Arturo Salazar

ENGR-1050-003-Sp16
Professor Cristan Ellison
Date: March 28 2016
Subject: e-Portfolio Paper, Nanoelectronics

Arturo Salazar, Spring 2016

Nanoelectronics
By Arturo Salazar

Introduction
The advancements in technology has allowed humankind to manage material or elements
in a nanoscale and also has helped to understand the way they work or how the nanoparticles
will react in different case scenarios, It is one of the greatest advancements in technology that we
can apply use of nanotechnology in electronic components allowing the components to become
smaller and smaller every time as we discover new ways to manipulate components at a
nanoscale we can do so much and add so much more functionality to them.
The implementations of Nano electronics are used on every single household or
commercial electronic device making the devices much more affordable to build and
incrementing its energy, processing speeds, lifetime and efficiency we will explore how some of
these technology is applied to computers and medicals devices we will also explore the use in
many other devices.
They are in a nanoscale that means that the particles are so
small that it is impossible for the naked human eye to see at times it
even hard for a microscope to see it, when we say nano we are
talking about small dimensions representing a very small particle to
give you an idea a meter has 1 billion nanometers, so how big is a
nanometer? Well to make it easier to see it numbers a nanometer is 10 to the 9 power of a meter
or 0.000000001 of a meter the size of a sugar molecule, Many types of bacteria typically

Arturo Salazar, Spring 2016

measure 5-20 microns, a nanometer (nm) is 1,000 times smaller

than a micrometer. It is equal to 1/1,000,000,000th or onebillionth of a meter.
Things on the nanometer scale include: Virus (30-50 nm),
DNA (2.5 nm), buckyballs (~1 nm in diameter), CNT (~1 nm in
diameter).

Figure
11
model
nm)
Figure
buckyDNA
ball(2.5
model
(~1 nm in diameter)

As defined by Devin J.G in his book Nanoelectronics is defined as advanced electronic and
optical systems that depend upon innovations in nanotechnology. The field of
nanoelectronics embraces a range of Technologies, all ultimately for the purpose of creating
and improving the functionality, cost, and performance of tomorrows electronic
systems.(Devin, J. G.). meaning the new course of innovation is taking place by the
implementation of nanotechnology in electronic devices to better their performance , cost and
efficiency.
In the early 1800s the first mechanical apparatus was invented preceding the invention of
a computer this was more like a calculator rather than a computer but marked the beginnings of a
new era , a century later the first programmable computer was created by the German Korand
Zuse in the years 1936 which was the first electro-mechanical binary progrmamble computer
and the first modern computer as time passed the computer reduces in size, however it took
rooms for a computer to be stored and used vacuum tubes. To give us an idea of the size of the
first computer here is some of the info of the first computer name The ENIAC and was
invented by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania and began
and the size of the computer is explained by the author of the book The ENIAC was an
impressive machine: It contained eighteen thousand vacuum tubes, weighed twenty-seven metric

Arturo Salazar, Spring 2016

tons, and occupied a nine-by-fifteen-meter room. (Korb, K. B.)as you can imagine the need for
computers grew rapidly and the electrical transistor was created which reduced the size of the
computers to the

Processor

Clock
Intro
Mfg.
Transistors Cache Addressable Bus
Typical
Speed(s) Date(s) Process
Memory
Speed Use

Intel
3.20 GHz Nov-08 45nm
Core i7965 Extreme
Edition

731
million

8 MB 64 GB

Desktop
PC

Intel
Core i7940

2.93 GHz Nov-08 45nm

731
million

8 MB 64 GB

Desktop
PC

Intel
Core i7920

2.66 GHz Nov-08 45nm

Figure ENIAC computer size

731
million

8 MB 64 GB

Desktop
PC

point it could be commercialized.

Shortly after the personal computers were made available to customers, as the desktop
computers became available the innovation and ground breaking of nanotechnology has helped
the process as the technology keeps moving forward and as it was state in this article about the
Moores Law Electronics published on April 19, 1965, Moore noted that the number of
transistor and resistor elements on computer chips had been doubling roughly every yearand
that he expected this to keep happening for the next ten years.(POETER, D). Such law has
pushed the industry to find new ways to increase the number of transistors in a chip at that time
in 1965 a chip contained 60 transistors and predicted that in 10 years a single chip will contain
60,000 elements. Now days a single chip from Intel can hold up to 731 million transistors.
Fundamental Concepts

Arturo Salazar, Spring 2016

Figure 3 Intel Core Processor number of transistors and speed (Intel Microprocessor).

This is possible because the use

nanotechnology where at the beginning
transistors were made by coper or other metal
wires but the y were big and consume high
numbers of energy. So that when the industry
first used the MESFET stands for metal
semiconductor field-effect transistor
which allow to put multiple transistors in to a
single chip or item, it had a higher price than
the Silicon based chips.

Figure 3 first transistors, coper wire

thanks to the advancements and the use of nanotechnology now we are able to create the
MOS(Metal Oxide Semiconductor) transistor
which was a type of the MESFET but it
didnt have the insulating layer on between
Figure 4 MESFET Functional Architecture

the metal and the mask, these lead big

companies such as Fairchild semiconductors, Intel and Texas Instruments to research the use of
these Nano based Transistors, they discover that silicon is a semiconductor therefore they dint
need the insulating layer and they switched to silicon and they main material to create these
transistors, there is the two types of MOS , NMOS and PMOS
In NMOS transistors, the semiconductor and the drain is of p-type silicon meaning it has
been doped with ions leaving a hole which is interpreted a positive charge. When a positive

Arturo Salazar, Spring 2016

voltage is placed on the gate electrode, it pushes the holes in the positive doped material forming
a conducting canal and switching the transistor to an on position. A negative voltage will turn the
transistor off. With a PMOS transistors the exact opposite scenario occurs. A positive voltage on
the gate will turn the transistor off, and a negative charge sent to the gate electrode turns it on.
Shortly after researchers from Fairchild Company created CMOS (Circuit of Metal Oxide
Semiconductor) in February1963 Wanlass and his manager, C. T. Sah, presented a paper at the
InternationalSolid-State Circuits Conference describing Wanlasss work on CMOS and introducing Fairchilds work on the MOS transistor. In March, Fairchild, awarethat RCA was
intending to market its MOS transistor, formed a joint program between the Physics Department
and the Device Development Department to push the MOST technology.(Bassett, R.K)
On this image
we can see the
difference on the
two types of
transistors
between a
PMOS and a
Figure NMOS and PMOS transistors

NMOS one

PMOS reacts when a negative charge is passed to the gate, NMOS reacts wen positive charge is
passed to the gate

Current Investigations
Arturo Salazar, Spring 2016

Nano-scale MOSFETs In a digital circuit, a transistor is a switch, which controls the flow
of current through its channel depending on the gate given electrical and voltage charge terminal
of the device. The variable and condition that switch the device ON or OFF determines if is a
type P or N type . When voltage is applied to the gate and used to control the passing of energy
through the channel the device is called a FET (Field Effect Transistor) if the current applied to
the gate is used to control then it is a BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor). A Metal Oxide
Semiconductor FET (MOSFET) is a variant of the FET and is most used in electronic devices
now days. The manufacturing of these microscopic transistors take place in commercial and
private labs where they control the materials a t a Nano scale where they create millions of
transistors per square inch.
Currently Intel Is trying to prolong the Moores Law and keeps trying to pack smaller
transistors by changing different factor in the process of making them such as using new
materials and using new transistor designs a Nano scale, where now days intel is able to produce
transistors of the size of 14 nm and is currently looking to make them to a size of 10 nm for a
commercial use the David Kanter, an analyst at Linley Group says that Intel has introduced
technologies such as strained silicon, high-k metal gate and FinFET -- in which transistors are
built upward in a 3D fashion instead of laying flat -- to keep Moore's Law going.(Shah)
Using other techniques to build the transistor such as quantum-well FETs (QWFETs)
which can help in the process to make those transistors smaller and the manipulation of the
transistor at a possibly Quantum scale. The point to this is the there is much more room at the
bottom where scientist are using all resources available to better the performance and portability
of the electronic devices

Arturo Salazar, Spring 2016

"In reality, it will take months or years for Intel and the rest of the industry to reveal their plans
for 10nm and 7nm," Kanter wrote. "In the meantime, this informed speculation should lead to
some interesting discussions."(Shah).
A small but big part of these researches are focused in the processors but there is a also
research for the performance of the displays and medical devices that can be around 1000 nm
that will help with the treatment and diagnosis of diseases, It is definitely a small but huge world
full of opportunities that yet are to be discovered.

Arturo Salazar, Spring 2016

References

Size and Scale. (n.d.). Retrieved March 27, 2016, from http://education.mrsec.wisc.edu/36.htm

Devin, J. G. (2011). Nanoscience, Nanomanufacturing, and Nanoelectronics. Hauppauge, N.Y.:

Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

Korb, K. B. (2015). Eckert and Mauchly Develop the ENIAC. Salem Press Encyclopedia,

POETER, D. (2015). How Moore's Law Changed-- and Is Still Changing--History. PC

Magazine, 12.

Bassett, R. K. (2002). To the Digital Age : Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of
MOS Technology. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Intel Microprocessor Quick Reference Guide - Product Family. (n.d.). Retrieved March 27, 2016,
from http://www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/quickreffam.htm

Shah, A. (2015). How Intel could prolong Moore's Law with new materials, transistors. PC
World (08131384), 1.

Arturo Salazar, Spring 2016

Nanoelectronics
By Arturo Salazar

Arturo Salazar, Spring 2016