Complex Variables 3.

6 Complex Exponentials
Start from: what is z1 z 2 ? (so far we know what is ez !)
So, we follow the standard way: When - Imz = 0: all real numbers.
x log x
In real numbers: x1 2 e 2 1
x

DEFINITION:

z1 e z
z2

log z1

x1 0
z1 0

logz is multi-valued so z1 2 is also multi-valued complex number.

This definition is consistent with z n m
EXAMPLE 1 : Compute 91/2
Solution.
9 91 2 e 1 2 log9 e1 2Log9 i 2 k e1 2 Log9 ik e1 2 Log9 cos k i sin k , k 0,1,2,....
or
91 2 e1 2 Log9 1 3

Two numerically distinct values

Complex Variables
If we keep ONLY the PRINCIPAL VALUE of log
we obtain the PRINCIPAL VALUE of z1

z2

EXAMPLE 2 Compute 9.
Solution.

i sin2k

9 e log 9 e Log9 i 2 k eLog9 cos 2k 2 i sin 2k 2

995.04 cos 2k 2
principal value 995.04

k 0,1,2,...

No repetitions, because the functions cos 2k 2 and sin 2k 2

with k changes. Suppose k1 k2 and :

have no repetitions

cos 2k i sin2k cos 2k i sin2k

2

or

2k1 2 2k 2 2 m

m even

integer .

Which leads to

m
rational ????
2k1 k 2

So, we have infinite set of numerically distinct values of 9.

2

Complex Variables
f ( z ) z c is ANALYTIC where Log z is ANALYTIC
DERIVATIVE:

d c d c log z cec log z cec log z

z e

log z cec 1log z cz c 1

dz
dz
z
e

Or:

d c cz c
z
dz
z

Warning: at the same branch as for z c , not at the branch cut

Example:

z1 2 Log z z 0; branch cut along nagativereal axis

c z e z logc

Function:

d z
c log c e z logc log c c z
dz

d 23
z at z = -8i within the principal branch.
EXAMPLE 5 Find
dz
Solution.
1

d 2 3 2 3 2 3 Log z 2 3 Log8i 2 3 Log8 i 2

2

z z e
e
e

cos

i
sin
dz
3
3
3
3
3 2
6
6
1

cis
3
6
1

Complex Variables
d z
i
dz

EXAMPLE 6 Find
Solution.

In addition:

d z

i log i i z i z Log1 i i i z
dz
2 2

h z

g z

e h z logh z

and

d
d h z logg z
h z
h z d
hz logg z
g z

e
g z
dz
dz
dz