THE

PARADISE & HELL

FOR TRIADS

STUDENT NAME: LUK TZU WEI, BRYAN

WORD COUNT: 3568 (WITHOUT FOOTNOTE AND BIBLIOGRAPHY )
RESEARCH QUESTION: How the differences of anti-triads legislation and
political factor between Hong Kong and Singapore lead to different
results and outcomes in the war against triads' power.

Paradise & Hell For Triads 1

I.)
Introduction
Triads are the secret and unlawful criminal societies with systematic development and
cohesive organization structure that are rooted with Chinese criminal subculture.1
Hence they are often involved organized crime at local and international level, like
street crimes, drug and human trafficking etc,2 to maintain their power and influences.
Thus, the existence of triad societies, which is amongst the major organized crimes
organization in worldwide, often becomes the headache of governments in different
regions and nations.
Since the triads activities were harmful to the societies, the British Colonial
governments in Hong Kong and Singapore had introduced the same tactic to fight
against triads activities, which was the enactment of Societies Ordinances for Hong
Kong in 1845 & for Singapore in 1890. The law gives powers to the authorities to
suppress the illegal societies through arresting, banning and dissolving.3 However, the
ordinance in both places indeed was not as effective as it expected. On the contrary,
both places continue to face rising issues from triads in the past two centuries.
In reality, the issues of triads were never solved after the implementation Societies
Ordinance. The triads in both places had developed their own local branches.4 Triads
in Hong Kong originally was named Heaven earth Society (TiandiHui), which was a
secret group with strong patriotic doctrine aimed to restored the Ming Dynasty by
overthrowing the Ching Dynasty. The societies had subsequently disorganized into
four large triad consortiums, which are respectively 14K (formed by 8 different
groups), Wo Group (10 groups), Chiu Chow Group (4 groups) and the Big Four (9
groups) [Please refer to Appendix 1 for the detail information]
In Singapore, the dialogic and linguistic lines categorized the triads, which were
mainly formed by Chinese immigrants5. From the 19 to mid 20 century, the largest
triad in Singapore, Ghee Hin society (), was formed by the branch of Hokkien (
), Marco (), Teochew () and Haianese () [Please refer to
Appendix 2]. Although they shared the same title of Ghee Hin, each group was
operating independently of each other. In 1860, there were around 9 triads with 36500
members that amount to 76% of the Chinese total population which at that time was
50,0436. As time goes by, the number of triads increased to over 358 different triad
societies in 19517, and the situation was so serve that they were directly threatening
the sovereignty of British authority due to their involvement in organized crimes and
politics.8
Although both places were beset with the complicated issues of triads during the
19th to 20th century, the situation between Hong Kong and Singapore was very

1

W.P. Morgan (1960). Triad Societies in Hong Kong, Government Printer, Hong Kong
Booth, M. (1990), Triads: The Chinese Criminal Fraternity. London: Grafton Books.
3
Ng, S.Y. (1961). The Chinese protectorate in Singapore, 1877 1900. Journal of Southeast Asia
History 2(1), 76. Retrieved from JSTOR; Blythe, 1969, p. 94.
4
Chen A.N. (2005), Introduction, Secret Societies and Organized Crime in Contemporary China,
Modern Asian Studies, 39, page 78.
5
Wynee, M.L. (1941). Triad and Tabut: A Survey of the Origin and Diffusion of Chinese and
Mohamedan Secret Societies in the Malay Peninsula, A.D. 1800-1935, Parts 1800-1935. Published by
U.S Government Printing Office.
6
Lee P.P. (1978), Chinese Society in Nineteenth Century Singapore: Kuala Lumpur: Oxford
University Press, p. 38. Purcell gave the male/female ration in 1860 as 14:1. See Victor Purcell (1965),
The Chinese in Southeast Asia (2nd Ed.), London: Oxford University Press, p. 234.
7
Singapore Police Force, (1951). Annual Report of the Singapore Police Force. Page 28.
8
Chwee C.F. (2004). Steering Past British Restriction, Secret Societies in Singapore: Survival
strategies, 1930s to 1950s. Department of History, National University of Singapore. Page 85
2

Paradise & Hell For Triads 2

different after 50s. In Singapore, the triads were almost eliminated by the authorities
as no official record and footprint about triads could be found nowadays. In contrast,
the issues related to triads in Hong Kong are yet unresolved and the Hong Kong
Government is still in the battle fighting against triads activities. Although the four
consortiums have already been dissolved after a large organizational transformation
during the post-war decades where some triads became inactive or faded out, such as
Wo Yat Ping, Wo Yee Ping, Wo Kwan Ying etc.,9 Hong Kong is still dominated by
two triads, which are the Sun Yee On with approximate 60,000 members and 14K
around 20,000 members.10 Nowadays, they are still very actively involved both legal
and illegal underground business and in the political realm.11
When comparing the fate of triads between Hong Kong and Singapore, it is
interesting enough to see How the differences of anti-triads legislation and political
environment between Hong Kong and Singapore lead to different results in the war
against triads' power.
II.)
Societies Ordinance in Hong Kong & Singapore
The Societies Ordinance is the prime weapon against the triads' members in both
places during their colonial era, and a successful incapacitation on the senior members
is vital to break down the organized crimes. It is because the senior members usually
take part in controlling and maintaining the business of drugs, gambling, money
laundering and prostitution.
However, the law is ineffective as a deterrence tool as the provision mainly focuses
on the membership of triads instead of the actual offences committed by the triads.
For instances: under section 18 of Societies Ordinance of Hong Kong, the people who
claim to be a member of, act for, support of, work for or/and aid for triads societies
shall be sentenced for a maximum of 12 months and a fine of $20,000.12 The officer
bearers of the unlawful societies shall be sentenced for a maximum 7 years and a fine
of $250,000. In Singapore, the law also places similar penalties with $5000 fine and 3
years imprisonment on the regular members.13 The government of both places has
enacted different legislation to supplement the Societies Ordinances. The following
section is going to explain how the different supplement legislations on combating
triad societies would affect the effectiveness of tackling triads issues.
III.) The different power vested by the new anti-triad legislation laws:
i.
Societies Ordinance cum Organized And Serious Crimes Ordinance
In Hong Kong, the traditional practice of common law prosecution is the modus
operandi against the triads whereby the police is responsible for arresting and
gathering evidences against triads, and the Department of Justice is responsible for
prosecution against the offenders. The court would make the judgment hearing
evidences.
Although this practice has been adopted for over 100 years, it fails to incapacitate
the critical triad members from harming the societies. It is because the law basically is

9

Kwok S. (2015). Triad Structure. Chinese Triads. City University of Hong Kong. Hong Kong. Slide
12.
10
Wang P. (2011), Divide and conquer Factionalized Triad gag spread it wings Janes Intelligence
review, 23(11), HIS Global Limited, London. Page 46 49.
11
Lo. T.W. (2010). From Traditional Street Crime to Contemporary Organized Crimes, Beyond
Social Capital: Triad Organized Crime in Hong Kong and China. Published by Oxford University
Press. United Kingdom. Page 2.
13

Section 14(4) of Societies Act of Singapore

Paradise & Hell For Triads 3

unable to tackle the office bearers (mostly are senior members) of the triads as they
always "use" the defects or loopholes of the law to escape from the persecution by
arguing the credibility of the evidences and the principles of human rights.14 On the
contrary, fresh recruits of triads are often charged for more serious offences, as they
are normally the frontline foot soldiers who are exploited to perform organized crimes
for triad business. For example: In 2015, the Hong Kong Federation of Youth Groups
(HKFYG) finds out that the top 2 offences that is committed by juvenile are the
violence related to triads with 39% and drug trafficking with 29%.15
Although the teenagers are easily charged for serious criminal offences, the office
bearers are still able to maintain a clear record or face less severe punishment even
they play the role of leader. They could exercise remote control the operation of
organized crimes in a very ambiguous and ambiguity manner as the police is always
unable to gather sufficient evidences for successful prosecution against them. This
point could be illustrated by a case cited by Kwok and Lo - HKSAR v Lam Manfung16 in which the 18 years old offenders who trafficked drugs was sentenced for 6
years legal punishments, but the office-bearer only faced 1 year imprisonment
because the evidences presented by prosecution showed that the office-bearer is an
inactive member. Apart from the difficulty of prosecuting the senior members, the
courts historically often do not see the offences related to triads membership is a
particular serious offence and the penalties usually range from bind-over to
probation.17 As the Societies Ordinance is inadequate in suppressing the power of
triads, the British government subsequently has enacted a new legislation law, named
Organized And Serious Crimes Ordinance (OSCO) in 1994 to supplement the
defects of Societies Ordinances for the purpose of fighting against the organized
crimes by triads. It is designed for focusing on the nature of organized crimes, which
is unlike the Societies Ordinance that focuses on the triads membership. It gives
more powers for the police to conduct investigation on activities related to any kind of
organized crimes. In the research related to anti-triad legislation in Hong Kong by
Kwok and Lo, they believe that the law is relatively effective in suppressing the
power of triads by cracking down their financial sources and increasing penalties
against senior members18. However, I believed that the OSCO in fact is not effective
in crushing the triads power due to the difficulty of gaining sufficient evidences
against senior members. Ko Shun-chi, the Senior Superintendent of Narcotics Bureau
(Operations), has admitted that it is particularly difficult to find evidences against the
main drug dealers as those suspects are usually undetectable.19 In that sense, even
though the Societies Ordinance is supplemented by the OSCO, the issue of the
difficulty prosecution is still not solved.

14

Kwok, S. I. & Lo, T.W. (2012). Conclusion. Anti Triad legislations in Hong Kong: issues,
problems and development. Published by Springer Science.
15
The Hong Kong Federation of Youth Groups. (2015). The research of juvenile delinquency.
Retrieved from http://ycpc.hkfyg.org.hk/youthlaw/page.aspx?corpname=youthlaw&i=3143#

16
DCCC460/2010, 1150 & 1151/2009
17
Yam, T.W. (2000) The Societies Ordinances Triads. Page 31.
18
Kwok, S. I. & Lo, T.W. (2012). Conclusion. Anti Triad legislations in Hong Kong: issues,
problems and development. Published by Springer Science.
19
Singpao. (2014). Stop the teens trafficking drugs by increasing the penalties. Retrieved from
http://www.singpao.com/xw/gat/201410/t20141020_532891.html

Paradise & Hell For Triads 4

ii.
Societies Ordinance cum Criminal Law (Temporary Provision) Act
Regarding the situation in Singapore, the method used against triads is different from
Hong Kong. As aforementioned, Hong Kong is still following the common practice of
prosecution under the Common Law, but the current way used by Singaporean
government does not follow the practice similar to Hong Kong. The Singaporean
mechanism do not need to go through the process of prosecution and judicial trial. For
the sake of illustrating the point, the following section will show how the new law
help the law enforcement agencies repress the triads.
Historically, the issue of triads in Singapore was similar to Hong Kong before 50s.
In fact, the Societies Act did not successfully curb the power of triads 20 due to the
same defects of the Societies Ordinance in Hong Kong.
In 1955, the Singapore government amended the criminal law named Criminal
Law (Temporary Provision) Act which empowers the law enforcement agencies to
arrest and detain the suspects who are involved in drug trafficking, business of secret
societies, without any trial in accordance with 17 (4) of Societies Act.2122 As a result,
the law enforcement agencies can incapacitate the senior office-bearers of the triads
under this law. Although the law is no doubt violating the rule of law under the
Common Law system, it is an effective tool against triads membership and activities
as senior members of triads were no longer able to avoid legal sanction by arguing the
principles of human rights or the loophole of the law. As a result, the police was able
to put a lot of triad members behind the bars in a very straight and effective way by
bypassing the time and capital-costly trials.23
In this case, it could be seen that the anti-triads legislations in Hong Kong that
follows the ordinary common law approach is still ineffective in eliminating the
power of triads due to the low successful rate in prosecution against senior members.
In contrast, the criminal law in Singapore that is violating the human right is very
effective in breaking up the entire triad structure by incapacitating the senior members
without any trials. [Please refer Appendix 3 for illustration]
Apart from a harsh law enacting, the political situation also affects the
effectiveness of anti-triad war to a great extend. It is because the authority of the
government and the typical political environment would become the push force of
crashing the power foundation of the triads. This point could be illustrated by the
political changing era in Singapore during 1960s to 1980s.
IV.) Differences political situation between Singapore and Hong Kong
i.
Singapore The State Under Lee
In Singapore, the triads were still very active during the later period of 1950s even
though the Criminal Act was enacted. They infiltrated beyond the Chinese
communities and even the government had to admit that triads was been at schools

20

Chwee C.F. (2004). Steering Past British Restriction, Secret Societies in Singapore: Survival
strategies, 1930s to 1950s. Department of History, National University of Singapore. Page 81
21
David, E.D. (1958). Speech during the Second Reading of the Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions)
(Amendment) Bill, Colony of Singapore, Legislative Assembly Debates, Official Report (13 August
1958), vol. 7, cols. 603605.
22
Societies Act - Every offence under the offences of unlawful societies is "non-bailable" and
"arrestable with the support of criminal act".
23
Singapore Press Holdings. (1998). Lifeline - The Gangster codes. Retrieved from
http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/independence/lifeline/harmon5.html

Paradise & Hell For Triads 5

of every type in the colony in 1958.24 Their power penetrated the political realm
where they influenced the political matters through negotiations with leading
politicians about legalizing triads activities and business in exchange of political
support from their influences.25
When Mr. Lee Kuan Yew became the first Prime Minister after his political parties
- People's Action Party (PAP) won the majority seat in the legislative assembly, it was
believed that Lee had used the triads' powers to affect the result of the election, as the
PAP at that time gained wide support from the Chinese communities 26 , which
comprised of a large number of triads' members. However, the infighting in PAP
between members from Chinese communities and Lee in 1961 caused Lee to decide
to eliminate the power of Chinese communities, especially when he had an experience
about how the triads' power could threaten the sovereignty of the government during
the early 50s. For the sake of protecting his political power, he subsequently launched
the Operation Coldstone () in 1963 (the year of election) that aimed to wipe
out the power of other societies and parties in a single night through incapacitating the
head and leader by the power of detention without trials (DWOT) in accordance with
the Criminal Law (Temporary Provision) Act and Internal Security Act. 27 The
Operation did successfully arrest over 115 persons who were the key and vital
members from different societies. In addition, the subsequent policy of anti-Chinese
culture28 after the Operation Coldstone had further annihilated the traditional base of
triads (Chinese culture) at cultural level during the period of 60s 80s. His policies,
to certain extend, was to obliterate the foundation of Chinese power in Singapore, and
to prevent the Chinese communities from recovering its power.29
The white terror caused by Lee made Singapore an authoritarianism state
where the rule of laws cum human rights principles were seriously twisted due to the
ultra vires acts by the executive realm. Although it is arguable that he was not
intentionally aiming at breaking the power of triads, there was no doubt that the
process of enforcing his policies in fact did directly break up the triads power. In this
case, it could be seen that the government under Lee enjoys a high authority in
controlling and monitoring the entire society with the support of the above-mentioned
fearsome laws, thus Singapore was no longer a suitable place for triads to survive.
ii.
Hong Kong A Region Under Strong Rule of Law and Human Rights
In Hong Kong, the British colonial government was relatively strong and powerful
before the Handover in 1997, as the political system in Hong Kong was profoundly an
executive-led government. There were not many challenges against the governments
policies because of the lack of democratic status and under developed system of rule

24

Nasir K.M. (2014). The State of/in Secret Societies. Protected Sites: Reconceptualising Secret
Societies in Colonial and Postcolonial Singapore. John Wiley & Sons Ltd: Journal of Historical
Sociology. Page 4.
25
Blythe, Wilfred (1969) The Impact of Chinese Secret Societies in Malaya: A Historical Study .
Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press
26
Lo, S.K. (2014) "Operation Coldstone - A analysis of the case of Lee". The End of Power - A peek at
Lee's Doctrine. Published by Asiaatu International Ltd. Page 53.
27
Ibid. Page 52.
28
Mr. Lee Kuan Yew introduced the policy of Anti-Chinese culture. It aimed to erase the root of
Chinese culture in Singapore through discriminating the Chinese culture and students from Chinese
schools, closing the Chinese schools, changing the policy of linguistic education from Chinese to
English and arresting the key members of opposition parties from Chinese communities. Please refer to
the book by Lo., S.K (2014). The End of Power A peek at Lees Doctrine for further information.
29
Ibid. Page 107.

Paradise & Hell For Triads 6

of law with limited human rights. For instances: there were only 29 judicial review
cases in 1950s, 27 in the 1960s and 28 in the 1970s.30 The low number of judicial
review cases reflects that ordinary people seldom challenge the policies of the
government. Although the principle of presumption of innocent was practiced, it
was still easily ignored due to the harsh legislation law.31 Unlike the Singaporean
Government, the sovereignty and authority of Colonial government was never
threatened by the triad societies. But the Colonial Government has never paid much
attentions and resources in fighting against triads power. In reality, the government
was still heavily relying on the Societies Ordinance to restrain the power of triads
through an common law practice. However, as aforementioned in section III, the
ordinance was full of defects with a number of loopholes.
The protection of human rights in Hong Kong developed rapidly after the
Tianamen crackdown in 1989 due to the public fear of the handover.32 The colonial
Government immediately enacted the Bill of Right Ordinances to empower the rights
and powers of ordinary individuals, and it is the first time in Hong Kong history
where a wide range of fundamental rights is enforceable in courts.33 It leads to a large
number of judicial reviews as the court is now able to invalid the actions and laws that
are violating the human rights.34 After the Handover in 1997, the Hong Kong Basic
Law even gives more rights to individuals by giving human rights in article 24 and
consolidating it in article 39. Since then, the court always becomes the bulwark of
liberty against any act that violates human rights by upholding the rule of law through
judiciary and constitutional review, the proportionality as well as legality test.35 In
contrast, this phenomenon has never occurred in Singapore.
Forsooth, the rapid development and protection of human rights in Hong Kong has
to certain extend reduce the authority and power of government, making it difficult
for the government to carry out its polices and initiatives effectively. Hence the weak
government also affects the authority of police. 36 The most noticeable news to
illustrate the above point is the incident happening on 11 February 2003. A square of
police officers stopped a group of suspected triad members for identity check in Yau
Ma Tei after midnight, but the triad refused to follow the order by stating that the area
was under their control, not police. They even humiliated the officers after the media
reporters arrived.37
In the nutshell, the strong human rights and a weakened government in Hong Kong
indeed have adversely affected the effectiveness of Hong Kong Police in tackling the
issues of triads. The prosecution against triads was already big issues during a strong
British sovereignty, the enhancement of human rights make it even harder to secure
prosecution against triads members nowadays. Most of the time, human rights
become a shield for triads senior members to protect against prosecution against

30

Tai, Y.T. (1999). The development of Constitutionalism in Hong Kong in Raymond Wacks (ed.),
The New Legal Order in Hong Kong. Published by Hong Kong University Press. Page 54.
31 Gittings. D. (2013) "Protection of Human Rights". Introduction to Hong Kong Basic Law. Published
by Hong Kong University Press. Page 264
32
Jayawickrama. N. (1992). "The Bill of Rights" in Raymond Wacks (ed.), Human Rights In Hong
Kong. Published by Oxford University Press. Page 63 - 72.
33
Gittings. D. (2013) "Protection of Human Rights". Introduction to Hong Kong Basic Law. Published
by Hong Kong University Press. Page 264
34
Ibid. Page 264
35
This point could be illustrated by the case of Ng Ka Ling v Director of Immigration,
36
Chui. W.H & Lo T.W. (2008). "The Police Force". Understanding Criminal Justice in Hong Kong in
Lau. W.K. (ed,). Published by Routledge (2011).
37
Oriental Daily. (2003). , 12 February 2003.

Paradise & Hell For Triads 7

them.38 Unlike the situation in Hong Kong, Singaporean Government remains strong
in law enforcement and controlling triad activities and members as there are no Bill of
Rights in any related human rights treaties there.
V.)
Conclusion
In conclusion, after comparing the anti-triad legislations in Hong Kong and Singapore,
it would appear that a successful suppression on triads activities would need the
enactment of extremely harsh laws that might violate the human rights, so that the
influential and powerful triads members could be incapacitated through direct
detention. In Hong Kong, since there are no specific laws similar to Singapore, thus
the failure in incapacitating the senior members causes the issues of triad societies
never being solved. Apart from the law, a political environment that support to a
strong government is also necessary to take a better position in the war against triads
through enhancing the power of law enforcement agencies. The Operation Coldstone
by Lee was the stepping stone of breaking the societies powers and Singapore
nowadays become a highly controlled state with no space for triads to survive.
However, the rapid enhancement in human rights and rule of laws after the Handover
provide extra shield to triads members against prosecution. At the same time, the
degraded government leads to difficult law enforcement as police operations are
facing rising challenge. From the above, it is apparent that the differences in anti-triad
legislation and policies condition between Hong Kong and Singapore have lead to
different outcomes in the war against triads.

38

Kwok, S. I. & Lo, T.W. (2012). Conclusion. Anti Triad legislations in Hong Kong: issues,
problems and development. Published by Springer Science.

Paradise & Hell For Triads 8

Bibliography
Chen A.N. (2005), Secret Societies and Organized Crime in Contemporary China,
Modern Asian Studies.
Chwee C.F. (2004). Secret Societies in Singapore: Survival strategies, 1930s to 1950s.
Department of History, National University of Singapore
Chui. W.H & Lo T.W. (2008). Understanding Criminal Justice in Hong Kong in Lau.
W.K. (ed,). Published by Routledge (2011).
Gittings. D. (2013). Introduction to Hong Kong Basic Law. Published by Hong Kong
University Press.
Hong Kong Federation of Youth Groups. (2015). The research of juvenile
delinquency. Retrieved from
http://ycpc.hkfyg.org.hk/youthlaw/page.aspx?corpname=youthlaw&i=3143#

Jayawickrama. N. (1992). "The Bill of Rights" in Raymond Wacks (ed.), Human

Rights In Hong Kong. Published by Oxford University Press.
Kwok, S. I. & Lo, T.W. (2012). Anti Triad legislations in Hong Kong: issues,
problems and development. Published by Springer Science.
Lee, P.P. (1978), The Chinese in Southeast Asia (2nd Ed.), London: Oxford
University Press, p. 234.
Lo, S.K. (2014). The End of Power - A peek at Lee's Doctrine. Published by Asiaatu
International Ltd.
Nasir K.M. (2014). Protected Sites: Reconceptualising Secret Societies in Colonial
and Postcolonial Singapore. John Wiley & Sons Ltd: Journal of Historical
Sociology.
Ng, S.Y. (1961). Journal of Southeast Asia History 2(1), 76. Retrieved from JSTOR;
Blythe, 1969.
Singpao. (2014). Stop the teens trafficking drugs by increasing the penalties.
Retrieved from
http://www.singpao.com/xw/gat/201410/t20141020_532891.html
Singapore Press Holdings. (1998). Lifeline - The Gangster codes. Retrieved from
http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/independence/lifeline/harmon5.html
Singapore Police Force, (1951). Annual Report of the Singapore Police Force.
Tai, Y.T. (1999). The New Legal Order in Hong Kong. Published by Hong Kong
University Press.
Wang P. (2011), Janes Intelligence review, 23(11), HIS Global Limited, London.
Wilfred, B. (1969). The Impact of Chinese Secret Societies in Malaya: A Historical
Study . Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press
Wynee, M.L. (1941). Triad and Tabut: A Survey of the Origin and Diffusion of
Chinese and Mohamedan Secret Societies in the Malay Peninsula, A.D. 18001935, Parts 1800-1935. Published by U.S Government Printing Office.
Yam, T.W. (2000) The Societies Ordinances Triads. Page 31.

Paradise & Hell For Triads 9

Appendix
A.1
Figure 1: The Four Largest Triad Consortiums in Hong Kong
A) 14K
14K

Yee ()

Yan ()

Hau ()

Yung ()

Ngai ()

Chung ()

Mui ()

Tak ()

B) The Wo Group
The Wo Group

Wo On Lok ()

Wo Shing Wo ()

Wo Shing Tong ()

Wo Yee Tong ()

Wo Hop To ()

Wo Yung Yee ()

Wo Hung Shing ()

Wo Shing Yee ()

Wo Li Wo ()

Wo Kwan Ying ()

Wo Kwan Lok ()

Wo Yat Ping ()
Wo Yee Ping ()

C) The Chiu Chau Group

The Chiu Chau Group
King Yee ()

Fuk Yee Hing ()

Sun Yee On()

Yee Kwan()

D) The Big Four

The Big Four
Tan Yee ()

The Luen Group

Macau Chai (

The Tung Group

Luen Ying Sh'e ()

Tung San Wo ()

Luen Kwan Ying ()

Tung Lok Tong ()

Luen Yee Sh'e ()

Tung Yee Tong ()

Luen Kwan Sh'e ()

Paradise & Hell For Triads 10

A.2

By Luk Tzu Wei, Bryan

A.3

By Luk Tzu Wei, Bryan

Paradise & Hell For Triads 11