Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Acknowledgements:
Prepared by:
Scott Torrance Landscape Architect Inc.,
with: Brad Bass, Scott MacIvor and Terry McGlade,
in conjunction with Toronto City Planning Division
Illustrations:
Grace Yang, Scott Torrance Landscape Architect Inc.
Photographs:
See individual photographs
Design and Layout:
Graphics and Visualization, Urban Design, Toronto City Planning Divison
www.toronto.ca/greenroofs
2013
DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR BIODIVERSE GREEN ROOFS
Table of Contents
Sources/Resources
24
Appendix A: Recommended Plant Species
25
Appendix B: Plant Species to Avoid
33
Appendic C: Plants used by Butterflies and Caterpillers
35
DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR BIODIVERSE GREEN ROOFS
DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR BIODIVERSE GREEN ROOFS
Extensive Green Roof, 75mm depth, sedums and chives only; Victoria Park Subway
Station, Toronto (Torrance, 2009)
DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR BIODIVERSE GREEN ROOFS
Key differences between extensive and intensive green roofs
Roofing Element
Growing Media/
Structural
Preparation
Vegetation
Biodiversity
Characteristics
Source: Using Green Roofs to Enhance Biodiversity in the City of Toronto, 2010.
There is ongoing debate about the use of native versus non-native or exotic
plants. There are several arguments in favour of using native plants. Native
plants are well adapted to local environmental conditions and are more
likely to form self-sustaining plant communities that require less longterm maintenance, because they are already adapted to this climate and its
extremes. Native plants also provide important sources of food and shelter
for native birds, butterflies and other insects. Use of local vegetation in
planting design may also allow colonization by other local species to occur
more quickly as they are already adapted to the native vegetation.
Flat roofs that can support an intensive green roof may only be constrained
by cost, sun or shade. Many flat roofs will become extensive green roofs
due to limitations on the roofs weight-bearing load and/or budgetary
considerations. Flat roofs do not have significant variability in water
drainage and offer lower niche diversity, and thus less opportunity for
different plants to exploit these novel habitats. Opportunities may exist to
vary growing media topography by adding depth on those parts of the roof
that can support the additional load (e.g. above structural areas).
Sloped green roofs are not as common in North America as they are in
Europe because more structure is required to keep the growing media
in place, which in turn raises cost. However, sloped roofs may allow for
(or require) a wider plant palette in comparison to a topographically
homogenous extensive green roof. The upper regions of a sloped roof will
drain faster than lower regions, creating niches for different plant species
better adapted to drier conditions (e.g. Sedums) at the high side and
wetter conditions (e.g. grasses, asters) in the low areas. Gravity, wind, and
dry conditions can topple loose soil and plant material, particularly since
sloped roofs often do not have a parapet for added protection. In terms
of moisture, adding slope is analogous to adding depth on an increasing
gradient from top to bottom. Sloped roofs may also provide areas of partial
to full shade if they use shed or hip configurations. This necessitates plant
species selection to withstand these varying light conditions.
10
DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR BIODIVERSE GREEN ROOFS
Aggressive invasive species such as garlic mustard and buckthorn, which
are a threat to urban ecosystems. typically, these plants do not become
established on green roofs due to the elevation, substrate depth and
nutrient profile of green roofs.
A list of recommended plant species (native and non-native) is provided in
Appendix A. Plants to avoid are found in Appendix B.
Design Factors
There are three design factors that have been linked to the creation of
biodiverse green roofs:
11
permitting a greater range of vegetation type and size, including trees and
shrubs, but extensive green roofs provide excellent opportunities to create
grassland communities.
The most common extensive green roofs are planted with sedums.
Establishment of monoculture green roofs will generally necessitate greater
maintenance and careful monitoring to ensure proper viability of the single
species.
4.1.3 Structures
The use of structures is a simple approach that can be used to manipulate
and increase the utilization of the roof as habitat. One technique that
can be integrated almost anywhere on the roof is the addition of medium
to large natural objects, such as branches or stones (these may need to
be fastened down), or even rubble, all of which help to create different
microclimates and microhabitats which may lead to greater species
diversity. Similarly, branches can provide physical connections and shady
habitats and serve as resting sites for birds to perch and as nesting
structures. Bird or bat boxes can also be added to encourage species to nest
and breed.
Recirculating bubbler fountain with no open water on green roof at 30 College Street,
Toronto (Torrance, 2011)
12
DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR BIODIVERSE GREEN ROOFS
nesting and to collect mud for nesting material. Earthworms would need a
loose, coarse, more organic growing media than typical green roof mineral
mixes provide to survive. High organic growing media can be combined with
low organic, mineral-based growing media across the roof. Gravel can also
be used on bare areas on the roof.
vary mixtures
13
Maximizing the diversity of plant species and plant life forms (succulents,
herbaceous perennials, woody plants, coniferous, deciduous, etc.) has many
benefits, increasing the opportunities for pollination and food, shade, nesting,
perching, nutrients, etc. Depending on maintenance levels, which are typically
minimal on green roofs, succession of plants overtime must be considered as a
natural consequence (or benefit) of a diverse planting strategy.
rocks
plants
lots
14
buildings elements
rocks
logs
DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR BIODIVERSE GREEN ROOFS
4.2.7 Provide Nesting Opportunities
Water is one of the principle limiting resources for most species that would
otherwise be able to use green roofs as permanent habitat. These effects
are exacerbated given that green roofs are hotter and more exposed than
most ground-level habitat. Puddles or vernal pools will not form or last long.
For example, many bird species may find green roofs to be suitable nesting
space, but once chicks hatch, periods of drought can be fatal. A source of
water can be provided in two ways: either pumped or collected. Pumped
and recirculated water features require energy and regular maintenance
(cleaning, topping up with fresh water, seasonal closing, etc.). Rainfall can
be collected in depressions and basins. Maintaining water on a roof, either
natural from precipitation or artificially (with a pump or fresh water supply)
may not be desirable from a building science perspective and can create
habitat for mosquitoes.
Birdhouses
basins
bird baths
water features
15
Green roof designed with many different depths of growing medium, as well as
open soil areas, in order to support a diversity of trees, shrubs, grasses, forbs and
succulents. ESRI Canada, Toronto (Torrance/Mulligan, 2010)
Green roof with 75mm to 500mm growing depths, deep enough to support a variety
of native prairie plants. Design includes structures for perching and nesting and
water feature to attract wildlife. Native Child & Family Services, Toronto (Torrance,
2009)
16
DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR BIODIVERSE GREEN ROOFS
Four of these habitat types are potential analogues for green roof plant
selection and growing media composition: tallgrass prairie, alvars, fens and
sand barrens.
Tallgrass Prairie
Defining Characteristics:
Grassland with variable cover of small woody shrubs and
open-grown trees
Subject to seasonal extremes in moisture conditions
Tolerates spring flooding and summer drought
Regenerated by fire disturbance
Growing Media Composition:
Unconsolidated mineral substrates with a soil depth of > 150mm
Typically consists of well-drained sands, loams, and sometimes clay
Plant Selection:
Dominated by prairie grasses, forbs, sedges, small woody shrubs and
open-grown trees
Other Considerations:
It is not wholly accurate to use the tallgrass prairie habitat as a template for
green roof design, as species diversity is lower and conditions on extensive
green roofs vary considerably from those found in a natural tallgrass prairie
habitat. Soil depth is less then found in the natural habitat, conditions tend
to be drier and windier and soil quality is poorer. For these reasons, grasses
cannot establish their roots as extensively. Fire disturbance a natural
phenomenon that supports vegetative regeneration is also absent on
green roofs.
17
Alvars
Fens
Defining Characteristics:
naturally open landscapes with little or no tree cover
patchy distributions of loamy and sandy soils at heterogeneous depths
soil texture is generally a loam
Defining Characteristics:
open habitats
wet almost all year
soils are high in organic content (a result of decomposing plant
material), contain peat, and are often saturated
support a wide diversity of plant and insect species
DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR BIODIVERSE GREEN ROOFS
Sand Barrens
Defining Characteristics:
restricted tree growth
full exposure to sun
poor soil quality
Growing Media Composition:
sandy and well-draining
heterogeneous depths and a mix of larger aggregates
Plant Selection:
slow-growing shrubby grassland and heathland mosaics, dotted with a
high diversity of herbaceous plants
drought tolerant
Other Considerations:
It is recommended to not design an entire roof after the Sand Barren
community, as sandy soils are more likely to erode from the rooftop by
wind. Instead, patches of sand barren habitat can be considered. When
patches are planted, use soil stabilizers and erosion control netting until
the plants establish to minimize soil loss.
Green roofs can be designed to attract and support certain fauna, typically
birds and insects, whether they are native, rare or require stopping points on
a migration route. This can be done by designing the roof to provide certain
features that these fauna require on the landscape, but not necessarily the
complete habitat.
Birds
Urban development and loss of habitat have impacted travel distances,
expended energies, and reduced the availability of food sources for
migratory birds passing through. Green roofs provide vegetation where
there would otherwise be none and create temporary foraging habitat for
local and migratory birds. Grasses and herbaceous plants that produce
numerous seed heads can provide invaluable energy sources for migratory
birds. Perches and nesting boxes can provide opportunities for resting and
breeding.
19
20
DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR BIODIVERSE GREEN ROOFS
Bees
There are many species of pollinators, including bees, flies, moths, and
butterflies that can incorporate green roofs into their foraging ranges. Bees,
in particular, being highly mobile, mostly polylectic (meaning, they can visit
many different kinds of flowers), and adapted to spatially separate nesting
and foraging resources, are very well suited to receive support from green
roofs designed with foraging and nesting resources in mind. This is all the
more important as bee populations decline worldwide. Bees need flowers
for pollen and nectar, and green roofs with diverse plant palettes to prolong
blooming are most valuable. In cities, wild bee diversity seems to positively
respond to increases in total plant diversity. Roofs planted entirely with
Sedum, or similar species, also provided pollen and nectar for many bees,
but only flower for only a short period so act only as temporary resources.
If one of the objectives is to keep honeybees on the green roof, water should
be available at all times in buckets or pans, an open rain barrel, or preferably
a continuous fresh water source. Honeybees need to collect large amounts
of water to maintain healthy hives. The water is used to dilute honey to feed
to larva, and to cool the hive through evaporation in hot weather.
Interestingly, many pollinators are highly-mobile and adapted to spatially
separated foraging and nesting areas. As such, many bees can reach green
roofs and once there may find permanent (nesting and forage) or temporary
(forage only) refuge; thereby incorporating green roofs into their foraging
ranges. Since approximately 60 percent of Torontos bee species nest in the
ground, green roofs designed to support bees might include areas of bare
soil, soil topographic heterogeneity, and a plant community with an extended
flowering period. Many other bees nest in stems and pre-existing cavities,
so maintenance that includes not cutting plant stems down to the soil
(leave 150 mm (6 inches) or more, if possible), adding dead wood as a design
element, or even nestboxes, comprised of holes drilled into wood, or bundled
reeds or paper tubes plugged at one end added as a roof feature could
Other Insects
Green roofs may provide habitat for pollinating insects such as bees,
flies, and butterflies, but also other functionally important invertebrates.
These include those critical for nutrient cycling and decomposition,
such as springtails, millipedes, beetles, and worms; predation of pest
species by spiders, solitary wasps, dragonflies and damselflies; and many
as food for other desirable species in cities, like birds. Although many
urban invertebrates may only use a green roof habitat temporarily, some
species, particularly those soil-dwellers important for nutrient cycling
and decomposition can be permanent inhabitants, and so require some
consideration in green roof planning to ensure populations can colonize and
persist. Greater growing media depths, plant canopy, and features like logs,
TORONTO CITY PLANNING ZONING BYLAW AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
21
large stones or pavers are all important to reduce exposure and keep some
areas slightly more damp and cool. This is essential for survival of soildwelling and low-mobility species during the driest and hottest times of the
year.
close to a ravine could specify plants that will create an edge condition to
the ravine and use existing plant communities to inform the selection of
appropriate species on the roof to effectively expand the planted area onto
the tableland.
The table on the following page outlines design objectives and strategies for
green roofs in specific locations in the City of Toronto.
Species that find permanent refuge on an extensive green roof may have
low resource requirements for survival and successful reproduction. For
example, some small ground-nesting eusocial and solitary Lasioglossum
bees can provision larvae with pollen and nectar in very shallow, welldraining sunny soils. These bees are very effective pollinators, but due
to their small size can meet all of their foraging requirements from
small patches of flowering plants of different species. Other desirable,
permanently inhabiting green roof species include spiders, predatory beetles,
and solitary wasps each of which effectively collect and feed on pest insects
that inflict damage and harm green roof plants.
A list of plants used by butterflies and caterpillers is provided in Appendix C.
22
DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR BIODIVERSE GREEN ROOFS
Design Objectives and Strategies for Green Roofs in Specific Locations in Toronto
Objectives
Design Strategies
Enhance/buffer adjacent
ecozones and link green roofs
to forest ecosystems at grade
level. Beneficial matrix influence
through climate and hydrological
mitigation to buffer adjacent
forest ecosystems.
Extend meadow/grassland
habitats and support zones for
migratory birds, butterflies and
insects.
Provide habitat for native
meadow/prairie plants.
Meadow, grasslands or
pre-vegetated mats with
augmentations to substrate
depth as practical.
Alvar species.
Source: Using Green Roofs to Enhance Biodiversity in the City of Toronto, 2010.
TORONTO CITY PLANNING ZONING BYLAW AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
23
Sources / Resources
Bird-Friendly Development Guidelines. 2007. City of Toronto.
http://www.toronto.ca/planning/environment/guidelines.htm
City of Toronto Natural Heritage Study. 2001. City of Toronto and Toronto and Region Conservation Authority.
http://www.toronto.ca/planning/environment/pdf/natural_heritage/natural_text1.pdf
Ecological Land Classification for Southern Ontario. 1998. First Approximation and Its Application. H. T. Lee, W.D. Badowsky, J.L. Riley, J. Bowles,
M. Puddister, P. Uhig, S. McMurry. 1998. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Southcentral Science Section, Science Development and Transfer
Branch. SCSS Field Guide FG-02.
Migratory Birds in the City of Toronto. 2009. Prepared for Toronto City Planning. Prepared by North-South Environmental Inc. and Dougan &
Associates. http://www.toronto.ca/planning/environment/pdf/migratory_birds_15aug09_small.pdf
Toronto Green Roofs
http://www.toronto.ca/greenroofs/index.htm
Toronto Green Roof Construction Standard (Article IV of Toronto Municipal Code Chapter 492 Green Roof)
http://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/municode/1184_492.pdf
Toronto Green Roof Construction Standard Supplementary Guidelines.
http://www.toronto.ca/greenroofs/pdf/GreenRoof-supGuidelines.pdf
Toronto Green Standard
http://www.toronto.ca/planning/environment/index.htm
Toronto Municipal Code Chapter 492 Green Roof
http://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/municode/1184_492.pdf
Toronto Official Plan. 2010
http://www.toronto.ca/planning/official_plan/pdf_chapter1-5/chapters1_5_dec2010.pdf
Report on the Environmental Benefits and Costs of Green Roof Technology for the City of Toronto. 2005. Prepared For City of Toronto and
Ontario Centres of Excellence Earth and Environmental Technologies (OCE-ETech). Prepared By Ryerson University Professors Dr. Doug Banting,
Professor Hitesh Doshi, Dr. James Li, Dr. Paul Missios and Students Angela Au, Beth Anne Currie, Michael Verrati. http://www.toronto.ca/greenroofs/
pdf/fullreport103105.pdf
Using Green Roofs to Enhance Biodiversity in the City of Toronto. 2010. A Discussion Paper Prepared for Toronto City Planning. Beth Anne
Currie and Brad Bass. http://www.toronto.ca/greenroofs/pdf/greenroofs_biodiversity.pdf
24
DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR BIODIVERSE GREEN ROOFS
Based upon data collected in 2004 and 2005, the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority developed a list of native plants for a green roof
environment in Toronto: http://www.toronto.ca/greenroofs/pdf/plant_suggestions2007.pdf.
The following plants are recommended for use in Toronto green roofs:
Native Grasses
Botanical Name
Bouteloua curtipendula
Bouteloua gracilis
Carex Pennsylvannia,Nigra
Chasmanthium latifolium
Deschampsia cespitosa
Panicum virgatum
Schizachyrium scorparium
Common Name
Side-oats Grama
Blue grama grass
Sedge
Northern Sea Oats
Tufted Hair Grass
Switch Grass
Little Bluestem
Min. Depth
150mm
100-150mm
150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
25
Native Forbs
Botanical Name
Asclepias tuberose
Aster laevis
Campanula rotundifolia
Echinacea pallida
Epilobium angustifolium
Eupatorium purpureum
Eupatorium perfoliatum
Gentiana andrewsii
Geum triflorum
Hedyotis longifolia
Liatris cylindracea
Liatris spicata
Lobelia siphilitica
Lobelia cardinalis
Lupinus perennis
Lysimachia quadriflora
Maianthemum stellatum
Monarda didyma
Monarda fistulosa
Penstemon digitalis
Polygonatum pubescens
Physostegia virginiana
Rudbeckia hirta
Ratibida pinnata
Solidago ptarmicoides
Solidago squarrosa
Verbena simplex
Verbena stricta
Veronicastrum virginicum
Common Name
Butterfly Milkweed
Smooth Aster
Harebell
Pale Purple Coneflower
Fire-weed
Joe-Pye Weed
Boneset
Bottle Gentian
Prairie Smoke
Long-leaved Bluets
Cylindric Blazing Star
Dense Blazing-star
Great Blue Lobelia
Cardinal flower
Wild Lupine
Prairie Loosestrife
Starry False Solomons Seal
Beebalm (Oswego Tea)
Wild Bergamot
Foxglove Beardtongue
Downy Solomons Seal
Obedient Plant
Black-eyed Susan
Gray Headed Coneflower
Upland White Goldenrod
Stout Goldenrod
Slender Vervain
Hoary Vervain
Culvers Root
Min. Depth
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
Common Name
Common Juniper
Creeping Juniper
White Cedar
Min. Depth
300mm
300mm
300mm
Native Evergreens
Botanical Name
Juniperus communis var. depressa
Juniperus horizontalis
Thuja occidentalis
26
DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR BIODIVERSE GREEN ROOFS
Native Woody Plants
Botanical Name
Amelanchier laevis
Amelanchier stolonifera
Aronia melanocarpa
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Celastrus scandens
Cladrastis lutea
Cornus alternifolia
Cornus amomum
Cornus canadensis
Cornus racemosa
Cornus sericea
Diervilla lonicera
Hamamelis virginiana
Hypericum kalm. Kalms
Ilex verticillata
Myrica pennylvanica
Parthenocisus virginiana
Physocarpus opulifolius
Rhus aromatica
Rhus glabra
Salix exigua
Sambucus canadensis
Sambucus pubens
Spirea alba
Spirea tomentosa
Symphoricarpus albus
Viburnum dentantum
Viburnum lentago
Viburnum trilobum
Vitis riparia
Common Name
Saskatoon Berry
Smooth Serviceberry
Chokeberry
Buttonbush
Bittersweet
Yellowwood
Pagoda Dogwood
Silky Dogwood
Bunchberry
Grey Dogwood
Red Osier Dogwood
Bush Honeysuckle
Witch Hazel
St. Johns Wort
Winter Berry
Bayberry
Virginia Creeper
Ninebark
Fragrant Sumac
Smooth Sumac
Sandbar Willow
Green Elder
Scarlet Elder
Narrow Leaf Meadowsweet
Steeplebush
Snowberry
Arrowwood
Sheepberry
Highbush Cranberry
Riverbank Grap
Min. Depth
200mm
200mm
200mm
200mm
200mm
200mm
200mm
200mm
150mm
200mm
200mm
200mm
200mm
200mm
200mm
200mm
200mm
200mm
200mm
200mm
200mm
200mm
200mm
200mm
200mm
200mm
200mm
200mm
200mm
200mm
27
Non-Native Grasses
Botanical Name
Calamagrostis X acutiflora Karl Foerster
Calamagrostis X acutiflora Overdam
Common Name
Karl Foerster Feather Reed Grass
Overdam Feather Reed Grass
Min. Depth
150mm
150mm
Common Name
Chinese Astilbe
Chives
Bergenia
Bachelors Button
Snow-in-Summer
Maiden Pinks
Eastern Purple Coneflower
Blue Globe Thistle
Bloody Cranesbill
Daylily
Siebold Hosta
Dwarf Arctic Iris
English Lavender
Summer Phlox
Moss Phlox
Coneflower
Lemon Thyme
Creeping Thyme
Silver Speedwell
Min. Depth
150mm
100-150mm
150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
150mm
150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
150mm
Common Name
Sibirica Pearls
Isanti Red-Osier Dogwood
Annabelle
Bush Cinquefoil
Wineleaf Cinquefoil
Min. Depth
200mm
200mm
200mm
200mm
200mm
Non-Native Forbs
Botanical Name
Astilbe chinensis
Allium shoenoprasum
Bergenia cordifolia
Centaurea montana
Cerastium tomentosum
Dianthus deltoides
Echinacea purpurea
Echinops ritro
Geranium sanguineum
Hemerocallis sp.
Hosta sieboldiana
Iris setosa
Lavandula angustifolia
Phlox paniculata
Phlox subulata
Rudbeckia nitida
Thymus citriodorus
Thymus serphyllum
Veronica incana
28
DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR BIODIVERSE GREEN ROOFS
Non-Native Woody Plants (Continued)
Prunus X cistena
Rhodendron Aglo
Spirea bumalda Goldmound
Syringa vulgaris
Weigela florida French Lace
200mm
200mm
200mm
200mm
200mm
Common Name
Yarrow
Pearly everlasting
Columbine
Butterfly Milkweed
Smooth Blue Aster
New England Aster
Harebell, Bluebell
Narrow Leafed Coneflower
Pale Purple Coneflower
Joe Pye Weed
Horsetail Grass
Strawberry
Willow-leaved Sunflower
Common sneezeweed
Cylindric Blazing Star
Dense Blazing-star
Great Blue Lobelia
Cardinal flower
Beebalm (Oswego Tea)
Wild Bergamot
Foxglove Beardtongue
Obedient Plant
Black-eyed Susan
Slender Vervain
Hoary Vervain
Culvers Root
Min. Depth
100-150mm
150mm
100-150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
100-150mm
150mm
150mm
29
30
Common Name
Dwarf Tatarian Aster
Tartarian Aster
Heart-leaved Bergenia
Mountain Bluet
Snow-in-summer
Tall Tickseed
Thread-leaved Coreopsis
Maiden Pinks
Moss Pinks
Purple Coneflower
Globe Thistle
Crown-of-thorns
Wild Geranium
Armenian Cranesbill
Meadow Cranesbill
Bloody Geranium
Blanketflower
Avens
Daylily
(Sun Loving Hostas)
German Iris
Dwarf Arctic Iris
English Lavender
Shasta Daisy
Catmint
Creeping Phlox
Goldsturm Coneflower
Sage
Carpet Stonecrop
Sedum ellacombianum
Pink Mongolian Stonecrop
Autumn Joy
Sedum kamschaticum
Min. Depth
150mm
150mm
150mm
150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR BIODIVERSE GREEN ROOFS
Non-Native Plants - Full Sun (Continued)
Sedum sexangulare
Sedum spectabilis
Solidago sphacelata
X Solidaster luteus
Sedum spurium
Stachys byzantina
Thymus serphyllum
Thymus X citriodorus
Veronica longifolia
Veronica noveboracensis
Tasteless Stonecrop
Showy Stonecrop
Dwarf Goldenrod
Solidaster
Dragons Blood
Lambs ears
Creeping Thyme
Lemon Thyme
Long-leaved Speedwell
Ironweed
100-150mm
150mm
150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
100-150mm
31
DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR BIODIVERSE GREEN ROOFS
Botanical Name
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
5.1
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Barberry, common
Buckthorn, European
Carrot, wild
Colts-foot
Dodder spp.
Giant Hogweed
Goats-beard spp.
Hemlock, poison
Johnson grass
Knapweed spp.
Milkweed spp.
Poison-ivy
Proso millet, black-seeded
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
Ragweed spp.
Rocket, yellow
Sow-thistle, annual, perennial
Spurge, Cypress
Spurge, leafy
Thistle, bull
Thistle, Canada
Thistle, nodding, spp.
Thistle, Russian
Thistle, Scotch
Vetchling, tuberous
Berberis vulgaris L.
Rhamnus cathartica L.
Daucus carota L.
Tussilago farfara L.
Cuscuta spp.
Heracleum mantegazzianum
Tragopogon spp.
Conium maculatum L.
Sorghum halepense (L.) Persoon
Centaurea spp.
Asclepias spp.
Rhus radicans L.
Panicum miliaceum L.
(black-seeded biotype)
Ambrosia spp.
Barbarea spp.
Sonchus spp.
Euphorbia cyparissias L.
Euphorbia esula L. (complex)
Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scopoli
Carduus spp.
Salsola pestifer Aven Nelson
Onopordum acanthium L.
Lathyrus tuberosus L.
http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/regs/english/elaws_regs_901096_e.htm
33
DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR BIODIVERSE GREEN ROOFS
Source: Butterflies of Toronto: A Guide to their Remarkable World. City of Toronto Biodiversity Series. City of Toronto, 2011.
Common Name
Scientific Name
speckled alder
hog peanut
pearly everlasting
bluestem
Alnus incana
Amphicarpaea bracteata
Anaphalis margaritacea
Andropogon spp.
dill
burdock
Dutchmans pipe
milkweed
birch
thistle
sedge
Ceanothus americanus
Celtis occidentalis
Chelone spp.
Cornus spp.
Coronilla varia
Crataegus spp.
Daucus carota
Desmodium spp.
Foeniculum vulgare
Baltimore Checkerspot
Spring Azure, Summer Azure
Wild Indigo Duskywing
Striped Hairstreak, White Admiral/Red-spotted
Purple
Black Swallowtail
Northern Cloudywing, Eastern Tailed-Blue
Black Swallowtail
35
timothy
ninebark
English plantain
native pine
bluegrass
native poplar
Gerardia spp.
Helianthus spp.
Linaria vulgaris
Lupinus perennis
Malus spp.
Medicago sativa
Melilotus spp.
Panicum spp.
Petroselinum crispum
Phleum pratense
Physocarpus opulifolius
Plantago lanceolata
Pinus spp.
cherry/plum
Prunus spp.
hoptree
oak
black locust
curled dock
sheep sorrel
Ptelea trifoliata
Quercus spp.
Robinia pseudoacacia
Rumex crispus
Rumex acetosella
sassafras
wild mustard
aster
clover
elm
nettle
Sassafras albidum
Sinapis arvensis spp.
Symphyotrichum spp.
Trifolium spp.
Ulmus spp.
Urtica spp., Laportea spp.
viburnum
vetch
violet
Viburnum spp.
Vicia spp.
Viola spp.
pansy
prickly ash
Viola wittrockiana
Zanthoxylum americanum
gerardia
wild sunflower
butter-and-eggs
wild lupine
apple
alfalfa
sweet-clover
panic grass
parsley
36
rue
willow
Poa pratensis
Populus spp.
Ruta graveolens
Salix spp.
Common Buckeye
Silvery Checkerspot
Common Buckeye
Wild Indigo Duskywing, Karner Blue
White Admiral/Red-spotted Purple
Clouded Sulphur, Orange Sulphur, Eastern Tailed-Blue
Orange Sulphur, Summer Azure, Silvery Blue
Black Swallowtail
European Skipper, Long Dash
Spring Azure, Summer Azure
Common Buckeye
Eastern Pine Elfin
Giant Swallowtail
Silver-spotted Skipper
American Copper, Bronze Copper
American Copper
Spicebush Swallowtail
Mustard White
Pearl Crescent, Northern Crescent
Clouded Sulphur, Eastern Tailed-Blue
Mourning Cloak, Question Mark, Eastern Comma
Red Admiral, Milberts Tortoiseshell, Question Mark, Eastern
Comma
DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR BIODIVERSE GREEN ROOFS
Nectar Plants
SPRING FLOWERING (March early June)
Common Name
serviceberry
dogwood
hawthorn
fleabane
wild strawberry
dames rocket
apple
ninebark
buttercup
blackberry/raspberry
elderberry
cup plant
lilac
dandelion
coltsfoot
thyme
viburnum
violet
Scientific Name
Amelanchier spp.
Cornus spp.
Crataegus spp.
Erigeron spp.
Fragaria virginiana
Hesperis matronalis
Malus spp.
Physocarpus opulifolius
Ranunculus spp.
Rubus spp.
Sambucus spp.
Silphium perfoliatum
Syringa spp.
Taraxacum officinale
Tussilago farfara
Thymus spp.
Viburnum spp.
Viola spp.
chives
dogbane
milkweed
butterfly bush
virgins bower
coreopsis
purple coneflower
Joe-Pye weed
heliotrope
lantana
blazing star
purple loosestrife
alfalfa
sweet-clover
mint
bee-balm
wild bergamot
catnip
phlox
cinquefoil
buttercup
prairie coneflower
staghorn sumac
black-eyed Susan
tall coneflower
Scientific Name
Allium schoenoprasum
Apocynum spp.
Asclepias spp.
Buddleja davidii
Clematis virginiana
Coreopsis spp.
Echinacea spp.
Eupatorium purpureum
Heliotropium spp.
Lantana spp.
Liatris spp.
Lythrum salicana
Medicago sativa
Melilotus spp.
Mentha spp.
Monarda didyma
Monarda fistulosa
Nepeta cataria
Phlox spp.
Potentilla spp.
Ranunculus spp.
Ratibida spp.
Rhus typhina
Rudbeckia hirta
Rudbeckia laciniata
brown-eyed coneflower Rudbeckia triloba
rue
Ruta graveolens
salvia
Salvia spp.
scabiosa
Scabiosa spp.
clover
Trifolium spp.
heliotrope
Valeriana officinalis
vervain
Verbena spp.
ironweed
Vernonia spp.
zinnia
Zinnia spp.
Scientific Name
Centaurea maculosa
Eupatorium perfoliatum
Sedum spectabile
Solidago spp.
Symphyotrichum spp.
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