Works Cited:

Air Pollution: History. N.p.: Georgia Institute of Technology, n.d. Web. 19

Feb. 2016.
This webpage has information on many different events, inventions, or
regulations in history that are related to air pollution. I used this website
as a starting point and used some of its topics for further research. I used
its information on air pollution in ancient empires (Greece and Rome) as
well as some of this pages graphics, including graphs and pictures on the
London Fog Incident. This source also led me to consider researching
natural, or non-man made, causes of air pollution.
Casper, Julie. Fossil Fuels and Pollution: The Future of Air Quality. New
York: Facts on File, Inc., Jan. 2010. Print.
I incorporated this books information on the emissions of fossil fuels
during the Industrial Revolution and also its effects in the form of the
Great London Smog of 1952 in my project. I also used information about
different processes of fossil fuel combustion, specifically coal and its role
in Chinas economy and its effects. This book was also a key resource
because of the large amounts of background information it has on the
topics I have included in my essay.
Christian, David, Cynthia Brown, and Craig Benjamin. Big History:
Between Nothing and Everything. 1st ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill
Education, 9 Aug. 2013. Print.
I used the Big History textbook to learn about the formation of heavier
chemical elements, which play a very important role in the chemical
makeup of the air pollutants. I also used this book to get an idea of the
different disciplines and thresholds that are involved in the complete
history of anything.
Coates, Peter. Environmental History Resources. eh-resources.org.
Environmental History Resources, 2016. Web. 4 Mar. 2016.)
I used this websites information on the London Smog event of 1952,
incorporating the statistics and comparisons from the site into my essay.
Cyanobacteria (Blue Green Algae) Microscopic View.
http://www.bioquicknews.com/node/3320
A microscopic image of cyanobacteria referenced in the first body
paragraph.
Evolution Of The Atmosphere: Composition, Structure And Energy.
globalchange.umich.edu. University of Michigan, n.d. Web. 21 Feb.
2016.

This source details the consequences of the Oxygen Holocaust on the

early earths atmospheres chemical makeup. I have used much of its
information to incorporate the fields of biology and chemistry into my
topic. I used this sources information to emphasize photosynthesiss
lasting impact on earths atmosphere.
Feinstein, Stephen. Solving the Air Pollution Problem: What You Can Do.
United States: Enslow Publishers, 2011. Print. 6 Mar. 2016.
This book was a very important resource, providing detailed information
about the smog disaster in Donora, Pennsylvania, and an explanation
behind the topographical reasons behind the disaster. This then led me to
investigate further the effect of earths natural features on the movement
of air pollution. Additionally, this book also had a timeline of Clean Air
Acts, which helped me find one of my key points: although smog disasters
resulted in thousands of deaths, they also resulted in heightened
awareness about the threats of air pollution. Also, I used this books
information on earths atmosphere today, and the impact coal has on it.
Hadean Era. peripatus.gen.nz. 6 Sept. 2013. Web. 19 Feb. 2016.
I used information from this article on the atmospheric makeup of earth
during the Hadean era, and the effect of the chemical makeup of the
atmosphere on the climate of earth.
The Health Effects of Air Pollution. chp.gov.hk. Aug. 2014. Web. 19 Mar.
2016.
This site was a key resource for information on the hazardous health
effects air pollution has on humans. The site provided interesting graphics
that increased my understanding of the chemical effects of contaminants.
Specifically, I used information on the source and health impacts of carbon
monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter.
History of Fossil Fuel Usage Since the Industrial Revolution. www.mhiglobal.com. n.d. Web. 4 Mar. 2016
This site provided the reasoning behind the use of coal, especially during
the Industrial Revolution.
Johnson, Sheila. The Effect of Meteorites on the Earths Ecosystems.
science.opposingviewpoints.com. n.d. Web. 7 Mar. 2016.
This site explains the impact meteorite collisions with earth have on the
atmosphere and climate of the planet, and also the effect this has on life.
Kazlev, Alan. Palaeos Hadean: The Hadean Eon. palaeos.com. 22 Feb.
1999. Web. 19 Feb. 2016.

I used a quote from this site to emphasize the toxic nature of the
atmosphere of the Hadean era and to demonstrate that air pollution does
not have to be man-made in order to be hazardous to life.
Krakatoa. sciencedaily.com. ScienceDaily, n.d. Web. 3 Mar. 2016.
This article provided some basic information about the eruption of the
Krakatoa volcano, and also detailed facts about the amount of dust
released and the resulting global climate changes.
Krakatoa Volcano. http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/describe-1883-eruptionkrakatau
Image of Krakatora volcano referenced in the second body paragraph.
London Smog event. http://www.aerosols.eas.gatech.edu/EAS%20Air
%20Pollution%20Phys%20Chem/Intro1%20AP%20History.pdf
An image of the London Smog event referenced in the third body
paragraph.
Mini-Thresholds of Life. Perf. David Christian. The Big History Project, 2014.
Video on Website.
This video on the big history website provided an account of early life on
earth, including information about the Oxygen Holocaust. David Christian
speaks about the impact that the change in earths atmosphere had on
the organisms way of life. I used this source for basic information on the
effect photosynthesis had on the earths atmosphere and a different
perspective on what air pollution is for various creatures.
PM relative sizes. http://www.tceq.texas.gov/publications/pd/020/2013NaturalOutlook/pm2.5-standards-may-be-set-lower-thanscientifically-justifiable
An image of the size of particulate matter compared to other objects that
is referenced in the last body paragraph.
Redd, Nola. Venus Atmosphere: Composition, Climate and Weather.
space.com. Purch, 16 Nov. 2012. Web. 7 Mar. 2016.
I used the website for information on the chemical makeup of Venuss
atmosphere, its source, and how it affects the climate of the planet.
Sadava, David. Principles of Life. By David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, and
Mary V. Price. Sinauer Associates, 2012. 2-4. Print.

Chapter 1 lesson 1 in the Principles of Life textbook provided information

about the cause of the Oxygen Holocaust. Then, I also used chapter 18
lesson 3s facts about oxygens impact on other mass extinctions during
the various time periods of early earth. This source also led me to
consider other biology-related aspects of air pollution.
Simon, Stacey. World Health Organization: Outdoor Air Pollution Causes
Cancer. cancer.org. American Cancer Society, 17 Oct. 2013. Web. 7
Mar. 2016.
This website provided some background information on the carcinogenic
effect of pollutants, and also quotes from experts about the topic. It also
had showed some correlations between cancer and air pollution.
Stromberg, Joseph. Air Pollution Has Been a Problem Since the Days of
Ancient Rome. Smithsonian Magazine Feb. 2013: n.pag. Web. 21
Feb. 2016.
This magazine article is about proof of man made air pollution from the
times of Ancient Rome. I used its information about increases in methane
concentration to demonstrate the effect of humans on the earths air
quality.
Thompson, Andrea. Big Blasts: Historys 10 Most Destructive Volcanoes.
livescience.com. Live Science, 24 Oct. 2011. Web. 7 Mar. 2016.
This site led me to research the atmospheric effect of volcano eruptions. It
led me to research the volcanic eruption of Krakatoa further, and I directly
used its information about the eruption and effects of Mount Pinatubo.
Works Consulted:
Pollution. ncar.ucar.edu. n.d. Web. 7 Mar. 2016.
Appendix:

Figure 1: microscopic view of cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria).

Figure 2: Krakatoa after eruption (Krakatoa Volcano).

Figure 3: the Great London Smog of 1952 (London Smog event).

Figure 4: PM 10/2.5 relative sizes (PM relative sizes).