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Gases
Section 12. 1 Gases
Particle Size
Particle Motion
Particle Energy
Behavior of Gases
Low Density
They are in a low density state due to the empty space in between particles
molar mass
Rate of effusion
Rate A
Rate B
1/
Molar Mass B
Molar Mass A
Example:
Ammonia has a molar mass of 17g/mol (NH3 = 14 + 3= 17 using PT); hydrogen
chloride has a molar mass of 36 g/mol. What is the ratio of their diffusion rates?
S1. Since the molar masses are given for both gases (remember diffusion relates to
gases) use Grahams formula.
Rate NH 3
Rate HCl
36 g /mol
17 g /mol
Air Pressure
Particles in air move in every direction exerting pressure in all directions. This
pressure is called atmospheric pressure or air pressure.
Air pressure varies at different points on Earth.
Gravity is greater at the surface of the Earth so there are more particles than
at higher altitudes where the force of gravity is less.
At higher elevations fewer particles exert less force bc they are in less
concentration as compared with the number of particles at lower altitudes
Evangelista Torricelli was the first to demonstrate that air exerted pressure
Barometer, invented by Torricelli, is an instrument used to measure
atmospheric pressure.
The height of the mercury is about 760mm and it is determined by two forces
gravity and ari pressure. Gravity pushes the mercury down in a column but
this downward force is opposed by air pressure. Changes in air temperature
or humidity cause air pressure to vary
Manometer, it is an instrument used to measure the gas pressure in a
closed container.
Barometer
Manometer
Units of Pressure
States that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of
the pressures of all the gases in the mixture.
Partial pressure is the total pressure contributed by a single gas. It depends
on the number of moles of gas, the size of the container, and the
temperature of the mixture.
It does not depend on the identity of the gas
At a given temperature and pressure the partial pressure of 1 mol of
any gas is the same.
Daltons law can be used to determine the amount of gas produced by a
reaction.
The attractive forces that hold particles together in ionic, covalent and
metallic bonds are called intramolecular forces. Intra= within molecular=
atoms, molecules, or ions
Inter = between or among
Intermolecular forces hold together identical particles, such as water
molecules in a drop of water.
Dispersion Forces
Weak forces that result from temporary shifts in the density of electrons in
electron clouds. Dispersion forces are also called London forces after Fritz
London
Electrons in an electron cloud are in constant motion. When molecules collide
the cloud of one molecule repels the electron cloud of the other molecule
making the density around each nucleus greater in one region while the
collision takes place. This creates a temporary dipole due to that dispersion
forces.
Dipole-dipole forces
Polar molecules contain permanent dipoles, meaning that the polar molecule
always have a partially negative and a partially positive region.
Dipole-dipole forces are the attraction between oppositely charged regions of
polar molecules
Polar molecules posses an orientation so that oppositely charged regions
align
A Hydrogen bond is a dipole-dipole attraction that occurs when hydrogen is
bonded to fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. These atoms are electronegative
enough to form a partial positive charge on the hydrogen atom
The particles in solids and liquids have a limited range of motion and are not
easily compressed
LIQUIDS
A liquid can take the shape of the container because the particles can flow to
adjust to the shape of the container
A liquid has a fixed volume because it cannot expand to fill its container
Forces of attraction between particles in the liquid limit their range of motion
so that the particles remain closely packed in a fixed volume
At 25C and 1 atm of air pressure, liquids are much denser than gases.
The density of a liquid is much greater than that of its vapor at the same
conditions
The higher density of liquids is due to the intermolecular forces that hold
particles together
Liquids are incompressible
Fluidity
Gases and liquids are classified as fluids because they can flow and
diffuse
Liquids diffuse more slowly than gases due to the intermolecular
attractions
Viscosity
Surface Tension
SOLIDS
Strong attractive forces acting between particles in a solid limit the motion of
the particles to vibrations
Particles arrange within certain order thus not flow occurs
Particles in a solid are closely packed. Solids are more dense that most liquids
Crystalline Solids
PHASE CHANGES
Phase diagrams
- The phase of a substance is controlled by temperature and
pressure
- A phase diagram is a graph of pressure versus temperature that
shows in which a substance exists under different conditions of
temperature and pressure
- The diagram has three regions representing solid, liquid, and vapor phases
- Some regions represent the points at which to phases coexist
- Triple point is the point on a phase diagram that represents the
temperature and pressure at which all phases coexist (freezing-melting,
evaporation and condensation, sublimation and deposition)
- Critical point indicates critical pressure and temperature above which
water cannot exist as a liquid.
- Different substances behave differently at certain temperature and
pressure so different phase diagrams are plotted for different substances.
The importance of a phase diagram is that it explains the behavior of a
substance