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CSD 211
Speech Production

- 4 processes of speech

respiration
phonation
resonation
articulation

- Respiration

Primary biological function = exchange of

sustaining oxygen for carbon dioxide
Speech function = extend and control exhalation to allow for speech production

- Phonation

Primary biological function = prevent foreign materials from entering the trench and
lungs
Speech function = generate sound production

- Resonation

Chambers for sound travel

Pharynx (naso(nose), oro(oral), laryngo(throat))
Oral
Nasal

- Articulation

As the venerating and resonated air column passes through the mouth. the tongue, the
teeth, and other structures in the mouth break up the airstream into the sounds of
speech.

Organs of Articulation
- Articulators

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Hard Palate

Lips

Velum

Tongue

Uvula

Mandible
Teeth

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- Active Articulators
Anatomical structure that moves during the production of speech sounds

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Lateral tongue

Lower Lip

Tongue surface

Tongue tip

Central, anterior, posterior

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- Passive Articulators
Immovable portion of the vocal tract, paid with an active articulator

Upper lip
Upper teeth
Alveolar ridge
Hard palate
Soft palate
Glottis

- Consonant Articulation
Place of articulation: location of interaction between the active and passive
articulators
Generally named according to the passive articulator, the one which moves less in forming
the sound

labial, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal

Manner of articulation: way the airstream is modified as a result of articulator
interaction
Stop-plosive, nasal, fricative, affricative, affricate, approximates
Voicing: presence or absence of val fold vibration
Voiced, Voiceless

- Places of Articulation:
Bilabial
Labial b, p, m
Two lips
Labiodental
f, v
Interdental
,
Tongue tip and (upper) teeth
Alveolar
d, t, s, z, n
Tongue tip or lade and alveolar ridge
PostAlveolar
,
Tongue tip behind alveolar ridge but not hard palate
5

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Palatal
j
Tongue and hard palate
Velar
g, k,
Back of tongue and soft plate
Glottal
h
Vocal Folds

- Resonating cavities oro-nasal process

Oral: soft palate is raised so there is a velar closure
Nasal: soft palate is lowered so air escapes from nose

- Manner of articulation

Stop plosive
- Oral cavitiy completely closed, velum up, pressure builds up then is released in an
explosive sound
Nasal
- Oral cavity vompletely closed, velum down, airstream directed into nasal cavity
Fricative
- Active/passive articulators approximate so air travels trough a point of constriction
Affricative
- stop-plosive releasing into
Approximates
Cognates
- Similar articulation, one voiceless, one voiced
Voiceless, no cognates:
Voiced, no cognate: m, n, ng, w, r, l, j