Lifting Lug

1Lifting Lug Load Capacity Vs Crack length Calculation
Sample Calculation
Thickness of Lug (t)
=
Width of Lug (W)
=
Radius of Circular Section (R)
=
Diameter of Hole ( Dh)
=
Diameter of Pin ( Dp)
=
Distance from centre of hole to Welding (h)=
Area of Cross Section
=
Length of Crack ( a )
=
Distance from centre of hole to edge of crack = (Dh / 2 + a) =
Temperature (T)
Fracture Toughness ( k1c)
=
=
K1c =
Check For Geometry

We =R- Dh/2
=
65 - 60/ 2 =
We =R- Dh/2
65 - 60/ 2 =
We =R- Dh/2
65 - 60/ 2 =
By Yeild Theory
Yeild Strength of Plate
Effective width of plate
Tensile Load capacity
=
=
=
By Fracture Theory
K1c =
Fd . . Sqrt(. a)
Fd =
Where,
d=
d=
Fd =
=
K1c =
63 =
250
130 - 60- 2 x4.5 =
0.9 x 250 x 61 x 15/1000 =
0.5 x (3 - d) [ 1 + 1.243 x (1 - d)3 ]

a / (Dh / 2 + a)
4.5 / (60/ 2 + 4.5)
0.5 x (3 -0.13) [ 1 + 1.243 x (1 -0.13)^3 ]
2.61
Load (P)
Area
Fd . . Sqrt( . a)
2.61 x 0.000513P x sqrt(3.1416 x 0.0045)
Load ( P)
396 kN
Temp = 30 Degree Celcius
Length of Crack
( a ) (mm)
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
5
5.8
7
8
9
10
(Dh / 2 + a)
31
31.5
32
32.5
33
33.5
34
35
35.8
37
38
39
40
Temperature
(T) oC
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
Fracture
Toughness ( k1c)
d = a / (Dh / 2 + a)
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
0.032
0.048
0.063
0.077
0.091
0.104
0.118
0.143
0.162
0.189
0.211
0.231
0.25
Temperature
(T) oC
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
Fracture
Toughness ( k1c)
d = a / (Dh / 2 + a)
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
0.032
0.048
0.063
0.077
0.091
0.104
0.118
0.13
0.167
0.189
0.211
0.231
0.25
Length of Crack
( a ) (mm)
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
6
7
8
9
10
(Dh / 2 + a)
31
31.5
32
32.5
33
33.5
34
34.5
36
37
38
39
40
Temp = Zero Degree Celcius
Length of Crack
( a ) (mm)
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
3.7
5
6
7
8
9
10
(Dh / 2 + a)
31
31.5
32
32.5
33
33.5
33.7
35
36
37
38
39
40
Temperature
(T) oC
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Fracture
Toughness ( k1c)
d = a / (Dh / 2 + a)
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
0.032
0.048
0.063
0.077
0.091
0.104
0.11
0.143
0.167
0.189
0.211
0.231
0.25
Temperature
(T) oC
-15
-15
-15
-15
-15
-15
-15
-15
-15
-15
-15
-15
-15
Fracture
Toughness ( k1c)
d = a / (Dh / 2 + a)
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
0.032
0.048
0.063
0.077
0.091
0.094
0.118
0.143
0.167
0.189
0.211
0.231
0.25
Temp = -15 Degree Celcius
Length of Crack
( a ) (mm)
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
(Dh / 2 + a)
31
31.5
32
32.5
33
33.1
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
Length of Crack
( a ) (mm)
1
1.5
2
2.5
2.6
3.5
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
(Dh / 2 + a)
31
31.5
32
32.5
32.6
33.5
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
Temperature
(T) oC
-30
-30
-30
-30
-30
-30
-30
-30
-30
-30
-30
-30
-30
Fracture
Toughness ( k1c)
d = a / (Dh / 2 + a)
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
0.032
0.048
0.063
0.077
0.08
0.104
0.118
0.143
0.167
0.189
0.211
0.231
0.25
Temperature
(T) oC
-45
-45
-45
-45
-45
-45
-45
-45
-45
-45
-45
-45
-45
Fracture
Toughness ( k1c)
d = a / (Dh / 2 + a)
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
0.032
0.048
0.063
0.067
0.091
0.104
0.118
0.143
0.167
0.189
0.211
0.231
0.25
Length of Crack
( a ) (mm)
1
1.5
2
2.15
3
3.5
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
(Dh / 2 + a)
31
31.5
32
32.15
33
33.5
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
> Dh/4 ; Hence OK
15 mm
130 mm
65 mm
Crack Length
(a)
60 mm
57 mm
130 mm
4.5 mm
1950 mm2
Both side of Hole
35 mm
15 C
o
(60 + 0.2 T)
Mpa. Sqrt(m)
For -140 < T < 150
(60 for Steel WT Caterary 4)
63 oC
35 mm
> Dh/2 ; Hence OK
35 mm
< 5t ; Hence OK
35 mm
> 2t ; Hence OK
MPa
61 mm
61 x 15/1000 =
206 kN
0.13
-0.13)^3 ]
P / 1950 =
16 x 0.0045)
0.0005 P
100
mm
15 x 130 =
> 1.5xDh ; Hence OK
Fracture Theory
Fd
3.157
3.059
2.97
2.89
2.812
2.743
2.67
2.546
2.457
2.337
2.246
2.167
2.096
Load (P) (kN)

- Fracture Stress in the
Theory
Net Section
727
792
613
677
546
613
502
572
471
545
447
526
430
514
403
498
388
492
371
491
361
496
353
503
346
513
Yeild Theory
Effective width
of Plate (mm)
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
60
58.4
56
54
52
50
Fracture Theory
Fd
3.157
3.059
2.97
2.89
2.812
2.743
2.67
2.61
2.434
2.337
2.246
2.167
2.096
Load (P) (kN)

Theory
Net Section
694
756
585
647
522
585
479
546
450
521
427
502
410
490
396
481
368
469
354
469
345
473
337
480
331
490
Load (P)
(kN) -Yeild Yeild Stress
Theory
(s)
230
250
226
250
223
250
219
250
216
250
213
250
209
250
203
250
197
250
189
250
182
250
176
250
169
250
Yeild Theory
Effective width
of Plate (mm)
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
58
56
54
52
50
Load (P)
Theory
(s)
230
250
226
250
223
250
219
250
216
250
213
250
209
250
206
250
196
250
189
250
182
250
176
250
169
250
Fracture Theory
Fd
3.157
3.059
2.97
2.89
2.812
2.743
2.711
2.546
2.434
2.337
2.246
2.167
2.096
Load (P) (kN)

Theory
Net Section
661
720
557
616
497
558
457
520
428
496
407
478
400
474
367
453
350
447
337
446
328
451
321
457
315
466
Yeild Theory
Effective width
of Plate (mm)
68
67
66
65
64
63
62.6
60
58
56
54
52
50
Fracture Theory
Fd
3.157
3.059
2.97
2.89
2.812
2.796
2.67
2.546
2.434
2.337
2.246
2.167
2.096
Load (P) (kN)

Theory
Net Section
628
684
529
585
472
530
434
494
407
471
403
468
371
444
348
430
333
425
321
424
312
428
305
434
299
443
Fracture Theory
Load (P)
Theory
(s)
230
250
226
250
223
250
219
250
216
250
213
250
211
250
203
250
196
250
189
250
182
250
176
250
169
250
Yeild Theory
Effective width
of Plate (mm)
68
67
66
65
64
63.8
62
60
58
56
54
52
50
Load (P)
Theory
(s)
230
250
226
250
223
250
219
250
216
250
215
250
209
250
203
250
196
250
189
250
182
250
176
250
169
250
Yeild Theory
Fd
3.157
3.059
2.97
2.89
2.873
2.743
2.67
2.546
2.434
2.337
2.246
2.167
2.096
Load (P) (kN)

Theory
Net Section
595
648
501
554
447
502
411
468
405
463
366
430
352
420
330
407
315
402
304
402
296
406
289
412
283
420
Effective width
of Plate (mm)
68
67
66
65
64.8
63
62
60
58
56
54
52
50
Fracture Theory
Fd
3.157
3.059
2.97
2.947
2.812
2.743
2.67
2.546
2.434
2.337
2.246
2.167
2.096
Load (P) (kN)

Theory
Net Section
562
612
473
523
422
474
410
463
364
421
346
406
332
397
312
385
298
380
287
379
279
383
273
389
268
396
Load (P)
Theory
(s)
230
250
226
250
223
250
219
250
219
250
213
250
209
250
203
250
196
250
189
250
182
250
176
250
169
250
Yeild Theory
Effective width
of Plate (mm)
68
67
66
65.7
64
63
62
60
58
56
54
52
50
Load (P)
Theory
(s)
230
250
226
250
223
250
222
250
216
250
213
250
209
250
203
250
196
250
189
250
182
250
176
250
169
250
LOAD (P)
100
mm
100
mm
Crack Length
(a)
60 mm Dia.
hole
200 mm
Crack Lenth (a) Vs Tensile Load (P)
Load (kN)
Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capacity

Net Section will Yeild before Fracture
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
a (mm)
6

Load (kN)
Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capaci

800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
6
a (mm)

Load (kN)
Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capac

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
6
a (mm)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
6
a (mm)
Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capacit

(kN)

Load (kN)

700
700
600

Load (kN)

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
6
a (mm)

Load (kN)

600
500
400
300
200
100
0
6
a (mm)
rack Length (a) VS Lug Capacity (kN) for 30 oC
Load (P) (kN) Fracture Theory

Load (P) (kN) -Yeild
Theory
a (mm)
6
10
12
Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capacity (kN) for 15 oC

Theory
Load (kN)
C
800
700
600
500
400
300
6
a (mm)
10
12
200
100
0
0
0
0

Theory
6
a (mm)
10
12
Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capacity (kN) for -15 oC

Theory
6
a (mm)
10
12

Theory
6
a (mm)
10
12

Theory
6
a (mm)
10
12
Load (kN)
Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capacity (kN)

800
Temp = 30
Degree Celcius
700
600
Temp = 15
Degree Celcius
500
400
Temp = Zero
Degree Celcius
300
Temp = -15
Degree Celcius
200
Temp = -45
Degree Celcius
100
0
0
6
a (mm)
10
12
Load (P) (kN)

-Yeild Theory
Degree Celcius
0
0
6
a (mm)
10
12
Load (P) (kN)

-Yeild Theory
1Lifting Lug Load Capacity Vs Crack length Calculation

Sample Calculation
Thickness of Lug (t)
=
Width of Lug (W)
=
Radius of Circular Section (R)
=
Diameter of Hole ( Dh)
=
Diameter of Pin ( Dp)
=
Distance from centre of hole to Welding (h)=
Area of Cross Section
=
Length of Crack ( a )
=
Distance from centre of hole to edge of crack = (Dh / 2 + a) =
Temperature (T)
Fracture Toughness ( k1c)
=
=
K1c =
Check For Geometry

We =R- Dh/2
=
100 - 60/ 2 =
We =R- Dh/2
100 - 60/ 2 =
We =R- Dh/2
100 - 60/ 2 =
By Yeild Theory
Yeild Strength of Plate
Effective width of plate
Tensile Load capacity
=
=
=
By Fracture Theory
K1c =
Fd . . Sqrt(. a)
Fd =
Where,
d=
d=
Fd =
=
K1c =
43 =
345
200 - 60- 2 x4.5 =
0.9 x 345 x 131 x 20/1000 =
0.5 x (3 - d) [ 1 + 1.243 x (1 - d)3 ]

a / (Dh / 2 + a)
4.5 / (60/ 2 + 4.5)
0.5 x (3 -0.13) [ 1 + 1.243 x (1 -0.13)^3 ]
2.61
Load (P)
Area
Fd . . Sqrt( . a)
2.61 x 0.00025P x sqrt(3.1416 x 0.0045)
Load ( P)
554 kN
Length of Crack
( a ) (mm)
1
1.5
(Dh / 2 + a)
31
31.5
32
32.5
33
33.5
34
35
35.8
37
38
39
40
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
5
5.8
7
8
9
10
Temperature
(T) oC
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
Fracture
Toughness ( k1c)
d = a / (Dh / 2 + a)
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
0.032
0.048
0.063
0.077
0.091
0.104
0.118
0.143
0.162
0.189
0.211
0.231
0.25
Temperature
(T) oC
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
Fracture
Toughness ( k1c)
d = a / (Dh / 2 + a)
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
0.032
0.048
0.063
0.077
0.091
0.104
0.118
0.13
0.167
0.189
0.211
0.231
0.25
Length of Crack
( a ) (mm)
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
6
7
8
9
10
(Dh / 2 + a)
31
31.5
32
32.5
33
33.5
34
34.5
36
37
38
39
40
Temp = Zero Degree Celcius
Length of Crack
( a ) (mm)
1
(Dh / 2 + a)
31
31.5
32
32.5
33
33.5
33.7
35
36
37
38
39
40
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
3.7
5
6
7
8
9
10
Temperature
(T) oC
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Fracture
Toughness ( k1c)
d = a / (Dh / 2 + a)
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
0.032
0.048
0.063
0.077
0.091
0.104
0.11
0.143
0.167
0.189
0.211
0.231
0.25
Temperature
(T) oC
-15
-15
-15
-15
-15
-15
-15
-15
-15
-15
-15
-15
-15
Fracture
Toughness ( k1c)
d = a / (Dh / 2 + a)
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
0.032
0.048
0.063
0.077
0.091
0.094
0.118
0.143
0.167
0.189
0.211
0.231
0.25
Length of Crack
( a ) (mm)
(Dh / 2 + a)
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
31
31.5
32
32.5
33
33.1
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
Length of Crack
( a ) (mm)
(Dh / 2 + a)
1
1.5
2
2.5
2.6
3.5
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
31
31.5
32
32.5
32.6
33.5
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
Temperature
(T) oC
-30
-30
-30
-30
-30
-30
-30
-30
-30
-30
-30
-30
-30
Fracture
Toughness ( k1c)
d = a / (Dh / 2 + a)
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
0.032
0.048
0.063
0.077
0.08
0.104
0.118
0.143
0.167
0.189
0.211
0.231
0.25
Temperature
(T) oC
-45
-45
-45
-45
-45
-45
-45
-45
-45
-45
-45
-45
-45
Fracture
Toughness ( k1c)
d = a / (Dh / 2 + a)
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
0.032
0.048
0.063
0.067
0.091
0.104
0.118
0.143
0.167
0.189
0.211
0.231
0.25
Length of Crack
( a ) (mm)
(Dh / 2 + a)
1
1.5
2
2.15
3
3.5
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
31
31.5
32
32.15
33
33.5
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
> Dh/4 ; Hence OK
20 mm
200 mm
100 mm
Crack Length
(a)
60 mm
57 mm
100 mm
4.5 mm
4000 mm2
Both side of Hole
35 mm
15 C
o
(40 + 0.2 T)
Mpa. Sqrt(m)
For -140 < T < 150
(40 for Steel W 350)
43 oC
70 mm
> Dh/2 ; Hence OK
70 mm
< 5t ; Hence OK
70 mm
> 2t ; Hence OK
MPa
131 mm
131 x 20/1000 =
814 kN
0.13
-0.13)^3 ]
6 x 0.0045)
P / 4000 =
0.0003 P
100
mm
20 x 200 =
> 1.5xDh ; Hence OK
Fracture Theory
Fd
3.157
3.059
2.97
2.89
2.812
2.743
2.67
2.546
2.457
2.337
2.246
2.167
2.096
Load (P) (kN)

Theory
Net Section
1040
419
876
355
782
319
718
296
674
279
640
267
615
259
577
246
555
240
531
234
517
232
505
230
495
229
Yeild Theory
Effective width
of Plate (mm)
138
137
136
135
134
133
132
130
128.4
126
124
122
120
Fracture Theory
Fd
3.157
3.059
2.97
2.89
2.812
2.743
2.67
2.61
2.434
2.337
2.246
2.167
2.096
Load (P) (kN)

Theory
Net Section
972
391
819
332
731
298
672
276
630
261
598
250
575
242
554
235
515
223
496
219
483
216
472
215
463
214
Load (P)
Theory
(s)
857
345
851
345
845
345
838
345
832
345
826
345
820
345
807
345
797
345
782
345
770
345
758
345
745
345
Yeild Theory
Effective width
of Plate (mm)
138
137
136
135
134
133
132
131
128
126
124
122
120
Load (P)
Theory
(s)
857
345
851
345
845
345
838
345
832
345
826
345
820
345
814
345
795
345
782
345
770
345
758
345
745
345
Fracture Theory
Fd
3.157
3.059
2.97
2.89
2.812
2.743
2.711
2.546
2.434
2.337
2.246
2.167
2.096
Load (P) (kN)

Theory
Net Section
904
364
762
309
680
278
625
257
586
243
556
232
547
229
501
214
479
208
462
204
449
201
439
200
431
199
Yeild Theory
Effective width
of Plate (mm)
138
137
136
135
134
133
132.6
130
128
126
124
122
120
Fracture Theory
Fd
3.157
3.059
2.97
2.89
2.812
2.796
2.67
2.546
2.434
2.337
2.246
2.167
2.096
Load (P) (kN)

Theory
Net Section
836
337
705
286
629
257
578
238
542
225
536
223
494
208
464
198
443
192
427
188
416
186
406
185
398
184
Fracture Theory
Load (P)
Theory
(s)
857
345
851
345
845
345
838
345
832
345
826
345
823
345
807
345
795
345
782
345
770
345
758
345
745
345
Yeild Theory
Effective width
of Plate (mm)
138
137
136
135
134
133.8
132
130
128
126
124
122
120
Load (P)
Theory
(s)
857
345
851
345
845
345
838
345
832
345
831
345
820
345
807
345
795
345
782
345
770
345
758
345
745
345
Yeild Theory
Fd
3.157
3.059
2.97
2.89
2.873
2.743
2.67
2.546
2.434
2.337
2.246
2.167
2.096
Load (P) (kN)

Theory
Net Section
769
309
648
263
578
236
531
219
524
216
473
198
454
191
426
182
407
177
392
173
382
171
373
170
366
169
Effective width
of Plate (mm)
138
137
136
135
134.8
133
132
130
128
126
124
122
120
Fracture Theory
Fd
3.157
3.059
2.97
2.947
2.812
2.743
2.67
2.546
2.434
2.337
2.246
2.167
2.096
Load (P) (kN)

Theory
Net Section
701
282
591
239
527
215
512
210
454
188
431
180
414
174
389
166
371
161
358
158
348
156
340
155
334
155
Load (P)
Theory
(s)
857
345
851
345
845
345
838
345
837
345
826
345
820
345
807
345
795
345
782
345
770
345
758
345
745
345
Yeild Theory
Effective width
of Plate (mm)
138
137
136
135.7
134
133
132
130
128
126
124
122
120
Load (P)
Theory
(s)
857
345
851
345
845
345
843
345
832
345
826
345
820
345
807
345
795
345
782
345
770
345
758
345
745
345
LOAD (P)
100
mm
100
mm
Crack Length
(a)
60 mm Dia.
hole
200 mm
Crack Lenth (a) Vs Tensile Load (P)
Load (kN)

Net Section will Fracture
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
a (mm)
6

Load (kN)

1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
6
a (mm)
Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capac

Load (kN)
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
6
a (mm)

800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
6
a (mm)

900
(kN)

Load (kN)
900
800

Load (kN)
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
6
a (mm)

Load (kN)
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
6
a (mm)
rack Length (a) VS Lug Capacity (kN) for 30 oC

Theory
a (mm)
6
10
12

Theory
Load (kN)
C
1200
1000
800
600
400
6
a (mm)
10
12
200
0
0
0
0

Theory
6
a (mm)
10
12
rack Length (a) VS Lug Capacity (kN) for -15 oC

Theory
6
a (mm)
10
12

Theory
6
a (mm)
10
12

Theory
6
a (mm)
10
12
Load (kN)
Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capacity (kN)

1200
1000
Temp = 30
Degree Celcius
800
Temp = 15
Degree Celcius
600
Temp = Zero
Degree Celcius
400
Temp = -15
Degree Celcius
200
Temp = -45
Degree Celcius
0
0
6
a (mm)
10
12
Load (P) (kN)

-Yeild Theory
Degree Celcius
0
0
6
a (mm)
10
12
Load (P) (kN)

-Yeild Theory

Lifting Lug

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Lifting Lug

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1Lifting Lug Load Capacity Vs Crack length Calculation

Check For Geometry

0.5 x (3 - d) [ 1 + 1.243 x (1 - d)3 ]

Temp = 30 Degree Celcius

Temp = 15 Degree Celcius

Temp = Zero Degree Celcius

Temp = -15 Degree Celcius

Temp = -30 Degree Celcius

Temp = -45 Degree Celcius

> Dh/4 ; Hence OK

(60 for Steel WT Caterary 4)

> Dh/2 ; Hence OK

> 1.5xDh ; Hence OK

Load (P) (kN)

Load (P) (kN)

Load (P) (kN)

Load (P) (kN)

Load (P) (kN)

Load (P) (kN)

Crack Lenth (a) Vs Tensile Load (P)

Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capacity

Net Section will Yeild before Fracture

Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capaci

Net Section will Yeild before Fracture

Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capac

Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capacit

Net Section will Yeild before Fracture

Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capacit

Net Section will Yeild before Fracture

Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capacit

Net Section will Yeild before Fracture

Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capacit

rack Length (a) VS Lug Capacity (kN) for 30 oC

Load (P) (kN) Fracture Theory

Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capacity (kN) for 15 oC

Load (P) (kN) -Yeild

Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capacity (kN) for 0 oC

Load (P) (kN) Fracture Theory

Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capacity (kN) for -15 oC

Load (P) (kN) Fracture Theory

Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capacity (kN) for -30 oC

Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capacity (kN) for -30 oC

Load (P) (kN) Fracture Theory

Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capacity (kN) for -45 oC

Load (P) (kN) Fracture Theory

Crack Length (a) VS Lug Capacity (kN)

Load (P) (kN)

Load (P) (kN)

1Lifting Lug Load Capacity Vs Crack length Calculation

Check For Geometry

0.5 x (3 - d) [ 1 + 1.243 x (1 - d)3 ]

Temp = 30 Degree Celcius

Temp = 15 Degree Celcius

Temp = Zero Degree Celcius

Temp = -15 Degree Celcius

Temp = -30 Degree Celcius

Temp = -45 Degree Celcius

> Dh/4 ; Hence OK

(40 for Steel W 350)

> Dh/2 ; Hence OK

> 1.5xDh ; Hence OK

Load (P) (kN)

Load (P) (kN)

Load (P) (kN)