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s cng sut, tnh Cng sut phn khng, cng thc Ci to h s cng sut
cosphi v.v. Chng ta u p dng mt cch thnh thc vi mi bi ton. V mt
cch v hnh, chng ta t mnh rng buc vo trong t duy v vicCng sut
phn khng l Cng sut v cng v cn phi ci to n. Khng ch mt
quc gia, suy ngh ny l suy ngh chung trong lnh vc in ti hu ht cc nc
v suy ngh ny s khin cc nh sn xut thit b b thy rt vui, v tt c mi
ngi hy c tin l nh th v p dng cng thc, tnh ton ri mua sn phm t
b, cun khng v.v. Nh vy ngha l th gii vn hnh mt cch bnh yn. Tuy
nhin, hy ch v t ra cc cu hi t tm ti cc u mi v cc cu tr
li, cc bn s pht hin thy nhng kin thc khng nm ngoi nhng g c bn
nht.
Cng sut phn khng c tht hay khng? Khi m t nh my in cng sut
pht ln li hu nh ch l cng sut P do h s cng sut c ci to v mc
gn nh hon ho bng 1. Ch ti khi ph ti tiu hao nhiu nng lng in
hnh thnh t trng gy st p, tng dng in th cc trm b mi hnh thnh
cung cp Nng lng T Trng cho nhng ti no cn ti. V thm ch cc trm
b cng khng th p ng trc nhu cu bin i ca ph ti nht l khi chi ph
thay mi, lp t trm b l iu m cc cng ty in lc cn phi tnh ton li
khng th thay i ngy mt ngy hai. Vy l yu cu v vic b Cng sut
phn khng ti ph ti c t ra nhm Ci to cht lng cung cp in.
Vy Cng sut phn khng thc cht l g? Trn thc t ng dy truyn
ti khng h phn phi cng sut ny t nh my in v trc khi pht ln li h
s cng sut lun c iu chnh v mc gn nh bng 1, mc c li nht trong
vic truyn cng sut i xa. Nu xt trong trng hp my pht c s dng
ci to cht lng in p, dng kch t tng in p u ra nhm khc phc st
p trn li in, nh vy c phi ng dy lc ny c truyn ti Cng sut
phn khng hay khng?
sut c tnh ton v ch to cho nhng thng s chun v n nh. Khi vn hnh ngoi
thc t s c sai lch v khc bit bi nhit , p sut, nhin liu v thm vo l cc
loi tn hao mi. c bit quan trng hn l s bin ng t ph ti vi cc ti cn
nhiu Nng lng T Trng, dng in s b tiu hao trong pi/2 chu k gy hin tng
tr pha. Gii php c tnh n l tng gi tr ng ra my pht da vo t trng
trong my pht. Lc ny, h s cng sut pf = 0.9 i din cho kh nng ti a ca gi tr
tng thm m my pht c th to ra da vo vic tng ln ca t trng bn trong
bng cch tng kch t. Gi tr ny vn thng c gi l Cng sut phn khng, d
dng c tnh ton v c ln l Q = 9764kVAr. V cng sut 22,4MVA, l thng s
sau cng c c t nhng gi tr nu trn. Nu c bn no thc mc ti sao h s cng
sut l 0.9 m khng phi 1 th hy lu rng h s cng sut ny khng phi lch
pha gia in p vi dng in m l thng s i din cho kh nng sinh cng sut tng
thm Q ca my pht. Trc tin, chng ta hy tm thi qun cc kin thc c lin quan
v coi y l mt bi ton ngc. Khi cng sut trn trc my pht t gii hn theo
thit k (20160kW), tng thm gi tr ti ng ra ca my pht cn tng dng kch t.
Dng kch t cng tng th t trng hnh thnh trong my pht cng ln, dng in v
in p c to ra trn Stator cng ln. Tuy nhin dng kch t s khin my pht nng
ln, nu duy tr lu s gim tui th lm vic. Vi dng kch t ln v lin tc thm ch
cn c th l nguyn nhn gy h hng my pht sau mt thi gian hot ng. Nh sn
xut gii hn kh nng sinh cng sut tng thm Q ny bng thng s h s cng
sut ca my pht in. Thng qua vic tnh ton trc v ln ca cng sut Q m
my pht c th p ng tt nht, t chuyn ngc tr v h s cng sut cos(phi) vi
gc phi c tnh t cng thc tang(phi) = Q/P. Do , nu pf = 1 tc l tang(phi) = 0 v
Q = 0 chnh l mt my pht in ch hot ng da vo cng sut t trc quay ca
Turbine m khng h c b kch t sinh cng sut Q. Khi nh sn xut chn ra mt gi
tr pf cho sn phm ca h, iu c ngha l gi tr c tnh ton trong s ph
hp vn hnh lu di v n nh vi chi ph ch to cho php.
- Tr li v d ban u, mi chuyn s khng c vn g nu mnh khng thc mc v
vic ti sao li cho rng cng mt lc ng dy truyn ti c cng sut P v cng sut
Q? T my pht in, c cng sut P v Q u c to ra nhng thnh phn chnh yu
nht ti ng ra ca my pht n thun ch l in p v dng in. Nu khng nh s
tn ti ca cng sut Q, iu c ngha l cng mt lc trong dy dn tuy ch c mt
loi dng in nhng li c n 2 thnh phn cng sut? C th hnh dung rng dy dn
nh mt ng nc, trong ng nc c dng in l cht lng ang chy, v trong thnh
phn ca dng in c 2 loi cht lng c 2 mu sc khc nhau (P v Q) cng c
truyn i cng mt lc? iu ny khng ph hp, v dng in l dng chuyn di c
hng ca cc ht mang in, v dng in l dng in ch khng c dng in ca
cng sut P hay dng in ca cng sut Q. Kt hp vi lp lun v vic chuyn ha in
nng thnh nng lng t trng nh phn u ca bi vit. Mnh i n gi thuyt
rng cng sut Q thc cht ch l i lng do con ngi t ra l gii mt cch n
gin cho mt hin tng ca ngnh in. Bn cht thc ca cng sut Q l s tiu hao
in nng hnh thnh t trng, v cn c mt i lng i din cho qu trnh ny
khi tnh ton nn tn gi Q (Reactive power) - Cng sut phn khng c to ra. Tri
qua mt thi gian di p dng v a vo trong khun kh kin thc, dn dn con ngi
chp nhn v p dng u n dn n i lng ny tr thnh gi tr chp nhn ng.
Vy do u m con ngi c th xc nh c Cng sut phn khng? S dng cc
thit b o cng sut Q thm ch c th hin th c gi tr kVAr, vy cng sut ny hin
hu hay khng? Nu nhn nhn vn ny th c l nhiu ngi s nn lng v chp
nhn rng c tn ti cng sut Q. Mnh xin a ra cch l gii nh sau:
- Ly v d v mt b b Cng sut phn khng, s dng thit b APFC (Automatic
Power Factor Controller). Thit b ny cn 2 loi tn hiu, mt l tn hiu nhn trc tip t
in p v hai l tn hiu ca dng in thng qua CT(Current Transformer - Bin dng).
T APFC s c mt s ng ra vi cc tip im cp ngun cho cun dy ca cc
Contactor c nhim v ng/m mch ni vi cc t in. APFC cn c vo tn hiu
nhn c t in p v dng in so snh v i chiu, t cp hoc ngt tn hiu
in cho cun dy ca cc Contactor ng hoc m cc mch ni vi t b nhm tng
hoc gim lng cng sut b tng ng. Vy do u m thit b APFC c th xc nh
c h s cng sut trong mch? Cu tr li chnh l da vo tn hiu dao ng ca in
p
v
dng
in.
tng ng c nhng ngi i trc t ra nhm cng thc ha v d dng kim sot
vic cn i cng sut trong h thng in. i lng ny c cng thc ha mt cch
thun li da vo vic hnh thnh gin vect cng sut khi U(C) tr pha 1 gc pi/2,
U(L) sm pha mt gc pi/2 v U(R) cng pha vi I, kt hp vi cng thc lng gic
trong
tam
gic
vung.
Vic chp nhn v vn dng v Cng sut phn khng cng nh qu trnh tnh ton
lin quan gip n gin hn rt nhiu trong qu trnh n nh h thng in, l iu
m chng ta khng cn phi thay i. Ch c iu, trong ngn ng ca ting Vit, cch
gi Cng sut Phn Khng hay Cng sut V Cng s gy ra s nh lc hng
v xa ri bn cht thc s ca loi nng lng ny. V th mnh c mt xut l
c th tm hiu tt hn v nm r bn cht ca cng sut Q, hy gi l Cng sut
chuynha
T
Trngi
vi
cc
ti
AC.
Vi kinh nghim ca bn thn, mnh thy rng c c s pht huy tt hiu bit v
say m trong cng vic cn n mt yu t: kin quyt tm hiu nhng g cha r. Bng
nhiu con ng khc nhau: trao i, hc hi, tm kim v c thm ti liu v.v. nhng
khng phi l ghi nh nhng g ngi khc ni, ngi khc vit m cn phi hiu bn
cht t kin thc tr thnh ca mnh, ch khng phi l kin thc i vay mn v
phi hc thuc lng. c bit l i vi cc bn sinh vin ang cn ngi trn gh nh