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Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
welding
e
I
the Worldflx
( J Pergamon
rg
Pnntcd
Soudagc dan, Ie
W43-22U(95)OOM-8
by
B) S
Yunoka(Japan)>
1. Introduction
contmuous hot
[2)
2. TMCP steels
? I &dquo;
u of T41CP
f
was
stnp mill
the
TMCP (the rmo- mechanical control process) is a combined technology of CR and AcC This technology was first mtroduced on
an mdustna) scale to manufacture steel plates m 1980 m Japan
TMCP makes it possible to concurrently control not only the
coohng rate but also the start and halt temperatures of water cool109 It thus can control the compostnonal ratto of the transfonnation products such as femte, pearhte, baintte and martensite at a
desired level and produce steel plates with the preferable balance
of strength and toughness Because of its capabihty of producmg
steels with a flexible selecuon of steel mechamcal properties,
TMCP has been able to manufacture steel sheets, shape steels and
statnless steels other than the plates
2 2 Plate
_,
,. 490 ..,
..byy
Plates of
MPa tensile. strength (TS) grades are produced
TMCP of an AAcC
<- type, white some of TS590 MPa plates are produced by this process TS490 MPa grade plates metallurgically
consist of femte-bamrte or femte-pearlite which are strengthened by the lower temperature transformation and higher contents
matnx due to
of
carbon in a
cooling
can
be reduced in TMCP steels by an
elements
Therefore. Y
alloy
amount correspondmg to the strength mcrement due to TMCP As
shown 10 Fig 2, the carbon equivalent can be reduced in TMCP
.
fromthat
that of
of normalized
nonnahzedsteels
steels 10
steels by 0 04 to 00
08% from
in the
the same
same
solute
.(
femte
p #
the accelerated
t)&dquo; 1/jfflifl)$)?
I sows h t the
h e cdasstficauon
I a1 Ii IcatIon of
hot rolling
Figure)shows
Figure
of hot
rolhng processes for steelI
in
term-,
terms
of
of
the
thermal
CR
(controlled
plates in
thermal history
hi<tory CR (controlled
rolhng)
rolling) was
used m the 1970s mamly to manufacture plates for line pipes inn
the CR process, hot rolhng
is performed exclusively
rolling is
exclusively atat the austenite non-recrystalltzatton temperatures immediately above the
Z?
th bygrade
0 4 rade t[3]o [3]
strength
This
3(
conditionsinin steel
steel construction
welding condinons
weldmg
construcuon
bium
mostly used
It has been well known that the coohng rate dunng transformation
governs the metallurgical microstructures of the transformed
steels This concept was first realtzed m a RQ (reheat quenching)
process m 1935 [I]J Then, RQT (reheat quenchmg and tempenng)
was tntroduced, enabhng us to manufacture highly tough highstrength steels In 1962, accelerated coohng on run-on tables m a
The metallurgtcal
metallurgical structures of TMCP steels are hIghly
highly refined as
wnh e
those of convent.onat
conventional steets.
m F.g
steels as shown .n
Fig 3
P &dquo;&dquo;
compared
This results ina significant improvement in the base metal toughness For example, a Charpy fracture appearance transition temto -100C 10 TS490 MPa TMCP teels
offshore structures This is an improvement of 60 C in
vT&dquo; from normalized steels of the same strength level Steels for
low temperature use such as LPG storage tanks need an arrest
capability to prevent bnttle fracture from propaganng into a base
steel As shown m the ESSO tests results of JIS SLA360 (RQT)
and niobium beanng TMCP (CR-AcC) steels for LPG storage
tanks in Fig4 [4], TMCP steels dtsplay considerable improvements in fracture arrest capability This presumabiy results from
the refined grams transfonned from elongated
in
hot rolhng m the austemte non-recrystathzatton temperatures
use in
Line-pIpe steels definitely demand reduction in their carbon content mainly for the avoidance of stress corrosion cracking at the
HAZ dunng operation In this respect, the use of TMCP is essenual for the production of hne-pipe steels. Moreover, HIC (hydro-
gen induced
crackmg)
stress corrosion
376
RO
[A
A&dquo;B&dquo; A&dquo;B3(
i
O
m
:;
<.J j1)
Arl
A
CR AcC
8.E
A9./3 ::
(D
1B1
1 3 r,
Ar-;s:
Ar
AI
Arl
Ar
------- Ac,
Arl
RC)-T
(Normalmed)
Ar3
1
Reheat
Quenched
Temper
/ed
CR-DLO
CR-DO
Al Art T T
Ar5 3
r3,;
,
----
Aci
Ar,·
.-:
DLO-T
DO-T
CR CR-AcC
, - Tempered
QuenchedI
Controled
Cooled
Rolled (CR-Accelerated/Direct
Fig
to
100mm
TS
550 -
TMCP
500 -
N( Norm )
450 TMCP
YS
400 -400
35 350
are
case is
direct
quenchmg (DQ) Compared with the conventional reheat quenchIng (RQ), the mechanical properties of CR-DQ steels are
improved even though the cooling rate m quenchmg is the same
600 f
(Lameller ,
Quenched
rolling processes
elements
Plate Thick 50
A j
____Ac
Aci
----
Arl-LlfB
:.
,
CR
Ac,
AR
1B1
Arl
CR
2u,
Ar3
(As Rolled)
CL
--- -- AC3
AC3
-Ac3
AC3
Ar r 3
-.-
Ar3
-
N(
N(Norm
N(Norm)
Norm )
.. a aZ 300 -
TMCP makes
!
>
250 -
.32
36
I
40
I,
I.
44
CE=C+Mn/6+(Cr+Mo+V)/5+(NI +Cu)/15
c
n equivalent
an
between carbon
equ<va eni and
&dquo;
and
conventional steels [81
Fig 2 Relation
stee strength
steel
strengt oof TMCP
cracking
occurs In
oil The
wet
H2S
Microstructures
line-pipe
environments
consist
martensite mixed
of a
phase
phases
strength [6]
t
;
.
[8]
,
-
378
2 l Sramless steel
Cr+Mo+V
Mn
CE
CE
AUlemtlc stainless steel,, are subjected to the carbides solid olution heat treatment for improvement of their corroson resistance
treatment reduces
steel
strength
=C+=C+
6
500 -
Ni+Cu
+
+----
+ 15
_
-
and
-
uon
products
is not
expected
However, controlled
rolhng
at
o 400
25
Shape
steel
steels
Shape
CE
0
-
as
mstance,
0 38
C)
CE = 0 33 0
sb
*
CE=036
t
&dquo;
&hor64
bar;―
.*――――-**
CE=0.37
*8
C E= 13
E300300-B
o
0
- - -43--e_
-S―o**- 8 - - _- CE=0
-B
the
non-recrystalhzlOg temperatures facilitates grain refinement causing steel strengthening Moreover, accelerated coohng retards
CI
carbide precipitation so that a soltd soluuon treatment can be
omitted for TMCP au stem tic
CE
_
cW
30
__ ***%*
CE = 0.28
200 -
,
_
-
I,
10 I 30 I 50 I I
100
130
I!
Bead Length
Length (mm)
(mm)
Fig6 Relation between bead length and EtAZ maximum hardness 171
:
,
i
.
Rails,
of pearhte microstructures with a eutectoid carbon content of 0 8% Pearlite is charactenzed by the htgh
abrasion resistance needed on the heads of rails Controlled cooltng is required after hot rolhng 10 order to obtain the full pearhttc
structures with fine lamellar spaces In fact. rapid coohng results
in martensite formation and. conversety. slow coohng forms
coarsened pearhnc structures On-hne controlled coohng which
utlhzes the latent heat of hot rolling has been developed for rail
production [15] High temperatures from the latent heat can be
obtained before coohng unltke reheat-and-coohng m conventional hot rolltng The employment of on-lme cooling results 10 rail
heads with deeply hardened portions So far, the improvement of
the resistance agamst abrasion and fatigue has been a pnmary
concern for rail manufacturers But toughness improvement has
been attempted, especially for rails for cold countnes. through
controlled rolltng in the lower limit temperatures of an austenne
10
general,
consist
region [16]
3. HAZ
was
arc
,I
j
I
,
1. tZ
3 ).
HAZ hardenublrr_v
hardenabiliv
3.1 1Limitation
of HAZ hardness
longer than
50
mm were not
permitted
in
ship-
379
&dquo;
1 S0 Mn
i
014C-045m150Mn
Nb f V
ree
Lab -melt Steel
.no
600
-
0 -
HM)
- M( tM HM)
―――-.
0
0
W.=--....
Hv=HB2 HM 2 20 HBerctanxl
2
log 2
HV=---8rctBnIX)
X-4
I =Q4, c-
500 -
7
x>
HB)
We)
-09-
B.
10 -
-t0-
12 .
5 10o
1,
Ot1
022
-6
-68
u
0
I
I
oa4
033
-6
77
100 &dquo;, i
10 o
o
06 ,..-O6-
-9
-
04 -
.=
!BB(ts
8(tB
Measured
Measure
A516 Gr 70 olate
te
II
::
10
D-
11
L.
BB
- 06- !
-
tM - 2
tAA
oo tB - oe tM
400
4UU -300 300
t. , -
B9
-02-{B
- -i
2-
05
(%)
50
too
Fig
50o
on
Fig
7 HAZ hardness
change
with respect
log t, =4 60 CEI
Si
CEI = CP +-
Mn
+
24
Cu
+
to
- 2 08
Cr(1 -0 16ICr)
Ni
+
155
(1)
-+ +
+
122
Mo
-
+AH
(2)
cp=
C (C
0 3),
Cp
C6
0 25 (C
>
0 3%)
Equation (2) is the carbon equivalent descnbmg the HAZ hardenabihty. where 0I! is the hardenablhty increment due to boron and
steel cleanliness Boron significantly influences AH at a very low
content It is reported that the boron effect is more significant m
lower nitrogen steels [ 19] TMCP steels include, in general,
reduced nitrogen for their HAZ toughness improvements There
are some high strength steels which effectively uttlize boron to
increase their strength together with the HAZ toughness improvement
Hardenable elements
hardenability
are
reduced
mcrement
in
by
i
TMCP steels are improved in their base metal properties as well
as in their weldability This improvement is attnbuted to the
development of not only the process technology to control hot
rolling and cooltng but also the steel making technology controlhng micro-alloy elements precisely Therefore, TMCP steels are
generally very pure and clean It was reported that clean steels
and especially low sulphur steels harden in their HAZs more than
conventional steels [20-23] This is based not on expenments but
on expenence Recently, the effect of steel cleanlmess on HAZ
hardnesses was tnvesttgated using laboratory-melt steels with
varying sulphur and oxygen contents [24]. Figure 8 shows the
experimental results indicating that the effect of steel cleanlmess
is obviously recogmzed in steels without niobium and vanadium
but not in niobium beanng steels at a steel cleanlmess of 0 lo. It
should be noted that 0.19o steel cleanhness means intolerably
duty for structural use The effect of steel cleanliness on the HAZ
hardenabihty (Afr7 is considered neglIgIbly small for the normal
structural steels, as long as oxygen is less than 50 ppm, and sulphur is less than 0 02%
Some inclusions act as femte nucleation sites dunng coohng after
welding and reduce HAZ hardenability. Specifically, a MnS
inclusion plays an important role in the femte nucleatton, MnS
tends to precipitate on an existing inclusion and manganese
A prease formula to estimate HAZ maximum hardnesses is needed when determining the weldmg conditions to sausfy hardness
hrmtauon requirements or when designing the cherrncal compostnons of a steel to be welded under the hardness hmitation. Many
formulas have been proposed [26-31 ] The author considers that
a formula [ 18] denved under the detailed investigation of HAZ
hardenability is the most reltable for a wide vanety of femuc
steels Furthermore, this formula can be extended to estimate
HAZ hardness after PWHT [32, 33] and weld metal HAZ hardness
[34]
3 13 Hardness
Resistance spot
welding
As
TSS
= A d&dquo;
CTS
where A and B
When
d (nugget size)
t6
[35]
t d. [36]
(3)
(4)
are constants
nugget of the appropnate size with respect to sheet thickformed, rupture m tensile shear tests always occurs outside the nugget and TSS predicted from Eq (3) is constantly
achieved. This rupture mode is called &dquo;plug failure&dquo; In the cruofonn tensile testing. CTS predicted from Eq. (4) is also obtained
when plug failure takes place However, rupture often occurs
inside a nugget. CTS is, m this case, much lower than that prea
ness is
380
Si
Mn
C+ - + -+?P+.lS?0_r
30
(5)1
20
500 -
HAZ around the nugget fully martenstuc. whose hardness is determmed by the carbon content alone
However. Eq (5) includes elements other than carbon This
implies that the transition of nugget rupture mode is mfluenced m
a complex manner not
only by the weld hardness but also by the
HAZ width (determined by HAZ hardenability) and hardness distnbution [42, 43] Figure 9 shows the hardness distnbution of
spot welds of vanous types of steels [42. 43]
c-rQ
II
Low C-Cu
(873Kxx 60s)
1
,
200 -
A-.-A- *1 -―r-i-)N*D<..
XL
Low C-Cu
(873Kx 60s)
Or-t
0*0―0
100 -
_ developed
ply
one
B1i
I
:
I
:!
Medium C-Mn
1)
(
300 -
III
developed by
<
Mold steel!
T
This
/
B_ r
1r _Medmm C-Mn
&dquo;*
400 -
precIpitated
3&
A copper
13,
Nugget +
I
044
022
Base Metal
Base
HAZ
Nugget
..
II
044
02
066
088
10
12
type of
,
Fig 9 Hardness astnbunon In resistance spot welds [42..w1
very low carbon and is superb m spot weldability This copper beanng steel is strengthened after press forming and weldmg
by means of a copper precipitation hardenmg heat treatment of
600C x 60 s or thereabouts Mamly because of the umfonn hardness dtstnbuuon of a weld of this steel as shown m Fig 9 [44],
tams
CTS
is
substantially improved
t39kj/mm
200 -
32 HAZ softening
Heat Irput
CEnw= 033
o
180 -
>
<
<
:I:
The
high heat mput encountered m submerged arc welding. electro-slag weldmg and flush-butt weldmg may soften HAZs of
TMCP steels which are strengthened by accelerated coolmg, as
shown in Fig 10 [45] Flush-butt weldmg is employed to shop
weld rails In a recently developed high strength rail whose head
is strengthened by controlled cooling. HAZ softening takes place
by flush-butt welding This softening can be recovered to some
extent by air forced cooltng immediately after welding Flushbutt welding and DC (direct current) contact weldmg are also employed to produce wheel nms for automobtles The butt-weldedd
wheel nms are cold-formed, the cold fonnablhty is affected by
the weld hardness distnbution, especially by the width of softened HAZ [46] High strength hot rolled steel sheets of a dual
phase type are also manufactured by one type of TMCP for use m
automobile strength members This steel softens m its HAZ even
m spot weldmg featured by rapid cooltng and the weld joint
t6o -
<!.
140 -
CD
.<a&
&y―<y
120 - :7al -+
Metal
HAZ
P
y
-!t HAZ --:t:1
OD <
Weld Metal
20
10
10
,I
10
Base
Metal
10
20
Fig
10 Hardness distribution of
high
1451
The SR research group conducted tensile tests on mde plates
with softened HAZs as wide as the plate thickness The results
revealed that the reduction of the tensile strength due to HAZ
softemng is not recognized because of a mde plate constraint
effect The mde plate tests more successively represent fracture
in the actual steel construction than small size tensile tests It
was thus concluded that HAZ softening is not detnmental m the
welded structures of TMCP steels [45]
and the softened HAZ width was not more than the plate thickness under the weld heat inputs from 14 kJ/mm (submerged arc
welding with three electrodes in tandem) to 61 kJ/tnm (electro-
strength is higher than that of a base metal [47]. In order to mvesugate the effect of weld overmatching, a fimte element analysis
slag welding).
was
conducted
to
---
381J
500 -
(0
-- Test to:>
M-3Smmth!et
- 20
T5 !IOOMPo Gr-
50
In the case of butt joints CTOD was 0 3 mm under the undermatch joints with a degree of overmatching (yeld strength of
weld metal/that of base metal ) of 0 90, white CTOD was 0 15
mm under the overmatch joints with a degree of overmatching of
I 2 This means that overmatching is preferable However. the
analysis of T-omts with higher inherent restraint than butt Jomts
revealed that CTOD is 0 3 mm irrespective of the degree of overmatchmg Furthermore it is reponed that CTOD is not affectedd
by the degree of overmatching at all but governed by HAZ toughness m the case of bnttle fracture without any plastic deformation
1491 Although the effect of the degree of overmatchmg seems to
be not significant some degree of overmatchmg is desmed especially In butt joints
high input
high
Ftgure.-....
shows resutts ofsoftening
)nput weids TMCP
tmplyng
fangue
so hardly .-,
Ftgure
stee
steels,
presumably
strength
.......r
because of oe prectpUauon hardentng dunng coolmg after htgh
The
susceptibility to cold crackmg, one type of hydrogen crackmg, was investigated using B-groove self restraint cracking tests
for the TMCP steels and the normalized steels of TS490 MPa
grades This testing provides the critical preheat temperature, that
is the minimum preheat temperature necessary to prevent cold
cracking, as a parameter of cold cracking susceptibility of a steel
The critical preheat temperatures found m the tests are plotted
agamst CE,j, (an IIW type of carbon equivalent) in Fig 12 [51]
The result reveals that the necessary preheat temperature for
TMCP steels is lower by approximately 100C than that for nor-
Symbol
SYmbol
Cornent
TMCP
500 -
2 400 --
B
BXQ
: 400 -
,i3000 --
Weld
Weid
Plste
Plate
Jomt Thick(mm)
Butt
25
Butt
20
Fillet
z5
I!200200 --
I.
I...Ii
IDs
o
-o
....
30
, .
35
I..,.I
..
..
45
cE ac+,i6+(cr+eno+v)i5+(N+Cu)/15
Fig 12
cold crack-
equnalent [51]
of the carbon
on
r
of the reduction
r
.....
malmed
steels enttrely because
In the
the TMCP
steelsThe
TheSR)93
TMCP
steets
SR193 researchgroup
group examequ)va)entm
equivalent
f....
,ned
of weld
......
the effect,.
,, metal..rf.
dtffustble hydrogen and plate thickcold cracking in one-passhonzontal fillet welds Thee
FIg 13 [17] Cold cracks
one-pass fillet
results are shown in Fig 13 [17] Cold cracks m one-pass fillet
e
the condition
w,eldmg were not initiated
ness on
results
are
hydrogen
hydrogen
shown
under
of diffusible
mt/tOOg
high
htgh as
as 2525mU100
g (bygtycennedtsptaceglycenne dtsplacement method), provided
ent
provtded CE&dquo;W
CE.w and
and the
the p)ate
plate thickness
thickness are not
higher
0 36% and
this
and 25 mm,
mm, respectively
higher than 036%
respecttvely OnOnthethebasis ofbasis ofthis
,.the use ofr......
a high hydrogen electrode was approved
j providj
result,
ed thee CEil&dquo; of a stee
e
osteel IS not higher than 0 36k ThIs high hydro.
rate
electrode
features
a
and
gen
high deposition
provides prefercontents as
as
...
30 30
0
0
S* 0
ng :Ao
6
25
r
.
,-.
&dquo;
0
20 ~CD 20
0
O Cf
0
g 15 - 36 <CECrack
<
o
0
C#
/A
O
e O
or
8
43
Crack
CE 36
10 io
CES 0 36 0
0
00
oo
<
t...
I
10
to,
i....ii
5 -
36<CE
I
I...
I,
43
I
10
A
A
20
metal
to
Creck
Crxk l/l/7T/tj/77p
0 . cA
No
―
CE S 38
36
10
to
Fig
――**―r-***
.
B,c 0v - - --r
to._-
i
10 o
10
25
.&dquo;,
:i
- 100
260 -
W
:f
01
100
300=
<)
-
o
&dquo;
ozo c 50
No
BM<<
.
-
co
150
No
Jg,,
. &dquo;O &dq0
uo;
...-
*
0
*O
cR
TMep(cx-M:)-
c
r:
Norm
f--Norm
5_10
TMCP Strb
r*
ja 350 -
able
3 33 Cold
3
Cold crocA:Mg
crackrng
3 3.1 Cold cracking
450... i 400- -
.
0
30
on
carbon
40
equivalent.
weld
182
125
3 3
rnder
,i
H&dquo;w = 5ml/100gDM
HI) =17kJ/
H
-) 7kJ/mm
,I
ys(WM)=400MPa
-
100-
E
1
m
vi
=f-
B B
yg-B B
BB
1B1
a
25 -
75
B
150ot 0
IOO,G
1oo*c
50D
5C 25
t
BB B
50 _
75C
125C
B
B
B
B
<
B.
-
- **-***
―**- ,
0
033
04
066
05
8
-
Mull/-pass
11 bl It.&dquo;
Table
Various types off carbon
Group
,.....ity
.. , of,steet
, weidability
equivalent
Formula
some methods reported to detennme the necessary preheat temperature for avoiding multi-pass weld metal
cracks [69-71] The following is one of these [71]
Tp (C)
0 524 oB
277
(6)
where 6B is the weld metal tensile strength (MPa) and Hoc is weld
metal diffusible hydrogen by gas chromatography (ml/100 g)>
This procedure does not consider the effect of weld metal height
(the total weld metal thickness) and this effect should be taken
into account as mentioned in the report [69]]
Ref
//
15
BB
Weld
14
CE<))w)-e-t--.C&dquo;K. c<-v 5
B
15
CE(WES)C+++N-+5r+M-+
Metsl
MeIel
166
cE(ston o)=c+L&dquo;e^-++i io o
H+ H+ .
pcw - C + hg..- + ;-u + L. + .r + hLo +-v59
PC
5e
17
g
&dquo;―c
H
18j
16
60
23
7
9
CE(Gr8YIII.)-c+Mn_+k+M2+Nb+Y
8
a
H A
Z
19
C 1* &dquo; C +k 25+V TO&dquo;IT+#++b+ic
W 20 40 6
15
Q
Figure
040 20 to 10
H H
TB/
B.
.
%
%
H
+
H
+
H
+
yB
y
H+ H+
).
16
CE (Scam 1 ) 1000C I d + ip + + ) 1g
C
Where A(C)
Base Metal
Il
076+0.25 ,eml20(C-0I2)1
383
4. HAZ
w.-
-.
1:;
-,Ok
UB _
1
46
..
GBF
4
lOne-pans
350 -
0
A
>
(t:>
29CEIIW
so
300-
I-
-o
r - ----ð
I
2M -
-_.--o
v-
co
smwa.a HAZ
- Temp
1623K(I350t:>
co
! 200 -
-60
-50
-iI
1.. 1.1
-Oar
eld HAZ
The microstructure of a HAZ vane-, depending on the steel chemical composition and the weld heat input and HAZ fracture
toughness chinges corresponding to the microstructural change
Figure 16 shows the dependence of Charpy fracture appearance
transition temperature (I T,,) on the weld cooling time for the
coarsened gram HAZs of one-pass welds in HAZ thermal simulation tests [72) In the small heat input welding and thereby the
short cooling time weldmg, the microstructures are of lower
bainitic (BL) and its toughness is sausfactonly high. Ie, IT&dquo; Is
very low HAZ toughness most degrades in the weld cooling
times (r,) between 10 and 30 s in the case of TS490 MPa grade
steels The microstructures consist of upper-bainite (B.) and
femte side plates (FSP) in these weldmg cooling times
. - B..
1
;,
y
10
.
I&dquo;
..
I. IIII
so
soo
100
soo>r
te -5 (4)
SP
V.
-
:.
GN
!.
-! .
=,
a
. ,11e
..
&dquo;
IPf
-
I
IPF
3h4
350
(C)
Q - 50
325 -
B,
300
300
U
0-
275
25
25
25
B0
EE
..
0
Q
0
j>
B.../
-00o
Q
0
E
---
250 8
- - 25
VI
Fig
0
0
225 -
- -50
200 -
..
Fig
and
CE
25
30
35
40
-75
C + M n/6 + ( Cu + N ) / 15 +( Cr + Mo +
transition
/5
temperature of HAZ
20
I
.
(75)]
Y 320 -
.= >
2cr-
100
Ct)
40
40
-
!: :. . T T I I - - N 8 ( 10 p m
-B
HAZ
Muln-pass weld HAl
MlI.ltl-pass
42
The microstructures of
0 Ti -N( 40 ppm S )
IAF
d
d
1400
zso - _
multi-pass
weld
180 I
160 -
-/
...&dquo;
160 -
140140 -=I
20
FSP
FSP
- - -20
14 50(*C)
I
180 -
-00
- GBF
coarsened HAZ of
1350
_
280 28
- 20
W 260 -
,,;>=--
....,-- -
.I
It
()
(*C)
- 40
-
<
,...
240 240
00
0
300 -
. > 300 -
-40
- 40
CN
(;8B
1
t
e
1
-60
00411141-60
-
LL
S)
(toD m
austenite
Ti -B
300 -
E CL
9
150
Q -O t
< <tm>
TI
200
is
130
5 130S
tg -
220 -
o 04
0 06
0 08
010
>
1! E
Ti-O
!:::. Ti-B
A
TI-8
...
jib- 20
20
0 Ti -N
0260 -
60
12
012
12
I-
Fig
,&dquo;&dquo;
,
,,
280 -
260.
-
-20
,
&dquo;
- -40
,,
240
m240 -
vlew-
m0 g 220 -
ti
LL
200
A-
--60
I
1673
1623
1723
1723
1673
1623
g
ture
at
HAZ on
385
(*Cat
bead3
hardenbiltyD
4
12 [ MA (%)j - 14
(7)
hardenabt!ny
600
50
_*&dquo;
800
&m
&dquo;Ic
-
Peak Temp
10
HT490
HT785
(1400t:)
r:1
0 5 -
8*T A
Q B
SJ
t
01
BA
B
fB
re
7;
1 st Cycle 1673K
at
tBA
A
B*9&dquo;B
B
f
fA
B
B―
0:
o0 05
0
0
1f
1 st Cycle
1000
1200
1400
1600
Fig
peak temperature
(K)
on cnti-
coarse-grain HAZ
I
(CGHAZ)
tJ
j
,J g y
,,.l
1400 (*C)
1200
1000
!!!I
0 01
,,,
Figure
dual
(FGHAZ)
bead
2
BBBy
BB
iS?
B
bead
intercritically reheat-
ed
IRCG)
BBBBBMS<
reheated
&dquo;-&dquo; &dquo;
subcritically
D
grain
t<v
I
<.-BBB
,<
?-vBY &dquo;
.v-.r.BB
coarse
<:Rrr
B.br<u
zone
396
,:
.
20 (*C)
II
0
-120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20
I I I I I I
,.,
;
If)
CR-AcC
-
Due to their fine size acicular femte (AF) can disperse carbon
concentrated zones dunng reheating to the dual phase region and
then the MA formation is diminished 187) The steels effectively
utilizing mclusions such as Ti-oxides provide satisfactorily
toughness with their mulu-pass welds because their HAZs mostly
consist of fine IAF
>
340 _
CR
AR
high
MA forms locally embnttled zones and they are the main cause
of the occasional occurrence of very low values dunng a number
of CTOD tests It was once indicated that the TMCP steels may
be susceptible to local embnttlement an their HAZs This controversy emerged presumably because TMCP was developed just
when CTOD testing, whtch facilitates the detection of local
embnttlement, was prevailing and CTOD tests were thus performed predommantly on TMCP steels In fact, TMCP can prectsely control the hardenability enhancing elements and the
decomposmon retardtng elements at a desired level, concurrently
considering the steel strength and toughness It is certam that the
of TMCP manufactures steels whose HAZ is
improved with respect to not only Charpy charactenstics but also critical
cnuca) CTODs
g
œ
320 -
300 -
K
+40K
{! .
280 -
260 -
.II
JI 220 - /
-0
-
i -1
1: 1
-20
-40
- -
-60
60
./
523K x 3600s
180 -
-80
(250C x 1hr)
- -100
-
1B
A
markedly
- 20
20
/ t
0/ A ./
employment
/O
/ O
O
240 -
ti
*I
III
// - 60
// 40
(40C) , /1 00 0
(40*C
Ea
MA200
5.
(t)
))))))I
t t t t
260
280
300
Ftg 24 Change
base metal
5.1Stram aging
g
5 3 PWHT characteristics
5 2 Flame
improved
base metal
healing characteristics
In steel fabncatton,
fabrication, steels are formed to a desired shape by the
use of local plastic deformation or thermal contraction caused by
hne or spot flame heating Microstructures at the locally heated
regions change dependtng on the heaung they are subjected to,
and thus their toughness and strength also vary The Japan
Shipbuilding Qualtty Standard stipulates 600C as the maximum
allowable heaung temperature for flame heating followed by
water coohng However, heaung up to 900*C may be permitted if
the heated portton is air cooled to 500*C and then water cooled
rehevmg
relieving
Ftgure 26
on
6. Weld metal
6.1.
The
welding
197
2h
2h
- J As Welded
tl 5501rx I
.
600t1Ix 2h (C)
-0
it―――K
1
250
.t.}
--40
___Sll._____________1
_ -60
lr----<>---------FL -80
:
-
O---lL
200
> 200 -
+2mm
--100
-100
-
6f 6000 ---
a>
220
165
550
B.
(566)
(5054)
200
-
r-――――――――
MM -!! M
873 K
823K x 7200s
TS
04
06
08
7200s
m
properties
* A***
YS
S-Mn-Mo-T-A8
S,-Mn-T,-B E
0 Q
100 -
100 -
0 0
<:x
-S
i
0 0
::
0
00
00 bOO
__
Cb
C
25
10
* &dquo;
50 -
012
017
027
032
021
transition
30
35
.40
45
CE = C+St/24+Mn/6+Mo/4
strength of Ti-B
at a
,,,,,,,
007
Figure
A ABo.-rPS-SD―
&dquo;
200 -
800 -
Ii) 400 -
--too
02
003
Fig
,S 600 -
&dquo;
Y――=<
.1C)
As We!ded
--60
(588) (598)
i
AI Content
v
B
N( Norm )
120mm
P
0 TMCP
500 ..
_-40
t80 -
LL
-
ma
0)
TS(MPa) /m
() T S (M Pa)
0
i550)
O
_
-o――_
44 6 6kJ/mm
kJ
5)
(545)
240240
-
9
<11
#
co
-<r――-
637)637)--20
-20
S
c
_
-
(t)
l4Mn- i6Mo-Ti-B
14Mn-16Mo-T!-8
20
O---
260 -
weld metal
on its
A root weld
ably diluted
pipeline gtrth welding with V-grooves is considerby base metal because of the strong arc penetration
of root welding even though weld heat mput is low Since the
HAZ hardness lirrutauon is stnngent m the pipe girth weldmg, as
already descnbed, a carbon content is usually reduced m hne-pipe
steels through TMCP It is known that high carbon weld metals
m
388
Solidification
are
increase,
cracking
Therefore,
is more
a root
likely
weld
as
the
weldmg velocity
in
Vol 55 No 2
Vol 55 No 7
Yamaguchi
1. ;
8 Matuszaki. Saito,
..
j/
(in Japanese)
9 Takechi
Shiga CAMP,
No 9, pp 1244-1255 1982
(in Japanese)
10 Ikenaga. Taklta,
Japanese)
12
Tsukaya. Kamel,
2mm
Fig
28 Solidification crack
In
pipe
girth
root
13 Yamamoto.
p 1732, 1989 (in
Kobayashi,
Japanese)
steel 1961
14 Ida, Takeshima
1988 (in
However, there
weld metal
Vol I No 5, p 1509
7. Conclusion
Fujimoto CAMP,
Japanese)
are some
toughness
problems
of TMCP steels
73. No
9.
(in Japanese)
18 N Yunoka, M Okumura, T
No 4, pp 217R-223R, 1987
19 N Yunoka Advances
In
Kasuya
AWS-JWS-JWES, 1990
Acknowledgements
20 N Smith, B I
pp 17-23, 1969
Vol
I, No 2,
22 D McKeown, P Judson, R
No II, pp 667-673, 1983
References
L Apps
Jpn.
389
ChIJI1BB.J
CAMP Vol I No 3
.l8 S Machida Y
Hagmara
p 776
Ppelme Weldmg
Japane,,e)
51
Weldmg Metallurgy
Japanese)
of TMCP Steels.
Vol 3 No 10,
Koba_vashi Symp
on
30 Suzuki Quarterlv J
Jpn
4, pp 89s-94s. 1976
31 Terasaki Nomura, Kitada Quarterh J Jpn Weld Soc , Vol
6, No I, pp )39-)43. )988()n Japanese)
33 Yunoka. Okumura J
1990 (tn Japanese)
Jpn
58
&dquo;
IX-970-76
59 S Matsui.
M InagakJ IIW Doc
36
36 Nakata.
Nakata. SSaji, Fukuda,
r
JWS Reststance
Resistance
Welding
Fukuda, Satto
Weldtng
Research, RWS-54D-82. 1982 (in Japanese)
37 Nishi, Saito. Yamada, Takahashi Settetsu Ketzku, No 307
Japanese)
55 Ito, Bessho J
1968 (tn Japanese)
40 J W Michell
Svmp
on
Welding Research
RW-
Japanese)
Tetsu-to-Hagane, Vol 68, No 9,
Weldmg
Vol 2, p 759,
Taktta, M.zu,.
Mtztn, iCsh.da
Ktshtda C
CAMP, Vol
759, 1989
Ikenaga. Takita,
Ikenaga,
(in Japanese)
45
pp
Yapma Symp
on
46 Shtnozakr 128th
Nishiya
Denys Proc
Performance
in
pp 1013-1027, 1989
60 V PaBaskar J SS
60 V P yskar J
Vol
38, No
Scand JJ MfM//.
Metall , Vol I 11,
1,
Kirkaldy
Kirkaldy Scand
on
Weldmg
Appendix XI,
and
1990
68 J
&dquo;
Granjon
Defoumy
Kasuya
50,
3,
Soc , Vol
No
Jpn Weld
71 N Okuda, Y Ogata, Y
pp 141-147s, 1987
Nishiyama- Weld. J ,
Vol 66, No 5,
72. Tanaka
Intl Conf on Evaluation of Materials
Severe Environments, ISIJ, Kobe,
10.
PP -56--6-. 1982
67 H J
1975
110. Bessho
pp 1 l34-I 144
JISI,
390
Jprr
Hc/J Snc
.4/t<af<w)fM
on
8.pp
9-1-101
and
I 1 2. pp 63-68. 1986 (m
Japanese)
78 Chou Krm JWS Annual
Japanese)
91 Tanaka. Ohmsh) CAMP Vol 3. No 6, p 1972, 1990 (in
83 Haze Sertetsu
No 326,
in
pp 36-44, 1987(in
Jpn
QuarterhJ Jpn
Japanese)
on
Japanese)
Japanese)
:
t