EFFECT OF FLY ASH AND SILICA FUME ON CONCRETE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Earlier notion of using high amounts of cement for concrete has now changed on favour
of increased use of high amounts of mineral ad-mixtures and super plasticizers with reduced
amounts of cement and water in the concrete mixtures. Energy plays a crucial role in growth of
developing countries, like India. In context of low availability of non-recoverable energy sources
coupled with requirements of large quantities of energy to materials like cement, steel etc., the
importance of industrial wastes as building materials cannot be underestimated. In India about
110 million tones of fly ash has been produced by 68 major thermal power stations and are likely
to be doubled within next 10 years. It has been a published fact from research that waste
materials like fly ash; silica fume etc, through their use as construction materials can be
converted into meaningful wealth. Also, a partial replacement of cement with fly ash is desirable,
and indeed essential due to a variety of technical, economical and ecological reasons.
Researchers have reported that silica fume smaller in size and round shape fills the voids
between the coarser cement particles which may be otherwise occupied with water. A properly
proportional fly ash and silica fume in concrete mix improves properties of the concrete that may
not be achievable through the use of Portland cement alone. The resulting concrete mix becomes
strong, durable and economical and also eco-friendly as it utilizes an ecological hazardous
material.

2.0 MATERIALS

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2.1 FLYASH (PULVERIZED-FUEL ASH)

Fly ash is a by-product of burning pulverized coal to generate electric power. There are
periodic variations in the operation of a power station can results in occasionally varying
properties of the fly ash. Differences in the fly as produced by different power stations. Even the
same power station will produce fly ash with varying properties if the coal used is non-uniform.
A simple picture of the behavior of concrete containing fly ash cannot be presented because fly
ash is to a single material of nearly constant composition

Figure show the Fly Ash

Fly ash depends on the chemical properties and the fineness of the Portland cement in the
mix. It is not surprising that there is no simple relation between the proportions of fly ash in the
total cementations material and the properties of the resulting concrete of otherwise fixed

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proportions. Inevitable attempts to relate, by a single equation, the strength of concrete, even of
fixed proportions, to the various properties of fly ash such as fineness, residues of particles above
certain size, pozzolanic indices, carbon content, glass content, and chemical composition, have
been unsuccessful. Indeed, this situation is to be expected, given that no single equation can
predict the strength properties of Portland cements alone from their physical and chemical
properties.

The fly ash in concrete makes efficient use of product of hydration of cement such as
calcium hydroxide (C-H) which is otherwise a source of weakness in normal cement concrete
converts it into denser and stronger C-S-H compounds by pozzolanic reaction. The heat
generated during hydration initiates the pozzolanic reaction of fly ash.

2.2 SILICA FUME

Silica fume is a by-product of silicon or Ferro-Silica industry and is 100 times finer than
cement. A silica fume is also referred to as micro silica or condensed silica fumes. It consists of
amorphous silica and has high reactivity towards lime. The replacement level of silica fume is
generally low at about 10%. When SF is used in concrete mix, its introduction affects the
physical arrangement of the system, particularly near the aggregate surface where porosity exists.
Silica fume starts reacting at the early stage of hydration process. The pozzolanic action of silica
fume reduces substantially the quantity and size of “CH” crystals in hydrated cement paste. This
phenomenon along with low W/C ratio reduces the thickness of transition zones and thus the
preferential orientation of CH crystals is considerably reduced. All these result in more uniform,
stronger transition zone potential of micro cracking.

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Figure shows the Silica fume

The specific gravity of silica fumes is generally 2.20 but it is very slightly higher when
the silica content is lower. This value can be compared with the specific gravity of Portland
cement, which is 3.15. the particles of silica fume are extremely fine, most of them having a

diameter ranging between 0.03 and 0.3µ m ; the median diameter is typically below 0.1µ m. The
specific surface of such fine particles cannot be determined using the Blaine method; nitrogen
adsorption indicates a specific surface of about 20000m2/kg, which is 13 to 20 times higher than
the specific surface of other pozzolanic materials, determined by the same method. Such fine
material as silica fume has a very low bulk density: 200 to 300kg/m3.

3.0 EFFECT OF FLY ASH ON CONCRETE

3.1 INFLUENCE OF FLY ASH ON PROPERTIES OF FRESH CONCRETE

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For a constant workability, the reduction in the water demand of concrete due to fly ash is
usually between 5 and 15 percent by comparison with a Portland –cement –only mix having the
same cementations material content; the reduction is larger at higher water/cement rations.

A concrete mix containing fly ash is cohesive and has reduced bleeding capacity. The
mix can be suitable for pumping and for slip forming; finishing operations of fly ash concrete
and made easier.

The influence of fly ash on the properties of fresh concrete is linked to the shape of the
fly ash particles. Most of these are spherical and solid, but some of the large particles are hollow
spheres, know as cenospheres. The reduction in water demand of concrete caused by the
presence of fly ash is usually ascribed to their spherical shape, this being called a “ball bearing
effect”.

High carbon content in fly ash is that it adversely affects workability. Variation in carbon
content may also lead to earratic behavior with respect to air entrainment some air entraining
agent becoming adsorbed by the porous carbon.

3.2 STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT OF FLY ASH CONCRETE

The effect of chemical reactions, fly ash has a physical effect of improving the
microstructure of the hydrated cement paste. The main physical action is that of packing of the
fly ash particles at the interface of coarse aggregate particles, which are absent in the mortar used
in the test. The extend of packing depends both on the fly ash and on the cement used: better
packing is achieved with coarser Portland cement and with finer fly ash. One beneficial effect of
packing on strength is a reduction in the volume of entrapped air in the concrete. But the main
contribution of packing lies in a reduction in the volume of large capillary pores.

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It is worth noting that the positive influence of the fineness of fly ash is coupled with it
spherical shape. Therefore, grinding of fly ash, although it increases fineness, may result in the
destruction of spherical particles with consequent increase in water demand of the mix due to the
irregular angular shape of the fly ash particles.

The beneficial influence of fly ash upon water demand does not extend beyond a fly ash
content of 20 percent by mass. An excessive content of fly ash is not beneficial from the point of
view of strength development either. The limiting content is probably around 30 percent by mass
of total cementitious material as can be seen from figure below.

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Average values of strength of concrete cylinder moist cured at 23oC are shown in table
above. All the mixes had a total cementations material content of 307kg/m3 with 25 percent
content of fly ash by mass of total cementations material. The water/cement ratio was 0.4 to 0.45,
and the mixes had a slump of 75mm. The same table gives the strength of a Portland-cement
only concrete with the same cement content and the same water/cement ratio. It is worth adding
that maximum size of aggregate was 9.5mm so that the beneficial effect of fly ash with respect
to packing around the coarse aggregate particles was smaller than would be the case with
conventional concrete; therein may lie the explanation of apparently limited effect of fly ash on
strength.
3.3 DURABILITY ASPECTS

Although an early reason for the use of the various cementations materials in concrete
was their influence on the rate of development of heat and of strength, even more important is
their influence on the resistance of concrete to chemical attack which is the consequence not only
of the chemical nature of the hydrated attack, which is the consequence not only of the chemical
nature of the hydrated cement paste but also of its microstructure. It is no exaggeration to say
that the cementations materials have a major influence on all aspects of durability related to the
transport of attacking agent through concrete. The cementations materials considered are finer
than Portland cement and therefore, improve particle packing, so that provided adequate wet
curing is applied, their presence reduces permeability.

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Even though the use of fly ash reduced permeability, it allows faster carbonation. The
increase in the rate of carbonation is greater when fly ash is used with Portland blast furnace
cement. The enhanced carbonation need not necessarily be large in practice when mixes with
proper mix proportions are used. Also, carbonation may reduce the permeability, but not when
both fly ash and ggb are present in the mix. Good resistance to freezing and thawing without air
entrainment was found in concretes (with a water/cement ratio of 0.27 and super plasticizer)
containing class C fly ash representing 20 to 35 percent of the mass of the total cementations
material, and silica fume (10 percent on the same basis). Likewise, good resistance to sulfate
attack was observed with class C fly ash contents up to 50 percent and 10 percent of silica fumes.

Control of the alkali-silica reaction is specialized topic in which a detailed knowledge of

the aggregate to be used is necessary. However, the beneficial effects of the incorporation of fly
ash (about 30to40 percent by mass) in the blended cement should be noted. These materials
contain only a small amount of water-soluble alkalis so that, at a given content of cementations
material which includes Portland cement with high alkali content, the presence of fly ash in the
blended cement reduces the total alkali content in the mix. Thus, the use of these materials may
obviate the need for low-alkali cement but the absence of expansive reactions should be verified
by test.
The beneficial effects of the inclusion of silica fume in steam-cured concrete at 65o C
upon its penetrability by chlorides was confirmed by Campbell and Detwiler. For significant
improvement, the minimum silica fume content was 10 percent in Portland-cement-only
concrete, but 7.5percent was highly effective in mixes containing 30 to 40 percent of ggbs in the
total cementations material. It may be added that curing Portland-cement-only concrete at 50 o C
was found to result in increased penetrability by chlorides.

4.0 EFFECT OF SILICA FUME ON CONCRETE

4.1 INFLUENCE OF SILICA FUME ON PROPERTIES OF RESH CONCRETE

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The very large surface area of the particles of silica fume, which have to be wetted,
increases the water demand, so that, in mixes with a low water/cement ratio, it necessary to use a
superplasticizer. In this way, it is possible to maintain both the required water/cement ratio and
the necessary workability.

The effectiveness of superplasticizer in enhanced by the presence of silica fume. For

instance, in mixes with a slump of 120mm, a given dosage of superplasticizer was found to
reduce the water demand by 10 kg/m3 in a Portland-cement-only concrete. The same dosage
maintained the slump when the silica fume content was 10percent by mass of cementations
material. Without the super plasticizer, the water demand due to the inclusion of silica fume in
the mix would have risen by 40 kg/m3. It can therefore, be seem that the use of both silica fume
and a suitable superplasticizer is beneficial and makes it possible to use low water/cement ratios
at a given workability. The lower water/cement ratio results in an increase in strength which is
larger than would be expected solely from the pozzolanic action of silica fume. However, in
relative terms, the effect of the lower water/cement ratio upon strength is smaller than the overall
direct effect of silica fume.

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At this stage, it may be useful to note that the pattern of the relation between compressive
strength and the water/cementations material ratio is the same for concretes with and without
silica fume but at the same ration, concrete with silica fume has a higher strength. Example of
the relation between the 28 day compressive strength of 100mm cubes and the water
cementations material are show in figure above. The same figure also showed the relation for
concrete containing Portland cement only.

The presence of silica fume affects significantly the properties of fresh concrete. The mix
is strongly cohesive and, in consequence, there is very little bleeding, or even more. The reduced
bleeding can lead to plastic shrinkage cracking under drying conditions, unless preventive
measures are taken. On other hand, voids caused by trapped bleed water are absent.

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The cohesive character of the mix affects the slump so that, for both mixes equally to be
capable of compaction, the mix with silica fume needs a slump 25 to 50mm. higher than a mix
containing Portland cement only. Mixes with a very high content of cementations material tend
to be ‘sticky’ and do not easily allow the slump test inappropriate and that the flow test is
preferable. The ‘sticky’ nature should not be misinterpreted: as soon as vibration is applied the
mix becomes mobile. However in order to avoid and excessively sticky mix, it is recommended
that the water content should not be lower than 150 kg/m3 when the fine aggregate is angular in
shape, or not lower than 130 kg/m3 when rounded fine aggregate is used.

The cohesiveness of concrete containing silica fume makes it satisfactory for pumping
and for underwater concreting as well as for use as flowing concrete. Entrained air remains
stable, but an increase dosage of the air-entraining admixture is required because of the high
fineness of silica fume. In addition, there are problems in obtaining a suitable air-void system
when super plasticizers are used.

There are no reports of incompatibility of silica fume with admixtures in general. It is

useful to observe that the retarding effect of lignosulfonate based admixtures is smaller when
silica fume is present in the mix. Consequently larger dosages of these admixtures can be used
without causing an excessive retardation.

STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT OF THE PORTLAND CEMENT-SILICA FUME

SYSTEM

In addition to the pozzolanic reaction between the amorphous silica in silica fume and
calcium hydroxide produced by the hydration of Portland cement, silica fume contributes to the
progress of hydration of the latter material. This silica fume contributes to the progress of
hydration of the latter material. This contribution arises from the extreme fineness of the silica

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fume particles which provide nucleation sites for calcium hydroxide. Thus, early strength
development takes place.

Silica fume dissolves in a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide within a few minutes.
Therefore as soon as enough Portland cement has hydrated to result in saturation of the pore
water with calcium hydroxide, calcium silicate hydrate is formed on the surface of the silica
fume particles. Their reaction proceeds, initially, at a high rate For example, when the mass of
silica fume was 10percent of the total mass of cementations material, one-half of the silica fume
was observed to react in 1 day; and two-thirds during the first 3 days. However, subsequent
reaction was very slow, only three-quarters of the silica have hydrated at 90 days.

The acceleration of hydration processes by silica fume occurs also when, in addition to
Portland cement, ggbs is present in the mix.

A consequence of the rapidity of the early reactions in concretes containing silica fume is
that the development of heat of hydration in such concretes may be as high as when rapid-
hardening Portland cement is used alone.

The behavior of concrete with silica fume beyond the age of about 3 months depends on
the moisture conditions under which the concrete is stored. Up to the age of 31/2 years, test
showed a small increase in compressive strength of wet stored concretes with 10 percent of silica
fume by (by mass of total cementations material) and water/cement ratios of 0.25, 0.3 and 0.4.
Under dry storage conditions, retrogression of strength typically up to 12 percent below the peak
value at about 3 months was observed in test on laboratory specimens. However, the strength of
concrete containing silica fume, determined on cores up to 10 years old, clearly show no
retrogression of strength. This finding is of importance because the behavior of test specimens in
which moisture gradient exist may be misleading.

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One consequence of the high early reactivity of silica fume is that the mix water is
rapidly used up; in other words, self-desiccation takes place. At the same time, the dense
microstructure of the hydrated cement paste makes it difficult for water from outside, if
available, to penetrate toward the unhydrated remnants of Portland cement of silica fume
particles. In consequence, strength development ceases much earlier than with Portland cement
alone; some experimental date are shown in table below from which it can be seen that there was
no increase in strength beyond 56 days. The date of tablerefer to mixes with a total content of
cementations material of 400kg/m3, sulfate-resisting Portland cement, silica fume content of
10,15 and 20 percent by mass of total cementations material, and a water/cement ratio of 0.36 the
concrete specimens were maintained under moist conditions.

The contribution of silica fume to the early strength development(up to about 7 days) is
probably through improvement in packing, that is, action as a filler and improvement of the
interface zone with the aggregate. The bond of the hydrated cement paste with aggregate,
especially the larger particles, is greatly improved, allowing the aggregate better to participate in

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stress transfer. Some contrary arguments about the role of silica fume have been advanced, but
they are likely to reflect specific test conditions rather than intrinsic behavior.

The contribution of a given amount of silica fume to the strength of concrete arising from
packing and interface effects should remain constant with time. This is unlike the effect of
pozzolanic activity which continues to take place. Indeed, at a fixed content of silica fume, the
increase in strength of concrete between 7 and 28 days was found to be independent of the value
of the 7 day strength. The contribution of silica fume to strength at say, 28 days should, however,
increase with an increase in the content of silica fume in the mix. This was found to be the case
for concrete with 28-days strength between approximately 20 and 80 MPa the increase in
strength was 7MPa for a 10 percent content, and 16MPa for 20 percent content of silica fume.

4.2 DURABILITY OF CONCRETE CONTAINING SILICA FUME

The importance of adequate curing of concrete containing silica fume from the stand
point of reactions of hydration. As far as durability is concerned, we should note that a
consequence of more advanced hydration is a reduced permeability, adequate curing is of
particular importance. Generally, for concretes of equal strength, the reduction in permeability
due to a longer period of curing is greater in concrete containing silica fume than in Portland-
cement-only concrete.

The desirable minimum curing period depends, among other things, on temperature,
which in the field may be subject to considerable variation. Low temperature slows down the
hydration reactions involving silica fume even more than is the case in Portland –cement-only
concretes. However, upon a subsequent rise in temperature, the usual reactions take place and the
accelerating effect of a higher temperature is greater than in the case of Portland cement alone.
Also the harmful effects of higher temperature on pore structure are smaller in the presence of
silica fume. It is important to note that carbonation is particularly adversely affected by
inadequate curing.

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The influence of silica fume upon the permeability of concrete is grater than is indicated
by test on hydrated cement paste because, in the former case, silica fume reduces the
permeability of the transition zone around the aggregate particles, as well as the permeability of
the bulk paste. The influence of silica fume upon permeability of concrete is very large: a 5
percent content of silica fume was reported by Khayat and Aitcin to reduce the coefficient of
permeability by 3 orders of magnitude. Thus, in relative terms, the influence of silica fume upon
permeability is much larger than upon compressive strength.

A consequence of reduced permeability is a grater resistance to the ingress of chloride

ions. Even using Portland cements with C3A contents up to as much as 14 percent, the presence
of 5 to 10 percent of silica fume in the total cementations material greatly slows down the ingress
of chloride ions into concrete. The reduction in the diffusivity of chlorides due to the presence of
silica fume in hydrated cement is larger at water/cementations material ratios greater than 0.4
than at extremely low values of the water/cementations material ratio; in the latter case the
hydrated cement paste has a very low diffusivity, event without silica fume.

The sulfate resistance of concrete containing silica fume is good, partly because of lower
permeability, and partly in consequence of a lower content of calcium hydroxide and of alumina,
which have become incorporated in C-S-H. Test on solutions of magnesium, sodium and calcium
chlorides.

With respect to resistance to freezing and thawing, some investigators reported a poor
resistance of air-entrained concrete congaing silica fume as compared with Portland cement only
concrete. A possible explanation is that with adequate entrained air content, the concrete. A
possible explanation is that with adequate entrained air content, the concrete containing silica
fume had larger air-void content, the concrete containing silica fume had larger air void spacing
factor and at the same time, the dense structure of the hydrated cement paste prevented the
movement of water. On the other hand, other investigators found a good resistance of concretes
containing silica fume to freezing and thawing and also to scaling by de-icing agents. Experience
with structures in situ gave variable results.

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Resolution of this conflict in reports on performance would require a detailed knowledge

of test procedures used, including the maturity and moisture condition of the concretes at the
time of the test. Indeed, influence of silica fume upon resistance to freezing and thawing is
complex. After a period of moist curing the pore size in the hydrated cement paste becomes
smaller in the pore size in the hydrated cement paste becomes smaller in the pore size in the
hydrated cement paste becomes smaller in the pore size in consequence, the freezing point of
pore water is reduced . In the interior of concrete, self desiccation is likely to have reduced the
water content below the critical level of saturation so that freezing would not cause damage.

The preceding discussion show that generalizations about the influence of silica fume on
the resistance of concrete to freezing and thawing, and even more so to scaling by de-icing
agents are not possible: much depends on the particular concrete used, on its treatment prior to
freezing and thawing, and on the rapidity of temperature changes. It is, therefore not surprising
that many publications of present conflicting results, and there would be little value in reviewing
them. For practical purposes, the only conclusion which can be drawn is that it is necessary to
test any concrete which it is proposed to use, and the test results have to be interpreted in the
light of the expected conditions of exposure.

Because silica fume reduces the alkali content in the pore water, the pH of pore water
becomes lowered. Tests on mature cement pastes made with Portland cement with a very
alkalinity (pH of 13.9) have shown a reduction in the value of pH caused by the inclusion in the
mix of 10 percent of silica fume to be 0.5: 20percent of silica fume reduced the value of pH by 1,
Event with the last named reduction, the value of pH was 12.9 Havdahl and Justnes confirmed
that the ph stays 12.5. Thus the alkalinity is adequately high for the protection of reinforcing
steel from corrosion.

The presence of silica fume in concrete has a beneficial influence upon resistance to
abrasion because in the absence of bleeding, no weak top layer is formed and also because of a
better bond between the hydrated cement paste and the coarse aggregate; differential wear and
loosening of particles do not therefore, occur. Shrinkage of concrete congaing silica fume is
somewhat larger, typically 15 percent than in Portland-cement-only concrete.

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5.0 CONCLUSION:

Use of fly ash as a partial replacement for Portland cement is generally limited to Class F
fly ashes. It can replace up to 30% by mass of Portland cement, and can add to the concrete’s
final strength and increase its chemical resistance and durability. Recently concrete mix design
for partial cement replacement with High Volume Fly Ash (50 % cement replacement) has been
developed. For Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC)[used in dam construction] replacement values
of 70% have been achieved with POZZOCRETE (processed fly ash) at the Ghatghar Dam
project in Maharashtra, India. Due to the spherical shape of fly ash particles, it can also increase
workability of cement while reducing water demand. The replacement of Portland cement with
fly ash also reduces the greenhouse gas foot print of concrete, as the production of one ton of
Portland cement produces approximately one ton of CO2. Since the worldwide production of
Portland cement is expected to reach nearly 2 billion tons by 2010, replacement of 30% of this
amount by fly ash could dramatically reduce global carbon emissions

It has been found that silica fume improves compressive strength, bond strength, and
abrasion resistance. The improvements in concrete properties from addition of silica fume stem
from both the mechanical improvements resulting from addition of a very fine powder to the
cement paste mix as well as from pozzolanic reactions between the silica fume and free calcium
hydroxide in the paste.

Addition of silica fume also reduces the permeability of concrete to chloride ions, which
protects concrete's reinforcing steel from corrosion, especially in chloride-rich environments
such as those of northern roadways and runways (because of the use of deicing salts) and
saltwater bridges.

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6.0 REFERENCES
1. A.M Neville, Properties of Concrete
2. M.S.Shetty, Concrete Technology
` 3. http://www.wikipedia.org/
4. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/materialsgrp/silica.htm
5. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/materialsgrp/flyash.htm

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