Complex Variables 6.

3 Finding the Residue

Pole ! Oder of the Pole ! Residue !
If f(z) has a pole of order N at z0, then

has the Taylor series expansion:

For instance: pole of order N=1 at z0:

and

c1

RULE I (Residues) If f(z) has a pole of order 1 at z = z0, then

Pole of order N=2 at z0:

and

RULE II (Residues) If f(z) has a pole of order 2 at z=z0,

More General:
RULE III (Residues) If f(z) has a pole of order N at z=z0,

Complex Variables
If N is uncertain:
Guess Nt < N infinite result (not a residue)
Guess Nt N - obtain residue by chance

Residue for a quotient:

Let f(z) has a simple pole at z0 and g(z0) 0, h(z0) = 0 (Rule I):

Using L'Hopital's rule:

If N =1:
RULE IV (Residues) The residue of f(z)=g(z)/h(z) at a simple pole, where g(z0) 0, h(z0)
= 0 , is given by

Complex Variables
EXAMPLE 1 Find the residue of

at all poles
Solution. Factorization gives:
so: pole of the order 1: z = i ; pole of the order 2: z = 0
By Rule I (at +i):
By Rule IV (at i): g(z)=ez/z2 ( g(-i)0 ) and h(z)=z2+1 (h(z)=2z)

By Rule II (at 0)

Complex Variables
EXAMPLE 2 Find the residue of

at all singularities of tan z.

Solution. Rewrite:

f ( z)

sin z
cos z z 2 z 1

Poles: cos z = 0 (z =/2+k , k = 0, 1, 2, ) of the order 1 (simple poles):

zeros of the order 1 f(z) poles of the order 1.
By Rule IV: and g(z)=sin z/(z2+z+1) and h(z)=cos z

Rule I also can by used.

4

Complex Variables
EXAMPLE 3 Find the residue of

at all poles. Use the principal branch of z1/2.

Solution. Factorization:

Pole of the order 1: z = 0 ??

But! This is not an isolated singularity, this is a branch point.

Pole of the order 2: z = 2 !! By Rule II (principal branch of z1/2):

Complex Variables
EXAMPLE 4 Find the residue of

at all singularities.

Solution. A simple pole at z =1: Apply Rule I gives: Res [f(z),1]= -e.
An essential singularity at z =0 , since:
So,

And

e 1 z 1 Or: Re s f ( z),0 c1 e 1

EXAMPLE 5 Find the residue of

Solution. Expand both numerator and denominator around z=0:

Complex Variables
So,
z 2

z 0

This is a pole of order 2 (Rule II: use LHopitals rule successively.?)

But !

z z2
1 ...
1
z 2 1 z 1 .... Res[ f ( z ),0] c 1
f ( z ) 2 2! 2 3!
1

2!
2
z
z
1 ...
5