Chapter 17.

2 Reading Guide

1. The structural similarities among species reveal ______________________ .

2. The presence of many shared _______________ _____________ implies that
species are closely related and may have evolved from a ______________
________________ .
3. The ______________ _____________ between two species of frogs lead
scientist to concluded that the frogs were two separated, but closely related,
species.
4. The fact that the finches of the Galapagos Islands shared a common
_______________, is supported by the ___________________
________________________ along with their ______________ similarities.
5. Both the ___________ and ____________ of chromosomes provide evidence
about relationships between species.
Give an example :________________________________________________
6. In general, the more _________________ nucleotide sequences that two
species share, the __________ ___________ related they are.
For example ___________________________________________________ .
7. The evolutionary history of a species is called its _______________________ .
8. Did earlier classification systems reflect the phylogenetic relationships? _____.
So what happens to the earlier classification schemes?___________________.
9. One biological system of classification based on phylogeny is called
_____________________ .
10. Scientists use this system to show that groups of organisms _______________
and __________from a common ancestral group, they retain some unique
inherited characteristics (such as homologous structures) that taxonomists call
________________ traits.
11. A model showing the phylogeny of a species is called a ________________,
which is similar to _________________ or ________________ _________ .
12. In a cladogram, two groups on diverging branches share a ________ _________
ancestor than those groups _____________ _______________ .
13. Cladograms show a ______________ ______________ of a group of organisms
from ancestral groups.
14. Why is it possible to conclude from the cladogram in Fig. 17.7 that the
Archaeopteryx and the robin probably share a common ancestor?
_______________________________________________________________
15. Another type of model showing phylogenetic relationships among species is a
______, which incorporates __________ information and the knowledge gained
from _________________, ________________, __________________ and
____________________ studies.
16.This model includes Earth’s __________ time scale, the probable ____________
of organisms during that time span, and the relative _____________ of species in
a group.
17. The fan-like diagram on p. 454-455, Fig 17.8, helps to find the relationship
between __________________ and ______________ species.
18. Groups that are __________________ in the same colored ray share
____________ inherited characteristics.
19. Explain the relationship between the jellyfish, the fishes, and the reptiles:
_________________________________________________________________
20. The six kingdoms of organisms are ________________, ___________________,
__________________, ____________________, _______________________,
and ______________________________ .
21. The two main characteristics that separate the six kingdoms are differences in
__________________ __________________ and _____________ _____
_______________ __________________ .