ting sudt khéi trén hin 6, !7a ta e6 thé tach ra thanh hai phiin t ‘mot phan t6 chi chi cde ing suat chinh trang binh theo ede phuong o,, va mét phan t6 chix ede tng sus chinh bing higu eda ede ting sudt chinh ban du va ting sud tung binh, » OP » r inh 6.17 Phin deh ean th dog st ks iain tal ug suing Boi vai phin té chu cdc ting suat kéo hoac nén déu theo cic phudng cé ting sudt chinh 1a ‘id tr rung binh ca cde ng sudt chink 6 tang thai vug sudt ban dau (hiah 6,170): 6-206; +0, +0,) G trang thai nay, ty 1¢ vé kich thude ciia cdc canh phin t6 khdng thay adi do dé khong c6 bign dang vé hinh dng ma chi c6 bie dang vé thé tich, Thay tr s6 ella wing sudt chiah trung binh nay vao (6.26) ta nga duge biéu thie thé nang bién dang dn hdi vé thé rich cho trang thai may: x & (OF q +0 nFu + Ou0)] 21). , sol+o2 OE asmeey 2E Boi véi phan 6 cd Igi, pha 16 chiu ese ting sust chinh e6 gis te: G, =O, 093 6 =0;-Oy3 6, =, ~Oy (tinh 6,17¢), ‘Ta thay: o, +0, +, = 0 do dé, theo (6,23) trang thai tag swat nay chi cé bién dang vé hin 6 bign dang vé thé teh. ‘ding ma khos ‘Thé ning bién dang dan hdi 6 trang théi ting sudt khi trén binh 6,17a tinh theo (6.26) 18 téng cia thé nang bién dang dn bdi thé tich trén binh 6,17b tinh theo (6,27) va thé mang biém dang dan hdi hinh dang trén hin 6. 17: Wty Hyg P= Thay (6.26) va (6.27) vio, bidn A6% ta duge: leups.o yy = 24[o} +03 + 3E VII. Bibu kien bén cita vét ligu & trang thai sng sudt plate tap. 1. D6 bén cia vGt ligu & trong thdi ing swt don. ‘Trang thai time sudt dom sé dat dén trang thai gidi han khi tng suit phip c6 git tr bing vg suat neuy hiém @, (hinh 6,18). Do d6, dé danh gis a9 bén cia trang tha xing suat don ta chil vige so sinh tfng sudt php v6i ting sudt nguy hiém o,,, ké thém be s6 an toan n, Hinho.18: Phin 6 ang thé op 1 a ig su don dat da eg ct gi a, 0,0, - 0505-0504] 6.28), Fo “Tr sowing sudt nguy hiém oF, dé dang tim duge tirthi nghiém kéo hoe nén difug tm, My bang ©; A6i vai v4tligu dda va bing o., hoge o, d6i vdi vét lieu déo, 2. D6 bin cia vGt ligu & trang thai ting swat khdi. on le 715LE THANH PHONG. ‘Trong trudng hgp tng gust , néu mudn kiém tra bén cho mot diém thuge trang thdi ving sust phtéc tap thi ta cing cn phai oé nbting két qua thi nghiém phd hoai nhimng mau thi o trang théi ting sust ruioug nf, nghia 1a ry s6 gitta cée wag sust chink o, : e+, cia mau thi khi pha hoai va cila trang thai dng suit tgi diém kiém tra phi bang nhsu, Vige thi nphiém nay sé khong khd thi vi hai ly do: 86 luigng thf nghiém phi nhién v6 cing th mdi dép ting dude cac 17 56 git nhitug tng sudi chinh cia ede rang thai wng sud gap trong thye té ‘Thiet bi ding 4€ thi nghiém vé trang thdi ag sut phic tap khong dp tng dude thc 1€ ‘va it phé bién cOng ri nly thi nghigm kéo nén theo mot chiéu, Dé trénh cdc khé khdn vé thye nghiém 46 ngw6i ta dua ra ahimg gia thuyét vé nguyen nbn co ban gity ra si phd hoai ella v4t liéu, ede gia thuyét a6 dutge goi la ede thuyét bén, C6 ahiéu yéu Anh ining 4€n 46 bén ca v9t ligu nbut vag sudt phép, ving sudt tiép, bién dang dai, thé nang bién dang an héi., va mdi yeu 16 46 déu e6 thé duige chon lam tiéu chun anh git cho a bén cba vat lig ‘Theo mét thuyét bén niod6, vat ligu & trang thai ng sudt phi tap trén hinh 6,19 s8 bj phi hoai khi yeu t6 ma thuyét bén 46 chon kam nguyén nhin pha hoai dat toi mgt gii han no 46 vé gid tri, Gidi ban 46 duye xe djnh difa vao thé nghiém phé hogi Adi véi trang thai ving sui dan trén binh 6,19b, “ih 619: Bio gi tong diag sat pate ap bing tang ct tg suse don cing dwn, C6 nhiéw Iy thuyét bén, pham vi ting dung cia ching phy thuge vao kha nang phi bgp voi thye nghigm va khd nang dp dung vao thu ten, G day sé gidi thigu mot 6 ly thuyét bén xét én nhan t6 18 trang thi ng sudt va vat ligu nghién cit im vigc trong mién dan hdi. 3. Thuyét bén ting sudt phap ( thuyét bén tut nha). Nguyen nan gdy ra sit phd hogi cita vat ligw la do tri s6 tn nha cia itng swat phd cita phan 16'6 trang thdi ting sud plutc tap dat tdi moe gidi han tng sud nguy hiém cia phin 168 trang ‘thai ing suit dan ‘Trang thai ting sudt phite tap ¢6 ba ting sudttchinh x€p theo thif ty: 0, > 7, > 0, Do 6 theo thnyét bén thif nbdt nay, ta c6 diéu kién bén: (o,.0, )s [2] Hay viet rng biét o, <[oh; |o.|< lo], (6.29). ‘Thuyét bén nay ra di sém nbd trong ede thuyét bn, nhung tong nhiéu teing bgp nd khong phi hyp véi thyfe t€. Ching han, mau thi chju nén déu theo ba phuisug, trong thy t€ ‘vt ligu hdw nbu khong bi pha hogi di chiu 4p lye rit dn, Thuyét bén nay chi diing trong, trudng hop phan t6 6 trang thai ving swat dom. 4. Thuyét bin bién dang di ( thayét bn thit hai). Nguyén nhdn gdy rae phd hogi ciia vit ligu 10 do tri s6'ldn nh cita bid dang dai tuong 46 ‘cia phan 16°6 trang thai ing sudt phile tap dat tdi mét gid han nguy hidm cia phén 16d trang thai sing suai don, Gol 6, [8 tri sO dn nbd cia bién dang dai tang Adi cia phn t 8 trang thei tng sua pinte tgp, ta c6 didu kign bén: 16LE THANH PHONG 4: £ [ean] ‘Theo dinh lndt Hooke vé bién dang dai Vai trang thai dng suit khdi: 4 i-Me, +05). V6i trang thé ting sudt don: leaal= El. Do dé, diéu kign bén theo thuyét bén thi hai nay Ia: oi mo, toile] (6.30). Thuyét bén nay cho két qui tuiing dG phi hop v4i vA figu don, 5. Thuyét bén ting suit tip ( thuyét bén tha ba). Nguyen nhdn gay ra sy phd hoai cia vas ligu la do tri 6 06n nh cia tng suet tp cka phan 16 6 trang thdi sing sudt phite tap dat 144 mot gidi han sing sudt nguy hiém cia phan 166 trang thdi ting sudt don, Ta c6 diéu kign bén: Tous € [Fen ‘Theo (6.9) hoae (6.1: 2, Theo (5.13) tral= 4) Do d6, digu kign bén theo thuyét bén thi ba la o,-¢,s[e] 631). ‘Thuyét bén nay mae di chua ké dn nh hung cia ting suatchinh thi? hai, nhuing cho két qui phi hgp véi thye nghigm hon hai thuyt bén teén, de bigt 18 vat ligu do, BOi vai vat ligu dn hoae vat ligu 6 46 bén kéo vA nén khic nhau, thuyét bén nay cho két qui khéng phi hgp. Trong tinh tosin e¢ khi, thuyt bn may dude sit dung kh phé big, 6. Thuyét bén thé ning bién dang dan héi kink déng ( thuyét bén thit tt). Neuyén nhén gd ra su phd hogi cia vat lieu la do tri 6 1dn nat ca thé nding bién dang dan ‘di hinh ding ciia phan 16 4 trang thai ving sudt plute tap das to1 mot gia han nguy hiém cia phan 16 4 trang thdi ting sual dem, Ta e6 digu kign ben: arscar § Las ie 3B Oi vGi trang thai tng suit AINE te, on lo? +62 +03 -@,0, -0,0,-¢,0,]. 2], Theo (6.28)! ths ynsiap = lig 3E Do d6, ta c6 didu kién bén theo thuyét bén thé tu: le} +a) +6} ~a,0, -0,0,-6,0, slo] (632), Thuyét ny cho két qué kh phd hgp véi vat ligu deo, So véi thuyét bén dng sult tip eve dai, n6 cn ké dén ting swat chinh thit hai oy. Thuyét bén thi wr ndy duige sit dung khé phé bign trong xy dung va es khi, Tuy vay, né van khng thich hop vdi v4t ligu ddn. 7. Thuyéi bén Mohr ( thuyét bén thi néim). Thuyét ben Mohr duge xy dung dua trén eg s8 kEt qué thye nghiém, Xem mye IV, mot trang thai tng suit khdi c6 thé biéu thj bing ba vong trdn Mohr trong hé true or. Goi nhitng vang trong fing tng véi lite vat gu é trang théi nguy hiém IA vang tron gidi han, Voi nhitng ket qua thi nghiém theo ede tf s6 gitta efe ting suai chinh @, 6, +6, Khiée nhau, ta ve duige nhiéu vong tron gidi han trong hé true @ +. Do ting suit chinh o, anh hudng it nLE THANH PHONG én didu kign bén nén trong ba vong tron gidi han eta mOt trang thai ting sus, ngudi ta quan tim dén vong tron Ién goi la vong trOn chinh duge xéc dinh bai c&e ting suai chinh «, va &, Hint 6.20; Ho ede voag te Mobr gi haa va dung baoeda chlag. ‘Tigh hinh nhiGu thi nghigm cho cfc trang thai Ung susfi Khée nhau VA Om dude trang thai gidi han tung ting cia chiing, Biéu dién céc vang trdn chinh nay trong mat phing toa d8 o—r ta hin duige mét ho cée vong tron Mohr gigi han nh trén hinh 6.20, Buting bao eiia ho cée vong trda Mohr nay s& chia mat phing thanh hai min gidi han aguy hiém vA khong nguy hiém cia vat ligu, Giao diém cita truc hoanh va duging bao tweng ting véi trang thdi c6 ba tng suat chinh kéo bing nhau vé tr) s6, Néu m6t trang thai ting suat nao dé c6 vong trdn Mohr chinh 1én nhat nim trong dung bao gidi han thi vat ligu 6 trang thai khéng nguy hiém, Néu vong trdn Mohr chinh tigp xtc voi dung bao gidi han thi vat ligu 8 trang thai gidi han nguy him, Néu vong trdn Mohr chinh ct dung bao thi vat ligu 8 trang thai bi pha hoai, Vay didu kign bén ciia mt trang thai ing suft chink 1A digu kigm hink hoc 4€ vong tron ‘Mohr chinh eda trang thai ting suit nay nim trong dufng bao, Thife t€, vie thi nghiém 48 ve dung bao thing kh6 khuin, phife tap. Dé ddn gidn h6a, ngudi ta cin ett vao hai vong trdn gi6i han kéo va nén theo mét phvong va vé dung cong gidi han JA dung thing tip ty€n chung eila hai vong tron 46. Hh 6.21: Bug to don gid, 7 Goi cdc ting suit nguy hiém khi kéo va nén la 7, VA 09, Hinh 6,21 1A duting cong gidi han dn gidn trang thai cho phép, cdc vong trdn gidi han vé tif c&c ting swat cho phép, Xét trang thai tng suit e6 efe ttng sufi chinh «vA ey chi due phép tip xtc véi diving cong gidi han, Ti diéu kign nay, ta c6 thé suy ra digu kign bén bing cach xét hai tam gide dng dang C\AC, va CAC, ta 06: ‘Trong 46; ,C, =0C,-0C, 78LE THANH PHONG CyAy = KyAy — KC, = KC, — KC, = Hel —Kio-05)= [el.- ag [o}.= Fe} -[e}). -0, +05); CA, = KG — KA, = K,C,- KC. 2 2 ‘Thay thé ede gid tri nay vio ry le thie ten, nh due digu kin gigi hgn: o+0,-le} [oko +0, leL+lek [ok -loh. Sau ki bign a, nit gon ta es: &, ~ Haye 2 om Do 46 didu kien bén due viét a: Gon 0,-2.0, 5 Voi vat ligu déo thi a, eve tr. (6.33), Coe le nay thayét bén Mohr tring voi thuyét bén tg suai tiép ‘Thuyét bén Moker cho két qud phi. hgp v6i v4t ligu don (7, > o,). Thuyét nay e6 vm diém 1a khong dua vao gid thuyét nao ma can ci tr¥c tiép vao trang thdi gidi han cia vat ligu. Thuyé bén nay vin bé qua doh wong cita cla img sudt chin o va do vige thay duding cong bang dung thing nén cho két qua chinh xc chi khi vong tron cia trang thai tng suat kno st nlm trong khoding gitfa hai vong tron gidi han kéo va nén, Vidu 6.1. Cho phan t6 6 trang thai tng sust phing voi ede ving sud nla tinh 6,22. Xée dint tag sus trén mat edt ngiéng 6 phap tuyén u hgp vai phucug ngang mot g6e 30° (hinh 6.224), XAe inh phuong va trj s6 etia cae ting suatt chinh (hinh 6.220). ah 6.22: Cho view 6. Git ‘Theo qui we ehigu eila img suit tren mgt cit ta e6: ©, = +60KN lem? ; 6, = -40KN/ em? Ung suat en mat o6 phap tuyén u: DAA, O—) 05.608 —(-25)sin 60? = 56,65KN fom? 60-(-40) 2 2SKN I om? a= 430° sin60° + (-25)cos60° = 30.8KN/em? Cac ting suat o, va r,, déu dutng nén c6 chiéu nhw gi dinh ban du (hinh 6.222), Cae ting suat chinks 29LE THANH PHONG. = B= 1 69 —Ca0)f + 4(- 25) = 10 KN fom? + 55.9KN Jom! oun a ‘Theo quy ude thif ny ctla cde ting sut chin suy ra: ©) =O mug = OS.IKN Jem? 0 = Cyyq =-45.9KN fom? Ce phuidng chink: 4520 =26%0" @—(-40) 2 Dods: a, =13°207; a, =, +90” = 103°" Chidu doting eva ede phutsag chinh nhwchi ra trén hinh 6.22. Vid 6.2 Ung swt todn phn ten me edt m—m di qua mot diém ela vguthé trong tegng thai ving suse pling p= 2000N/ em? c6 pluidug tgo thinh mot géc 60° vai mit edt, Trén mat vudng vd mat edt nay ehi e6 atag sud rigp (hinh 6,23) Tinh ving suat php va ting sudt rig trén mac ct tgo thanh g6c 45° so véi mat ct m—m, Tinh tng suat pha lén mbt rai dé a. tg2a » Sem Hint 6.25: Cho vide 6.2. Gi Phin ting suit ton phin p thanh 2thanh phin ova r,, (hinh 6.23b): ©, = psin60? = 2598N fom? 1, = peost” = 1500N fer ‘Theo céng thite tinh dag suat én mat ct nphiéng: cos2a—r,, sin2a5 sin2a+r,,cos2a5 qe, +0,F +405, 1500 cm?; a = 225° vao ta duige: le Thay 0, = 2598N/em’; o, = 05 5, 259840 | 2508-0 cos 510° —(~1500)sin 510° = 2799N/em? ; _ 2598-0 sin510°+ (-1500}cos $10° = 1299 fem? ; 2500 es coF TACO ~ manne. Vide 6.3. ‘Trén mot phan t ldy ti vgt thé chju lye co tic dyng dng sudt Pova 1 =1SKN/cm?, Xéc dinh biéu dang dai tuyét doi cia dung chéo AB va bien dang g6e clla 26¢ ughiéng (hinh 6,242), Cho: E = 2.10°KN/cm?; u=0,28 80LE THANH PHONG Gidi. GU phiin 6 e6 php tuydn bé mat theo phuting m va n nbu kin 6.24, Tacé: 0, =30KN/om’; , Ung sudt rén phan w: sin2a, +1,, c082a1, 30+0 30-0 On = 20s0 £0360" =(-15)sin60" =3549KN fem? 30+0 , 30-0 = 0 645240" —(-15)sin 240° 9KN Jem’; ws EB. in60° + (-15)c0s60" SA9KN fem? ‘Theo dinh luat Hooke vé bién dang dai: 1 (6, -10,)= [35.49 -0.28(-5,49)}= 185.107 E 210" Do dé bign dang dai tuyét déi cia canh AB: A, =¢,,.AB=185.10".25/c0s30" = 0,093em . 5.49.2(1+0,28) 72Al+u) 2.10% 027.10" Rad. in dang g6e cla g6e nghieng: 7, G Vidu 6.4. Tai mot diém wen mat vat thé ehju Ive nguthi ta do duge c&e bign dang tF d6i theo ede phuting Ox, Oy, Ou lic €, =328.10; e, =5,96.10; 6, = 7.61.10". Xée dinh tr sng suai chinh va phung chin 'm d6 (hinh 6.25a). Big: E = 1,10" KN fom"; = 0,34, Gidi. Ap dung dinh lut Hooke cho trang thai ting sudt phing ta 06: 6 =o, — Hl yy) Voi + ule, +2,.4)) . +n ‘Mat khée, theo cdg thife tinh ting sudt tren mat eit nghieng: 81LE THANH PHONG 08207, —r,, sin 2or, ©. Dat: K= 0,40, =, +0,; (bat bién cba trang thai dng suat phdng). ” » Hah 625: Cho vide 64 So sénh (dl) va (e), thay K, 1 vao ta duge: 1 he, ake sie Fa glBsit aK )= 54 00820; —F,sin2a, . Lin lugt thay # bang x,y.u vo (D): 1 4x L o a e (He, + uk)=K + £e092.0° ~r,, sin 2.0 @. lta 22 (ee, + ux)= + £c082.90° ~r, sin2.90° @. va 2°2 1 pK, b, ne . Tele + ak )= Hf 0082.60" — r, sin2.60 ). ‘Cong (a) va (hr) VE theo vé, sau khi bign A6i ta duge: Ble, +2,)_ 1.10°(.28.10 +5,96.10+ ln 1-034 Thay K_vao (a) va biéu déi, ta duge: Bete) no 2840-39610") seo, Tew 10M ‘Thay K. L vao ck) biéh d6i ta duge: v3E(2, +8, -49,)_ V3.1.10'(3.3.28.10" -5:96.10- — 4.71.10 =1AKN/ er ol+a) o{1+ 0,34) Che tng suit chint: a 1 (CaF AL ay = 923KN rom! 1 Om =F +5 5c? 2F =9.2 05 =m = 5-4 1 CaF 402 = 4,77 KN Lom? Phuong chinh: 2 2a = 16 - Vi du 6.5. Cho ba khéi hinh hp vat ligu khic nhau e6 mé dun dan héi E,, E,. Ey; hé s6 poisson 1,, ay Aly, dige dt Khit v20 ahau wong MOU K6i tuy@t 464 eng vA chu Tue abu hiah 6.26. Xée igh dug suai phép 1S dyng len ec mat ca ba khoi. 82LE THANH PHONG ‘ah 6,26: Cho vide 65, Gidi. Phuong trinh biéu dién ting suat theo phudng z: aM =0 @. ofl =-9 (m), ol =0 ). Phuong trinh biéu dién biéu dién bien dang theo phurong y: es0> ©. 2) <0 7 fo) sulo? +a? ) e201 bY -ner saree @ Phussng tinh quan hg «ing suc theo phusng x: ot) =o" ©. a=of? (©) Phuong tinh biéu din quan hé bién dang theo phudng x: athe a +00 =0= ie hb THe w oad 2 (nn dee pase a ae o!) We, =0 Sonne, ©). MF. HP). ©. 9) thay ede gid tri nay va (1, (m), (n) va0 (0), (P).(@) oy) + in n9, oy) - mo, =0 (a). ze nol ek. .- Hat ]=0 ©), Thay (0°), (p"), (q°) vao ("): 1 lo. 1,9 s6(00,- 4) E, a(t) By 83LE THANH PHONG ao je (a J EB =p) BE = |- cull 4) E EEGs (U4 te) E,EM= 14 Jt BE 8) EE 98 Esai poll st) EEN )+ BEA 08 + BEAR) Pb ae (lt te) EE) BEM) BEA 08, Byatt tall st) E_EsMl~ ah J+ EE 18 )+ EE oh =o .~ Had =~ = tog. one. ‘Va cic tg suit theo phuong 0 7 Vidu 6.6. ‘MOt thanh thép mat eft ngang hinh vudng canh a, ngim hai du va €6 kich thie nhu wen hinh 6.272, Trén doan chiéu dai 2b chiu &p lve phiin b6 déu q. Tai vi ti D tren truc thanh cich ngim phai m@t doan 2b tic dung hc tap trung P. Xe dinh gid trj cia Ie P 4& mt ct ngang tai C khong e6 chuyén vi doc trye, Xée dinh ting suit phép doc truc I6n nbst va tinh chuy€n vi doc truc ca mat eft ngang 1-1 dich ngam tei mt doan 32. Cho bidt: E= 2.107 N/em?; w= 03; 20cm; a= em; q 2 » 9 E EI © Hiab 627: Cho vide 65 Gidi. Giai phong lién két wi ngdm E them vao phin hue ign két N,, nb teén hinh 6,276. Kg higu: Al,: chuyén vj tai mat eft k Alls chuyén vi tai mat et k do nguyen bain m gay ra Phuong trinh twdng thich bién dang tai B:LE THANH PHONG ai) sath sah? <0 1p, -ale, ve, po 222 , Mi 7 Err EF EF Cae tng sudt o,, ,, 0, do lye phan b6g gay mi: o, =0,=-q; 0,=0. F =a" ta due: (4 y Ne=5 oa - P) (a). Dé ti C khong c6 chuyén vj doc true ta 6 phudng trinh twong thich bien dang tai C: 1, PAD, NeAb A, = All? + aif) al"? =0 = Loy — w e BoM tee 0. (a) va () 3 L P=—uga’, N, == tga" 5a 5m ‘Vay, ki P = 3 yaya? thi tgi mat edt ngang C khéng cé chuyén Biéw 46 noi Ive trong thanh nhw trén hinh 6.27¢: 4g = 03,15000 = 45000 fom? 2ugb _ P3b | Ne3b 1 +a + ate Thay: 4g. b, £ vdota due: Ad, =-4,5.10cm, Mat eft 1-1 dich chuyén sang tri. Vi dy 6.7. Phin t6 chiu tng sudt trén cdc mgt nh hinh 6.28. Hay kiém tra béu cho phiin t6 theo ede ly thuyét bén the ba, that we va ly thuyét bén Mob Cho biét: [o]=13KN fem! 25,4 Fx4 =O. inh 6.28 Cho vidy 67 Gi. C6 mt ttug swt chinh theo phutong z 18 o,=6KN/em*, Hai ng sudt chinh cdn gi nim trong mit phiing vudng gde vi phuoag z duige tink: 24% 1 eo Fran, -—28 SaSoF oa [MIM on 6, ss 2 (2 —8,11KN Jem’. Dod6: 0 = 6KN Sem’ 6, ‘Theo thuyét bén thi ba: of 0, = 6+ 811= 141IKN Jom. ‘Theo thuyét bén thir ott = Jo? +0340} ~0,0,~0,0,-0,0, MLIRNfem?; 0, = 811K Jem? 85LB THANH PHONG —0(-8.11)= 168KN fem? ‘Vay: khi kiém tra bang 1¥ thuyét bén thi tw va thy nam thi phan t di bén, con khi kiém tra bing ly thuyé bén thé ba thi phan t khOug dim bdo 46 bén, BAL TAP CHUONG 6 6.1 +66, Xéc dinh gid trj cla tng suat phap va ing suat tiép tren céic mat cit nghiéng cia cc phan tS cho trén hinh 6,29 + 6,34, oa Nd ote inh 6.29, ah 6.30, ak 6.3, akNAa? A suai svat ba 6.769, Xée dinh ng suf chiah vd phuong chinh cla ee phan t6 cho wén binh 6.35 + 6:37 ‘Ve ra cde mat chiah cho mat phin 6. 1M? 2kNieat* DKNem? ‘Neem? ak Nea? 2A Nea? Pcntea? ENA? nt 6.35, io 36, nt 6.37 610+6.12, Tai mot diém tong vat thé & tang thai tg sudt phdnp e6 ting sust téc dung ween cdc mat nbutrén hinh 6.38 + 6.40. Tinh nhing tng suat chinh va phudng chinh tai diém a6, oeTKNien? 6,<7KNka? inh 635, ih 6.8. Hint 6.20. 86LE THANH PHONG 6.13 +6.15, Phin t6 8 trang thai tng sust phang, 66 ting sudt t4e dyng nhwtrén hinh 641 + 6.43, Tinh bién dang theo céc phuttug 6, 6,, €,.Cho: E=2,2.10'KN/em?; u=03 Ske? sven Aenea RY oe) | lee em em cn a 5 i 15 b 0 9 36 © s “12 3 a 25 o 4 6.21+6.23. Tai mat diém cita vat thé chiu lye c6 trang théi tng suit phdng nh hinh 648 + 6,50, Kiém tra 46 bén theo ly thuyét th ba, thi tr va ly thuyét ben Mohr Cho bigt: [o]=14KN lem"; 05,14, = 88,LE THANH PHONG =DKNiem SaTENen URN Hah 6.8, Hinh 649. inh 650 89