Photovoltaic Solar Parking System Study, Analysis and Implementation For Bahrain Polytechnic

Page1of202
12/28
8/2015
Fina
al
Repo
ort
PHO
OTOVOLT
TAIC SOLAR
O
PARKING S YSTEM
M STUDY,
ANA
ALYSIS A
AND IMP
PLEMENTATION
N FOR BAHRAIN
A
POLYTEC
CHNIC
Done B
By: Yahya Isa Saif
[ID: 2010010
047 [CPR
R: 920705804]
Supervi sor: DR. C
Christina
Georrgantopoulou
BachelorofEnggineeringT
Technologgy|Coop
perativeLe
earningPrroject(ENB
B7903)
PhotovvoltaicSolarParkingSysttemstudy,annalysisandimplementationforBahraainPolytechnic
Page2of202
Abstracct:
The generation of electricitty from solaar energy is a promising
g alternativee to fossil fu
uelbased
ment propose
es a methodd for utilizing solar enerrgy through designing a
a parking
energy. This docum
structurewithasolaarsystem(photovoltaic))forBahrainPolytechniccstudentspaarkingarea((P2).This
nctions including shadingg the vehicle
es and producing electrricity. This document
system has two fun
withexaminin
ngthepoten
ntialofsolar energyinBaahraininord
dertochoossealltheapp
propriate
startsw
elementtsforasolarrparkingstructure.Thenn,itchoosessthemostsu
uitablesolar
rcell,PVmoduleand
systemfforBahrainP
Polytechnica
afteranalyzi ngselectioncriteria.Also
o,itdetermiinestheoptiimumtilt
anglean
ndazimuthaangleforthe systemthrooughstudyin
ngthemotionoftheeartthrelativeto
othesun
and locaation of Bah
hrain. Then, it preparess 4 design options
o
for the
t structurre and it selects the
optimum
m design th
hat delivers best comp romise for design consstraints andd power gen
neration.
Furtherm
more,itcalculatesthesttressesonthhepartsofth
hestructureusingmechaanicsandFE
EA,andit
showsaa3dmodelfforthesyste
em.Finally,ittcalculates thepowerp
producedbyythesystem,defines
theamo
ount ofelecttricity consumedbyBahhrainPolytecchnicandcalculatesthe requiredbu
udgetfor
the projject. The selected solar system for tthis project is Grid tied battery less . The Canadian solar
moduless (CS6V225
5M) and Enp
phase M2155 micro inverters were
e selected foor this project. The
amount of solar irradiance that would be collected an
nnually by east
e
side PV
V modules (tilt 5and
westsidePV
Vmodules(ttilt11andazzimuth238.3
3)is2,147aand2,183(K
KWh/m )
azimuth58.3)andw
hisprojectiss1.4million BD(25years)anditwilllproduce48
8GWhof
respectively.Thetottalcostofth
ofelectricity producedussingthesolarparkingsysstemis0.029BDper
electricitty(25years)).Thecosto
KWh. The solar po
otentials of Bahrain maake (PV) syystems an ideal alternaative for ge
enerating
electricitty. The pricee of solar en
nergy is lesss than the price of electtricity that pproduced using fossil
fuel.Imp
plementingtthisproject wouldreducceCO2emissionsby40metrictons (25years).T
Thesolar
parking projects can be implem
mented in aa large numb
ber of differrent locationns such as shopping
s
buildingsparrking.
centersparkingandresidentialb
Page3of202
Acknow
wledgmentss:
The successful completion
n of this pproject wou
uld not havve been poossible with
hout the
utionsofseveralpeople.Firstandforremost,Iwo
ouldliketoexpressgratittudetoourffinalyear
contribu
projectssupervisorD
Dr.ChristinaG
Georgantopooulouforhe
erguidancea
andhelp.SpeecialthanksgotoDr.
Subramaanian Chithaambaram for his help inn analyzing the forces, Mr.
M John Donnald for allowing me
workingg in the wo
orkshop duriing mid sem
mester holid
day and Mrr. Hussain A
Alhamar (Bu
uilding &
Mainten
nance Manager at Bahrain polytechhnic) for giving me copyy of Bahrainn Polytechnic map. I
wouldaalsoliketoth
hankMr.EdgardoLevitaa(Salessupp
portEnginee
erinAlZamiilsteelcomp
pany)for
preparin
ng a quotation for the parking strructure, Mr.. AliKutty (ssenior sale eexcusive at AlNooh
Compan
nyWahran Branch)forrgivingme priceofstee
elsections andMr.ChanndrasekharU
Ukkarath
(salesco
oordinatorattAlFozanBuildingmateerials)forgivvingmeprice
eofsteelsecctions.Iwouldliketo
express gratitude to Electriciity and Waater Authorrity (EWA) Meters Reeadings Dep
partment
(represeentedbyMr..MohamedA
Abdelnaby,M
Mr.YusufMohamed,Mrr.AliAlamanndMr.FahadAliand
specialtthankstoMr.Abdulaziz Fasilprevi ousenginee
eringstudentt)forgivinggmecopy ofmeters
o
readingssofBahrain Polytechnic campus. Alsso,Iwishto expressmy sincerethannkstoalltuttorswho
helpedm
meincomplletingmyen
ngineeringdeegree. Finallyy,Iwouldlikketothankm
myfamily,e
especially
Mom an
nd Dad, for the continu
uous supporrt they have
e given me throughout my time att Bahrain
Polytech
hnic.
Page4of202
ExecutiveSummarry:
Desccriptionand
dthemainfe
eaturesofthheproject:
Themainaimoffthisprojectistoproposseamethodforutilizingsolarenergyythroughdesigninga
V) for Bahra
ain Polytechhnic studentss parking
parking structure with a solar system (phottovoltaic PV
area(themiddleareea).Thissysttemhastwoofunctionsincludingsha
adingtheve hiclesandproducing
electricitty.Thedesiggnedsystemcanbeuseddforsolvinggthepowercconsumptionnwithitiseffectson
humanh
healthandeenvironmentt,findingassolutionforllackoflandssissuesinBaahrainanda
achieving
thesustainability.
Thissdocumentcconsistsofffourchapterrs.Thefirstcchapterisan
nintroductioon;itconsisttsoffive
sectionss. The first section in this
t
chapterr presents brief
b
informa
ation regardding the rise
e of use
renewab
ble energy (PV)
(
worldwide, the devvelopment of
o renewable
e energy in Bahrain and
d project
purposee.Thesecond
dsectionisliteraturerevview;itstartswiththehiistoryofreneewableenerrgy.Then
itpresen
nts,thetech
hnologiesusedtosuppoortapplicatio
onsinthepa
arkingindusttry,thecurrentsolar
parkingprojectsimp
plementedin
nKSAandBaahrain,thefaactorsthatsh
houldbeconnsideredtom
maximize
gnconstrainnts(featuresrequired
thepoteentialofthesun(supporrtedbyasetofresearches)anddesig
bythecclient).Theth
hirdsectionshowsthepprojectaimsandobjectivves.ThefourrthsectionissBahrain
prospective;itexplaainshowthe
eprojectcannservethen
needsofBah
hrainandshoowstheimp
pactsand
oject for the
e Bahraini soociety. The last
l
section is a summaary of the re
emaining
benefitss of this pro
chapterss. The secon
nd chapter is theoretica l methodolo
ogy, analysiss and designn. This chaptter starts
withexp
plainingallth
herequiredsstepstodesiignasolarpaarkingsystem
m(methodoology).Also,itdefines
the funcctions, typess, componen
nts and seleection criteriia for PV cells and PV ssolar system
ms, and it
shows the selection
n criteria for module typpe. Then, it analyzes
a
all the methoddology steps in detail
starting withrequireedparamete
ersandtheooreticalaspe
ectstodesign
nthesystem
m,movingto
oparking
structure analysis and
a design and
a ending aat system performance
p
analysis (ellectricity pro
oduction,
costs an
nd savings). The third ch
hapter is ressults and disscussion; it presents
p
all the calculattions and
analysis usedtodessignthesolarrparkingsysstemforBah
hrainPolytechnic.Itusesdecisionma
atricesto
hetypeofso
olarcell,solarsystema ndsolarmo
odule.Also,itselectstheefinaldesign
nforthe
selectth
parking structure frrom set of options.
o
Furtthermore, it calculates the
t stresses on the partts of the
modelforthefinaldesiggn.Also,itcalculates
structureusingmechanicsandFFEA,anditppresents3dm
e proposed ssolar system
m, it compares between electricity produced
p
the elecctricity generrated by the
with eleectricity conssumed by Bahrain Polyttechnic and it estimatess the projectt costs for 25
2 years.
Finally,iitpresentstheprojectim
mpactsinterrmsofcosts(savings)an
ndenvironm entalaspecttsforthe
first25yyears.Thefo
ourthchapte
erisconclusioonsandreco
ommendatio
ons;itshowsallthemain
nfindings
ofthisp
projectwithsseveralrecom
mmendationnstoimprove
etheprojecttinthefuturre.
Theprojectprob
blem,purpo
oseandappliications:
piteof,Bahrrainhassomeofthehighhestsolarpo
otentialinth
heworld;theeuseofsola
arenergy
Insp
in Bahraain is still relatively
r
low
w. The rapidd growth in
n population
n and econoomic led Ba
ahrain to
experien
nceaveryhighannualin
ncreaseontthedemand ofelectricityywhichrequuiresburninggfurther
fossilfuelandhencee,pollutingttheenvironm
mentmore. ThisprojectwasselecteedtohelpBahrainin
utilizing existingparrkingareasto
ogenerateffurtherelectricity.Also,ttoreduceem
missionsprod
ducedby
burning fossil fuel (especially CO2)
C
througgh finding cost effective
e alternativees (PV) and utilizing
Bahrain solar poten
ntials. Furthe
ermore, to ssupport Bahrain econom
my in which reducing th
he use of
fossilfuelswouldalllowaddition
nalexportsoofoilandgaaswhichism
morevaluabbleonworld markets
ogiveaprop
posal(afull study)forB
BahrainPolyttechnicinorrdertoinstallasolar
thanBahrainandto
Page5of202
system inside the campus.

c
The
e solar parkking system can help in
n achieving sustainable building
nted in a la rge numberr of differen
nt locations such as, co
ompanies
designs, and can be implemen
parking,universitiessparking,residentialbuiildingsparking,hotelspa
arking,shopppingcenterssparking
andopeenareaslikestreetsparking,sportceentersparking,parksparkking,etc.
Projjectobjectivves:
The objectives of this pro
oject are to study the potential of
o solar eneergy in Bahrrain, the
mpactsofim
mplementing thisprojectinterms
developmentofrenewableenerrgyinBahraiinandtheim
of sustaainability and cost for Bahraini socciety, to dessign a solar parking sysstem inside Bahrain
Polytech
hnic campuss for the stu
udents parkinng area usin
ng photovolttaic solar paanels, to ana
alyze the
typesoffsolarsystem
mswiththerequiredcom
mponentsfo
oreachsyste
emandtoseelecttheapp
propriate
compon
nents for thee selected system,
s
to ddefine the re
equired para
ameters for
r designing the
t solar
panelsaandtodeterm
minethebestdirectionaandorientattionofthepanelswiththheparkingstructure,
todesigntheparkin
ngstructureusingmechaanicsandFEA
A,topreparea3dmodeelfortheenttiresolar
system using SolidW
Works software, to find the amountt of electriciity producedd by the sysstem and
comparee it with thee actual elecctricity consuumed by Bah
hrain Polytecchnic, to preepare a costt analysis
reportfo
orthesystem
mandfinallyytoevaluatethebenefitssofimpleme
entingthisprrojectfor25years.
Mainfindingsan
ndconclusio
ons:
Bahrain the photovoltaic arrays shoould be placed toward south (Azim
muth 180) because
In B
Bahrain islocatedin
ntheNorthe
ernhemispheere(forfixed
dstructure).Theefficienncyofasolarrmodule
mtruesouthdecreasesb y1.1%fore
everyfivedegreesawayffromtrueso
outh.The
mountedawayfrom
optimum
mtilt anglefforsolarmo
odulesforBaahrainis26(forautme
enandspringg),11(forssummer)
and41 (forwinter)).Themanuffacturersof solarparkingsystemsusesmalltilt angle(betw
ween0to
10degreees)duetolloadsandstructureheigghtconstrain
ns.InBahrain
n,theallowaableminimumheight
of the p
parking struccture from the ground i s 2.2 m. The
e selected tyype of struccture is doub
ble slope
structure.Theselecctedtiltand azimuthangglesforwesttsideparks are11andd238.3resp
pectively,
andthe tiltandazim
muthanglesfforeastside parksare5and58.3rrespectively.Thefinalde
esignwas
selected
d based on client consstrains (aestthetic, cove
ering entire park, safetty, etc.) and
d power
production. Accordiing to PVIS online calc ulator; the amount of solar irradiaance that would
w
be
collected
dannuallybyeastandw
westsidepar ksis2,147.18and2,183.45(KWh/m^^2)respectivvely.
For BahrainPolyytechnicsola
arparkingp rojectthese
electedsolarrcelltype,ssystemandsstructure
batterylessssystemand fixedstructu
urerespectivvely.Monocrrystalline
are,monocrystallinee,Gridtiedb
he highest efficiency, durable an
nd available in the m
market comp
pared to
solar ceells have th
polycrysstalline and thin
t
films. By
B installing Grid tied system Bahrain Polytechn ic can sell electricity
e
during h
holidays; this would solvve part of B
Bahrain pow
wer consump
ption issues. While seleccting the
solar m
module 10 faactors should be consi dered which they are, the modulle efficiencyy, power
mperature, wind load, quality,
tolerancce, temperaature coefficcient, nomiinal operating cell tem
durabilitty,performaancewarrantty,productw
warrantyand
dinitialcostt.CanadianssolarCompanyisthe
third beest solar mo
odules manufacturer inn the world (in 2014), and it is oone of the cheapest
c
companies in the global
g
solar market; thhe Canadian module model Quarteech CS6V22
25M was
dforthispro
oject.Thismo
odulewasseelectedduetoseveralre
easonsespeccially,cost,d
durability
selected
anditis compatiblewiththeparrksdimensioons.Enphase
eM215micro
oinvertersw
wereselectedforthis
mpatiblewithhtheselecte
edCanadianmoduleanddhaveselfgrounding
project; theseinverttersarecom
system.Thenumberrofsolarmo
odulesandm
microinvertersthatwouldbeusedinthisprojectis6,372;
thetotalareaofthesolarmodulesis8621.224 m .
Page6of202
The parking stru

ucture consiists of colum
mns, crossbe
eams, purlins and solar arrays (main parts).
ossbeamineeachparkwillbecarried byoneverticalcolumn; thisdesign providesmo
orespace
Eachcro
for the cars. The steeel purlins were
w
used foor mounting the module
e in the desiired location
n and for
BasedonASCCE(American
nSociety
keeping aproperdisstancebetweenthemoddulesandcrossbeams.B
es)would
ofCivil Engineers)standardthesolarparkinngstructure (asolararrayconsistsoof9module
K of wind lo
oad during ppeak conditions (111 KM
M/h). The m
maximum Von misses
expose to 815.31 Kg
45.2Mpa(eaastsiderow
ws),themaximumcombiinedstressa
actingon
stressacctingoneacchpurlinis4
eachcro
ossbeamis7
70.34Mpa(e
eastsiderow
ws)andthe maximumb
bucklingstresssonsingle sideand
doublessidecolumnsis83.5Mp
paand7.5288Mparespe
ectively.The differences betweenSo
olidworks
(FEA)an
ndcalculationswere10 %,1.9% and0.05% foreastsidepurlins,eeastsidecro
ossbeams
andsingglesidecolumnsrespecttively.Thed esignissafe
ewhereboth
hcalculationnsandFEAareunder
theallow
wablestress(FOSof3.6w
wasused).
The actual enerrgy output of
o a photovooltaic system
m is affected
d by the perrformance reduction
nsevensubfactorswhicchtheyare, dustand
factor(eefficiencyof thesystem)).Thisfactorrisbasedon
dirt, low
w irradiancce, inverter efficiency, modules mismatch, power toleerance, temperature
coefficieent and mod
dules degrad
dation. The aannual energy that wou
uld be produuced by the selected
system in the first year is 2.10
07 GWH perr year or 5.7
77 MW per day (averagge). Due to modules
d produce 11.737 GWh/yyear (in yea
ar 25). The eestimated electricity
e
degradaation, the syystem would
consumeedbyBahrainPolytechn
nicfromJulyytoOctoberris205MWh
h,169MWhh,216MWh and178
MWh reespectively. In July, 110 % of the eleectricity will be covered
d by the solaar parking syystem, in
August 124 %, in Seeptember 86
6 % and 93 %
% in Octobe
er. During ho
olidays, the ssolar parkingg system
produceelecttricitymorethanthereqquired;thessolarparking
gsystemwo uldcoverab
bout91.4
wouldp
%oftheeenergyconsumedbyBa
ahrainpolyteechnicinthe
efirstyear.
Theuniversitiesareclassifiedasanonddomesticsecttor;theelectricitytarifffforthissecto
oris0.02
KWh(Octobeer2016).The
etotalprice ofelectricityythatwould
dbeproduceedbythesysstemand
BDperK
consumeedbyBahrainpolytechn
nicafter25yyearsare96
61,064.4BD and1,152,1152.1BDresp
pectively;
thesolarparkingprojectwould decreasethheelectricityybillsby83.4
4%(for25yyears).Furth
hermore,
D(25years);;thetotalele
ectricitythattwouldbep
produced
thetotalcostofthissprojectis1.4millionBD
bythisp
projectis48
8GWh(25years).Thecoostofelectrricityproduccedusingsollarparkingssystemis
0.029 BD per KWh. The cost of producing eelectricity in Bahrain is 0.028
0
BD/KW
Wh (operatio
ons costs
fuelandwages).TThepriceofssolarenergy ischeaperthanelectricitythatprod ucedusingffossilfuel
(includin
ngoperation
ncostsandco
ostsofbuild ingupapow
werplant).
Thiisprojecthasmanybene
efitsforBahrrain.First,he
elpingBahra
aintofurtherrapplythep
principles
of sustainable development thrrough providding renewable and environmentallyy friendly altternative
upportBahraainstrategiccplansinwh
hichBahrain announced that5%
forgeneeratingelectricity;thissu
oftheto
otalenergy wouldbeprroducedusinngsolarenergyin2020.Also,impleementingthisproject
would improve pub
blic health and local e nvironment by reducing air polluttants especially CO2
emission
ns (about 40
4 metric tons
t
total 25 years)), and hencce minimizinng global warming.
w
Furtherm
more,meet theincrease
eddemandoonelectricityyinBahraintthroughutiliizingexistinggparking
areasto
oproducefu
urtherpowerr.Finally,as aconseque
encethatthe
eelectricity costiswaitiingtobe
increaseedverysoon
nandthecontinuousdeecreaseofth
hecostsofp
photovoltaic devices;thisproject
providessanalternattiveforgeneratingelectrricitywithve
erycompetitivepriceforBahrainsocciety,and
wouldsaavemoneyeespeciallyforrlongtermpplans.
Page7of202
Tab
bleofConte
ents
Abstract::....................................................................................................................................................................2
Acknowleedgments:....................................................................................................................................................3
ExecutiveeSummary:..................................................................................................................................................4
ChapterOneIntrroduction:..................
.
...............................................................................17
1.1Inttroduction:.................................................................................................................................................17
1.2Litteraturereview
w:..........................................................................................................................................17
1.3Aim
msandobjecttives:.....................................................................................................................................19
1.4BahrainProspecctive:.....................................................................................................................................20
1.44.1ProjectbeenefitsforBa
ahrain:...................................................................................................25
1.44.2ProjectbeenefitsforBa
ahrainPolyteechnic:..............................................................................25
1.44.3Projectbeenefitsforen
ngineeringd epartment:.......................................................................26
1.5Ch
hapterssummary:.......................................................................................................................................26
ChapterTwoThe
eoreticalmethodologyy,analysis&
&design:..............................................27
2.1Inttroduction:.................................................................................................................................................27
2.2Steepstodesignasolarparkin
ngsystem:.......................................................................................................27
2.3Themechanism
mofPhotovoltaic(PV)solar system(mate
erialscience):.......................................................30
2.3.1Atomicstructureofsilicon(Si):...............................................................................................30
2.3.2Summaryoftheelectricityproducctionprocesss:....................................................................31
2.4Solarcell,modu
ule,paneland array:.............................................................................................................32
2.5SolarCellstypess:...........................................................................................................................................32
2.5.1Selectionfactorsforthetypesofssolarcells:.........................................................................33
2.6Solarsystemstyypes:......................................................................................................................................34
2.7Grridtiedbatterryless:...................................................................................................................................34
2.8GrridTiedwithB
BatteryBackup(Hybrid):......................................................................................................35
2.9Maaincomponen
ntsofsolarsystems:.............................................................................................................36
2.10Solarirradiancceperforman
nceofsolarpaarkingsystem:..........................................................................40
RotationoftheesunaboutitsimaginaryaxxisAzimuthangleforBahrainPolytechnnic:..........................40
2.11R
2.12M
MotionoftheSunrelativetoEarthandtiiltangle:...................................................................................41
2.12.1Declinationangle:.................................................................................................................42
2.12.2Latitudeangle:......................................................................................................................42
2.12.3Altitude//Elevationangle:.....................................................................................................43
Angle:.........................................................................................................................43
2.12.4ZenithA
2.12.5Analyzingsuncharts:............................................................................................................44
2.13A
Analyzingtiltaangleforsolarrparkingstruccture(solararrraytiltangle):.....................................................44
2.13.1Optimum
mtiltanglefo
orparkingsttructure:...........................................................................45
Page8of202
2.14A
AzimuthandtiiltangleanalyysisandselecttionforSolarparkingarea:.......................................................46
2.15H
Heightofthesstructure:...............................................................................................................................48
2.16N
Numberofparrksandparksdimensions:....................................................................................................48
2.17Selectioncriteriaformodule
es(panels)maanufacturers:............................................................................48
2.19sttructuredesiggn:.........................................................................................................................................50
2.19.1Mechanicssometh
heories,definnitionsandfo
ormulas:........................................................51
2.19.2Factoroffsafety.....................................................................................................................56
2.19.3Windloaadsontheso
olarstructuree:......................................................................................56
basedonstatticapproachandstandarrds:............................................56
2.19.4Windloaadanalysisb
2.19.5Materiallselection:................................................................................................................56
2.19.6Hotrolleedandcoldrrolledsectionns:.....................................................................................57
2.19.7UniversaalBeam(UB)).............................................................................................................58
2.19.8Someof
f therequired
dprocessesfforfabricatin
ngtheparkin
ngstructure::............................58
2.19.9MethodssofJoining:..............................................................................................................58
uremodelingg:............................................................................................................59
2.19.10Structu
2.19.11Finiteeelementanalysis(Solidwoorkssimulation):...............................................................59
2.20P
Powercalculattion:.......................................................................................................................................59
2.20.1Stepsforrcalculatingperformanccereductionfactor:...........................................................60
2.21B
BahrainPolyteechnicpowercconsumption andsavings:.............................................................................61
2.22C
Costanalysis:...............................................................................................................................................61
2.23M
Meaningoftheecriteriaratin
ng:...................................................................................................................61
ChapterThreeResultsanddiscussion: ..............................................................................62
3.1Inttroduction:.................................................................................................................................................62
3.2Selectingthetypeofsolarcell:....................................................................................................................62
3.3Selectingatrackkingsystem(ttotrackornotttotrack):................................................................................64
3.4SelectingthetypeofPVsolarrsystem:.........................................................................................................65
3.5Azimuthandtilttangleanalysisselection directionoftheparkingstrructure:..........................................67
3.5.1Designop
ption1:......................................................................................................................67
3.5.2Designop
ption2:......................................................................................................................68
3.5.3Designop
ption3.1SingleSlope:............................................................................................69
3.5.4Designop
ption3.2Do
oubleslope: .........................................................................................70
3.6Fin
naldesign:...................................................................................................................................................70
3.7Heeightoftheso
olarparkingstructure:..........................................................................................................74
3.8Parkingareameeasurements:.......................................................................................................................75
3.9mo
oduleselectio
on:..........................................................................................................................................78
Page9of202
3.9.1Decisionm
matrix(selecctingthemoddulecompan
ny):................................................................79
ns:..................................................................83
3.9.3Summaryoftheselectedmodule specification
3.10Forcecalculation:........................................................................................................................................84
3.10.1Windloaadcalculation:..........................................................................................................84
3.10.2Factoroffsafety:....................................................................................................................89
3.10.3Designselection:...................................................................................................................91
orceanalysisandfindingtthesizeofth
hepurlin:(ca
alculationforronepark):..........91
3.10.4Purlinfo
3.10.5Purlinfo
orceanalysis(correctedccalculation):.......................................................................97
3.10.6Crossbeaamforceana
alysisandfinndingthesize
eofthepurlin:(calculatioonforonep
park)...99
alysis(correcctedcalculation):............................................................102
3.10.7Crossbeaamforceana
heendplateselection:...........................................................................................103
3.10.8Sizeofth
3.10.9Numberandsizeofb
boltscalcula tion:................................................................................104
withdifferenttslope):..................................110
3.10.10Forcesoncolumn(ffordoubles idedparksw
3.11C
Componentso
oftheparkingstructure......................................................................................................124
3.1233ddesign(asseemblyoftheccarpark):......................................................................................................130
3.13W
Watermanageementsystem(optional):...................................................................................................132
3.14B
Billofmateriall:..........................................................................................................................................133
3.15TTotalstressfro
omSolidworkss(FEA):..........................................................................................................134
3.16P
Powercalculattion:.....................................................................................................................................136
3.17In
nverterselecttion:.....................................................................................................................................147
3.18Simplemodificcationinthesstructure:.......................................................................................................152
3.19C
Costanalysis:.............................................................................................................................................152
ChapterFourConclusionsa
andrecomm
mendations:.........................................................156
4.1Inttroduction:...............................................................................................................................................156
4.2Maainfindingsan
ndconclusion
n:....................................................................................................................156
4.3Reecommendatio
onsforfuture
erelatedactiv itiesandimprrovements:........................................................158
Bibliography...........................................................................................................................................................160
dtiltangles...................................171
Appendixx(A)Averaggesolarradiationpermont hfordifferentazimuthand
Appendixx(B)Electriccaltermsandmodulesarraangement................................................................................172
Appendixx(C)Shadinganalysis............................................................................................................................174
Appendixx(D)Finiteeelementanalyysis................................................................................................................177
Appendixx(E)Solarm
modulesdatasheet..............................................................................................................182
Appendixx(F)Microinverterdatassheet..............................................................................................................188
Appendixx(G)EngineeeringDrawinggsfortheparkkingstructureComponents....................................................190
Appendixx(H)IRCstan
ndardfootinggdimensions..................................................................................................202
Page1
10of202
Taableoffigurres
Figure1,SadiaAram
mcoSolarcarportproject .........................................................................................18
COClubparkkingshades............................................................................................19
Figure2,AwaliBAPC
ofArabPetrooleumExporrtingCountriesinworldffueloil...................21
Figure3,ShareofOrrganizationo
nandgeneraationinBahrrain(2000to2011).......................................21
Figure44,electricitycconsumption
O2Emissions200520099........................................................................................22
Figure5,BahrainCO
untries...........................................................22
Figure6,CO2emissiionratepercapitain10 differentcou
,ElectricityC
Consumption
nbySector(
(2007)
.
.........
......................................................................23
Figure7
O2Emissions fromFuelC ombustionin2009bySe
ector(millionntons)..................23
Figure8,BahrainCO
nthefuture...............................23
Figure9,theexpectaationofphotovoltaicseffficiencyimprovementin
oductionplannsforGCCco
ountries.........................................................24
Figure10,renewableeenergypro
ectronsC)SiliconCrystalllinestructurre.......30
Figure11,A)SiliconatomicnumberB)Silico nvalenceele
Figure12,PtypeSiliiconandNtypeSilicon............................................................................................31
on..............................................................................................................................31
Figure13,PNjunctio
Figure14,SolarCellStructure.................................................................................................................31
Figure15,themovementofelecctronsthrougghthePNjunction...........................................................31
ule,panelan
ndarray(from
mcelltoarraay).................................................................32
Figure16,cell,modu
Figure17,TypesofssolarCells..................................................................................................................32
Figure18,SinglecrystallineCellss.............................................................................................................32
Figure19,Polycrystaallinecells.................................................................................................................33
Cells(Amorp
phous)....................................................................................................33
Figure20,ThinfilmC
PhotovoltaicSystems................................................................................................34
Figure21,typesofP
Figure22,componentsofGridtiedsystem( batteryfreesystem)........................................................34
dsystem(Grridtiedbatte
erybasedsysstem).........................................35
Figure23,componentsofHybrid
onnectedinp
parallel......................................37
Figure24,wiringcirccuitfortwophotovoltaiccmodulesco
Figure255,(A)3modullesconnectedwithastringinverter(B)3modulesco
onnectedwithh3microinve
erters...38
Figure26,Azimuthaangle.........................................................................................................................40
Figure27,theearthtakesanellipticalpathaaroundthesunduringaffullyear.....................................41
duringsumm
mersolstice............................................................................................41
Figure28,earthtiltd
Figure29,earthtiltd
duringequin
noxesandwiinterandsum
mmersolsticce...............................................42
Figure30,declinatio
onanglefore
eachseason .........................................................................................42
ountrylocateedatpointP
P.....................................................................43
Figure31,Latitudeaangleforaco
Figure32,Altitudeaangle..........................................................................................................................43
Figure33,zenithanggle.............................................................................................................................43
Figure34,asunchartfor30northlatitude. .........................................................................................44
Figure35,BahrainPolytechnicla
atitudeandl ongitude...........................................................................44
Figure36,moduletiltangle.....................................................................................................................45
Figure37,moduletiltangle(A)a
andaltitude...........................................................................................46
es..............................................48
Figure38,GuidelinesfortheDessignofOffSttreetCarParrkingFacilitie
oftheparks...........................................................................................48
Figure39,measuringgthewidtho
Figure440,Axialtenssilestress...................................................................................................................51
Figure441,rectangularshapewitthabasewiddthofbandheighth........................................................52
offoracolum
mnfixedatth
hebaseandfreeatthettop........................53
Figure442,effectivellength(Le)o
Figure443,shearstreessinabolt...............................................................................................................53
Page1
11of202
Figure444,momentiinaconnectiionplate................................................................................................53
ngmaximum
mshearandn
normalstresss................................................54
Figure445,2dMohrccircleshowin
Figure446,Webandflange.......................................................................................................................55
Figure447,movingaforceonitslineofactionn........................................................................................55
Figure448,movingaforceoffofiitslineofacttion...................................................................................55
Figure449,LogoofAlZamilsteel..............................................................................................................57
nshapes(hottrollingproccess)..............................................................57
Figure50,Differentsteelsection
ections...................................................................................................58
Figure51,Flushendplateconne
Figure52,Finplatecconnections..............................................................................................................58
olarradiation
nreceivedbyymodulepermetersqua
ared...........................................65
Figure53,Annualso
Figure54,A)trueAzzimuthdirecttionforparkkingareaB)sschematicfordesignopt ion1.....................67
designoptionn1........................67
Figure55,C)shiftinggfirstrowtotheleftsideeD)similarstructuretod
Figure56,Azimuthaanglefordessign2(azimuuth148.3)..........................................................................68
parkingarea(design3)........................................................................69
Figure57,A)Azimutthangleforp
Figure58,design3(onesideparrking).....................................................................................................69
design3douubleslope
.70
Figure59,A)arraysorientationd
olarradiation
nforazimuthh148.3degrees................................................................71
Figure60,Annualso
olarradiation
nforazimuthh238.3degrees................................................................71
Figure61,Annualso
onaboutann
nualsolarirrradiance............................................................................72
Figure62,compariso
esign3doubleslopping................................72
Figure63,Totalsolarirradiancereceivedannnuallyforde
opingdesign
nimplementeedbySolaire
eandbyPetrasolar......................................74
Figure64,Doubleslo
Figure65,heightofthesolarstructure...................................................................................................74
map...................................................................................75
Figure66,BahrainPolytechnicsttudentscarm
Figure67,areaofpaarkingrow1..............................................................................................................76
Figure68,areaofpaarkingrow1..............................................................................................................76
nsofonepark...........................................................................................................77
Figure69,dimension
nsoftwoparks.........................................................................................................77
Figure70,dimension
hes.........................................................................................................79
Figure71,Canadiansolarbranch
dulescoverin
ngtwoparks .........................................................................................82
Figure72,solarmod
Figure73CanadianQuartechCS6V225M powerwarraanty...............................................................83
nd..................................................................86
Figure74,Heightoftheparkingstructurefroomthegroun
parkingstruccture.........................................88
Figure75,1)SandZZfornormalopensign2) SandZforp
ons.........................................................................................................91
Figure76,Structuredesignoptio
edonsevenppurlins..............................................................................91
Figure77,ninemodulesmounte
edonsevenppurlins..............................................................................92
Figure78,ninemodulesmounte
Figure79,Frontview
wofthepurlin(distributeedforce)...........................................................................93
wofthepurlin(resultanttforce)FBD
Doftheforcesactingonthepurlin............93
Figure80,Frontview
Figure81,freebodyydiagram,sh
hearforceanndbendingm
momentdiagram............EError!Bookm
marknot
defined.
Figure82,Cchannelldimensionss.............................................................................................................95
ofinertiaabo
outaxisofbeendingusinggSolidworks.................................................96
Figure83,momento
Figure84,Cchannelldimensionss.............................................................................................................96
Figure85,forcesacttingonthepurlin......................................................................................................97
ndingaboutxaxis.....................................................................................................97
Figure86,purlinben
ndingaboutYaxis.....................................................................................................98
Figure87,purlinben
Page1
12of202
Figure88,stressactingonabeaminthemidddlepoint(se
ectionAA)....................................................98
dactingoneachcrossbeaam.....................................................................................99
Figure89,Totalload
Figure90,momento
ofinertiaabo
outaxisofbeendingusinggSolidworks.................................................99
hearforceanndbendingm
momentdiagram(forcrosssbeam).........Error!
Figure91,freebodyydiagram,sh
ned.
Bookmaarknotdefin
Figure92,forcesoncrossbeam.............................................................................................................102
m(Isection)weldedwithhasteelplatte.................................................................103
Figure93,Crossbeam
Figure94,theeccen
ntricloadapp
pliedonbolt sbyplate........................................................................104
Figure95,shearforcceonbolt................................................................................................................105
oftheboltsfrompointC.........................................................................................106
Figure96,locationo
ndshearactingontheboolt...................................................................................107
Figure97,tensionan
ndshearactingonpartY...................................................................................108
Figure98,tensionan
quiredtodra
awMohrcyc le....................................................................................108
Figure99,Pointsreq
Figure100,tensionaandshearacctingonpartY.................................................................................108
Figure101,PointsreequiredtodrrawMohrcyycle..................................................................................108
Figure102,Boltsinsideendplate..........................................................................................................109
ncolumn(do
oublesided parkwithdiffferentslope
e).............................................110
Figure103,forceson
nceM1and M2..................................................................................110
Figure104,calculatingthedistan
Figure105,movingaaforceonitsslineofactioon....................................................................................110
Figure106,movingaaforceoffoffitslineofa ction...............................................................................111
Figure107,forceonthecolumnatpointA...........................................................................................111
ndingatpoin
ntA......................................................................................................111
Figure108,totalben
Figure109,thetotallofverticalloadsatpoinntA..................................................................................112
noftheforce
esactingon thecolumnatpointA....................................................112
Figure110,direction
Figure111,axialforcceactingonthecolumn.........................................................................................113
Figure112,bendingofacantilevverbeam.............................................................................................113
Figure113,bendingforceactinggonthecolu mn..................................................................................114
edstress...............................................................................................114
Figure114,thecolumncombine
nunderanaxxialforce.........................................................................115
Figure115,Bucklinggofacolumn
ncolumn(sin
nglesideparrk)...................................................................................117
Figure116,forceson
ncolumn(sin
nglesideparrk)atpointA
A..................................................................117
Figure117,forceson
Figure118,forceacttingonthecolumn(poinntA)andreactiononthefooting...................................119
middleofthefooting.....................................................120
Figure119,momenttandforceactinginthem
eleftsideanndrightsideofthefootin
ng.............................................120
Figure120,reactionforceonthe
hefooting.............................................................................................121
Figure121,thedimeensionsofth
eparkingstrructureB)Paartsofdoublesideparkinngstructure........122
Figure122,A)Partsofsingleside
ashers(M20L60mm).......................................................................124
Figure123,bolt,nuttandtwowa
Figure124,boltandnut(M12L35mm).............................................................................................124
nSolarmoduule(Quarte
echCS6V225
5M)........................................124
Figure125,amodelforCanadian
desteelsheet(sheet1)...........................................................................................125
Figure126,Rightsid
Figure127,middlessteelsheet(ssheet2)................................................................................................125
Figure128,Leftsideesteelsheet(sheet2).............................................................................................125
Csection).................................................................................................................126
Figure129,Purlin(C
odulesfixedb
byfoursteel sheetsusingg36boltsan
ndwasherssizeM12..........126
Figure130,(A)9mo
Figure131,crossbeaam...........................................................................................................................127
Page1
13of202
Figure132,Column.................................................................................................................................127
deparkingassemblywithhfooting(tilt5degrees) ...............................................127
Figure133,Singlesid
Figure134,leftandrightsidesheets.....................................................................................................128
mandsolararrray.................................................................................128
Figure135,tiltoftheecrossbeam
Figure136,bolts,waashersandnutsfittedinssidethestructure...........................................................128
11westand5east)S ideView.............128
Figure137,doublessideparkwithadifferentttiltangle(1
11westand5east)Issometric.............129
Figure138,doublessideparkwithadifferentttiltangle(1
Figure139,BahrainPolytechnicstudentsparrkingarea Topview.....................................................129
deparktilt1
11(arraystow
wardwest)
sideview...................................................130
Figure140,Singlesid
deparktilt1
11(arraystow
wardwest)
frontview.................................................130
Figure141,Singlesid
deparktilt1
11(arraystow
wardwest)
Isometric...................................................130
Figure142,Singlesid
deparktilt5
5(arraystow
wardeast)Isometric......................................................130
Figure143,Singlesid
deparktilt5
5(arraystow
wardeast)ssideview......................................................131
Figure144,Singlesid
w;westarrayystilted11aandeastarra
aystilted5sideview..........131
Figure145,doublessideparkrow
w;westarrayystilted11aandeastarraystilted5
Isometric...........131
Figure146,doublessideparkrow
Figure147,BahrainPolytechnicstudentparkking(9parkingrows)siideview..................................131
Figure148,BahrainPolytechnicstudentparkking(9parkingrows)Issometric..................................131
Figure149,GroundSSewer.....................................................................................................................132
Figure150,PipesSewer.........................................................................................................................132
ndingandaxxialstressacttingonthep
purlin............................................................134
Figure151,totalben
ndingandaxxialstressacttingonthecrossbeam....................................................135
Figure152,totalben
ndingandaxxialstressacttingonthecolumn.........................................................135
Figure153,totalben
ntheparkinggcomponenttsinMPa.....................................................136
Figure154,totalstreessactingon
degradationperformanceereductionffactorPFMD
D...............................................137
Figure155Moduled
areaforwesstandeastp
parks.............................................................138
Figure156,totalsolaarmodulesa
BahrainPolyytechnicsolarparkingpro
ojectmonthlly........................140
Figure157,PowerproducedbyB
BahrainPolyytechnicsolarparkingpro
ojectyearly.............................142
Figure158,PowerproducedbyB
ncampus.................................................................................................................143
Figure159,Isatown
ndgenerateddfromJulyto
oOctoberfo
orBahrainPoolytechnic...........144
Figure160,Energycconsumedan
ndgenerateddperyearforBahrainPo
olytechnic................................145
Figure161,Energycconsumedan
Figure162,averagecostofelecttricitybillspeermonthforrBahrainPollytechnic(firrstyear)..............147
Figure163,averagecostofelecttricitybillspeermonthforrBahrainPollytechnic(255years)...............147
mpatibilityonnlinetool........................................................................148
Figure164,Enphaseemodulecom
Figure165,PV2bconnecterandMC4conneccter.................................................................................148
oamicroinvvertertoanengagecable
e..............................................149
Figure166,moduleconnectedto
Figure167,stringen
ngagecabled
dropconnec ter..................................................................................149
Figure168,threemiicroinvertersmountedoonapurlin.......................................................................150
Figure169,twocarp
parkscovere
edbyninem
modules............................................................................150
ecableswouldbeconneccted)...................151
Figure170,Initialdiaagramofwirringthesysteem(howthe
Figure171,finaldessignofthestructure................................................................................................152
urrent(DC)a
andalternati ngcurrent(A
AC)...............................................................172
Figure172,Directcu
modulescon
nnectedinseeries.................................................................................172
Figure173,FivePVm
modulescon
nnectedinpaarallel..............................................................................173
Figure174,FivePVm
ulesconnectedinaserieesparallelco
onfiguration.................................................173
Figure175,PVmodu
dulesinstalle
edawayfrom
meachotherr...................................................................174
Figure176,twomod
14of202
Page1
Figure177,azimuthandaltitude
eangledurinngdayhours(BahrainW
Wintersolsticce)......................174
mspacingdisstanceD.......................................................175
Figure178,thedistaanceD'andttheminimum
Figure179,NOAASo
olarCalculato
or........................................................................................................175
ewwithouteeastparks........................................................................176
Figure180,Parkingaareasidevie
dcoarserme
eshing(thessmallerismo
oreaccurate))..............................................177
Figure181,Finerand
dy........................................................................................................177
Figure182,selectinggtypeofstud
alforpurlin, crossbeamaandcolumn.................................................178
Figure183,selectinggthemateria
beam....................................................................................................178
Figure184,convertingpartstob
Figure185,creatingjoints.....................................................................................................................179
Figure186,usingolivejointsasffixturesforppurlin...............................................................................179
erbeam)anddcolumn.............179
Figure187,usingoneolivejointasafixturefforcrossbeam(cantileve
aneinSolidw
works...............................................................................180
Figure188,stepsforrcreatingpla
B)inclinedplaneforpurllin............................................180
Figure189,A)inclineedplaneforcrossbeamB
Figure190,resultanttforceactinggonthepurrlin...................................................................................180
Figure191,resultanttforceactinggonthecrosssbeam...........................................................................181
ndrule.....................................................................................................................181
Figure192,righthan
Figure193,forceandmomentactingoncoluumn.................................................................................181
Figure194,moduleQuartechCSS6V225M(CCanadian).........................................................................182
Figure195,moduleQuartechCSS6V225M(CCanadian)ccontinue.......................................................183
00Adedataasheet............................................................................184
Figure196,Module2:PLUTO20
00Adedataasheetcontinue...........................................................185
Figure197,Module2:PLUTO20
Figure198,X20250BLK(Sunpower)datassheetdatassheet...........................................................186
Figure199,X20250BLK(Sunpower)datassheetcontinue..............................................................187
oinverterssppecificationsssheet.........................................................188
Figure200,EnphaseeM215micro
oinverterssppecificationsssheet.........................................................189
Figure201,EnphaseeM215micro
drawing...............................................................................................190
Figure202,NutandBolt(M24)d
drawing...............................................................................................191
Figure203,NutandBolt(M12)d
wing.....................................................................................................192
Figure204,Nutandwasherdraw
Figure205,Columndrawing..................................................................................................................193
awing..................................................................................................194
Figure206,crossbeaam(tilt5)dra
Figure207,crossbeaam(tilt11)drawing................................................................................................195
drawing...................................................................................................................196
Figure208,footingd
Figure209,purlindrrawing.....................................................................................................................197
drawing...................................................................................................................198
Figure210,sheet1d
drawing...................................................................................................................199
Figure211,sheet2d
Figure212,sheet3d
drawing...................................................................................................................200
nsolarmodu
uledrawing.........................................................................................201
Figure213,Canadian
Figure214,selectinggthestandarrddimensionnsforthefoo
otingaccordingtoIRCst andard...............202
Page1
15of202
Taableoftablles
Table1,photovoltaicenergyhisttory.......................................................................................................17
Table2,somevariab
bleseffecton
ntheeffectivvenessofsolarparkingsystems......................................19
Table3,Installedcap
pacityinBah
hrainbytypeesofgenerattion................................................................20
Table4,SolarCellSttructure.....................................................................................................................31
Table5,thedifferen
ncebetweenpanelandm
module...............................................................................32
efinformatio
on...............................................32
Table6,MajortypessofPhotovoltaicSolarCeellswithbrie
Table7,Microinvertter,StringinverterandCCentralinverter.................................................................38
Table8,moduletiltanglefromh
horizoneachhseasonforB
Bahrain..........................................................46
onlinecalculators.........................................47
Table9,annualsolarradiationanddatasourrceforfouro
Table100,differentteermswillbeusedinnexttsections..........................................................................51
TableA,Themeanin
ngofthecriteriarating.............................................................................................62
nstalledcapaacity...................................................................................62
Table111,Percentageeofglobalin
Table122,Currentco
ommercialeffficiencyatSTTC(STC)fordifferentso
olarcells(moodules).................62
Table133,decisionm
matrixformo
oduleefficienncy.....................................................................................62
Table144,Temperatu
urecoefficientforpowerr(K)...................................................................................63
Table155,Averagew
weathertemp
perature innBahrain...........................................................................63
Table166,thedropo
ofsolarmodu
uleefficiencyy........................................................................................63
Table177,decisionm
matrixfortem
mperaturecooefficient(K)criterion.......................................................63
Table188,CostperW
Wproduced((2009)....................................................................................................63
Table199,decisionm
matrixformo
oduleCost..............................................................................................64
Table200,decisionm
matrixfordurrability...................................................................................................64
Table211,summaryo
ofdecisionm
matrixesand selectingthebestsystem
m...............................................64
Table222,decisionm
matrixforsele
ectingtypeoofsolarsyste
em..................................................................66
Table233,Totalsolarrirradiancerreceivedannnuallyfordessign2and3...................................................71
Table244,Totalsolarrirradiancerreceivedannnually.................................................................................72
Table255,finaldesign
nsingleside parks......................................................Error!Boookmarknotdefined.
Table266,finaldesign
ndoublesideparks..................................................................................................74
Table277,numberoffparksineacchrowoftheemiddlearea....................................................................75
Table288,Parkdimen
nsions.......................................................................................................................76
Table299,alistofsollarcompanie
eswithlinks forhundred
dsofmodulesdatasheetss............................78
Table300,CommonSStandardMo
odulesizes.............................................................................................78
Table311,decisionm
matrixforsele
ectingModuuleCompanyy(basedonthedatasheeets)........................80
Table322,Totalareacoveredbytthemoduless.........................................................................................82
Table333,Summaryo
oftheselectedmodulesspecifications....................................................................83
Table344,RiskCategoryofBuildingsandOth erStructures....................................................................84
Table355,WindDirecctionalityFacctor.......................................................................................................85
Table366,ExposureC
Category...................................................................................................................86
Table377,TerrainExp
posureConstants.....................................................................................................87
Table388velocitypreessureexpossurecoefficieent....................................................................................87
Table399Clearareaaaspectratio..............................................................................................................88
Table400,arrayloadssactingonthepurlin...............................................................................................92
Table411totalloadacctonthepurlins.......................................................................................................92
Table422,thedimensionsof3Ccchannelbea msfromAlZZamilcatalog
gue............................................95
Table433,dimensionsof3Isecctionbeams fromAlZam
milcatalogue...............................................101
16of202
Page1
Table444,standardssizesofsteelplates.................................................................................................103
Table455,standardssizesofboltsforZamilsteeel...................................................................................104
Table466,designgiveens..........................................................................................................................105
Table477,distanceoffthecenterofthebolts toPointC(b
bottomoftheplate)...................................106
Table488,designgiveens..........................................................................................................................107
Table499,standardssizesofnutsffromZamilssteelcatalogue................................................................109
Table500,standardssizesofnutsffromZamilssteelcatalogue................................................................109
Table511,Summaryo
oftheselectedNut,boltandwasherrfromALZam
milcataloguee.........................109
Table522,Summaryo
oftheresults(Columnsppecificationsfordoublessidedparks) ...........................116
Table533,Summaryo
oftheresults(Columnsppecificationsforsingesid
deparks).................................118
Table544,Soilbearin
ngpressurefordifferent kindsofsoil ....................................................................121
Table555,summaryo
offorcesactingonthepaarkingstructture..............................................................122
Table566,listofthem
materialrequiredtobuil dtheentireparkingstru
ucture......................................133
Table577,temperatu
urecoefficien
ntperformanncereductionfactorfrom
mJanuarytooDecember.........137
Table588,Moduledeegradationperformance reductionfaactorPFMDp
peryear..................................137
Table599,performan
ncereduction
nfactorper month.............................................................................138
Table600,totalsolarmodulesare
eaforwestaandeastparkks.................................................................138
Table611,energypro
oducedbywestsidesolaarmodules.......................................................................139
Table622,energypro
oducedbyea
astsidesolarrmodules........................................................................139
Table633,energypro
oducedbyBa
ahrainPolyteechnicsolarparkingprojectmonthly...........................139
Table644,annualam
mountofsolarirradiance a.....................................................................................141
Table655,totalenerggyproducedbythesysteemperyear.....................................................................141
Table666,energycon
nsumedbyIssatowncam
mpusinKWh
hfromJulyto
oOctober................................142
Table677,totalareaofBahrainPolytechnicbbuildings..........................................................................143
Table688,,totalareaofUniversittyofBahrain buildings........................................................................144
Table699,theenergyyconsumedffromJulyto Augus.............................................................................144
Table700,electricitypricesinBah
hrain(tariff).........................................................................................145
Table711,theelectricitytariffforrnondomesstic(2016).......................................................................145
Table722,totalsavingsfor25yea
ar.........................................................................................................146
Table733,calculatinggtotalnumberofstrings perrowand
dfortheentiireproject...............................151
Table744,totalcosto
oftheinvertersandmoddules................................................................................153
Table755,costoftheestructure...............................................................................................................154
Table766,Projectinittialcost(bud
dget)....................................................................................................155
Table777,maintenan
ncecostperyyear.....................................................................................................155
Table788,averageso
olarradiation
npermonth .......................................................................................171
Table799,averageso
olarradiation
npermonth .......................................................................................171
Table800,averageso
olarradiation
npermonth .......................................................................................171
Table811,someofbaasicelectrica
alterms................................................................................................172
Page1
17of202
ChapterOneIntrroduction:
1.1 Intrroduction:
Renewableenerrgyisontherise,largelyytoreduced
dependencyo
onlimitedreeservesoffo
ossilfuels
msunlight
andtoleesseneffectsofclimatechange(globbalwarmingg).Thegenerrationofelecctricityfrom
directly (Photovoltaic PV) ove
er the last ddecade has been
b
growin
ng hugely woorldwide. Th
his is not
ngasthesolarenergytechnologiesaarenolongerexpensiveandthesun canproduce
egreater
surprisin
than2,5500Terawattts(TW)ofte
echnicallyacccessibleene
ergyoverlargeareasofEEarthssurfa
ace.Solar
energy has several positive asspects such as, reductio
on of green
nhouse gasees, increased
d energy
ndence,jobo
opportunitiessandimprovvedqualityo
oflife.[1]
indepen
BahrainandtheremainingG
GCCcountrieeshavehuge
eresourceso
ofcrudeoilaandnaturalggasabout
478billionbarrelsofcrudeoiland41.92billlioncubicmetersofnatu
uralgasreprresentingabout42%
and 24 % of the wo
orlds total resources
r
resspectively (e
estimated in 2004). In yyear 2000 the United
urvey (USGS) estimated that the GCC
G
countrie
es have unddiscovered crude
c
oil
State Geological Su
potentiaalabout162billionbarre
els(about177%ofthew
worldstotal)and23.3triillioncubicm
metersof
naturalggas(about1
16%ofthew
worldstotal)).Thesefactssexplainwhythedeveloopmentofre
enewable
cleanen
nergyisstillrrelativelylow
winspiteof GCCregionandespeciallyBahrainhhaveaccessttooneof
theworldsmostabundantsolarrresources. [2]
The mainaimoffthisprojecttistopropooseamethod
dforutilizing
gsolarenerggythroughd
designing
parking structurewiithasolarsyystem(PV)foorBahrainPolytechnicsttudentparkiingarea.Thiissystem
ncludingshad
dingthevehhiclesandproducingelecctricity.Theddesignedsysstemcan
hastwofunctionsin
be used
d for solving the power consumptioon with it is effects on human
h
healtth and envirronment,
findingaasolutionforlackofland
dsissuesinB
Bahrainandaachievingthe
esustainabillity.
1.2 Lite
erature review:
The developmen
nt of solar energy
e
starteed since 19thh century; th
he real evoluution of sola
ar energy
started in1973(theeturningpoint)[3].Thettablebelow showsbriefhistoryabo utsolarpho
otovoltaic
energy:
Table1,phhotovoltaicen
nergyhistory [3]
Image
Event
Brriefdiscerptiion
overyofPho
otovoltaic
Disco
Effect(183
39)
Becquerelnoticedtha
atshininglighhtoncertain
nmaterials
createsan
nelectriccurrent.Thisw
wasthestarrtpointfor
photovolttaictechnolo
ogy.[3]
FirrstsolarCell(1883)
Charles in
nvented the
e worlds firsst solar cell. It was a
device which converrts sunlight into electricity, using
selenium and gold; the
t cells effficiency wass less than
1%.[3]
Photons(19
921)
AlbertEin
nsteinisawardedtheNoobelPrizeinPhysicsfor
his disco
overy of the law of the photoelectrric effect.
This low
w representss a theoreetical found
dation for
modernP
PVtechnology.[3]
Com
mmercialsola
ar(1954)
Siliconsollarcellsente
eredthemarrket.[3]
Page1
18of202
Oilcrisis(19
973)
1GiggaWattofso
olarpower
(2000)
Cumulativveglobalsola
arinstallatioonpassed1G
GW.[3]
Solar indu
ustry exceed
ded the com
mputer indusstry as the
largestco
onsumerofhighpuritysi licon.[3]
Thecosto
ofhighqualitysiliconsoolarpanelsd
droppedto
0.357B
BDperWattSSolarPanels
roughly 0.357
0
BD per
p watt, oopening new
w markets
(2011)
around the
t
world and drivinng a global energy
revolution
n.[3]
0B
This is the turning po

oint in solar energy whe
ere one of
GCC coun
ntries annou
unced that tthey would no longer
ship oil to
o nations tha
at had supp orted Israel.. Oilprices
increaseddramaticallyyduringthisstimeleadin
ngtoworld
powers liike, Western
n Europe, thhe United States
S
and
Japantosseekoutall newforms ofenergyth
hatdidnot
rely on oil. This push led to the developmen
nt of more
powerfulandcostefficientsolarddevices.[4]
HugeSilicondema
and(2006)
1B
The photovoltaiic devices (ssolar panels)) convert su

unlight into electricity
e
thhrough an electronic
e
process thathappen
nsnaturallyiincertaintyppesofmaterrialslikecrysstals.Theseddevicesaretthemost
common
nformofso
olartechnolo
ogyusedto supportapp
plicationsin theparking industrywh
herethey
havearrangeofben
nefitsincludingmassive energysupp
ply,lowerco
osts,reduceddmaintenan
ncecosts
andlessenvironmen
ntalimpacts..[4]
Receently, some new solar parking

p
projeects were built or being
g built in GCCC countries such as,
SaudiArrabiaandBahrainaswell.
The worldlarge
estsolarparrkingprojectt(SaudiArabia):thelarrgestsolarp arkingproje
ectinthe
abiainDhah ran.Thetotaalnumberoffcoveredpaarkingspacessis4,500
worldislocatedinSaudiAra
parkks;thisprojeectisbeingb
built.Inthispprojectmore
ethan120,0
000CIS(CoppperIndiumSSelenide)
phottovoltaicmo
oduleswould
dbeinstalledd.[5]
Figu
ure1,SadiaA
AramcoSolarccarportprojecct[5]
Let Bahrain Shine Project: this project was accomplished by the
t collaboraation between Petra
W
Authority (EWA), Bahrain Pe
etroleum
Solaar, Caspian Energy Holdings, Electtricity & Water
Com
mpany(BAPC
CO),UniversityofBahrainn(UOB),the
eNationalOilandGasA uthority(NO
OGA)and
the Governmentt.Itrepresen
ntsthefirstsstepinbuildingasmartccommunityw
withadvancedsmart
ogies in Bahrain. This prroject (includ
des solar carports, solarr lights and separate
enerrgy technolo
solarsituations)wasimplem
mentedindiffferentlocatiionssuchas,,BAPCOClubbparkingsha
adesand
parkingshade
es.Thewhol esolarproje
ectisestimattedtoproduuceabout4.2
2GWhin
AwaaliServicesp
the first year [6
6]. Visiting this
t
project helped me in analyzing
g and selectting the app
propriate
com
mponents,dirrectionandttiltofthestr ucture.
Page1
19of202
des(photowa
astakenbym
me)
Fiigure2,AwaliBAPCOClubbparkingshad
The mainchalleengewhiledesigningasoolarparking systemishowtomaxim

mizethepottentialof
b the client (Bahrain PPolytechnic) such as,
the sun and still deeliver all of the feature s required by
coveringg the entire park, safetyy, cost, aesthhetic, and ease of maintenance. [4]] There are so many
variablesthatcanim
mpacttheefffectivenessoofsunlight;someofthekkeyvariablessare:
TTable2,somevvariableseffecttontheeffectivvenessofsolarrparkingsystem
ms
Thesolarpanelsshoulddbeplacedttowardstheequator(tow
wardtrueso
outhortrue
uth180orr0).Astud
dydonebyM
Mr.MichaelBBoxwellshow
wsthatthe
northazimu
Direction(Azimuth)
effectivenessofasolarrmodulemo
ountedawayyfromtruessouthdecreasesby1.1
%foreveryyfivedegree sawayfromtruesouth.[7]
Theinclinattionofthea rrayfromthehorizonim
mpactstheefffectivenessofthesolar
panel. A sttudy done i n Bahrain regarding
r
the potential of making sustainable
buildingsin
ntheKingdoomofBahraiin;inthisstu
udytheamoountofsolarrirradiance
was measu
ured experim
mentally forr AlMoayed
d tower (loccated in Ma
anama) for
Solarpaaneltilt
different tilt angles (0, 10, 16,2
20,26,30 and
a 36) andd azimuth 180. It was
found that the tilt 26 produces th
he maximum
m power theen 20, 30,1
16,36, 10
and 0 respectively. The results of this study will noot be used (different
conditions);thesedata willbeused
dtoanalyzettheaccuracyyoftheestim
matedsolar
irradianceb
byanonline calculator.[4][8]
Themanufacturersofssolarparkinggsystemsussesmalltilt anglebetwe
een0to10
Solarsttructure
eheightconsstraints(highhstructuresexposedto
degreesduetoloadsanndstructure
morewindloads,andt hegreatertiiltanglerequ
uirehighstruucture).[9][10]
Aresearch doneby(R.E.Hanitsch andDetlefSchulz)toinnvestigateth
heShading
Effects on Output Pow
wer of Grid Connected Photovoltaicc Generatorr Systems.
Through th
his research it was found
d that the so
olar panels aare very sen
nsitive from
Shaade
shadewherealittlesh adeonone panelcansh
hutdownennergyproducctionofthe
entirepane
el/s.Thedisttancebetweenthesolarparkingarraaysshouldbesufficient
toavoidsha
ade.[11][122]
Acco
ordingtotheeaforementiionedvariabblesandclien
nt'sconstrain
nts;thisdocuumentwillpropose4
design o
options for the
t structure
e. Then, it w
will select the best desig
gn option thaat would de
eliver the
best com
mpromise. Then,
T
the sttructure will be analyzed (stress calculations annd FEA), and all the
required
dcomponenttswillbeselected.Finallly,thepowerconsumedandproduceedwillbeca
alculated,
andthe costofthessystemwillb
beestimatedd.Theliterattureavailable
eontheimpplementation
nofsolar
overparking lotsisquite
elimited;moostofthefin
ndingsofthisprojectareefrombookks,online
panelso
sourcesandthrough
hanalyzingA
Awalisolarprroject.
ms and objectives:
1.3 Aim
Theobjectiveso
ofthisproject:
1. Study the potential
p
of solar energyy in Bahrain
n, the develo
opment of rrenewable energy
e
in
Bahrainand
dtheimpactssofimplemeentingthisp
projectinterrmsofsusta inabilityand
dcostfor
Bahrainisocciety.
Page2
20of202
2. Design a solar parking system

s
insidde Bahrain Polytechnic
P
campus
c
for tthe studentss parking
m
area only)
o
using pphotovoltaicc solar panels to generaate electricityy from a
area (the middle
sustainable and renewa
able energy source (the
e sun). Thus, reduce thee costs of electricity
e
urningfossilffuelsandimprovepublicchealthand localenviron
nment.
consumption,reducebu
olar systemss with the re
equired com
mponents forr each syste
em. Then
3. Analyze thee types of so
selecttheap
ppropriateco
omponentsffortheselecctedsystem.
4. Define the required parameters foor designing the solar panels; then determine the best
direction an
nd orientatio
on of the pa nels with th
he parking sttructure usinng online ca
alculators
andanalysiss.
partsofthep
parkingstruccturebycalcculatingstresssesactingo nthestructu
ure;then
5. Designthep
designa3dmodelforth
heentiresolaarsystemusingSolidWorkssoftwaree.
mount of ele
ectricity prooduced by the system and
a comparre it with th
he actual
6. Find the am
electricityco
onsumedbyytheuniverssity.Then,prrepareacostanalysisreeporttoestim
matethe
costsofinsttallingthesyystem,andeevaluatethe benefitsofimplementinngthisproje
ectfor25
years.
hrain Prosp
pective:
1.4 Bah
TherearremanyfacttorsmakeBa
ahrainanideeallocationfo
orimplemen
ntingsolarennergyprojects:
Thepeaken
nergydemandinBahrain occursinJuly,Augustan
ndSeptembeer;duringth
hisperiod
the solar paanels producce the maxi mum electricity, and he
ence reducee the load on
o power
stations.[13
3]
Bahrainhas longdayligh
hthoursdur ingthesummer(thesolarsystemcaanoperateforalong
timeduringpeakconditionshighteemperature).[13]
Theenviron
nmentalcond
ditionsproviideanadditionalfeature
etoBahrainnsuchas,theannual
averagequaantityofrainsandcloudssislowandaalsothereisnosnowdurringwinter.[[13]
ehighestsolaarpotentialintheworld.Basedonthheannualin
nsolation,
Bahrainhassomeofthe
d the Gulf region have some of the highest so
olar potentiaal in the wo
orld; the
Bahrain and
annualaverageglobalsolarradiatioonwhichisaavailableto photovoltaiccpanelsisestimated
atabout219
92KWh/m peryear.B
Basedonthissamountofsolarradiatiion,ifaland
dwithan
areaof8Km
m coveredw
withphotov oltaicssolarpanelswith anefficienccyof20%;anenergy
of3.5GWh couldbe prroducedeveeryyear[14].However,tthesolarpootentialsare notwell
B
as shown belo w till 2013 Bahrain did
d not produ ce energy from
f
any
utilized in Bahrain;
renewable source. Thiss means Ba hrain has an
a issue reg
garding utilizzing the benefits of
renewableeenergy(solarrenergy).
Taable3,Installed
dcapacityinBaahrainbytypessofgenerationinmegawatt[224]
Yeaar Steam
Gas
20113
700
100
mbined
Com
Dieesel Coal Hydro Wind Solar Others Total
T
Cycle
3134
00
0
0
0
0
0
3934
3
Inad
dditiontoth
heavailabilityyofhydroca rbonfuelsin
nBahrainandGCC(menttionedinsecction1.1,
seepictu
ure3);thereearefurther reasonsexpplainwhyBahrainisstilllaggingbehiindintheap
pplication
of renew
wable energgy such as, lack of inform
otential of ssolar energy and the
mation regaarding the po
suitabletechnologieesthatcanbe
eappliedintthisfield,lacckofindustrialmotivatioon,lackofkn
nowledge
and exp
perience of local enginee
ers and techhnicians, the
e solar energ
gy requires relatively high initial
Page2
21of202
capital(installation,maintenance,andlabor
rcharge),low
wcostofcurrentelectric ityinBahrain,lackof
plansandcleaarregulation
ns,lackofgoovernmentsu
upporttoen
ncouragepeoopleusingre
enewable
futurep
energyssourcesand lackofawarenessofpuublicinvestors,peopleandespeciallyydecisionm
makersof
theadvaantagesofussingsolarenergy.[15]
Figurre3,ShareoffOrganization
nofArabPetrroleumExportingCountries(OAPEC)inw
worldfueloill.[16]
Eneergydemand
dinBahrain(Electricitycconsumption
n):
The rapid growth in popula
ation and ecconomic led
d Bahrain to
o experiencee a very high
h annual
mand of electricity; the demand waas increasing
g by a rate oof 8 % from 2000 to
increasee on the dem
2005,an
ndby11%ffrom2005to
o2011(the peakelectriccitydemand
dreachedto 2,812Mega
aWattin
2011) aas shown beelow. With the continuuously incre
easing powe
er consumpttion; the ge
enerating
capacityy has to be doubled evvery decadee, and by ye
ear 2021 the electricityy demand would
w
be
between
n(4,000to5
5,624Megaw
watt)[14].ToocoverthisdemandBah
hrainneedsttoburnfurth
herfossil
fuels,an
ndhencepro
oducingmore
egreenhoussegases(esp
peciallyCO2).Furthermorre,85%ofe
electricity
in Bahraain is producced using na
atural gas; ssince, the re
emaining (15
5 %) is produuced using oil.
o As a
consequ
uence that Bahrain
B
is a small produucer of natu
ural gas; the
e rising ratess of extraction have
resulted
d in a large decrease
d
in gas reservess (in 1990 the natural gas
g reserves in Bahrain were
w
6.5
trillionccubicfeet;in2002thereservesfelltoo3.25trillion
ncubicfeet)..[15]
Figurre4,electricittyconsumptioonandgenerrationinBahrain(2000to22011)[13]
Page2
22of202
Theeffectofele
ectricityconssumptiongrrowthonCO
O2emission:
w shows carrbon dioxidee emission (CO2) in Bah
hrain (Millionn ton per ye
ear); it is
The graph below
missionsareincreasinginnahighrate
e.ThestatisticsshowsthhatGCCcoun
ntriesare
obvious thatCO2em
op14percap
pitaemitterssofcarbonddioxideinthe
eworld.[17]
intheto
Figurre5,BahrainCCO2Emission
ns20052009
9[11]
Assshownonpiccture6;betw
ween10couuntrieswith similarcharacteristics,BBahrainrankked4thin
2005,20007and2009.Bahrainexperiencea veryhighCO
O2emissionratepercappita,whichissactually
asaresu
ultofhighenergyconsumptionper capita,and approximate
ely100%fosssilfuelbasedenergy
generatiioncapacity..[17]
F
Figure6,CO2
emissionrateepercapitain
n10differenttcountries[177]
Enerrgyconsump
ptionpersecctorinBahraain:
Annually the peeriod from April
A
to Noveember the people
p
in Ba
ahrain spendd most of th
heir time
buildings in which the electricity
e
coonsumed pe
er house typically becoomes three times in
inside b
compariisonwiththeewintermonths.Asshoownonpictu
ure8,andacccordingtoEElectricityan
ndWater
Authoritty (EWA) staatistics, the highest amoount of elecctricity load in Bahrain is consumed
d by the
residenttialsectorab
bout56%followedbythhecommerciialsector28 %andthentheindustriialsector
15 %. TThe air conditioning systtems for ressidential and
d commercia
al buildings in Bahrain consume
c
about 665 % of elecctricity. The mechanical cooling sysstems and the buildingss in Bahrain are not
energyeefficient,and
dBahrainne
eedstohaveesustainable
ebuildingde
esignsthatcaanreduceth
heuseof
fossilfuels.Thesolaarparkingsyystemcanheelpinachievvingsustainablebuilding
gdesigns,andcanbe
g, homes paarking, supermarkets
implemeented in anyy parking arrea such as, for universsities parking
parking,stadiumspaarking,minisstriesparkingg,companiessparking,etcc.[18]
Page2
23of202
Figure7
7,ElectricityCConsumptionbySector(20
007)[19]
BahrainCO2Em
missionsfrom
mFuelCombbustion:
Figure8,Bah
hrainCO2EmiissionsfromFFuelCombusttionin2009bySector(millliontons)[20]
Pictu
ure7showsthat35%ofcarbondio xideemissio
ons(8million
ntonofCO2 )inBahrainarefrom
electricitty and heat production.. This meanss that the re
esidential and commerciial buildings produce
about299.4%ofthetotalCO2em
missionsinB
Bahrain(producingatota
alof6.9millliontonofCO2).This
means if 30 % of th
he fossil based energy iss replaced by
b a solar en
nergy; the CO
O2 emission
ns will be
d by 2.1 milllion ton annually whichh will help in reducing global war ming and th
he other
reduced
hazardo
ousgases.
Asaaresultofhighcompetittioninthessolarmarkett andmany newcountriies enteredtthe solar
industryyespeciallyC
China;theco
ostofsolarsyystemsdrop
ppedmoreth
han75%com
mparedtoth
heprices
in2008 [20].In201
14,theprice ofoildropppedby50%,andin2015thepriceiisstilldropp
ping.[21]
Howeveer,85%ofeelectricityin Bahrainispproducedusiingthenaturalgaswherrethepricessdidnot
change. The efficiency of solarr system is continuously increasing
g; the picturre below sh
hows the
expectedimprovem
mentofefficie
encyofdiffeerenttypeso
ofphotovoltaicssolarpaanelsintheffuture.It
shows tthat the effficiency of monocrystaalline and polycrystallin
p
ne would bbe 25 % an
nd 21 %
respectivelyintheyearsbetwee
en2020and 2030.
Figure9,theexpectatiionofphotovvoltaicsefficie
encyimprovementinthefu
future[22]
Page2
24of202
Turn
ningpoint:
ReceentlyBahrainandthere
emainingGCCCcountries haverealize
edthatdepeendingonoillandgas
will not be a solutio
on due to sh
hortage of reesources and environme
ental impactts especiallyy the bad
effectso
ofemissionsofgreenhou
usegasesontheenvironment.These
ecountrieshhavestartedseriously
investigaating their potential
p
in solar energyy, and have put plans fo
or implemennting solar energy
e
in
whichreeplacingthe energyprod
ducedbyfosssilfuelsbyrrenewableso
ources.The picturebelo
owshows
the exp
pected amou
unt of energgy that wouuld be produced using renewable energy sourrces; the
nsofBahrain
nshowthat inyear2020
05%ofthetotalenergyywouldbep
produced
strategiccfutureplan
usingso
olarenergy(includingsola
arenergyanndwindenerrgy).[18]
Fiigure10,rene
ewableenerggyproductionplansforGCC
Ccountries[118]
The percentage 5%looksre

elativelysmaallcompared
dtotheavailabilityofso larenergyin
nBahrain
hrough savin
ng environm
ment from ha
azardous
and the benefits asssociated witth using sol ar energy th
ns, reducingg the costs of producinng electricity for long term plans especially with
w
the
emission
expectedincreaseofthepricesofelectricityyinBahrain(2016),thee
expectedinccreaseinthe demand
t populatio
on growth a nd also the continuouss decrease i n the costs of solar
on electtricity due to
photovo
oltaic system
ms where no
owadays thee costs of photovoltaic
p
c systems haas become close to
electricittyproducedusingfossil..Bahrainshoouldinvestm
moreinsolarrenergytouutilizethebe
enefitsof
sunlight.[18]
BaseedonBahrainSocietyofEngineerinng (BSE) the engineerssh
houldstrive tocontributeinthe
development and im
mplementatiion of their own and the engineerin
ng professioon's knowled
dge, skills
mittedinimprovingandsavingtheeenvironmenttthrough
ouldbecomm
andexpertise;theengineerssho
he natural resources efficiently. TThis can be achieved by using or developing new
using th
environm
mentally frieendly metho
ods for produuction or co
onstruction. The
T Photovvoltaic Solarr Parking
System study, analyysis and imp
plementationn project play an impo
ortant role inn helping Ba
ahrain to
gatesforinvvestingmore
einsolar
furtheraapplytheprrinciplesofssustainableddevelopmentt,opentheg
energyaapplications throughpro
oposingnew
wtechniques ofapplying solarenergy
gywhichcanbeused
for indu
ustrial, comm
mercial and residential applicationss; also, analyyzing the suuitability of the
t solar
parking system in Bahrain and evaluatingg the syste
em in termss of costs ((saving mon
ney) and
environm
ment.Thisp
projectaimsttomotivate thegovernm
mentandthe
edecisionm
makerstoinvestmore
and putt appropriatte regulation
ns for solar energy, and support people
p
for bboth residen
ntial and
commerrcial applicattions. Through this projeect, a design
n will be pro
ovided incluuding the me
echanical
devices that will bee used in capturing sola r electricity,, the structu
ure of the paark and a list of the
d electrical componentss for the pproposed sysstem; this would
w
be uuseful for en
ngineers,
required
techniciaansandanyinterestedp
personwhow
wouldliketo
ouseorlearn
naboutsolarrenergy.[13
3]
Page2
25of202
1.4.1 Prroject beneffits for Bahrrain:
ImpactsandbenefitsofthisprojjectforBahrrain:
Bahrainisa smallcounttry;theland isnotavailableinmanyyareas;insttallingsolarp
panelsin
ndswouldbe
eimpossible inmanylocationsandcostlyaswelll;themainb
benefitof
separatelan
solarcarparrkingsystemisutilizingeexistingparkiingareastogeneratefurrtherelectriccity.
Implementin
ng this pro
oject has im
mportant cllimate chan
nge benefitss through reducing
emissionsesspeciallycarb
bondioxide CO2.
Thedrivers willdecrease
etheuseof airconditioning(becaussethevehicllewouldreq
quireless
ooldown),re
esultinginbeetterfueleffficacyandreducedemisssions.
energytoco
During operration, the solar
s
parkingg system pro
oduce zero emissions; tthis means the
t solar
parkingsysttemiscleane
erthannorm
malpowersittuationsthatworkbaseddonthecom
mbustion
offossilfuels.Thiswouldimproveppublichealth
handlocalenvironment throughred
ducingair
pollutants.
In addition to that solar energy is sustainable; it is renewable as welll. With the expected
e
c
decrease off the costs of solar
increase of electricity costs in Baahrain and continuous
he photovolttaic system would
w
provid
de an alternnative for production
photovoltaicc devices; th
withveryco
ompetitiveprriceforBahrrainsociety(wouldsavem
moneyforloongtermplans).
Thesolarcaarparkingsystemisdesiggnedbased onBahraine
environmenttandlocatio
onwhere
it would prrovide the maximum
m
ppossible pow
wer output and the sysstem would provide
protectionfromthesun andrain.
uld lead to rreduce the consumption
c
n of fossil fuuels in Bahrrain. This
Using solar panels wou
could help in increasingg the econoomy because
e reducing the use of fo
fossil fuels will
w allow
additionalexxportsofoilandgaswhi chismorevvaluableonw
worldmarkettsthanBahrain.
Producing the electricityy from solarr panels do not requiress water for their operattion, and
otpolluteorstrainthew aterresourcces.[23]
hencedono
ect would bee a silent producer of energy
e
wherre there is no noise
The solar parking proje
mthepanels whileconve
ertingsunligh
httoelectriccity.[20]
wouldbeprroducedfrom
mentingthis project;thisprojectwo
ouldreduceCCO2emissio
onsby40
After25yeaarsofimplem
metrictons.
1.4.2 Prroject beneffits for Bahrrain Polytecchnic:

Implemeentingthisprojectwould
dhavemanyybenefitsforrBahrainPolytechnic:
Afullstudyaboutimplementingasoolarparkingsysteminsid
dethecampuuswasprepa
ared;this
studywould
dsavethousandsofBD insteadofre
elyingonexpertsfromooutsideford
doingthe
researcheso
only.
Thesolarpaarkingsystem
mwouldopttimizetheap
ppearanceofsolarparki ngareaandbecome
animportan
ntarchitecturalfeaturefoorBahrainPolytechnic.
e entire struucture was prepared
p
for Bahrain Pollytechnic by AlZamil
A real quotaation for the
Company (ssteel designing and mannufacturing Company).
C
Bahrain
B
Polyttechnic can contract
with this company to sh
hade the pa rking area only
o
(if the mangers
m
do nnot want im
mplement
thisproject).
Page2
26of202
1.4.3 Prroject beneffits for engin

neering dep
partment:
Benefitssofthisprojeectforschoo
olofengineeeringandBah
hrainmechanicalengineeers:
Afulldesign
nofthestructure(with theoptimum
mdirectiona
andtiltangl e)isprovide
edtothe
students\meechanicalen
ngineers;thissprojectrep
presentsthe guideforappplyingsolarparking
projects.
Further reseearches can be done inn the univerrsity after th
his project iincluding researches
aboutoptim
mizingthestrructureofthheparkingsyystem,vibrattionanalysiss,designinge
electrical
circuits,meaasuringsolarrirradianceeexperimentaallyandcostanalysissoffurtherstudentsand
tutorswould
dbemoreexxperiencedinnsolarparkingfield.
1.5 Cha
apters summ
mary:
Theefollowingch
hapteristhe
eoreticalmetthodology,aanalysisandd
design.This chapteranalyzesthe
problem
m and presen
nts the methodology stteps required to solve this problem
m with all theoretical
aspects.Thischapteerstartswith
hexplainingaalltherequiredstepstodesignaso larparkingssystemin
nctions,typees,compone
entsandsele
ectioncriteriaaforPVcellsandPV
Bahrain..Then,itdeffinesthefun
solarsysstems, and it
i shows the
e selection c riteria for module
m
type. Furthermorre, it analyze
esall the
methodologysteps indetailstarrtingwiththherequiredp
parametersa
andtheoreti calaspectsttodesign
ngle,tiltanggle,latitudeaangleandaltitudeanglee),movingto
oparking
thesystem(suchass,azimuthan
a
design (such as prresenting some theoriess of Mecha nics, presen
nting the
structure analysis and
dsthatwillb
beusedtod
determinethhewindload
dsandthecataloguesthhatwillbeused)and
standard
ending aat system performance analysis thrrough showiing the form
mulas and stteps to calcu
ulate the
electricittyproducedbythesyste
em,theprojeectcostsand
dsavings.
The followingch
hapterisresultsanddisccussion;itprresentsallth
hecalculatioonsandanalyysisused
t theoreticcal aspects eexplained in
n chapter
to desiggn the solar parking systtem (it impl ements all the
two). Th
his chapter uses
u
differen
nt methods to interprett, analyze an
nd compare the results such as,
tables, ffigures, charrts, free bod
dy diagrams,, decision matrices
m
and online calcuulators. Thiss chapter
startswithselectinggthetypeof,,solarcell(ppolycrystallin
ne,monocrysstallineorthhinfilm),sola
arsystem
(off griid or grid tiied and b
batteryless oor battery based
b
system
m) and sollar module by using
decision
nmatrices.A
Also,itdetermineswhe thertouse ornotatrackingsystem
m;thenitse
electsthe
finaldessignforthe parkingstructurefromssetofoption
ns(4optionss)throughccomparingth
hepower
outputs and advan
ntage and disadvantagees of each option
o
with consideringg design co
onstrains.
more,itcalculatesthesttressesonthhepartsofth
hestructureusingmechaanicsandFE
EA,andit
Furtherm
presentss3dmodelfforthefinaldesign.Fu rthermore,iitcalculates theelectric itygenerate
edbythe
proposeed solar systtem, it com
mpares betw een electriccity produced with elect
ctricity consu
umed by
Bahrain Polytechnicc and it estim
mates the prroject costs for 25 yearss. Finally, it presents the
e project
impactsintermsofccosts(savinggs)andenvirronmentalasspectsforthe
efirst25yeaars.
The last chapteer is conclusions and re commendattions; it show
ws all the m
main findinggs of this
withseveralrecommend
dationstoim
mprovetheprojectinthe future.
projectw
Page2
27of202
ChapterTwoThe
eoreticalmethodologyy,analysis&
&design:
2.1 Intrroduction:
Thisschapterstartswithintro
oducingallthherequiredstepstodesign,analyze andthenim
mplement
odology). The
en it explainns all the theoretical
a solar parking systtem for Bahrrain Polytec hnic (metho
aspects (designing and
a analyzin
ng) separateely in more detail. The findings of this chapter will be
pter.
implemeentedintheresultschap
2.2 Step
ps to design
n a solar pa
arking systeem:
Thefollo
owingstepsw
werefollowe
edtoanalyzee,designand
dimplementtthesolarpaarkingsystem
m:
Step1(anaalysisandde
esign):Explaainingthethe
eoreticaland
ddesignasppectsforpho
otovoltaic
solarparkinggsystems;th
hisincludes:
1. Expllaining how the solar syystem produ
uce electricitty, the differrence betwe
een solar
cell,moduleand
darrayandtthecriteriausedtoselecttthetypeoffsolarcell.
2. Show
wingthetyp
pesofsolarssystems,theadvantages anddisadvaantagesofea
achtype;
then
nexplainthe
emaincompponents.Also
o,definingandcomparinngbetweeninverters
typees.
3. Stud
dyingthemo
otionofthe eartharoun
nditisaxiso
ofrotation,aandtheeffe
ectofthe
orientation of the parkingg structure on the amo
ount of solaar irradiance. Then,
e optimum oorientation for the structure with tthe panels based
b
on
deteermining the
locaation of Bahrain (design option 1). Also, proposing two furrther design
n options
baseedonthedirrectionoftheeparkinglotts.
4. Expllaining the parameterss required to
t design a
a solar systtem (latitude angle,
decllination angle, etc.). Theen, studyingg the relation between tthe motion of earth
relativetothesunandthettiltofthepaanels.Finallyy,findingtheeoptimumtiltangles
forp
parkingstrucctureinordeertousethemifpossible
e.
5. Deteermining the
e methods uused to calcculate the so
olar irradiancce and seleccting the
avaiilableandmo
oreaccurateemethod(on
nlinecalculattors).
6. Show
wing Bahrain guideliness for the design of offsstreet car paarking facilitties then
show
wingmethod
dsthatwillbbeusedforcalculatingdimensionsanndnumbero
ofparks.
7. Expllainingselecttioncriteria formodulessmanufacturrer(type).
8. Expllaining the theory
t
of m
mechanics an
nd different terms thatt will be use
ed while
calculating stresses on thee structure (purlin, crossbeams, coonnection bolts
b
and
umns).
colu
9. Defiiningfivefacctorsthatwiillbeusedtodetermine
eFactorofsaafety.Then, defining
thewindload,andlistingtheerequiredsttepstoestim
mateit.
10. Find
ding the available steeel sections in Bahrain, then deterrmining whiich steel
cataaloguesthatwillbeused .
11. Expllainingthem
methodofjo iningcrossbe
eamwithcolumns.Thenn,explaininghowthe
structurewillbe
emodeledanndanalyzedusingcompu
uteraideddeesign.
he power pr oduced by the
t system can
c be calcuulated and exxplaining
12. Defiining how th
the factors thatt effect on the perform
mance of th
he system (ssteps for ca
alculating
perfformancered
ductionfactoor).
Page2
28of202
plaining how
w the projecct savings can
c
be calculated, andd explaining how to
13. Exp
calculatethetottalcostofth eproject.
Step2(imple
ementation)):allthetheooreticalaspe
ectswillbeim
mplementeddinstep2:
1. Seleecting solar cell type (ppolycrystallin
ne, monocryystalline or thin film) by using
deciisionmatrix.
2. Decidingwhethe
ertouseornnotatrackin
ngsystem.
m (off grid or grid tied) and (batterryless or
3. Seleecting the tyype of the ssolar system
battterybasedsyystem)usinggdecisionmaatrix.
4. Analyzingdesign
noption1,22,and3;the
encomparing
gbetweent hepowerou
utputsof
h design. Finally,
F
seleccting the optimum
o
design optionn that provide best
each
com
mpromise(de
esignconstraains)andmaximumpowe
eroutput.
5. Deteermining the
e height of tthe structurre (column) based on thhe selected tilt
t angle
andBahrainparkingguidelinnes.
dimensionsooftheparks,,andthense
electingsolaarmoduletype(from
6. Meaasuringthed
seto
ofoption)th
hatwouldbeecompatible
ewiththeparkingdime nsionsandb
basedon
mod
duleselectioncriteriausiingdecisionmatrix.
7. Calcculating wind
d load. Thenn, calculatingg factor of safety and coomparing it with the
reco
ommendedffactorofsafeetyforsteelsstructures.
8. Decidingwhethe
ertouseapparkingstructturewithfou
urcolumns( designoptio
onA)ora
B).
parkkingstructurewithtwoccolumns(dessignoptionB
9. Calcculatingthefforcesactinggonthestruccturecompo
onentsasmeentionedbelow:
alculateloaddsonpurlinss:
Commonstepstoca
Find
dingresultantforceactinngonthestru
ucture.
Skettchingshearforceandbeendingmom
mentdiagram
m.
Find
dingthemaximumbendi ngmoment..
Calcculatingsectiionmoduluss(Z).
SeleectingthesuitablesizefroomAlZamilcatalogue.
Find
dingthevonmissesstresssandcompaareitwithallowablestreess.
alculateloaddsoncrossbeams:
Commonstepstoca
dingresultantforceactinngonthestru
ucture.
Find
Skettchingshearforceandbeendingmom
mentdiagram
m.
Find
dingthemaximumbendi ngmoment..
Calcculatingsectiionmoduluss(Z).
SeleectingthesuitablesizefroomAlZamilcatalogue.
Find
ding the com
mbined stre ss (axial and bending) and compa re it with allowable
a
stress.
alculateloaddsoncolumn
ns:
Commonstepstoca
Seleectinganinitialbeamsizeefromthecaatalogue.
Deteerminingthe
eaxialforce.
Calcculatingtheccompressivestress.
Calcculatingtheb
bendingmom
ment(ornettbendingmo
oment).
29of202
Page2
ecombinedccompressivestress.
Deteerminingthe
Com
mparingtheccombinedstrresswiththe
eallowablesstress.
Find
dingthemaximumbuckliingstress.
Stepsto
ofindsizean
ndnumberoofthebolts:
Choosinganinitialsizeforthhebolts.
Choosinganinitialnumberfforthebolts..
Calcculatingthesshearstress oneachboltt.
Calcculatingthettensilestresssforallboltss.
Find
ding maximu
um principlee stress for the bolt tha
at exposes tto maximum
m tensile
stressusingMoh
hrcycle;the ncomparinggthisstressw
withtheallow
wablestresss.
Stepsto
odeterminethesizeoft hefooting(ffoundation):
Find
dingthemaximumaxialfforceonthefooting.
Calcculatingtheffootingsizetthroughusin
ngFEMAstan
ndardequatiion.
Choosingthesta
andarddimeensionforthefootingthatisequaltooorgreaterthanthe
ngsize.
calculatedfootin
deling the components of the parkking structure using Soli dworks. The
en, using
10. Mod
Solid
dworks FEA
A to calcula te the stre
esses. Finallyy, comparinng calculatio
ons with
Solid
dworksvalue
es.
11. Calcculatingpowerperforma ncereductio
onfactor(PF).
12. Calcculating the total area of photovolltaic module
es. Then, caalculating the power
prod
ducedbythe
esystemmoonthlyforthe
efirstyear,andtotalpoowerproduce
edinthe
firstt25years.
13. Calcculatingcostoftheelectrricityproduccedbythesyystem(savinggs)for25years.
14. Calcculatingthep
powerconsuumedbyBah
hrainPolytecchnic,andfinndingthepercentage
of electricity
e
produced by
y the system
m to the ellectricity co nsumed by Bahrain
Polyytechnic.
15. Deciding whether to use sttring inverters, central in
nverters or micro invertters; and
checckingthattheinverterisscompatiblewiththeselectedmodu leandsystempower
outp
putbyusinganonlinecaalculator.
16. Calcculating the total cost off the projectt (25 years), and then ccomparing th
his figure
with
htheprojectsavings.
17. Find
dingthetotalcostofthe project.
Page3
30of202
2.3 The
e mechanism
m of Photov
voltaic (PV
V) solar systtem (mater
rial science)):
PhottovoltaicissshortforPho
oto(thephootonsorlightt)andvoltaic(thevoltaggeorelectriccity).The
photovo
oltaiccellsarremanufactu
uredfroma semiconducctormaterials(typicallySSiliconSi)miixedwith
otherelementswheereifexpose
edtosunlighht(thelightp
particlesph
hotons)the cellwillgen
neratean
o explain ho
ow the systeem produce
e electricity let us first explain the
e atomic
electric current. To
structureofsilicon(Si)andthestructureofssolarcells:[2
24]
2.3.1 Attomic structture of silico
on (Si):
The atomicnum
mberofSilico
on(Si)is14w
where14ele
ectronsareo
orbitingthe nucleus(arrrangedin
PartA)two electronsarrelocatedinthefirst
threedifferentshellls).Asshownonthefiguurebelow(P
dintheseco
ondshell(tw
woarelivinginthe2S
shell(livvinginthe1SSorbital),eigghtelectron sarelocated
andsixiinthe2Porb
bitals)andfo
ourelectronssarelocated
dinthelastsshell(valanceeoroutersh
hell).The
first and
d second sheells that hold
d 2 and 8 ellectrons resp
pectively are
e completelyy full; since the
t third
shell(ou
utershell)is onlyhalffu
ull(justfour electronsfro
omapossible8holes).TThesilicona
atomwill
striveto
ofillupitslastshellthroughsharing electronswiithfournearrbyatomsle adingtoformapure
crystallin
nestructure(eachatominthestructturebondsw
with4otheratoms)(parttC).[25]
Figure11,A)SSiliconatomicnumberB)Siiliconvalence
eelectronsC)SiliconCrystaallinestructure[24]
Theproblemofpurecrystallinesiliconittisabadcon
nductorduetononeoftthevalencee
electrons
arefreeetomoveab
bout.Ifenerrgy(in aform
mofsunligh
ht)isaddedttotheSilicoon;theenerggywould
knockth
heelectrons freeofthe crystallines tructure.Thisprocessneedsmucheenergyandp
produces
veryfew
wfreeelectrrons(verylitttlecurrentfflow).Toaddressthisisssue,impurittiesareadde
edtothe
siliconin
nordertoincreaseitscurrentcarryinngpropertiess;thisprocesssiscalledd oping.[26]
When Silicon iss doped with
h compoundds that contaain one morre valence e lectrons tha
an Silicon
uchasPhosphorous(contains5electtronsintheo
outershell);4electronsaarerequired
dtobond
does,su
with thee 4 adjacentt silicon atoms and thee fifth valencce electron is available for conducttion. The
resultinggsiliconiscaalledNtype(Nfornegattive)whichissamuchbettterconduct orcompared
dtopure
Silicon.SSince,ifthe pureSiliconisdopedwitthcompoun
ndsthatconttain1lessvaalenceelectrronsthan
Silicond
does,suchassBoron(conttains3elect ronsintheo
outershell);3electronsaareavailable
etobond
withfou
uradjacentssiliconatomss.Thus,aninncompletebond(hole)existsthatca nattractanelectron
froman
nearbyatom
m.FillingoneholemakesanotherholeinadifferentSiliconaatom;thismovement
ofholesisavailableforconduction.TheresuultingsiliconiscalledPtyype(Pforneegative).
Page3
31of202
Figure12,PtypeSilicona
andNtypeSillicon[24]
Wheen Ntype and Ptype Silicon

S
are pplaced in con
ntact with
eachoth
her(asshow
wnonfigure1
13andfiguree14layerDandE);an
electric field(orapositivenegativejunctionnPNjunctio
on)forms.
ethatallowsstheelectronstoflow
ThePN junctionactsasadiode
fromtheenegativesiideofthecelltothepossitivesideofthecell.If
energy is added to
o Ntype silicon there are a lot more
m
free
nspresentw
withinthestrructurecaussingthefreeelectrons
electron
in the N
Ntype silico
on to rush towards
t
thee holes in the Ptype
Figure13,P
PNjunction[2
29]
silicon,w
whichcreateesacurrentfflow.[27][288]
Thetablebelow
wshowsthesstructureofssolarcells:
Table4,SSolarCellStru
ucture[27]
psulate:typiccallymadeo
ofglass;itisuusedtosealthecellsfromoutsideennvironment.
A Encap
B ContaactGrid:mad
deofagoodconductor((metal);itwo
orksasacolllectorofelecctrons.
C AntireeflectiveCoaating(ARCoa
ating):thiscooatinglayerhelpstoguid
dethelightiintothesolarcell.
D NTyp
peSilicon.
E PTyp
peSilicon.
F BackContact:am
metalusedto
ocoverthew
wholebacksurfaceofthe
esolarcells.
Figure114,SolarCellSStructure[27]
2.3.2 Su
ummary of tthe electriciity productiion process::
Thee energy fro

om sun (ph
hotons) excittes the elecctrons locatted on the solar Ntype silicon
pro
ovidingthem
mthevoltagetomove.
If tthe solar cells are connected to a load; the exxcited electrrons
wo
ould start moving
m
(curre
ent flow geenerated) from the Nttype
siliccontothePtypesilicon..
NowtheelectrronsfromNtypegotothhePtypesid
deandcomb
bine
onholes.
witththeelectro
As the sunlightt continues striking thee cell; furthe
er electrons are
sen
ntthroughth
hecircuit,an
ndtheelectrronsarepushedfromtheP
Fig
gure15,themovvementof
typ
pebacktotheNtypethrroughthePN
Njunctiontocontinuetheprocess.[229]
electrronsthroughthe
ePNjunction
[
Page3
32of202
2.4 Sollar cell, mod

dule, panell and array::
The solarcellis thesmallestcomponenntofthesolaarsystem;ittisresponsibbleforcollectingthe
sun eneergy (sunlight or photons) and convverting it to a direct current (DC eleectricity) tha
at can be
usedtorunthesysteemloads.[30]
Table5,thediffereencebetween
npanelandm
module
PVmodule
Thesm
mallestcomp
plete
environm
mentallypro
otected
assemblyofinterconneectedsolar
cellsconn
nectedinserries.[30]
PVpanel
Groupoofmodulesffastened
togetherr,preassem
mbledand
wiredand designedtoworkasan
installableeunitinanaarray.[30]
PVarray
Amecchanicallyinttegrated
assemblyyofmodulessorpanels.
[30]
Figure16,ce
ell,module,ppanelandarra
ay(fromcellttoarray)[31]
2.5 Sola
ar Cells types:
The photovoltaic solar cells can be classsified based
d on the wayy of
S
waferrs (manufacctured throu
ugh cutting the
manufaccturing to Silicon
wafersffromasolid ingotblocko
ofsilicon),a ndthinfilmtechnologies(a
thinlayeerofasemiconductorm
materialispuutonalowccostsubstrates).
The Cryystalline waffers have high efficienccy, but theyy are relativvely
costly tto manufactture. Thin film cells aare cheaper because the
materials used aree inexpensivve and the manufacturring processs is
hinfilmcellsarelesseffi cient.[32]
simpler.However,th
owsmajortyypesofPhottovoltaicSolarCells:
Thetabllebelowsho
Figuree17,TypesoffsolarCells[3
33]
Taable6,MajortypesofPhottovoltaicSolarCellswithbriefinformatiion
Monocrystalli ne(Singlecrrystalline)Ce
ells
The mono
ocrystalline cells are ma
ade in long cylinders and
sliced into
o round orr hexagonal wafers. Thhis process is
energyinttensive and wasteful of materials, bbut it producces
thebestso
olarcellefficciencybetwe
een15to20 %.
The mono
ocrystalline is the secon
nd common type in solar
global market, and its the most expensive ssystem due to
ufacturingprocess.[33]
thecomplicatedmanu
ocrystalline cells are mo
ore efficientt compared to
The Mono
polycrystaalline becau
use the in
ntergain bboundaries in
Figure18,SiinglecrystallineCells[33]
w.
polycrystaallinecellsinttroduceresisstancetotheecurrentflow
33of202
Page3
Po
olycrystallinee(orMultiC
Crystalline)ce
ells
The Polyccrystalline cells are ma

anufactured from moltten
siliconcastintoingotssordrawnin
ntosheets,t henslicedin
nto
squares so
o they can be
b packed closely
c
togetther creatingg a
module.[99]
The produ
uctioncostissalittlebit lowercomppared toMono
crystallinee; the efficiency of the cells is lowerr also betwe
een
12to15%
%.
Polycrystaalline modules are the most comm
mon solar tyype
4]
usedintheemarket.[34
Figure19,Poolycrystallinecells[34]
TThinfilmCells
They are manufactureed through depositing oone or several

ductormate
erialontoasuubstrate.
thinlayerssofsemicond
Thinfilm solar paneels are cattegorized thhrough whiich
photovoltaaicmaterialisdeposited ontothesu bstrate:
Amorphou
ussilicon(a Si).
Cadmiumtelluride(Cd
dTe).
Copperind
diumgallium
mselenide(CIS/CIGS).
Thin film cells provid
de a cheaper alternativee but are le
ess
efficientabout7to13%.[33]
Figu
ure20,ThinfillmCells(Amo
orphous)[33]]

election facttors for the ttypes of sol ar cells:
2.5.1 Se
Thesolaarcelltypew
willbeselecttedusingaddecisionmattrixbasedon
nfivefactorss:
1. Theavailabilityinmarke
et.
2. Thesystemefficiencywhichistheppercentageo
ofconvertingthesunlightttoelectricittybythe
cell.Itisoneeofthemosttimportantffactorsthatshouldbeco
onsideredwhhileselectinggthecell
typewhere thehighere
efficiencyre presentsthe
eoptimumo
option(prodducesmorep
poweror
requireslesssarea).
3. Temperaturecoefficienttforpower; thiscoefficientisbased
donthetem
mperatureoffthecell
(atStandard
dTestCondittion(STC)whhichisequallto25 an
ndtheambieenttemperatture;this
coefficienth
hasanegativvesign.Itis usedtodetterminetheincreaseorddecreaseof thecells
efficiencywhereifthetotaltemper atureoftheCell(Cell+a
ambienttem
mperatures"T
T
)is
greater than
n 25 the efficiency off the cells will
w drop, and
d vice versa.. To find the
e drop or
increaseinssolarcellseffficiencythe followingfo
ormulaisused:[35]

1 Teemperature coefficient K
25 T

K
25 T 1
W
Where,
ncyofthemoodule(efficie
encydropor increasecoorrectedefficiency).
:Acctualefficien
:Theefficien
ncyofthemooduleatSTC.
K:Tem
mperatureco
oefficientforrpower.
T :TottalofCell+a
ambienttem
mperatures.[36]
4. Cost;thelow
wercostisth
heoptimum optionespeciallyforlarg
gescaleprojjects.
meinorderto
ogetthe
5. Lifespan,theesolarcellsshouldbed urableandccanbeusedforlongtim
moneybackkespeciallyittisalongterrminvestme
ent.

Page3
34of202
2.6 Sola
ar systems types:
Figgure21,typessofPhotovolttaicSystems[[32]
AssshownontheeabovediaggramthereaarevarioustypesofPhottovoltaicSysstems;these
esystems
are classsified into two
t
main ca
ategories, a Gridtied systems and OffGrid syystems. The OffGrid
systemsarenotcon
nnectedwith
htheGriduttilitywheretthepoweris eitherconsuumeddirecttlybythe
orsavedintthebatteriess.Since,the GridTiedsyystemsareconnectedw
withtheGrid utility;if
systemo
thesysteemisnotpro
oducingsuffficientpowerrtheelectriccityfromthe
egridisusedd,andifthessystemis
producin
ngpowermorethanthe
erequired;tthesystemssendstheexxtrapowertoothegridle
eadingto
force th
he utility meter to run backward.
b
Onne more Griidtied system called Staand Alone syystem; it
an be emp loyed for emergency
e
backup pow
wer. Based on the
containss a generattor that ca
requirem
mentsofBah
hrainPolytecchnicthebesstsystemwilllbeselected
d.
2.7 Grid
dtied batte
eryless:
Fiigure22,com
mponentsofG
Gridtiedsyste
em(batteryfreesystem)[337]
Pictu
ure 22 show
ws the configurations off a Gridtied
d batterylesss system; w
when the solar array
collects thesun'sen
nergyadirecctcurrent(D
DC)isproducced.Allthe DCcablesfrromthemod
dulesare
c
box; the combbiner box agggregates the separate current flow
ws into a
connected with a combiner
oved from the combineer box throu
ugh a DC
single high amperagge DC circuit. The DC ppower is mo
ersotheDC powerisconvertedtoA
ACpowereleectricity.The
entheAC
disconneectbreakerttoaninverte
electricittyflowsthro
oughanACd
disconnectbbreakertoan
nACpowerp
panel,andfinnallytheelectricityis
availableetotheload
dorpowergrrid[27][28]..Thesystemconsistsoftthefollowinggcomponents:
1. Pho
otovoltaic(P
PV)arrays.
6.
6 Ameter.
2. Com
mbinerbox.
7.
7 A utility interconnecction across a circuit
breaker inside tthe MDP (main
3. AD
DCdisconnecctbreaker.
distributionpanelorrmainutilityybreaker
4. Aninverter(ormore).
panelpicturebelow).[29]
5. ACdisconnectss.
Page3
35of202
The Gridtied batteryless system

s
requuires less nu
umber of components ccompared to
o battery
more cost efffective, the system is siimpler in de
esign and
based syystem. This means this system is m
installation, the systtem energy output is grreater (the more
m
compo
onents used in the syste
em is the
withalesseefficiency)an
ndthesyste mrequirele
essmaintena
ance.Howevver,thissysttemdoes
systemw
not provvide backup power during powercuuts; it is the optimum syystem for sittes with reliable grid
power.[[29]
2.8 Grid
dTied with
h Battery Ba
ackup (Hyb
brid):
The Hybrid (Grid tied + Battterybased) systems can export power to the Grid and ch
harge the
batteries or supportt the load; the
t hybrid syystems use more
m
compo
onents comppared to batttery less
systemaasshownonthelistandpicturebeloow:
oltaic(PV)arrays.
6. Ba
atterymeterring.
1. Photovo
2. Acombiinerbox.
7. Aninverter(oormore).
3. Achargeecontroller((ormore)
b
8. Abackuploaddcenter(sub
diistributionpaanel).
4. ADCdissconnectbre
eaker.(Twoffor
eachcon
ntrollerandoneforeachh
9. AnACdisconnnects.
inverterr)
ercurrent
10. An MDP with ove
protection.[338]
5. Abatterrybank.
m)[39]
Figure
e23,compone
entsofHybriddsystem(Grid
dtiedbattery
ybasedsystem
Assshownonfiggure23,inadditiontothhebatteryb
bankseveral componenttswereadde
edtothe
systemllikechargeccontroller,exxtraDCbrea kerandsubloadpanel.Thisincreassestheinitialcostsof
thesysteemandincreeasesthesysstemcompleexitywhiledesigningthesystemanddduringmain
ntenance
becausee many components nee
ed to be insspected and
d monitored. In this systtem a dual function
inverterisusedtosu
upplytheutilitygridwithhanysurplusenergygen
neratedbythhesystem.A
Also,this
oltaicarrayaandbattery bank(contro
olledbythe chargecontroller)to
inverterworkswith thephotovo
provide ACpowerto
othebackup
pcircuitsifthhegridisdo
own.Thechargecontrolleerisusedto
omanage
the battteries voltagge, keep the batteries fuully charged if the grid iss on and preevent batterries from
beingdeepletediftheesystemisd
drawingpow
werfromthem
m.[40]
The userofbattterybasedsyystemwoulddnotsufferaaboutanyproblemassocciatedwiththeutility
outage (the user would have powerr when the utility
u
is out) [41]. Howeever, using a
a backup
power o
battery bank to the system would leads to several issu
ues such as, during chargging and disscharging
me part of t he energy. This
T would reduce
r
the eefficiency an
nd power
processees; the batteeries consum
output o
of the photo
ovoltaic syste
em by 10 %
% (for leadaccid batteries). Also, addiing a backup
p battery
36of202
Page3
bank to the system

m increases the
t complexxity of the system
s
and requires moore compone
ents and
ncreases inittial cost, insttallation cossts and syste
em maintena
ance costs. A
Adding battery bank
hence in
requiress an empty land
l
to store
e the batter ies; also the
e batteries should be inssulated from
m outside
environm
ment. Most types of ba
atteries requuire mainten
nance like cle
eaning and ggreasing the
e battery
terminals and addin
ng distilled water.
w
Batterries are expensive and need
n
to be rreplaced periodically
beforettheotherparrtsofthesolarsystem[227][31].Ad
decisionmatrixwillbeussedtoselect thefinal
systemttypebasedo
ontheadvan
ntagesanddiisadvantagessofeachsystem.
2.9 Maiin compone
ents of solar systems:
Sysstemloads(o
orappliance
es):
The system load
ds or applia
ances are alll the electrical equipme
ent need to be powered
d by the
oltaicsystem
m(BahrainPo
olytechnicapppliances).Theloadsare
edividedtoD
DCandAClo
oads;the
photovo
power ffrom the arrray is DC electricity. In order to ru
un the equip
pment that works only with AC
electricitty;theDCelectricitysho
ouldbeconveertedtoACe
electricityussinganinvert
rter.[29]
BattteryBank:
Wheenthesystemrequiressstoringthessurplusenerrgyofthearrays;abatteerybackupssystemis
used.Th
hebenefitoffusingBatte
erybankispprovidingpowertothessystemwhennthegridis offorat
night (fo
or Offgrid systems).
s
The battery Baank is a set of batteriess wired togeether to ach
hieve the
specific voltageandenergycapa
acitydesired .Thebatteryybankisusu
uallykeptin aseparateccontainer
to keep the batteriees safe. The
e batteries a re connecte
ed with the photovoltaicc arrays for charging
them,andwithach
hargecontrollerlocated inbetween (arraysandbatteries).TThechargecontroller
is used to control the batteries charging annd discharging processes and the baatteries volttage. The
battery bank is con
nnected witth an invertter to proviide power for
f the AC loads. Batte
eries are
h they requiire continuo
ous maintena
ance (cleani ng and grea
asing the
consumaable components which
battery terminals an
nd adding distilled wateer). The batteries should
d be replacedd periodically where
theycan
nrunfor5to
o7yearsifttheynotcom
mpletelydisccharged(dischargedbeyyond80%),a
andifthe
chargingganddischarrgingiscarriedoutwithi nthespecifiedlimitsofccurrent.[29]]
Chaargecontroller:
The charge controller is an electrical ccomponent placed
p
betw
ween the phootovoltaic array and
battery bank.Theprrimaryfunctionofcharggecontrolleriscontrollingthechargeecomingfromarrays
oughmanagiingbatteriessvoltage,keepingbatterriesfullychaargediftheggridison
tobatteerybankthro
andprevventingbatteeriesfrombeingdepleteedifthesystemisdrawin
ngpowerfroomthem.[42
2]
Pow
werdistributionandloa
adcenters:
The utilitycomp
panysendsp
powertotheedesiredlocationthroug
ghwiresthattareconnecctedwith
ameterrwherethe electricalen
nergyusedissrecorded. From this meter;aconn
m
nectionism
madeto a
maindisstributionpaanel(MDP)(a
alsocalledthhemainload
dcenterMLC)thatconttainacircuitbreaker,
and hen
nce the pow
wer is distributed from tthe load cen
nter to various branch ccircuits to po
ower the
systemaappliances.M
MostGridtie
edbatteryleesssystemsccontainsam
maindistributtionpanel(a
asshown
onfiguree22).Since,theGridtie
edbatterybaasedsystemsscontainam
maindistribuutionpanela
andasub
panel th
hat works as a backup, and powerrs up the loaads (appliances) conneccted to pane
el during
powerccuts(utility).[43]
Dissconnectsan
ndovercurre
entprotectioon:
For safetyandm
maintenance
erequiremennts;thephottovoltaicsolarsystemsm
mustcontain
nasetof
disconneectsandoveercurrentpro
otectionequ ipment.Thepurposeofdisconnects equipmentiistoturn
thedesiiredcircuito
off.Disconne
ects,should locatedinplacesforsysstemmainteenanceandttoisolate
Page3
37of202
thephottovoltaicarrayandthein
nverter.DCD
Disconnectccanbeplaced
dbetweenthhecombinerrboxand
theinveerterasasprritunit;oritmaybeprovvidedwithth
heinverter;since,theACCdisconnecttsshould
beplaceedclosetoth
hemaindistrributionpaneel.[44]
Thee overcurren
nt protection
n devices arre equipment (such as,, fuses) thatt turn the loads
l
off
automattically when the loads are
a drawing too much current (protecting photoovoltaic strin
ngs from
overcurrrents).The overcurrentdevicesprootectthecon
nductors(wires)frombeecomingtoo
ohotand
starting afire.Allarrraysthatco
onsistofmo rethanfourrstringsshouldbeequipppedwithfu
uses.The
nominallcurrentoftthefusesho
ouldbeatleeast1.25tim
mesbiggerth
hanthenom
minalstringcurrentin
order to
o avoid noisee. The overccurrent proteection devices in the DC
C side are opptional; since the AC
sidesho
ouldincludeo
oneormoreofthesedevvices.[45]
Sysstemground
ding:
Thee grounding process ne
eeds taking one conducctor from a twowire ssystem (posiitive and
negativee) and conn
necting it to
t ground. Grounding the solar photovoltaic
p
c system ha
as many
advantages includin
ng providingg the protecction to pe
eople on site from elecctric shock risk and
etosystem fault.Groun
ndingthepho
otovoltaicsyystemshould
dinclude
eliminattinganyposssiblefiredue
the follo
owing parts,, the array frame
f
and ssystem Grou
unding (DC conductors
c
ggrounding). [46] The
groundffaultprotecttionfaultpro
otectionisal readyprovid
dedinsometypesofinveerters.[45]
Com
mbinerbox(orjunctionbox):
Wheen the modu
ules are wired together in series strings the ou
utput voltagees increases and the
current remainsthesame.Theo
outputwiressfrommultip
pleseriesstrringsareconnnectedtoge
etherina
boxcalleedcombinerrbox.Theou
utputofthe combinerboxisonelarrgertwowireeconductor thatwill
beconn
nectedtotheeinverter.Th
heconnectioonsinsideth
hecombinerboxaretyppicallymade ofscrew
terminals(highqualityisrequire
edtoensure lowerlossesandtopreventoverhe ating).Theccombiner
boxconttainsovercurrentprotecctiondevicess(safetyfuse
eorbreakerfforeachstrinng).[47]
Figure2
24,wiringcirccuitfortwopphotovoltaicm
modulesconn
nectedinparaallel[48]
Thepictureabovveshowstw
womodules( ortwoseriesstrings)connectedinpparallelinaccombiner
w
(black wires) are cconnected in
n in the desired terminaals. A ground wire is
box. Thee negative wires
connectedfromtheeseterminalsstoground stripto the ground. The
epositivew
wires(redwires)pass
through fuses to the desired te
erminals. Thee green wire
e representss grounding the modules; all the
moduless are connected by thiss wire and tthe output wire
w passes through groounding strip to the
ground. Thenegativvewiresarecombinedtooabiggerwireandthep
positivewireesarecombinedtoa
biggerw
wire. Thesew
wireswillbe
econnected withan inverter,andth
hesystemissprotected byfuses,
breaker(withtermin
nals)andgro
oundingsysteem.[48]
Invverter:
Page3
38of202
If ph
hotovoltaic solar
s
module
es are the h eart of any photovoltaicc solar systeem;the inverters are
thebrains.Theinvertersarethe
esecondmosstexpensive
epartaftersolarmoduless.Thedirectcurrent
(DC)electricitythatproducedbyythesolarpaanelspassessthroughinvverters,whicchtheytransformthe
DCelecttricityintoalternatingcu
urrent(ACe lectricity)whichisthetyypeofelectrricityusedb
byhomes
and bussinesses to power lightts and appliiances. The inverters are divided tto utility interactive
invertersandstandaaloneinverte
ers.Theinteeractiveinvertersaredivvidedtogriddirect(used
dforgrid
Vsystems)andbatteryb
based.[49][229]
directPV
Grid
ddirect inverters are ussed for grid tied system
m. Grid direcct inverters are classified to the
following three gro
oups, micro inverters, sstring inverters and cen
ntral inverteers; the tablle below
pes:[29]
compareesbetweentthethreetyp
Table7,Microinverter
M
r,StringinvertterandCentralinverter
Micro
inverters
String
inverters
Central
inverters
Micro invverters are the

t smallestt existing in
nverter unitss; each
micro invverter is con
nnected to a single photovoltaic module
m
instead of
o string of modules; tthey converrt the DC current
c
directly. Micro
M
invertters are typpically less than
t
250 W
W each;
micro invverters can be used foor both small size and
d large
projects.[[50][29]
[51]]
Thestringginverteratttachesstringgsofphotovvoltaicmodu
ulesfor
powerouttputsranginggfrom1kW
Wto15kW.TThestringinvverters
are used in both small size andd medium siize residentiial and
industrialapplications.[50][29]
[52]
Centralinvvertersoperrateverysim
milartostringinverters,jjuston
amuchlargerscale.Centralinverttersaredeployedinlargescale
industrial systems, an
nd the rangee size is from
m 15 kW to 1 MW.
[50][29]
[53]
Thefolllowingpointssshowadvan
ntagesofmiccroinvertersccomparedto stringandceentralinverte
ers;these
pointsw
willbeusedtoselectthetyp
peoftheinveerterforthisp
project:
Imp
provedsafetty:
The solarmodullesareconnectedinseriiesbeforeth
heyarefedintoastring oracentralinverter.
Thiscurrrentispotentially lifeth
hreatening.SSince,using microinverterselimina tetheneedforhigh
voltageDCwiring.This,improve
ethesafetyfforbothsolarinstallersandsystemu sers.[54]
Nosinglepointtoffailure:
Inm
microinverteersystems,iffthereissoomethingwro
ongwitheitheroneoftthesolarmo
odulesor
the micrro inverter; the rest of the
t solar sysstem will no
ot be affecte
ed (still runnning) where only one
module isaffected((notthewho
olesystem). Since,incen
ntralinvertersthewholeestringorth
hewhole
systemw
willbeoutofserviceifth
hereisafaulltinonemod
duleorinthe
ecentralinvverter.[54]
Optimizingpow
weroutput:
Figurre25,(A)3mo
odulesconnecte
edwithastringginverter(B)3modulesconnectedwith3 microinverters[55]
39of202
Page3
Pictu
ure25show
wstheexactssameconfiguurationofthreemodulessthatareconnnectedwith
hastring
inverter (part A) an
nd with micrro inverters (part B). Sh
hading has covered
c
onee of the PV modules
leading to reduce the
t power of
o this moduule from 215
5 watt to 90 watt. In ppart A, each
h module
reflects thesamepo
ower producctionwhere thewholessystemislim
mitedby theeweakestlin
nk(string
70 W. Since,, in part B (module
inverter and centraal inverter), and the sysstem total power is 27
connected with miccro inverterss) the shadiing effect on the power of one m odule only, and the
ngmoduleaarenotaffectted;thesysttemtotalpo
oweris520W
W.Thesolar moduleswillexpose
remainin
todirt(ssuchas,bird
dsdropping),,dustandm
mismatch.Thus,usingthe
emicroinve rterwillincrreasethe
systemeefficiencycomparedtostringandce ntralinverte
ers.[55][56]]
Cosst:
The microinverttersaremorreexpensiveethanstringandcentralinverters;inn2010avera
ageprice
ofcentraalinvertersiis0.4dollarp
perwatt.Sinnce,theaverragepriceofmicroinverttersis0.52d
dollarper
watt.Th
hehigherinittialcostofm
microinverteersdoesnotmeantheyw
willcostmorrebecausethemicro
inverters systems arre simpler in
n planning, ddesigning an
nd installing where they require lesss time to
out15%of theinstallattioncosts.A
Also,microin
nvertersdo notneedDC
Cstrings,
install.TThiscutsabo
andtheyyprovidebetterdurabilittyandlongeerlifespan.[5
54]
Donotrequireanareatoinstallthein verters:
oweroutputof898KW hasamasso
of1800Kgaandrequires 2.4m^2
Aceentralinvertterwithapo
toinstalllit(dataobttainedfromSMAcataloggue).Thesolarprojectw
wouldrequireerequiresab
bout4to
withatotala
areaof9.6too21.6m^2;thisareaisn
notavailableeintheparkkingarea.
8centraalinvertersw
The Miccro inverterss can be insttalled with tthe moduless or they can
n be fixed oon the structture; this
meanm
microinverterrdonotrequ
uireextraareeatoinstalltthem.[54]
EassytoExpand
d:
Inm
microinvertersexpandinggthesolarsyystemwithe
extramodulesiseasier((buyamicro
oinverter
and solaar module and connect them to thee system). The central in
nverters com
me with limited sizes
whereth
hecostumerrmaybuyaccentralinverrtermuchbigggerthenwh
hatisrequireed.[54]
Sileent:
The microinverrtersdissipattemuchlesssheatthanccentralinverrterswhere thereisno needfor
oolingfans;thisletsthem
moperatewitthoutnoise. [54]
usingco
Lon
ngerWarran
nty:
Becaause,themiicroinverterrsdonotexpposetohigh
hpowerandheatloads comparesto
ocentral
inverter,theytendttolastlonge
er.Microinvverterstypicaallycomewiithawarranntyof20to2
25years;
sincecentralinverteerscomewithawarrantyyof5to10yyears.[54]
Reports:
PerrformanceR
Amonitorsystemcanbeco
onnectedonllywithmicro
oinvertersw
wheretheennergyoutputtofeach
oltaic module is monito
ored continuuously. This helps in an
nalyzing the health of the
t solar
photovo
systemaandhence,im
mprovingtheperformannceifthereissafault.[54]
Thefollo
owingpointssshouldbecon
nsideredwhileeselectingam
microinverter:
1. Themaximu
umnumber ofmicroinvvertersthat can beused
dtoconnecttasingleACstringis
from16to1
17(basedonthemanufaacturer).[57]
2. Mostmicroinvertersdonotworkw ithoffgridsolarsystemss.
nections; the
e module sh ould have the same
3. Most types of micro inverters havee MC4 conn
ectthemoduulewithinve
erter.[57]
connectertyypetoconne
namicroinvverterarrayisinparallelsothevolta geexitingth
hemicro
4. Astringoffmodulesin
inverterrem
mainsconstan
ntat240Vo r208Vandttheamperageadds.[54]
Page4
40of202
2.10 So
olar irradian
nce perforrmance of ssolar parking system:
The solarirradiaanceistheamountofsoolarpowerstrikingonagivenareatthatproduce
edbythe
suninth
heformofeelectromagne
eticradiatio n;itisameasureofthe
eintensityoffthesunshin
neandis
KW
.Thesolarinsolationis theamounttofsolar
giveninunitsofkilo
owattsperssquaremete r
m
radiation
n energy reeceived on a
a given surfaace area in a given tim
me; commonnly it is mea
asured in
KWh
kilowattthours per square
s
mete
er (
ecause of
). The solar insolation differs seeasonally be
m day
thechan
ngingrelationoftheeartthtothesunn(occursdaillyandannua
ally).[58]
The most impo
ortant aspecct while dessigning the photovoltaicc system is the system
m overall
mance wheree the installed parking structure should
s
have access to as much energy as
perform
possiblee. The sunlight (photons) representss the fuel so
ource for the
e photovoltaaic arrays, an
nd hence
theinstaalledsystem
mshouldusethesunsennergymoste
effectively(thearrayssh ouldhavefu
ullaccess
toasmu
uchofthesolarresource).Analyzinggthefundam
mentalsofth
herelationshhipbetween
nthesun
andeartthwillhelpin
ndesigningtthesolarparrkingsystemwiththeoptimumperfoormance.[29
9]
2.11 Ro
otation of th
he sun abou
ut its imagiinary axis
Azimuth an
ngle for Bah
hrain Polyttechnic:
The earthrotateesonitsimaginaryaxis(oorrotatesab
boutitself);thisaxisisccalledaxisoffrotation
urs).Thisrottationisdesccribedby
orpolaraxis.Theeaarthcompletesonerotattionpersolarrday(24hou
the term
m azimuth angle
a
or justt azimuth; tthe azimuth angle descrribes the poosition of th
he sun in
relation to north. The
T
azimuth
h angle difffers through
hout the day based onn the earths steady
pically, the nnorth is considered the zero point (North = 0) so the
movemeent (15 perr hour). Typ
number of degrees the sun is from
f
that pooint gives th
he azimuth angle.
a
If the
e sun is at a position
uthof270, andifitsdirectlyto
directly tothewest ofthedesirredlocation thesystem hasanazimu
hasanazimuuthof180de
egrees.[59] [60][29]
thesoutthofdesiredpositionith
Figuree26,Azimuth
hangle[61]
Asiimplerulecaanbeusedttodetermineetheapprop
priatedirectionofthepaanelinwhichIfyou
live in tthe northern
n hemispherre, you shouuld point the
e panels tow
ward south. Since, if yo
ou live in
southern
n hemispherre, you shou
uld point thee panels tow
ward north Or in other word put the panel
toward equator(maakethearrayyfacethesuun)[62].Bah
hrainislocattedinthenoorthernhem
misphere,
andhen
ncethepanelshouldbep
puttowards outh.
Th
heresearchersfoundtha
attheaveraggeefficiencyyofasolarm
modulemounntedawayfromtrue
south(A
Azimuth180
0Northern hemisphere)decreasessby1.1%fo
oreveryfiveedegrees; th
hisfigure
varies slightly in diffferent partss of the worrld, from one solar pane
el manufact urer to another and
onsidered
during tthe seasons of the year. In this prooject the small variance of efficiencyy drop is co
negligible [63]. Thee amount off solar irraddiance receivved for the desired az imuth angle
e can be
calculateedfromthefollowingformula:
Numbeer of degrees from true south
E E
1
Page4
41of202
E
Where,

1.1%
2
:Efficiiencydropper5degreessfromtruessouth(1.1%)..
E:Theamou
untofsolarirradiancere ceivedforth
hedesiredazzimuthanglee(KW
).
m
E
: Thee amount off solar irradiiance received when the array is m
mounted tow
ward true
KW
south(
)andtheselectedtilttangle.[63]
m
The resultssectionwillprop
posethreeddesignoption
nsbasedontheoptimum
mazimuthangleand
direction
nofBahrainPolytechniccstudentspaarkinglots.TThenanonlinecalculato rwillbeuse
ed(called
RoofAziimuthtoolp
poweredbyggooglemapss)tofindthe
etrueazimu
uthangleforreachdesign
noption.
Design o
option 1 will use an azzimuth anglee 180 (the parking stru
ucture and m
modules willl be put
toward truesouth) wherethed
directionofttheparking lotswillbecchanged.In designoptio
on2,the
modulessoftheparkkingstructurrewillbepuutperpendiculartoBahrrainPolytechhnicparking lots(the
direction
nofthelotsswillnotbe changed).I ndesignopttion3,them
modulesofttheparkingsstructure
willbep
putparallelttoBahrainPo
olytechnicpaarkinglots(tthedirection
nofthelotsw
willnotbechanged).
Finally, the three designs will be
b analyzed and compaared to find the best coompromise for
f client
mentandpo
oweroutput.
requirem
2.12 Mo
otion of the
e Sun relative to Earth
h and tilt an
ngle:
The earth revollution referss to the earrth's motion
n around the
e sun; the eearth completes full
on per 365.25 days (1 year); the eearth revolve
e counter clock wise suuch as, from
m June to
revolutio
Septemb
ber.Astheeearthorbits thesun;theetiltofearth
h'saxischan
nges(by 23.55fromvertical);the
changeo
oftheearthstilteffecto
ontheamouuntofsolarraadiationrece
eivedatthe surface.[29]]
Figure2
27,theearthttakesanellippticalpatharo
oundthesunduringafullyyear[29]
As shown on the
t picture above, the earth takes an elliptical
oundthesun
n.Duringsum
mmersolsticceapproximatelyinJune
e
patharo
st
21 ; thee earth is lo
ocated at th
he farthest ppoint from the
t sun, the
e
Northern Hemispheere (including Bahrain) iis tilted tow
ward the sun
n
by 23.5.In thisday,theesunisdirectlyoverthe
e
(picture 28partA)b
of Cancer (p
perpendicula
ar to Tropicc of Cancer)), where the
e
Tropic o
NorthernHemispherereceivestthemostsunnlight.Sincetheopposite
e
nsouthernh
hemisphere((theSoutherrnHemisphe
ereispointed
d
occursin
awayfro
omit).[29]
Figure
e28,earthtilttduringsumm
mer
solstice..[65]
Page4
42of202
As tthe earths orbit continues, the hemispheres exchange their posittions; the Southern
S
Hemisph
here points toward the
e sun and Northern Hemisphere
H
points awaay from the
e sun at
st
approxim
mately Deceember 21 leading to w
winter solsticce (picture 29
2 part B). TThe sunlightts strike
perpend
dicular to Trropic of Cap
pricorn (the sunlight is minimum in
n northern hhemisphere)). As the
earths o
orbit continues; two equinoxes willl occur around March 20st (Spring EEquinox) and
d around
Septemb
ber22st(AuttumnalEquinox).Thewoordequinoxmeansneitherhemisphheretiltedto
owardor
away fro
om the sun (the sun is perpendicullar to the eq
quator (tilt equals
e
zero))) [29] [64] [63]. This
motionw
willbeusedtofindtheo
optimumtilt angleforpaarkingstructu
ure.
PartB
PartC
Figurre29,earthtiiltduringequuinoxesandw
winterandsum
mmersolsticee.[65]
2.12.1 D
Declination angle:
Thedeclinationangle istheanglebetw
weentheequ
uatorplanea
andalinedrrawnfromth
hecenter
esun;itreprresentstheaangularposittionofthesuunduringso
olarnoon
oftheearthtotheccenterofthe
withresspecttothe planeofthe
eequator.Thhedeclinatio
onanglediffe
ersseasonalllybecauseo
ofthetilt
of the eearth on its axis of rotattion and thee rotation off the earth around the sun. During equinox
(spring aand fall) thee earth is no
ot tilted andd hence the declination angle is eqqual to zero. During
summerr the earth is tilted 23.5
5 and 23.55 during winter (for northern hemiisphere). The
e picture
belowsh
howsdeclinaationangleforeachseasson.[66][67
7]
Figure30,declinaationangleforeachseason
n[66]
2.12.2 L
Latitude ang
gle:
The latitude is used to show how far north or
o south the point is loccated relativve to the
oracountrylocatedatppointP;two linesare
equator.Thepictureebelowshowsthelatituudeanglefo
dfromtheccenterofearthsphere.O
Onefromth
hecenterCtotherefeerencepointtPand
sketched
theseco
ondhorizonttallinefrom
mthecenter Cwherettheequator representstthereferencceplane;
Page4
43of202
theangllebetweentthetwolinessisthelatituudeangle.TThelatitudeanglehasarrangefrom90to90
whereiffthepointP
Pisaboveeq
quator(the referenceplane)thelattitudeispos itive,andne
egativeif
thepoin
ntisbelowth
hereferenceplane.[68]][69]
Figure31,Latitudeangl eforacountrrylocatedatpointP[68]
2.12.3 A
Altitude/ Ele
evation ang
gle:
Thealtitudeanggleortheele
evationanglee( )istheaangularheigh
htofthesunnintheskym
measured
from the horizon; it refers to how high inn the sky the sun actually is. The aaltitude anglle differs
pendsontheelatitudeoffthedesired locationanddthedayoftheyear
throughouttheday whereitdep
he altitude aangle is 0 when
w
the sunrises and 990 when th
he sun is
(will be explained laater on). Th
directlyoverhead.[770]
Figure332,Altitudean
ngle[70]
mulausedto
ofindthealttitudeangle:
Theform
90 for Northerrn Hemisphe
ere 3
Where,
:Thelatitu
udeofthede
esiredlocatioon.
:Thedeclin
nationangle(dependsonnthedayoftheyear).

Zenith Angle
e:
2.12.4 Z
The zenith angle is the anggle betweenn the sun an
nd the verticcal. It is
deanglebuttitismeasu redfromthe
everticalinssteadof
similarttothealtitud
thehorizontal.Thezzenithangleisequalto:[[70]
90
Figure33,ze
enithangle[70
0]
Page4
44of202
2.12.5 A
Analyzing su
un charts:
Figure34,asuncchartfor30n
northlatitude.[29]
The availableso
olarresourcesatanylocaationareaffe
ectedbythelocationsppositiononth
heearth,
thelocalclimateand
dthetimeofyear.Theffigureaboveshowsthettypicalsunppathforlocattionwith
30nortthlatitude;tthecurvessh
howthepat hofthesun
nchangesacrossthesky indifferent timesof
the yearr. The tallestt curve reprresents the ppath of the sun during the
t summer
r solstice, the middle
curve reepresents th
he equinox paths (Marrch 21st and Septembe
er 21st), annd the lowe
est curve
represen
nts the path
h on the winter solsticee. The altitude angle is given alongg the yaxis, and the
azimuth angle is given along the xaxis. TThrough analyzing the chart;
c
the alltitude angle
e on the
qual to 90 90 30 0 60 (the same oof what is shown
s
in
equinoxx dates is eq
graph), andthealtittudedifferen
ncebetweennsummerso
olsticeandtheequinoxaatsolarnoo
onis23.5
degrees.[29]
2.13 Annalyzing tillt angle for solar parkiing structu
ure (solar ar
rray tilt anggle):
Thro
ough using Solar Topo online calcculator (pow
wered by Google mapss); the latitude and
longitud
deanglesofB
Bahrain(specificallyBahrrainPolytech
hniclocation
n)are26.1666 and 50.547
respectivelyasshow
wnbelow:[71
1]
Figure35,BahrainPolyytechniclatitu
udeandlongiitude.[71]
Page4
45of202
2.13.1 O
Optimum tillt angle for p
parking stru
ucture:
The tiltangleoffaphotovolttaicmodule representsttheinclinatio
onofthearrrayfromthe
ehorizon
ufacturersof solarparkingsystemuse
eaveryslighhttiltangle(between
(picture36).Typicallly,themanu
5to10d
degrees);maanyfactorse
effectonsel ectingthetiiltangleincludingtheheeightofthepark,the
windloaadsandthe amountofssolarradiatioon.Furtherm
more,thetiltangleshouuldbeatleast10in
orderto
oallowforraainrunoff,an
ndselfcleaniingforthepanels.[72]
Figure366,moduletiltangle[73]
The tiltofsolar modulehasanimpactoonhowmuch

hthemodule
ecapturesuunlight;moun
ntingthe
pturelesssun
nlightthrougghouttheda
aythanif
module flatagainst awallorflatonthegro undwillcap
themod
duleistilted tofacethe sun.Theopptimumtiltaangleforthesolarmoduulevariesthrroughout
theyearrbecauseofthe23.5deggreestiltineeachseason..Theoptimu
umtiltangle forthesolarmodule
forallyeearroundpo
owergenerattioncanbeccalculatedfro
omthefollowingformulaa:
O
Optimum fixe
ed year roun
nd setting
90
Optimum fixed year rround settin

ng Bahrain
location latituude 5
90
26.166
63.8834
64
The latitudewasdeducted (equation5))becauseBaahrainisabo

ovetheequaatorby26.166.This
oduleisperppendicularto
othesuntw
wotimesperyearduringgequinox
formula makessurethatthemo
dates. TThis formula does not mean
m
the sysstem will pro
oduce the maximum
m
poower every month;
m
it
means tthat across the
t whole year; this tiltt angle will provide
p
the best comprromise for producing
energy.
The angle of the sun in the
e sky changees each mon
nth of the ye
ear by 7.8 d egrees higher in the
summerrandloweriinthewinter.Inthesum
mmerifthettiltangleisa
adjustedbyaadding15de
egreesto
the altittude angle; the module
es will be peerpendicularr to the sun
n just beforee and just after
a
the
summerrsolsticedueetothesun
nishigherinntheskyat thesetimes ofyear.Thiismakesthe
emodule
perpend
diculartotheesunandma
aximizesthe poweroutputduringthesummerm
months:
Op
ptimum sum
mmer setting
g
Optiimum summ
mer setting
90
90
26.166
15
6
78.834
79
Inth
hewintertheetiltanglecanbeadjusttedbydeduccting15degreesfromthhealtitudean
ngle;this
helpsthemodulemaximizeenerrgyproductioonduringthewintermo
onths.
Optimum win
O
nter setting
Opttimum winter setting
90
26.16
66
90
15
7
48.834
49
Note:th
heformulasiinthissectionshowtiltaanglefromth
hevertical(o
orthesunalttitude).
Page4
46of202
Figgure37,mod uletiltangle(A)andaltitu
ude
To aavoid misund
derstanding the figure aabove showss a solar mo
odule tilted pperpendicula
ar to the
sun;theelatitudeangle(B1)isth
heanglebettweenthesunandthe horizon.Sinccetheangle
eAisthe
anglebeetweenthem
moduleand horizon(tiltt).BySymme
etricaltheangleB1iseqqualtothea
angleB2,
andhen
ncetheangleeAisequal to90B.WhhentheangleB1increasses(thesun ishigherin thesky);
the anggle A should be reduced
d to make tthe total of angle A an
nd B2 is 90 (perpendicu
ular). For
90themodulleshouldbeplacedhorizzontally(anggleAzerodegrees)to
examplee,whentheaangleB1is9
A) is reduce
capture the maximu
um energy; this explain why the tiltt angle of th
he module (A
ed during
nhemisphere
e(table8).
summerratnorthern
Typicallyy,thetiltanggleismeasurredfromtheehorizon,andhencetheangleisequualto:
Table8,mod
duletiltangleefromhorizoneachseason
nforBahrain
Optim
mumtiltfort hesolarstru
ucture
Remarks
Moduletiltangle(frromhorizon))(90B)
Equinox(sprringandfall))
90644=26
Tiltequalsth
T
helatitudeoffthelocation
n
Sum
mmer
9079=11
Tiltequalslaatitude15(declination)
Win
nter
9049=41
Tiltequalslaatitude+15(declination)
The reason for selecting the
e value 155 in spite of
o the sun moves
m
23.55 during the year is
ngle by 15 will
w let the m
module to be
e perpendicu
ular to the ssun for the days
d
and
adjusting the tilt an
weekssurroundingtthetimeof year,andheenceoptimizzingthepow
weroutput. Forsolarpro
ojectthe
oltaic array would
w
be mounted on aa fixed solarr structure, different
d
tiltt angle for the three
photovo
designo
optionswillb
beanalyzeda
andtheoptim
mumtiltanggleandazimuthanglewi llbeusedifpossible.
Seaason
2.14 Azzimuth and tilt angle a

analysis (so
olar irradiance data):
The optimumw
waytofindth
heamountoofsolarradiaationthatwillbereceiveedbythemo
odulefor
m
it experimentaally; the mo
ost famous instrument used to
the desired orientaation is to measure
untofsolarrradiationisPPyranometerr;itisasenso
ordesigned tomeasurethesolar
determinetheamou
n flux densitty (W/m ). This instrum
ment is not available
a
in Bahrain Polyytechnic, and
d finding
radiation
theamo
ountofsolarrradiatione
experimentalllyrequiresllongtimetogatherthe dataandto
oprepare
theaverragevaluesp
permonth.T
Testingtheaamountofso
olarradiationexperimenntally,would
dgivethe
bestestimationfortthesystem,b
butitisnotaavailable.
The second option is gathering the solaar data usin
ng online calculators; theese data willl be less
accuratee compared to experime
ental values.. Most of th
he online calculators aree reliable wh
here they
estimatee the amount of sola
ar radiationn based on data from
m trusted oorganizationss. These
Page4
47of202
organizaations such as, NASA use

u weather satellites to monitor solar
s
irradia nce, and he
ence the
accuracyyoftheresultsishigh.Fo
ourdifferenttonlinecalcu
ulatorswere
efoundasshhownbelow:
1.
2.
3.
4.
PVgisphoto
ovoltaiccalculatorforAffrica,Medite
erraneanBasinandAsia. [74]
SolarIrradianceTables(MichaelBooxwellGreenstreamPub
blishing).[7]
n(PoweredbbyOnyxSolaar).[75]
Photovoltaicestimation
poweredbyNREL).[76]
PVWatts(p
nistocompaarebetweenavailableon
nlinecalculattorsandtoselectthe
Themainaimoffthissection
ulator.Thedataoftheonnlinecalculaatorswillbeusedtoseleectfinaldesiggnofthe
moreacccuratecalcu
structure, and finally to find th
he amount oof the solarr irradiance that would be collected
d by the
system which will be
b then used to calculaate the electtricity produ
uced by the system and
d project
savings. Furthermorre, the estim
mated data bby the selectted online calculator wi ll be compared with
ALMoayedttowerinBah
hrain.Theta blebelowsh
howsthe
actualvaluesfromtteststhatconductedinA
annual aamount of solar
s
radiatiion for zeroo degree tilt angle and azimuth 1800 degrees using
u
the
aforemeentionedcalcculators.Also
o,itshowsthhedatasourrceofeachcalculatorwitthsomenote
es:
Table9,annualsolarradiationanddattasourceforfouronlineca
alculators[7] [76][75][74]
Online
calculaator
N.O
O
SolarIrraadiance
Annualsolar
radiation
/
2022.01
PVWatts
1982.1
Photovoltaic
estimaation
2147.18
PVggis
2147.8
Daatasource
NASA
Notes
This calculator doees not supp
port all Azim
muth
angles and tilt an gles. The amount
a
of solar
s
irradian
nceseemstoobenotreasonableinssome
situations (the valuues of solar radiation when
w
odule is horiizontal are higher than
n the
the mo
values of solar raddiation when
n the modu
ule is
tilted(a
ananglegreaaterthanze
eroandless than
90forb
bothwestan deastdirecttions))
There iss no data foor Bahrain; the
t data of solar
s
radiatio
on shown byy this calcu
ulator is forr the
nearest latitude foor Bahrain which is Shiraz
(latitude
e29.32N).
Nationnallaboratorry
offtheU.S.
Deppartmentof
Eneergy(NREL)
Notm entioned,bu
ut
poweeredbyOnyxx These calculators can be used to find the
Solaarcompany.
amounttofsolarirraadiancefora
anytiltangleeand
hangle.
PVGIS Heliocliman
nd azimuth
CMSA
AFPVGISdatta
The first two caalculators will not be useed (see note

es in table 9). The valuees of PVgis calculator
matchess photovoltaaic estimatio
on calculatorr (checked in different tilt angles). PVGIS (Pho
otovoltaic
Geograp
phicalInform
mationSystem
m)calculatorrprovidestw
wooptionsfo
orestimatinggtheresults:
ThefirstopttionisPVGIS Helioclim;ittistheclassiicaldata(dattagatheredffrom1985to
o2004).
The second option is CMSAF PVGIIS data; it iss the moderrn data from
m 1998 to 20
010. The
N.ThelatitudeofBahraiinis26.166Nwhich
coverageof thisdataexxtendsfrom00Nto58N
mean Bahraain is include
ed in the da ta. This optiion is more representatiive of the la
ast years
climate;soitistheoptim
mumoption..
Page4
48of202
As,tthevalueso
ofthethirda
andfourthc alculatorsm
matcheseach
hotherandtthefourthcalculator
providesstwodata(newandcla
assicdata)a ndBahrainiisincludedintheseconddoption.Th
hefourth
calculato
orwillbeussedtoanalyzzethesolar irradiancere
eceivedbythemodules fortheparkkingarea
usingClimateSAFPVGISdata(o
option2).T hevaluesoffsolarradiattionprovideddbyPVgiscalculator
ntthebestcconditions;tthiscalculatoorrecomme
endsdecreassingthesolaarirradiance by15%
represen
fortheeestimatedlosssesduetottemperatureeandlowirraadiance.
2.15 He
eight of the structure:
Acco
ording to Guidelines
G
for
f the Dessign of OffStreet Car Parking Faacilities (Min
nistry of
Municip
palities&AgricultureUrb
banPlanninggAffairs)the
eminimum heightoftheestructureffromthe
groundiis2200mm;theheighto
ofthestructuurewillbese
electedbasedonthisguiideline.[77]
Figgure38,GuidelinesfortheeDesignofOfffStreetCarP
ParkingFacilitties[77]
2.16 Nu
umber of pa
arks and pa
arks dimen
nsions:
The numberoftthecarparksswascounteedmanually;thedimenssionsofthe parkwerem
measured
pe.ThedimensionswillbbecheckedaggainusingGooglemaps.
usingmeeasuringtap
Figure39,measuringthew
widthoftheparks(phototakenbyme))
2.17 Se
election critteria for mo
odules (pan
nels) manu
ufacturers:
Therrearemanyytechnicalasspectsthateeffectonthe
eeffectivene
essofthepaanelspoweroutput,
and also
o, quality asspects. These
e aspects w
will be consid
dered during
g selecting ffinal solar pa
anel; the
selection
ncriteriaforrmodulesma
anufacturerssare:
Effiiciency:
The efficiency of
o solar module is the peercentage off converting the sunligh t (solar radiation) to
odule;them
modulewithaahigherefficiencyprodu
ucesmoree nergy.Curre
ently,the
electricittybythemo
most effficient availaable solar panels in thee market havve efficiencies a little biit greater th
han 20%;
since, m
most modules fall between 14% to 116% efficiency range. Th
he main aim
m of this projject is to
produceethemaximu
umpossiblepowerbythhesolarparkkingsystem;asmallincreeaseinthee
efficiency
Page4
49of202
would leead to a greeat enhance

e in the pow
wer output especially th
he area of ssolar parkingg area is
approxim
matelyequalto8,621sq
quaremeter whichisah
hugarea.The
eefficiencyffactorwillge
et10out
10intheecriterionw
weightinthedecisionma trix.[78][79
9]
Pow
wertolerancce():
The power tolerance is an industrystaandard way used to rep
present the solar modulle power
output; it representts how much
h higher or lower the power
p
outpu
ut of a givenn module typ
pe might
deviate from the power output mentionedd by the maanufacturer. The power tolerance is usually
oralternative
elyasarangge(0% to 5%
5 .For
expresseedasa peercentagesucchas,arangge( 5% ,o
examplee, if a solar module with a power ooutput 100 watt
w
has a power
p
toleraance of 10 %; the
module wouldproduceapowerrrangefrom
m90wattasaminimumto110watt isamaximu
um;since
anceisdifferrent(0% to 10% ;
ifthesamemodulehasthesamepowerouttputbutthepowertolera
thepow
weroutputw
willbenotlesssthan100w
watt.Thisisaaveryimporrtantfactorw
whicheffectssdirectly
on the p
power output; the power tolerancee factor will get 9 out 10
1 in the critterion weigh
ht in the
decision
nmatrix.[78]]
Tem
mperaturecoefficient:
The temperaturecoefficienttisanimporrtantfactor; itquantifiesshowmuch themodule
espower
he modules ambient te
emperature exceeded tthe temperrature at
capacityy would deccrease if th
standard
d test condiitions (if the
e module suurface temp
perature exceeded 25 the power output
decreasees).Themod
duleswithle
esssensitive temperaturrecoefficienttscanproduucemorepower.The
temperaature coefficcient factor will
w get 4 ouut 10 in the criterion we
eight in the decision ma
atrix (the
factorsw
willbefurtheerdiscussedintheresulttssection).[7
78][79]
NominalOperaatingCellTemperature:
es type unsu
uitable for B ahrain envirronment;
The harsh weatther of Bahrain make soome module
duringssummerthe ambienttem
mperatureinnBahrainco
ouldreachup
pto50 anndhencethe
esurface
temperaature of thee module would
w
be 50
25
75 . The operating temperature
e of the
selected
d module should be equ
ual to or hig her than 75 . The nom
minal operat ing cell temperature
factorw
willget8out10inthecritterionweighhtinthedeciisionmatrix. [78][79]
Windload:
dscanapplyh
highpressurrestothesurrfaceofthessolarmoduleewhichcouldleadto
Thestrongwind
failure ((damage). Th
he solar mo
odule with a higher wind load rating can withst
stand stronger winds
compareed tomodullewithalow
werwindloaadrating.Th
hisisavery importantfaactor;itsign
nifiesthe
modules ability to withstand wind
w
pressurre. The wind
d load rating
g factor will get 9 out 10
1 in the
criterion
nweightinth
hedecisionm
matrix.[78]
Quality:ISO90
001certificattes(qualityaassurancesttandardsforthemanufaacturingindu
ustry):
e module s hould have some certtificates from
m the International
For quality asssurance; the
Organizaation for Standardizat
S
tion (ISO). ISO 9001 details the requirem
ments that product
manufaccturersmusttmeetinord
dertobecerrtifiedISO90
000compliant.Themannufacturerstthathave
undertakenthecareetobecomeISO9001coompliantisb
betteroption
nthanthose whohaveno
ot.[78]
eInternation
nalElectroteechnicalCom
mmission(IEC
C)standardss:
Durability:The
eusedtoev aluatehow wellthemodulewillphyysicallyhold
dupover
The durabilitysttandardsare
hen faced with
w
a varie
ety of real world envirronmental conditions; tthe 61215 reliability
r
time wh
standard
d was estab
blished by IE
EC. This stanndard is use
ed to perforrm acceleratted stress te
ests that
simulatee decades of
o outdoor wear
w
and teear that sollar modules are to enccounter during their
lifetime..[78]
Page5
50of202
Maanufacturerssassurancess:
Thisspointisverryessential; itisdivideddintotwopaartsasshow
wnbelow(Peerformancew
warranty
nty).TheManufacturerssassurances willget10 out10inthhecriterionw
weightin
andproductwarran
the decision matrixx because th
he strong w arranty is a complemen
nt to perforrmance, qua
ality, and
durabilittyofsolarmodules.[78][78]
Perrformancew
warranty:
The amountofp
poweroutpu
utthatasolaarmoduleproducesdeccreasesslighttlyeveryyea
ardueto
n. The amou
unt of degraadation is th
he ratio of the
t power ddrop per yea
ar to the
module degradation
wer.Intheso
olarenergyinndustrythemodulessho
ouldnotloseegreaterthan10%to
moduleoriginalpow
her percentaage guarante
ee is the
20% of their production capacity over the first 25 yeaars; the high
wer).[78][79
9]
desirable(morepow
oductwarran
nty(Materia
alswarranty)):
Pro
The productwarrantyisagrranteeagainnstmodulesfailuresasaresultofmaanufacturinggdefects,
m
s provide aa warranty that the
durabilitty and enviironmental issues. Mosst of the manufacturer
modulesswillnotfailatleast10 to12yearssafterinstalllingthesyste
em;somem
manufacturerrsextend
their warranty perriods even longer thann that. The longer pro
oduct warra nty period is more
advantageous.[78]
Inittialcost:
Ifyo
ouselectthesolarmodulesbasedonntheaforementionedfacctorsdonot thinkalota
aboutthe
initialco
ostbecause the costinccreasesasthheefficiency increases,a
andifthebeestquality moduleis
m
selected
d.Usingsolarrmodulesis alongterm
minvestmentt,andselectingthebest systemwouldreturn
the mon
ney with profit. Buying cheap typees would by very risky due
d to probbable module failure
(corrosio
on,electricalfailureorm
moduledamaagesduetowindload)o
orprobablehhugeefficien
ncydrop.
The top
p brands of solar modules have veery similar prices.
p
The module
m
costt would be analyzed
becauseethevariatio
onofpriceofftheselecteedcompaniesscouldbehighandeffecctonprojecttbudget.
[78]
2.19 strructure dessign:
Duriing designing a structurre to serve a specified function forr public use;; the engine
eer must
accountforitissafeety,estheticcs,economiccandenviron
nmentalcon
nstraints.Whhentheinitialdesign
uctureisprop
posed;thesttructuremusstbeanalyze
edtoensure
ethatithasttherequired stiffness
ofastru
andstreength;thisreequiresapplyyingfundameentalknowle
edgeofmechanicslawsttostudytheeffectof
differentloadsthatareactingon
nsolarstructture.[80]
Two
o design optiions for the parking struucture will be
b analyzed; design optioon A consistts of two
columnss carry a horizontal beam (like a sim
mply supporrted beam), design optioon B consistts of one
column carriesahorizontalbeam
m(likeacanntileverbeam
m).Thestruccturewillconnsistoftheffollowing
nents, colum
mns, crossbe
eams, purlinns, steel sheets, conne
ection platess, connectio
on bolts,
compon
endplatees,anchorbo
olts,solarmodulesandaalsowaterm
managementsystem(opttional).
The loadsthataactontheso
olarparkingsstructureare
edividedintodeadloadssandwindload.The
deadloaadsconsisto
oftheweightsofstructuuralmemberrssuchasco
olumns,crosssbeamsand
dpurlins,
andthe weightsofttheobjectstthatwillbe permanentlyyattachedtothestructuuresuchas thesolar
moduless.[81]
Page5
51of202
2.19.1 M
Mechanics some theorries, definittions and formulas:
The table below
w explains different term
ms and theo
ories that will be used w
while calcula
ating the
onthestructture(thecalcculationstep
pswereexplainedprevioously):
forcesandstresseso
Table10,differentteermswillbeu
usedinnextssections.
Term
Facctorofsafetyy
(FOS)
(Analytical
(
method)
Stress
Axialstress
Definition
Thesaffetyfactorca
anbedeterm
minedusingtheanalytica
almethodif thedesignw
willnotbeteested.
The safety factor determines how much the design should witthstand morre load than
n the
estimattedapplied load.Itisalssodefinedasafactoroffignorancebbecauseitincludesunknowns
suchassmaterialsdefects,inapppropriateinsstallation,corrosionorannyassumptio
onused.[82]]
Theterrmstressisthemeasure ofintensityofinternallo
oadactingo nacrosssecctionofbodyy.The
stress is
i a force orr set of forc es that tend
d to deform a body; it iis the intern
nal distribution of
forces insidethebodythatballanceandre
eacttothelo
oadsapplieddtoit.Thesstressdistrib
bution
canor cannotbeu
uniformbaseedonthenaatureofthe appliedloadd.Forexample,whena steel
bar loaaded in pure
e tension; thhe tensile sttress will be
e distributedd uniformly. Since, if the bar
loaded inbending; itwillhave astressdisttributionwhichvariesw
withdistance perpendicularto
3]
thenorrmalaxis.[83
ormal stress or axial st ress develops if a force is appliedd perpendicu
ular to the cross
The no
section
nalareaofth
hematerial((loadsthatactalongthelongitudina laxisofthematerial).W
When
theforceisgoingttopullthem
materialthesstressisdefiinedastensiilestresssucchastension
nina
rope;since,whentthematerial isbeingcom
mpressedbytoopposite forcesthesttressisdefin
nedas
compreessivestresssuchascom
mpressioninashortcolum
mn.[84]
Force

Cro
oss sectiona
al area
Figure40,A
Axialtensilestress[84]
She
earstress()
When a force is applied

a
paraallel to the resisting
r
are
ea; the stresss is called shear stresss. For
examplle, when a scissor is u sed to cut a piece of paper; two forces are applied opp
posite
directio
onacrossthe
ecrossline.TTheshearstressequalsttheforcedivvidedbytheparallelareaa.[85]
Elasticmoduluss
E
UltiimateTensile
Strength( )
Yie
eldStrength
Allo
owablestresss

Distributedload
d
(W)
Po
ointload(P)
Ecccentricity(e))
Force
MPa
M
parallel
p
area
essshowshoowmuchthe
ematerialwillstretch,coompressorb
bendwhenaaload
Themaaterialstiffne
isappliied.Itisam
measureofthhestiffness ofamateria
al(theresisttancetoelassticallydeforrming
underaagivenload).Itisalso,ccalledmodulusofelasticcityorYoungg'smodulus;;thehigher value
ofyoun
ngmodulus meansstiffeermaterial. Itcanbeme
easuredthrooughfindinggtheslopeo
ofthe
lineareelasticportio
onofthestreessstraincurrve.[86]
Theten
nsilestrengthisthemaxximumstressonthestre
essstraindiaagram;beyo
ondthispoin
ntthe
materiaalwillbreak;;itrepresenttsthematerialresistance
eagainstfaillure.[83][866]
m(permanentdeformatio
on).If
Itisatransitionpointthatthe materialbegginstoplasticallydeform
pliedstressisunderthe materialsyiieldpoint;th
hematerialw
willdeforme
elasticallyandwill
theapp
returnttoitsorigina
alshapeand viceversa.
Duringdesigningprrocess;theccalculatedstrressshouldb
belessthanttheyield.[86]
n.
Thepermittedstresssorloadfo rsafedesign
[86]
Forceaactingovera
alength;for exampletheweightof abeamoraasnowload actingona roof.
[87]
Forceaactingatasinglepoint;ttheresultanttofthedistrributedload isapointlo
oad(inthem
middle
ofthed
distributedlo
oad).[87]
Thedisstanceamongtheneutraalaxisofapaart,andthelocationofannappliedpo
ointload.[88]
Page5
52of202
hememberssarerequire
edtoresistm
morethanonnetypeoflo
oading(combined
Inmanydesigns,th
loadingg) such as, an
a object beend in multiiple directions simultaneeously (biaxial bending)). The
stressescausedby eachloadccanbeanalyzedseparate
ely;thentheeycanbeco
ombinedtoggether
Combinedload
d
(like co
ombining axiial stresses from two different load
ds), or usingg failure theories to com
mbine
differen
nt stresses such
s
as, usinng von missses theory to
o find the tootal of a shear and a teensile
stressesactingona
anobject.[889]
Ahighstressprodu
ucedduetoddiscontinuityyinshapesuchas,aholeeornotchwithasmallraadius.
Thestressatthediiscontinuityccanexceedttheyieldstre
Stress
engthleadinngtofailure;since,theoverall
stress in the part may be at a safe level. Stress concentration, is produced
co
oncentration
d also becau
use of
combin
nedloadssucchasasetofftensileforccesactingonapointofabody.[89]
Abeam
moracrossb
beam(asuseedinthisdo
ocument)is ahorizontalstructuralm
memberdesigned
Beam
chieflytoresistmoments.[90]
Theten
ndencyofafforcetocausserotationaaboutapointoraxis;itiistheproducctofalength
hand
Moment(M)
M
atransvverselyappliiedforce N.. m .[90]
oment of ine
ertia or secoond momentt of area is a geometriccal property of an area which
w
The mo
reflectss how it is points
p
are ddistributed with
w regard to
t a selecteed axis. The area momeent of
inertiaofbeamscro
osssectiona lareameasu
uresthebeamsabilityto
oresistbendiing;thelargeerthe
momen
ntofinertiatthelessthebbeamwillbe
end.[91]
Thepicctureandequationsbeloowshowhow
wtofindthemomentof inertiaofarrectangularsshape
basewidtho
ofbandheigghthforboth
hXandYaxiis:[92]
Mom
mentofinerttia withab
(I)
Figure41,rectanngularshapewithabasew
widthof anddheight [93
3]
Flexxuralbending
form
mula(bendin
ng
ofabeam)
o
m [94]
ubjected to a transversee loads; the

e beam will bend
When, a beam witth a cross ssection is su
ngandbucklingmayoccuuralso).[87]]Thebendingformulaoffabeamis:
(twistin
M E

,
I
Y r
M:thebendi
M
ngmoment (N. m).
I:Momentoffinertiaofthhesectionab
bouttheben
ndingaxis m .
tress(Pa).
:bendingst
E:YoungsM
E
Modulusofthhematerial(GPa).
R:radiusofc
R
urvatureoftthebentbeaam(m).
Y:centroid/n
Y
eutralaxis(m
m).
Thisequationcanb
bewrittenass:[95]
m

Y
I
m
m

,
Z
I
Z:isthesectio
onmodulus Z m ,andfinallyy:
M
Z
everalassumptionswhichhtheyare:
Thebendingformulaisderived basedonse
T
Thebeamisi
nitiallystraigghtandhasaconstantcrosssection .
Thematerial
T
ofthebeam
mishomogen
neousandfollowsHookeeslaw.
Themodulus
T
ofelasticityfortensionandcompressionareeq ual.
loadingmusstcontainap
Theplaneof
T
principleaxissofthebeam
mcrosssecttionandtheloads
m
mustbeperp
pendiculartoothelongitud
dinalaxisofthebeam.[996]
or
Page5
53of202
Column
Columnbuckling
Eulercritical
bu
ucklingload,
P
A vertical structura
al member used in in building
b
stru
uctures to trransfer load
ds from the main
beams (crossbeam)tothefounndation.Colu
umnscanexxposetoageeometricinsstabilityknow
wnas
bucklin
ng.[90]
The collapse of lon
ng thin mem
mber (column) under lon
ngitudinal coompressive loading at a
a load
dthatcauseesyieldingin
ntensionisb
buckling;itissasuddenlargedeform
mation
lowertthantheload
mnbeginsb
ofaco
olumndueto
oaslightinccreaseofanexistingloa
ad(Thecolum
boworflexu
under
compreessionloads)).[97]
Thecritticalloadisatransition betweenthe
estableandunstablecoonditionshap
ppensatasp
pecial
value of
o the axial force.
f
The ccritical load is
i calculated using Eulerrs formula for
f an ideal Euler
column
n(assumingp
perfectmateerialandperrfectlyalignedloading):[[98]
EI
P
L
WhereP isdefine
edasthemaaximumloadthatthecolumncanexpposetobefo
orebuckling.[98]
d
betw
ween successsive points which havee zero
The efffective lengtth of a colu mn is the distance
momen
nts;itisbase
edonthetyppeofthecolu
umn.[98]
Effectivelength
h
L
Figure42,efffectivelengthh
offora
acolumnfixed
datthebase andfreeatth
hetop.[98]
The piccture above shows the eeffective len

ngth between two zero m
moment points for a co
olumn
fixedattthebasean
ndfreeatthhetop;thislengthequalstwicetheooriginallengthofthecollumn.
[98]
Whenaaforceisap
ppliedtoab oltbytwop
platesassho
ownbelow;aashearstresssisdevelop
pedin
thebolltequalsthe
eforcedivideedbytheare
eaoftheboltparalleltootheapplied
dforce(bolt cross
section
nalarea):[99]]
Sh
hearinbolts
Figure43,sh
hearstressinabolt[99]
Fn
Momentof
M
conn
nectionplatee
ten
nsioninboltss
F2
F1
Figurre44,momen
ntinaconnecctionplate[1000]
Page5
54of202
When a moment is acting at ppoint C; a re

eaction force
e is produceed in the bo
olts (tension)); this
reactionforceatbo
oltncanbeccalculatedussingthefollo
owingformu la:[100]
M
L
F

L
L
L
Thestressinboltnequals:
F
Tensile streess on bolt n
Cross se
ection area oof the bolt
Note:tthederivationofthisform
mulaisshow
wninresultssection(expplainedinmo
oredetail).
erials generaally; it is for two dimenssional
This theory is applicable for caast iron and brittle mate
stress cases.
c
This theory
t
statees that failurre will happen if the m
maximum principal stresss in a
Th
hemaximum
system reaches th
he value of the maximu
um strength
h at elastic limit in sim
mple tension
n; the
priincipalstresss
maximu
umprincipalstresstheorryformulaissshownbelo
ow:[101]
theory
1
1
4

2
2
The Vo
on Mises theory (Shear Strain Enerrgy theory or
o Distortionn Energy theory) statess that
yieldinggoccurswhe
enthedistoortionstrain energyper unitvolumereachesthe
edistortionsstrain
energy per unit vo
olume for yieeld in simple
e tension or compressioon of the sam
me material. This
theory
isapplicable
eforductilem
materials[10
02][101]
Vonmissestheo
ory
Totalsstress( )=
101
nequationsfforplanestrresscanberrepresented ingraphicallmethodthrrough
Thetraansformation
using a
a plot called
d Mohrs cirrcle. This graphical reprresentation is useful be
ecause it en
nables
studyin
ng the relatio
onships amoong the normal and she
ear stresses acting on numerous incclined
planes at a point in a stressedd object. Also it helps in calculating principal stresses, maxiimum
shear stresses,
s
and
d stresses o n inclined planes.
p
Mohrrs circle is iintroduced by Otto Chrristian
Mohrin
n1882.[103]
Them
materialfails(yields)whe n
Mo
ohrcycle(2D
D)
Figure
e45,2dMohrrcircleshowin
ngmaximumshearandnoormalstress[1
104]
Can
ntileverbeam
m
Simplysupporteed
beam
Thefigureaboveshowsanexaampleofa2
2DMohrcirccle;thetwo principalstressesareshown
inred,andthemaxximumshearrstressissho
owninorang
ge.
Abeam
msupportedononeend only.[90]
Abeam
msupportedonbothendds(twoends)).[90]
BuiiltupSection
n
ber, typicall y an I sh
hape that made
m
from i ndividual fla
at plates welded
A strucctural memb
togetheer.[90]
Cssection(cold
d
formed)
AmemberformedintoaCshhapedprofile
ethroughcoldrollforminngfromcoilss.[90]
Purlin
We
ebandflangee
Ahorizzontalsecond
darystructu ralmember,,boltedtothebeams,w
whichtransfe
erstheroof loads
fromth
heroofcoverring(solararrray)tothep
primaryfram
mes(crossbeaams).[90]
ntofabuiltupsectionssuchas,anIsectionisscalledweb
b;sincehorizzontal
Theverrticalelemen
elemen
ntsarecalled
dflanges.[1005]
Page5
55of202
Figure46,Webandflan
nge[105]
Foundation
F
A substtructure that supports aa building orr other struccture; typicaally it is mad

de from conccrete.
[91]
Footing
Con
nnectingboltts
Reinforrcedconcretebaseused toprovidessupportforthecolumn.[[91]
Asetoffbolts(typiccallyfour)areeusedtoconnectthestrructuralsecttion.[91]
Bolts used
u
to anch
hor structurral memberss to a concrrete floor, fooundation or
o other sup
pport.
Anchorbolts
A
Usuallyyreferstotheboltsatth ebottomofthecolumnss.[90]
Baseplate
Theend
dplateofacolumnwhichhrestsonth
hesupporting
gsubstructu resurface.[990]
mn with horizontal beam
m through welding
w
and using
A platee used to connect the v ertical colum
Con
nnectionplatte
connecctingbolts.[990]
Movvingaforceo
on
itslineofaction
n
Movvingaforceo
off
ofitsslineofactio
on
Figure 47,movingaforceonitslineofaction [106]
Thepicctureaboveshowsmovinngaforce(FF)frompointtAtopoint B.Boththepointsareo
onthe
vectorslineofaction,andhen cetheexterrnaleffectwillnotchangge(applyingttheforceatpoint
withthesam
memagnitudeewillnotchangetheeffectontheo bject).[106]
AorBw
Figure488,movingafo
orceoffofitslineofactionn[106]
ngitislineoffaction;theereisachanggeintheextternal
WhenttheforceFismoved,bbutnotalon
effect. Asshownab
bove,movinngtheforce FfrompointAtoBreequirescreattinganaddittional
couple moment M force F
distance d . So to move
m
a forc e off of its line of action; a
coupleshouldbead
dded.[106]
Theforrmulabelow
wisfromFEM
MAstandard
ds;itwillbeusedtocalcculatesquaredfootingsizeof
thefoo
otingduetoa
anaxialloaddtransmitted
dfromtheco
olumntotheefooting:
L
Fo
ootingdesign
n
formula
x
q
t
t
W
w
Where,
L:Squarefootingdimensiion(m).
daxialloadffromthecolumnwhichistransmitte dtothefootting(N).
P :Theapplied
h :Heightoffpierabove grade(m).
X:Distancefro
omgroundtoobottomoffooting(m).
t :footingtthickness(m ).
W :Columnwidth(m)
t :Columntthickness(m
m)
).
w :Thedensittyofthefoootingmateriaal(concreate)( N
m
56of202
Page5
q:Thesoilbea
aringcapacittywhichisth
hecapacityo
ofsoiltosuppporttheloa
adsappliedttothe
grround.Itreprresentsthem
maximumprressurethatcanbesuppoortedbysoilbeforefailu
ure.
Note:tthispartisexxplainedinm
moredetailin
ntheresultssection
2.19.2 F
Factor of saffety
The factorofsaffetywillbee
estimatedbaasedon5ele
ementswhicchtheyare,tthepropertiesofthe
material, the applieed stresses, geometry, failure anaalysis and th
he desired reliability. Then
T
the
estimateedfactorofssafetywillbe
ecompared withcommo
onvaluesuse
edforsteelsstructures.[882]
2.19.3 W
Wind loads o
on the solarr structure:
Wheenthesurfaceofsolarsstructurearr ayblockstheflowofwinds;thewinndskinetice
energyis
converteed into poteential energyy of pressuree causing a wind
w
loading
g. The effectt of the wind on the
solararrraydepends onvelocityanddensity oftheair,th
heangleoftthewind,theeshapeandstiffness
ofthesttructure,and
dtheroughn
nessofthes urface.Twoapproachescanbeuseddtoanalyzethewind
loading whichthey arestaticap
pproachorddynamicapproach.Inthiisdocumentt,thewindloadswill
t static ap
pproach. In tthe static approach, the
e fluctuatingg pressure produced
p
be analyyzed using the
throughtheconstan
ntlyblowing windisesti matedbyth
hemeanvelo
ocitypressu rewhichacttsonthe
structure.Thispresssure(q isde
efinedbyitiiskineticene
ergy q
(approxiimately1.25
Kg
V
,whereisthedenssityofair
andVisairveelocity(m/s))).[107]
)a

Wind load analysis base
ed on staticc approach a
and standar
rds:
2.19.4 W
The windloadin
ng codes and
d standards appeared in
n the second
d half of thee twentieth century;
they haave achieved
d wide acce
eptance. Th ese standarrds are base
ed on reseaarches and may be
simplifieedmodelsoffwindloading;hencea highaccuraacyresultsm
maynotachieevefromthe
em.The
resultsssectioninthisdocumenttwilluseASSCE/SEI710 Standardwhichisfrom AmericanSocietyof
CivilEnggineers(chap
pter29Win
ndLoadsonO
OtherStructturesandBuildingAppurrtenancesM
MWFRS).
This standard, desccribes variou
us ways of ccalculating wind
w
loads based
b
on baasic wind sp
peed and
on factors for
f the effecct of heightts and terrain type, toppography an
nd shape
location, modificatio
Themainaim
mofusingth
hisstandardistofindtheeresultantfo
orcethat
factorsffordifferentstructures.T
actontthesurfaceo
ofthe solar parkingarraayinorderttodesign the
estructureoofthepark (columns
(
andcrosssbeam).[108]Thefollo
owingarethhestepsthattwillbeused
dtocalculattetheresulta
antforce
onthesurfaceoftheesolararray basedon(A
ASCE/SEI710
0Standard):
exposure
1. Determine risk category of sollar
4. Determinevelocittypressuree
parkingstructure.
coefficient,K or K .
t basic wind
w
speed, V,
q .
2. Determine the
5. Determinevelocittypressure q
fordesignriskcategory.
6. DetermineforceccoefficientC .
windloadparameters.
7. Calculate wind force, F.
F [108]
3. Determinew
Material sellection:
2.19.5 M
Ifth
heengineer plantodesiggnacompo nent;thede
esignneedtobesafe,innexpensive, available
andableetobemanufactured.T
Thefirstprinncipleforcosstreductionduringdeig ningprocesssisusing
availablee standards in the marrket. The staandard is a set of specifications foor materials or parts
required
dtoachieveconsistency,,efficacy,an daspecified
dquality.Alloftheorgannizationsliste
edbelow
haveesttablishedspeecificationsfforstandardssandsafetyordesignco
odes:[109]
AmericanInstituteofSte
eelConstrucction(AISC)
onandSteelInstitute(AIISI)
AmericanIro
Page5
57of202
AmericanSo
ocietyofTesttingandMatterials(ASTM
M)
DeutschesIn
nstitutfrNo
ormung(DIN
N)whichmeaansGermaninstitutefor
rstandardization.
BritishStand
dardsInstitution(BSI)[1009]
eercould
Wheenanengineeerneedsa barofhotroolledsteelsectionof33mmsquaree;theengine
makea specialordeerorhe/she couldrolloormachineaa40mmsqu
uarebartotthedesiredssize.This
approacchincreasethecostofth
hecomponennt;sinceusin
ngastandard
dbarsizeoff30to40mmwould
dothessamefunctio
onof33mmsquarebar, andreducessthecosts.A
Also,itisavaailableinthe
emarket.
Forthis reason,inth
heresultsse
ection,them
minimumsize
eofthecom
mponentswilllbecalculattedusing
mechanicsthenastandardsizew
willbeselecttedfromaccatalogue(th
hestandardssizemustbeequalto
orgreaterthanthem
minimumrequiredsize) [109].
Acco
ording to ALLFozan stee
el company (steel supplier in Bahra
ain); the avaailable steel types in
Bahrain are from China, UAE
E, Qatar, Baahrain and KSA (ALZa
amil steel). AlZamil stteel is a
engineeringssystemsand
dservices
manufaccturingandffabricationggroupthatprrovidessteelproducts,e
for the construction
n industry. Itt provides d ifferent products based on differennt standards such as,
ndDIN.Som
mecataloguesanddesignnmanualsfo
orAlZamilstteelcompanyyareavailab
bleinthe
ASTMan
AlZamillwebsite.Th
hiscompanyyhasoffices inBahrainin
nAlZamilbu
uilding(Manaamagatete
elephone
175000225).Inthe resultssection,AlZami lcatalogues willbeused
dtoselectsttandardsize
esforthe
structurecomponen
nts.
Figure49,LoogoofAlZam
milsteel[110]
2.19.6 H
Hot rolled a
and cold rolled sectionss:
Rolliingisametaalformingprocess;inthhisprocessaametalstockkispassedtthroughone ormore
pairs off rolls in ord
der to minim
mize the th ickness and to make th
he thicknesss uniform. Rolling
R
is
categoriizedbasedo
onthetempe
eratureofth emetalrolle
ed.Ifthetem
mperatureoffthemetalisgreater
than it iis recrystallization temp
perature; thee process is called hot rolling;
r
the ppicture below shows
various steelshapessthataretyp
picallyproduucedthrough
hthehotrollingprocesss.Ifthetemperature
metalislesstthanitisrecrystallizationntemperature;theproce
essiscalled coldrolling.Thecold
ofthem
worked sections haave bright new
n
finish aand are more accurate compared hot rolled sections;
ucturalelemeents.AlZam
milsteelofferrsbothhotrrolledandco
oldrolled
typicallyytheyareligghtsteelstru
steelsecction;bothtyypeswillbeusedfortheestructureoffthepark.[109]
Figure550,Differentssteelsectionsshapesthata recommonlyyproducedthroughthehottrollingproce
ess[109]
Page5
58of202
2.19.7 U
Universal Be
eam (UB)
Univversalbeamss(UB)willbe
eselectedfoorcrossbeam
msandtheco
olumns.The
euniversalbe
eamsare
referred
dtoIsection
nsorHsections;thedeppthoftheu
universalbea
am(UB)ism
muchgreaterrthanits
width. The increased depth re
esults in highher bending resistance capabilities.
c
The universsal beam
ber represen
nts the deptth of the be
eam, the
name iss written as 203 x 133 UB 30 ; thee first numb
secondiisthewidthofthebeamandthethirrdrepresentstheweighttofthebeam
mpermeter.[111]
2.19.8 S
Some of the required prrocesses forr fabricating
g the parkin
ng structuree:
Drilling.
Weldiing.
Priming,paintingandga
alvanizing
Cuttin
ng.
AlZZamil Compaany providess these servvices; in Bah

hrain there are
a some faabrication co
ompanies
suchas,AlMoayed steel,Abraj MetalTradiingandALN
NOOHwhichtheyusem
modernmach
hinesand
toolsforrsteelfabrication.
2.19.9 M
Methods of JJoining:
The horizontal crossbeam
c
will
w be connnected with the vertical column by using a set of bolts
(about44to6bolts);;thereared
differentwayysthatcanb
beusedtoco
onnecttheccolumnwith abeam;
thefollo
owingaretw
woexamples:
Flushendplate
econnection
ns:
Inth
histypeofco
onnectionasteelplate( typicallyhassthesamedimensionsoofbeam)isw
weldedto
the flanges and web
b of the bea
am as shownn below. Thiis type of co
onnection is simple and provides
ally,thesize ofendplate
eisfrom10mmto20m
mmthickforusewith
somebeendingresisttance.Typica
M20bo
olts;whenth
heendplateisusedform
momentconnection(ecccentricloadinng);theselectedend
plateshouldbethickker(between
n15mmto220mm).[112]
Figgure51,Flushhendplateco
onnections[112]
nplateconne
ections:
Fin
n the worksshop to the
e column
Fin plate conneection consissts of a plaate welded previously in
portingmem
mber).Thentthecrossbeaam(supporte
edbeamwebb)isbolteda
asshown
(represeentsthesupp
onthefiigurebelow..Finplateco
onnectionsarreinexpensivvetofabrica
ateandsimp lertoinstall.[112]
Figure52,Fiinplateconne
ections[112]
59of202
Page5
2.19.10
0 Structure m
modeling:
Solid
dworks softw
ware (versio
on 2015 studdent edition)) will be use
ed for creatinng a 3d mod
del of all
compon
nents of thee structure of the car parking systtem, then for
f assembliing the com
mponents
togetherandcreatin
ngengineeriingdrawingssandfinally foranalyzin
ngthestructture(testing it)using
he entire car parking wiill be design
ned using
finite element analyysis feature. Also, a 3d model of th
orks.
SolidWo
2.19.11 Finite elem
ment analysiis (Solidworrks simulatiion):
The stressesacttingonthep
partsofthepparkingstruccture(purlin,crossbeam
mandcolumn
n)willbe
d (calculated
d) using Solidworks sim
mulation (FEA
A) and then
n compared with the ca
alculated
analyzed
theoretiicalvalues.Insteadofan
nalyzingthe wholestruccture(theassembledparrk);eachcom
mponent
willbeaanalyzedindividuallyino
ordertomakkethesimulationsimple
er;thiswillnnotaffectthe
eresults.
(Append
dixDexplainsFEAandsh
howstheste pstodoFEA
AforPurlin,ccrossbeamanndcolumn).
2.20 Po
ower calculation:
Pow
wer is a rate of flow of energy; it iss measured in in Watts (W) or kilow
watts (kW). Power is
measureedinaninsttantwhereittcandifferw
widelyoverttimeandfro
omminutetoominute.Po
owercan
be calcu
ulated using the formula
a Power W Curreent Amps X
X Voltage vvolts . Energy is the
measureementofpowermultipliiedbytime; typicallyitismeasuredin kilowatt hours.En
nergycan
becalcu
ulatedusingttheformula Energy kW
Wh Pow
wer kW X T
Time hourss .[29][113
3]
The energyform
mulawillbeu
usedtoestim
matetheactualenergyp
producedby solarparkingsystem
for25yeears,estimatethepowe
ercoveredbyythesystem
mandselectinverter.Theeglobalform
mulathat
usedtoestimatetheeelectricity((energy)pro ducedbyph
hotovoltaicso
olarmodulessmonthlyis::
E
maaximum
H
H 8
:Efficiencyyoftheselecctedsolarmoodule.
A:Totalsolaararraysarea
a m .
H:Monthlyaveragesola
arradiationrreceivedbytthesystem
:Maximumellectricityprooducedbythesystemmo
onthly(kWh per month)).
.[[114]
The totalareacoveredbyso
olarmodulessofeachparkrowwillb
becalculatedd;thenthetotalarea
ofwest sideparkinggrows(row1,3,5,7,9,111,13and15))willbecalcculated,and finallythetotalarea
ofeastssiderowswiillbecalcula
ated(row2,44,6,8,12,14aand16).Thetotalareas willusedto
ofindthe
totalpow
werproduceedbythesolarparkingsyystem.
Form
mula8calcu
ulatesthepo
owerproduccedbytheso
olarmodule underStanddardTestCo
onditions
(STC); th
he STC cond
ditions are the
t temperaature of the solar cell iss 25 , the solar irradia
ance is 1
(KWh/m
m ) and theere is no lo
osses. This fformula represents the maximum energy thatt can be
produceedbythesolarmodules (alaboratorryvalue).Th
hisformulan
needstobe modifiedin orderto
estimateeenergyouttputundero
outdooroperratingcondittions(suchaslowirradiaance,dustan
ndcables
losses)tthroughmulttiplyingthee
equationby performance
efactor(PF)
E
actuaal
A
H PF 9
PF iss the perforrmance redu
uction factorr; it is based on the outdoor conditiions and typ
pe of the
selected
d solar mod
dule. The average perfformance re
eduction facctor is 0.755. The performance
reductio
onfactorwilllbeestimate
edmanually accordingto
oBahrainenvvironmenta ndtheselectedsolar
module..
Page6
60of202
2.20.1 S
Steps for callculating pe
erformance reduction ffactor:
Theperformanccereductionfactorconsisstsofsevenfactors;thessefactorsareedividedtoconstant
main constan
nt) and variaable factors (factors cha
ange monthhly or annua
ally). The
factors (factors rem
perform
mancefactorwillbecalcu
ulatedmonthhlyforfirstyyear,andthe
entheperforrmancefacto
orwillbe
calculateedyearlyforrthefirst25years.
Dustanddirtp
performancereductionfaactor
(constant):
Dusttanddirt(su
uchasbirdsd
dropping)caanaccumulatteonthesurrfaceofthessolarmodule
eleading
to preveent part of the
t sunlight and minimiize the pow
wer output. The
T dust andd dirt is selffcleaned
duringrrainyseason..Atypicalan
nnualdusta nddirtperfo
ormancered
ductionfactoorPF facto
ortouse
is0.93.[[115]
Low
wirradiance
eperformanccereductionnfactor
(constant):
The efficiencyo
ofsolarmodu
uleusuallyrreducesatlo
owlightintensitieswhichhleadtoreducethe
utput. The performance
p
e reduction factor for low irradian ce loss is based
b
on
modules power ou
characteeristicsoftheemodules(m
mentionedinnthecataloggue).[115]
Pow
wertolerancceperformancereductioonfactor
(constant):
Thissfactorismeentionedinsection2.16.
ormanceredductionfacto
or
Missmatchandwiringperfo
(constant):
The maximum power
p
outpu
ut of a solarr array is ussually fewer than the tootal of the maximum
m
oftheseparaatemoduless.Thisreducttionhappensduetovariationsinpeerformanceffromone
outputo
module tothenext andiscalled
dmodulem ismatch.Alsso,thepowe
erislostdueetoresistanceinthe
wiring;areasonablemismatchandw
wiringperforrmancereductionfactor PF is0.9
95.[116]
systemw
Invverterperforrmanceredu
uctionfactorr (consta
ant):
TheDCpowerproducedbytthemodule needtobecconvertedinttoACpowerrusinganinvverter;in
thisconversionproccesspartof thepowerw
willbelost. Forthesolarparkingproojectmicro inverters
will be used (probaably). The typical
t
efficiiency of cen
ntral inverte
ers is 96.5 %
%. This efficiency is
ditions; the actual efficiency will
measureed by the manufacturers under wel lcontrolled factory cond
be loweer. It is assumed that th
he actual eff
fficiency of the
t micro in
nverters is 995 %, and he
ence the
inverterperformanccereductionfactorPF eequals0.95.[116]
mperaturecoefficientpe
erformance reductionfa
actor
variablem
monthly):
Tem
(v
For every degreee rise in te
emperature ( greaterr than stand
dard test coonditions (25
5 ); the
put decreases and vice versa. The amount of increase orr decrease in power
module power outp
outputiisbasedon themodule temperaturrecoefficienttfactor(K); thefollowinngformulacalculates
theperfformancered
ductionfacto
orduetotem
mperatureco
oefficient:
PF
F 1 Temperatu
ure coefficieent K
25 T 10
Where,
PF :Solarmoduletem
mperaturecooefficientperrformancere
eductionfacttor.
K:Temperatturecoefficie
entofthem odule.
T :Totaloftthecelltemp
perature(25 )andamb
bienttemperature.[36]
Accordin
ng to equation 10 and
d average ttemperature
e in Bahrain; the tem perature co
oefficient
reductio
onfactorwilllbecalculate
edmonthly.
Mo
oduledegrad
dationreducctionperform
mancereducctionfactor
ablebutyearrly):
(varia
Thissfactorisexp
plainedinsection2.16(pperformance
ewarranty).
ductionfacto
orforthefirsstyear:
Callculatingred
P
PF year 1
PF PF
P PF PF PF PF
F PF 11 [117]
Page6
61of202
Caalculatingred
ductionfacto
orforanyyeear:
werproduced
dperyearwillbecalculaatedusingthefollowingfformula:
Thepow
desired yearr
Tottal power prroduced in d

PF
for desired year

12
2.21 Ba
ahrain Poly
ytechnic pow
wer consum
mption and
d savings:
The campus maap for Bahrain Polytechnnic and univversity of Bahrain (Isa toown campuss) will be
printed on an A4 paper;
p
throu
ugh using a Vernier the
e main dime
ensions of tthe buildingss will be
calculateed;thentheeratiooftota
alareaofBaahrainPolyte
echnicbuildingstothecaampustotalareawill
be calcu
ulated. In orrder to estim
mate the poower consum
med by Bah
hrain Polytecchnic only; the
t total
powercconsumedwiillbemultipliedbythisraatio.
BD) by Bahraain Polytechnic is equal to the tota
al energy
The price of eleectricity consumed in (B
eelectricityttariff(BDpeerKWh).The
epriceof
consumeedinthedeesiredyear(KWh)multi pliedbythe
electricitty produced
d by the sollar system i s equal to the
t amount of electriciity produced
d (KWh)
multiplieedbytheeleectricitytarifff(BDperKW
Wh).Furtherrmore,theen
nergyprodu ctionofsola
arsystem
decreasees over timee; the savinggs should bee calculated yearly. The savings is tthe sum of prices of
electricittyproducedbythesolarrsystemfortthefirst25yyears.
2.22 Co
ost analysiss:
Thefollo
owingstepsshowhowth
heprojectcoostwillbecaalculated:
1. Calculatingtheinitialcosttoftheprojeectthrough:
Estimatingth
hecostofthe
estructureinncluding:
Find
ding the averrage cost of the (I and C sections) pe
er area (1 m ) and length of 1 m
thro
ough asking steel
s
supplieers in Bahrain; then estim
mating the ccosts of colu
umns and
crosssbeams.
Estim
matingtheco
ostsofremainningsteelsecctions(steelssheetsandstteelplates).
Estim
matingthefa
abricationcosst.
Estim
matingtheco
ostsofinstall ingmechaniccalparts.
Estim
matingtheco
ostsof,nuts, boltsandwaashers(basedonManazel shopinSalm
mabad).
Estimatingth
hecostsofprreparingthelland.
Findingthettotalcostofin
nverterandssolarpanelsu
usingonlinessources.
Estimatingth
hecostofele
ectricalcompoonentsandaaccessories(w
wires,junctionnboxes,fuse
es,etc.).
2. Calculatingthecostofth
heprojectforr25yearsthroughestima
atingthema intenanceco
osts,then
comparingth
hetotalproje
ectcostwith thetotalsavings.
Also
o, AlZamil stteel companyy was asked to prepare quotation fo
or the structuure (design 2
2 for the
struccture).
2.23 Me
eaning of th
he criteria rrating:
Thetabllebelowdefinesthemea
aningofthe criteriaratin
ngsthatwillb
beusedinthhedecisionm
matrices:
TableA,them
T
meaningofthe
ecriteriaratin
ng
Rating
0
144
577
8110
Meaning
M
Criterio
onisnotmet.
Criterrionismetw
withpoorperrformance.
Criterrionismetw
withgoodperrformance.
Criterionisperfectlym
met.
Page6
62of202
ChapterThreeResultsanddiscussion:
3.1 Intrroduction:
Thiss chapter sho
ows the find
dings of thiss project; it is divided in
nto three paarts. The firsst part is
n;itusesdecisionmatriccestoselecttthetypeoffsolarcell,solarsystem andsolarm
module.It
selection
also,selectsthefinaaldesignfor theparkinggstructure.TThesecondp
partiscalcullationsandd
design;it
calculateesthestresssesonthepartsofthesstructureusingmechaniccsandSolidw
works.Also, itshows
3d model for the structure
s
com
mponents a nd assemblyy. The third part is pow
wer calculations and
systemeevaluation;itcalculatestthepowerpproducedbythesystem,thepowercconsumedbyyBahrain
Polytech
hnicandthen
nitshowsprrojectsavinggsandimpaccts.
3.2 Sele
ecting the ty
ype of solarr cell:
Theselectioncriiteriaforsola
arcelltypeaarementione
edbelow(ba
asedonsectiion2.5.2):
Theeglobalinstalledcapacitty(availabiliity):
Table1
11,Percentaggeofglobalin
nstalledcapaccity[46]
CrysstallineSilicoon
SolarCells
Sin
ngleCrystalline
Pe
ercentageofglobal
installedcapaacity
Amorphous
Silico
on
Pol ycrystalline
7
78%(thePo
olycrystallineetypeisthe
co
ommonlyuse
edonthegloobalmarket))
Thiinfilmcells
Caadmium
CopperIndiium
Te
Telluride
%
22%
Acco
ording to Global Marke
et Outlook ffor Photovo
oltaics (www
w.epia.org); 78 % of th
he global
installed
d solar paneel system is Crystalline SSilicon and 22% is Amo
orphous Siliccon (until 20
014). The
Cadmium
m Telluride and Copper Indium arre in the eaarly stages of
o developm
ment so theyy will be
excluded
dfromanalyysis(willnottbeselectedd);however, theywouldhaveabrig htfuturein termsof
cost,weeightandreaactiontoclim
maticconditioons.[46]
Effficiency:
Table12,CurrrentcommerrcialefficiencyyatSTC(
)fordifferen
ntsolarcells(m
modules)[46]
CrrystallineSiliicon
SSingleCrysta
alline
Polycrystallinne
SolarCells
Currentcomm
mercialefficiencyatSTC(
1520%
Th
hinfilmcells
Amo
orphousSilicon
1215%
57%
Assshownontable12them
maximumeffficiencycan beobtained
disfromMoonocrystallin
ne(20%),
then Po
olycrystallinee (15%); sincce, the Amoorphous Siliccon has an efficiency (77% only). Th
he single
Crystallineproducess the maximum powerccomparedto
oother types;also,it haasthebest powerto
p
on(factor)w
willget10outt10inthede
ecisionmatrrix.[46]
arearatio.Theefficiencycriterio
Table13,decisionm
matrixformo
oduleefficiency[46]
Critterionweight
(outof10)
(
10
Ratinga
andScore
SingleCrystallline
1010=10
00
Polycry
ystalline
710
0=70
Ratinggjustification
n
Am
morphousSilicon
n
103=30
Monocrysstalline solaar panels ha

ave the high
hest
efficiencyyrates.Polyccrystallineisnotasefficiient
asmonoccrystalline,aandthereforetheyrequiired
a larger surface
s
to pproduce the same electrrical
as monocrystalline ppanels. Amo
orphous Silicon
hasaVerrypoorefficiiencyandhe
ence,theyhave
lowspace
etopowerraatio.
NoteSingleeCrystallineisthebest.
Page6
63of202
Tem
mperaturecoefficientfo
orpower:
Thetablebelow
wshowsthettemperatureecoefficientffordifferent typesofsolaarmoduletyypes:
Table14,Temperatturecoefficien
ntforpower((K)[46]
CrystallineSilicon
Thinfilmcell
T
ls
SingleCCrystalline
Poly
ycrystalline
AmorphousSilicon
Temp
peraturecoeefficientforp
power K
0.45%
%per
0.5%per
0.21%per
aturecoefficcientofSinglecrystalline,polycrystal lineandamorphous.
Tablle14shows thetempera
Amorph
hous Silicon has minimum temperatture coefficient; this me
eans amorphhous silicon loses or
gainsmo
oreenergyccomparedtocrystallinettypes.Thetablebelowsh
howstheaveeragetempe
eraturein
Bahrainpermonth:
Solaarmodule
Table15,Averageweaathertempera
ature inBah
hrain[118]
Ave
erageweatheertemperature inBah
hrain
Jan
Feb
M
March
Ap
pril
May
June
July
Aug
A
Seppt
Oct
Nov
Montth
20
21.1
24.4
29
9.4
33.9
36.7
37.8
37.8
3
36.77
33.3
27.8
peratureinB
Bahrainis37.8 ;accordingtoequattion1insecttion2.5.2
Themaximumaveragetemp
thecorrectedefficieencyofeachsystemis:
Dec
22.2
Table
e16,thedroppofsolarmod
duleefficiency[46]
CrystalllineSilicon
Thiinfilmcells
SingleeCrystalline
Polycrrystalline
AmorrphousSilico
on
Efficien
ncyatSTC( )
11520%
1215%
57%
Correctedef
C
fficiencyat3
37.8
12.44to16.6%
9.7to
o12.2%
4.6to6.4%
Thedropofs
T
solarmoduleeefficiency
17%
18.9%
7.9%
he effect of the temperature coefficcient on thee modules effficiency.
The table abovee explains th
heretheefficciencydecreeasedby18.9%;itis
Themaxximumdrop occurredinpolycrystalllinetypewh
obvious thatincreassingthetem
mperatureinccreasesthe moduleefficiencydrop..Throughco
omparing
n the correccted efficien
ncy of differrent module
es; the efficiencies of siingle crystallline and
between
polycrysstalline modules are still much greeater than Amorphous
A
Silicon
S
moduules, and he
ence the
temperaature coefficcient does not
n have a nnoticeable effect
e
on the
e overall sysstem efficiency. The
temperaaturecoefficientwillget4out10for thecriterion
nweightinthedecisionm
matrix.[119]
Table17,deccisionmatrix fortemperaturecoefficien
nt(K)criterionn
So
olarmodule
Rating
gandScore
Criterionweight
(outof10)
SingleCrystallline
Polyccrystalline
Amorphous Silicon
46=24
4
4
5=20
410=40
0
Ratinngjustificatiion
The
eAmorphoussSiliconhastheminimum
m
temperatureccoefficient(K
K)thenSinglee
Crystalline
ethenPolycrystalline.
NoteAmorpphousSilicon
nisthebest.
Cosst:
Costtistheseco
ondimportan
ntfactorafteerthemodu
uleefficiencyy;thecostoofthemodulewould
affectth
heprojectbu
udgetespeciiallyiftheprrojectisbig. Forthisreasonthecosttcriterionw
willget10
out 10 iin the next decision matrix. The tabble below sh
hows the cost of each m
module type
e per KW
produceedin2009:
Table18,Cost perWproduced(2009)[37]
Solarrmodule
CostPerWp
C
produced(20
009)
Crystalline
eSilicon
SingleCrysttalline
Polycry
ystalline
$3.48(maxximum)
%3.29
Thinfilmcells
AmorphousSilico
on
%2.5
5(minimum))
Page6
64of202
Fromtable18w
wecannoticethatthecoostofpolycrystallineand
dsinglecrysttallineareve
eryclose.
ngthatthettargetofthissprojectisttoproduce0
0.5megawattt;thesingleecrystalline willcost
Assumin
about (500,000 3.48
3
1.74 million $), the polycryystalline will cost 1.6455 million $ and the
hous will co
ost 1.25 million $; this means usiing Amorphous modulees instead of
o Single
Amorph
D).[37]
Crystallinewouldsave0.49million$(about 184,730BHD
Table19,decis
T
sionmatrixfo
ormoduleCost
Rating
gandScore
Crite
erionweight
(outof10)
SingleCrystallline
Polyccrystalline
Amorphous Silicon
10
104=40
0
10
5=50
108=80
0
Thesingleandpoolycrystalline
eareveryclo
ose,
andtheAmorphoousSiliconisnotverycheeap.
NoteAmorpphousSilicon
nisthebest.
Liffespan:
Thissfactorisverryessentialw
wherethesoolarmodulessshouldbed
durableand canbeused
dforlong
periodinordertoggetthemone
eyback.Theelifespancrriterionwillg
get8out100inthenext decision
matrix.B
Bothmonocrystallineandpolycrystaallinecanbeusedforlon
ngtimeuptoo30years.SSince,the
lifespan
nofAmorpho
ousThinFilm
mSolarCells islesscomp
paredtocrystallinetypess.[35]
Table20,deccisionmatrixfordurability
y
Rating
gandScore
Crite
erionweight
(outof10)
SingleCrystallline
Polyccrystalline
Amorphous Silicon
810=80
0
81
10=80
88=64
TheAmorphous Siliconhaslowerlifespaan.
NoteSinggleCrystallinneandpolycrrystallineare
ethebest.
Oth
herfactors:
Allttheaforemen
ntionedtype
escanbeafffectedbyshaadeanddusttwhereitreeducestheeffficiency.
olartypesareavailablein
nglobalmarrketandcanbeeasilybriingtoBahraiineasilyfrom
mUAEor
Theseso
through importing them from China. Furthhermore, all of these types requiree little main
ntenance
(typicallyydrycleanin
ngfromdust)[37].
Thetablebelow
wshowsthesselectedsolaarcelltype(ffinaldecision
n):
Taable21,summ
maryofdecisioonmatrixesa
andselectingthebestsysteem
Critteria
Systemtypescore
SingleCrystallline
Polycrystalline
Amorp
phousSilicon
n
Efficiiency
100
70
0
30
Te
emperaturecoefficient(K)
24
20
0
40
Co
ost
40
50
0
80
Lifespan
80
80
0
64
214
To
otal
220
0
244
As shown on the table above, thee selected solar module type iss Single crrystalline
(monocrrystalline);tthissystemh
hasthebestefficiencyu
upto20%,d
durablewhicchcanbeussedupto
30yearss,requirestheminimum
mareatoprooducethed
desiredelectricityorprooducesthem
maximum
powerfo
orfixedland
d,requirelittlemaintena nceandavaiilableinthemarket.
3.3Seleectingatracckingsystem(totrackkornottottrack):
Inso
olarparking system;the
ephotovolta icmodulesaaremounted
donthestruucturetoke
eepthem
oriented
d in the desiired directio
on. The mou nting system
m for solar structure
s
cann be fixed (tthe most
common
ndesignuseed)ordynam
mic(tracking systemwhicchisrarelyused).Thefixxedmounted
ddesigns
keeptheerowsofmo
odulesatafixedangleo forientation
n(azimuth)a
andatafixeddtilt.Asexp
plainedin
the precceding chaptter the locattion of the ssun varies during
d
the co
ourse of thee day and du
uring the
Page6
65of202
course yyear. Using the

t fixed mo
ounting systeem will not collect the maximum suunlight from
m the sun
becauseethemoduleeshouldbep
perpendiculaartothesun
ntocollecttthemaximum
mamountofenergy.
Forthispurposeatrrackingsyste
emcanbeussed[120][11
16]
w compares between thhe amount of
o annual solar radiationn received by a fixed
The chart below
odule(atlatitudeangle26degrees),andtheaamountofan
nnualsolarrradiationrecceivedby
solarmo
amodulewithatraackingsystem
minwhichttheanglewaasadjustedffourtimes(aatlatitudea
angle26
umnandspring,10deegreesduringgsummera
and36degrreesduring winter);
degreesduringautu
these daata were takken from tessts that werre conducted
d in Bahrain for AlMoayyed tower. Adjusting
A
the tilt angle led to
t increase the power output of the module by 3.61 %; this would provide
2][121]
meaninggfulboostinenergy.[122
Figure53,An
nnualsolarradiationreceivvedbymodullepermeterssquared(forBBahrain)[122]
Afixxedtrackingsystemwillbeusedforrthisprojecttbecausethe
eyaresimpleer,cheapera
andhave
lowerm
maintenance requirementscompareddtotrackinggsystems.Ad
djustingthe arraysmanu
uallytwo
tofourttimesperyeearwouldbecostly(laboorcharge)an
ndtimeconsuming(708 parkscontaiintwoor
more arrrays need to be adjussted). Also, the structurre of trackin
ng systems contain mo
ore parts
(especiaallymovingp
parts),andhe
encerequireemoremainttenance,som
meofthemoovingpartsw
wouldfail
eventuaallyandthein
nitialcapitalcostswoulddbehigher(e
extracompo
onent).Furthhermore,the
etracking
ules)toavoidshadecom
mparedtofixxedtypes
systemsrequiremoreland(spaccebetweentthePVmodu
whereleessnumber ofmodules canbefixeddforstructu
ureswithtrackingsystem
msifthelandareais
fixed,an
ndhencelesssenergywouldbeproduuced(seeap
ppendixC).In
nsometiltannglespartoffthecars
will not be protecteed from the
e sun light ((tracking sysstem); this conflicts
c
wit h design constraints
whereth
hedesignmustcoverthe
eentirecarppark.[9][123
3][29][116]
3.4 Sele
ecting the ty
ype of PV solar system
m:
Firstt of all, the standalone system will not be used
d because th
he generatorr is unnecesssary part
where in the case of
o an outage
e of the arraay power; th
he universityy would gett electricity from
f
the
utility (EEWA). Thus,, the costs of buying aa generator with the required ma intenance (changing
generato
oroil,inspecction,cleaningandchanngingbearinggs)willnotb
becounted ifdifferentssystemis
used.[32].
Also
o,OffGridssystemwilln
notbeused forBahrain Polytechnic solarparkinngsystemprrojectfor
thefollo
owingreason
ns:
TheeworkingdaaysinBahrainPolytechnnicare5dayysonlyperw
week;thele ngthofsum
mmerand
sprringholidaysisapproxim
mately4mon ths.Duringttheseholidayysthepoweerwouldnotbeused,
and
dhenceusin
nganoffGridsolarsysteemwillprevventBahrain Polytechniccsellingitse
electricity
Page6
66of202
thaat produced by the solar parking syystem for ap

pproximatelyy 190 days pper year. The
e system
pow
weroutputw
willnotbeuttilizedefficieentlyformorrethanhalfo
oftheyearddays.
Selling the eleectricity durring summerr holiday would
w
help the
t
utility ((EWA) to co
over the
mand on elecctricity durinng peak perriods, and prevent any possible po
ower cut.
increased dem
Bahrainpoweerconsumpttionissues.
Theerefore,solvvingpartofB
Baseed on the ad
dvantages and disadvan tages of Gridtied system Batteryleess system and
a Grid
tied Batttery based system (me
entioned in section 2.7 and 2.8), and through using the following
f
decision
nmatrix;theselectedsolarsystemtyypeisGridtiedbatterylesssystem.
Tab
ble22,decision
nmatrixforselectingtypeofsolarsyste
em(Gridtied Batteryless orBatteryba
ased)
NO
O
C
Criterion
CriterionWe
C
eight
(outof100)
Efficieency&poweer
output
10
Main
ntenanceand
d
rep
placement
Initialcosts
10
Co
omplexity
Relianceeonthesysttem
Batterrylesssystem
m
NO
O Rating(outtof
Scorre
10)
Justtification(fo rCriterionW
Weight)
The
T system with
w a higheer efficiency produces more
m
power,
p
and hence mo re profit (m
more electricity
savedorsell
s
totheutilityy).
Themainten
T
anceandreeplacementccostsareoneof
the
t highest costs
c
after tthe initial co
osts. The sysstem
maintenanccecanreturn
withalower
w
nthemanyb
back
faster.
f
Higher
H
initia
al costs woould preven
nt people and
government
g
investing inn solar proje
ects. Also maakes
themoneyb
t
acktimelonnger.
The
T more co
omplex systeem is the harder to deesign
andimpleme
a
entandrequ iremorecossts.
Theworking
T
hoursinBahhrainPolytecchnicarefro
om8
am
a to 6 pm
m which me ans the sysstem would not
workduring
w
winter(only
y1hour).
The
T
reliability of the ssystem is very
v
importtant.
However,
H
th
he utility grrid (EWA) is very reliaable
supplier(pow
s
wercutsrareely).Sothereisnoneed
dfor
abackupbat
a
terysystem..
Battterybasedssystem
Rating
g(outof
10)
1
Score
10
1010==100
1006=60
810==80
886=48
10
108==80
1005=50
68==72
665=30
35=15
10
1
310=30
Total
347
7
To
otal
218
Jusstification(fo
forRatingWeight)
The
T efficienccy of batteryyless system
m is higher than
t
battery
b
base
ed system due to it contains feewer
components
c
.Batterylessssystemisb
better
In battery ba
ased system
m, the batteries need to
o be
maintained and replaaced
checked,
c
monitored,
m
m
periodically.
p
Also, the ccosts of che
ecking the extra
e
components
c
.Batteryleesssystemissbetter
Battery
B
less requires few
wer compon
nents compaared
to
t battery based
b
system
m, and hencce requires less
initialcosts.B
Batteryless systemisbe
etter
Batterybase
B
dsystemis hardertode
esignduetothe
number
n
of required coomponents for
f the systtem.
systemisbeetter
Batteryless
B
Inbatterybasedsystemtheeuserwouldhavepowereeven
m the
iff the utility is out; since iin the batteryyless system
powermaycu
p
t.Batterybassedsystemisbetter
Page6
67of202
3.5 Azim
muth and tiilt angle an
nalysis sellection dire
ection of the
e parking sstructure:
Acco
ordingtosecction2.11;th
heroofazim uthtoolwassusedinthisssectiontoccalculatethe
eazimuth
angleforthefollowiingdesignop
ptionstofinddthebestorrientationforsolararrayss.
3.5.1 De
esign option
n 1:
Parkingrowsorrientedwith
hanangle1880andthessolararraysaremounteddtowardtru
uesouth
Figure54,A)trueAzimuth
hdirectionfo rparkingarea
aB)schematiicfordesignooption1[124]]
Figure555,C)shiftingffirstrow55.52mtothelefftside(alldim
mensionsinm
meter)D)simiilarstructuretodesign
ooption1[125
5]
Figu
ure54partA
Ashowsthe truesouthffortheparkiingarea(azimuth180);figure56sh
howsthe
azimuth angle for the parking area
a
based on the direcction of the parking row
ws (azimuth 148.3).
Design11proposesshiftingthero
owsparkingglinesby(1
180148.3=3
31.7degreess)totheleftside;the
direction
noftherow
ws(parkinglo
ots)willbettruesouth.FFigure54pa
artBshows howthesolararrays
Page6
68of202
willbeinstalledon theparking structure(ssolararraysssequence)w

wherethear rayswillbe installed
artC)showsstheeffecto
ofshiftingthe
efirstrowbyy31.7.
towardttruesouth.Figure55(pa
Changing the orientation of the parkinng rows (parrking lines) in order to make the PV
P arrays
facingth
hetruesouthrequireshiftingthefirrstrow(and theremainingrows)by 52.52meterrs(figure
55part C);thisisim
mpossibletoiimplementaatBahrainPo
olytechnicbe
ecauseitwilllreducethe
enumber
ofcarpaarksbyapproximately25
5%(estimati on)especiallyBahrainPo
olytechnichaasanissuerregarding
thelack ofthecarp
parking.This conflictswitthdesignco
onstraintswh
herethenum
mberofparkksshould
not be reduced. Th
hrough usingg an online calculator; the
t amount of solar irrradiance received by
design11(azimuth18
80andtilt2
26)is2,2600 kWh/m ;ssincedesign3receive2,1183(kWh/m
m )andit
canuse muchmoreemodules(b
becauseasu fficientdistaancebetwee
enthesolar arraysisreq
quiredto
3wouldprod
ducemuchm
morepower (seethe
avoidedshadeindeesign1).Thissmeansdessignoption3
following sections). It is not a practical so lution changging the orie
entation of the parking rows to
mentedandanalyzedfurther.
azimuth180,andheenceitwillnotbeimplem
3.5.2 De
esign option
n 2:
Paarkingrowso
orientedwitthanangle1148.3andth
hesolararra
aysaremounntedtoward
dsouth
Figure56,,Azimuthangglefordesign2(azimuth14
48.3)[124]
The sequence of
o the arrays of design 22 is similar to
o design 1; the differen ce between the two
designs that the aziimuth angle was changeed. The azim
muth angle is equal to aazimuth angle of the
parkingrows(148.3or31.7aw
wayfromtrueesouth)asshownabove.Thedropinnsolarradiattion:
E
E
E@
Numb er of degreees from true

e south
5
31.7
5
1.1%
0.93E
1.11%
In this design the

t solar radiation dropps by 7%. This
T
system is not suitaable projectt for the
followingreasons:
Page6
69of202
There iss no distance

e between tthe panels, and
a hence th
he size of thhe module should be
reduced
d(lesspower)toavoidsshade,andthetiltangle ofthearrayyisverylimited(the
greater tiltangleme
eansmoresshadewould
dbereflectedfromtheffirstmoduleintothe
second).
Partoftthecarparkw
willnotbec overed;themainfunctio
onofthestruuctureisnottapplied.
Thedesignisnotverrybeautiful((wouldeffecctontheaestheticaspeccts).
Itisnotapracticalssolution(makkingtheazim
muthcloserttosouth);beecauseitred
ducesthe
numberofmodulesanddecreassesthepowe
ermore.
3.5.3 De
esign option
n 3.1 Single Slope:
SingleSlope
eparkingstru
ucture(parkkingrowsoriientedwithanangle1488.3andthesolar
arraysarremountedtowardwesst(238.318
80=58.3aw
wayfromtruuesouth)
Twosidepar
T
king
w
Sideview
Onesidepark
O
king
Figuree57,A)Azimu
uthangleforp
parkingarea((design3)B)a
arraysorienta
ationdesign33onerowC)single
slopeparkinggstructuresid
deview[124]]
Figure58,desiggn3(oneside
eparking)[12
25]
In this design (design

(
3.1, single slop e); the arraays are placed perpenddicular to th
he actual
direction
n of parkingg area (azimu
uth 148.3). The arrays are mounted on the strructure as sh
hown on
figure577partB(mo
ountedtowarrdwest).Botthdirectionsswilluseazim
muth238.3fortwoside
eparking
structurewheretheearrayswill beawayfro mtruesouthby58.3(a
asshownonnpartC).The
edropin
s
slope parking str ucture (all the
t arrays are placed tooward west azimuth
solar radiation for single
238.3):
58.3
3
E@
1
1.1%
0.872E
E
.
5
hisdesignthesolarradiationdroppeddby12.8wh
hichishigherrthandesignn2by5.8%.
Inth
Page7
70of202
3.5.4 De
esign option
n 3.2 Doub
ble slope:
DoubleSlopeparkingstructure
e
Twosiddeparking
Sid eview
Figu
ure59,)A)arraysorientatiiondesign3ddoubleslopeB
B)doubleslop
peparkingstrructuresidevview
Inth
hisdesign,th
heleftsidep
parkswillha vethesame
eorientationofdesign3 .1(singleslo
ope).The
difference appears in the right side parks w
where the arrrays will be
e mounted tooward east (azimuth
58.3) so the arrayss will be away from tru e south by 121.7 (180
058.3= 1221.7) and the
t solar
radiation
nwilldecreaasemore;the
edropinsollarradiation:
E@
121.7
5
1.1%
0.73E
The drop in in solar

s
radiatio
on due to c hanging the azimuth an
ngle is 27 %;; however, using
u
the
doublesslopingstruccturehelpin
nincreasing thesystem productivity throughcattchingthesu
unasits
risingan
ndsetting;th
hebestway istoanalyzeethesolarirradianceda
atatoselect theoptimum
mdesign
andorieentation(dessign2or3).
Design33(singleslop
peanddoubleslope)has manyadvan
ntagescomparedtodesiggn2:
Thewidthofftheroadis6meter;thiismeansthe
eshadingwouldnotaffecctthesystem
m.
Therefore,thenumbero
ofthemodullesthatcanbeusedincreases,andthhepowerou
utput
o.
increasealso
Theentireo
oftheparkw
willbecovereed,andhence
emakingsurrethatthesyystemprovid
des
doubledutyy(coveringca
arsandprod ucingelectriicity).
Thisdesigniismuchmorebeautifulccomparedde
esign2.
Designingawatermanagementsysttemismuchsimpler.
o select the
e final designn is to compare betwee
en the energ
rgy received by each
The best way to
ordifferentttiltangles.
designfo
3.6 Fina
al design:
Thecharrtbelowsho
owsannualso
olarradiatio nreceivedb
bydesign2fo
ordifferentttiltangles:
Page7
71of202
Figu
ure60,Annuaalsolarradiattionforazimuuth148.3degreesanddiffe
erenttiltangl es(Design2)[74]
The chart below shows annual solar radiattion received

d by design 3 (single sloope) for diffe
erent tilt
angles:
Figure61,Annualso
olarradiation
nforazimuth 238.3anddiffferenttiltangles(Design33Singleslop
pe)[74]
Table233andchart6
62compareb
betweendessign2andde
esign3:
Tab
ble23,Totalssolarirradianccereceivedan
nnuallyforde
esign2and3 [74]
Totalsollarirradianccecollecteda
annuallyby moduleford
differenttilttandazimutthangles
/ )
Tiltangle
Tiltt0
Tilt2.5
Tillt5
Tiltt7.5
Tilt10
Tillt11
Tilt26
Tiilt41
Desiign3azimu
uth
77.17 218
82.27 21883.45 21
161.49 20
056.46
2147.18 2159.29 21668.69 217
238.3
3(singleslo
ope)
Design2(azimu
uth
2147.18
216
67.5
21885.66
220
01.73
22
214.7
22219.23
22
230.89
21
139.35
148.3)
0%
Difference%
D
0.3
38%
0.778%
1.1
12%
1.4
46%
1. 61%
3..11%
3.87%
Page7
72of202
Figuree62,comparisonaboutannualsolarirraadiancefordifferenttiltfo
ordesign2& 3(singleslop
pe)[74]
The table and charrt below sho

ow annual ssolar radiatio
on received by design 33 (double slope) for
differenttiltangles:
Table244,Totalsolarirrradiancereceivedannually fordifferentttilt&azimuthangles(designn3doublesloping)[74]
Design3Do
D
oubleslop(ssomerowsaretowardeaastazimuth
h58.3andsomerowsttowardwestt)(
/ )
TiltAnglee
Tilt0
Tilt2.5
T
Tilt5
Tilt7.5
T
Tilt10
T
TTilt11
Tilt26
T
Tilt41
Azimu
uth58.3(Eaastrows) 2147.18 2131.1
22113.51 2093.45
2
2071.59 20061.87 18
890.96 16
677.86
Azimu
uth238.3(W
Westrows) 2147.18 2159.29
2
22168.69 2177.17
2
2182.27 2 183.45 21
161.49 20
056.46
Figurre63,Totalso
olarirradiancereceivedannnuallyforde
esign3double
eslopping(boothdirections)[74]
Figu
ure 60 showss the total solar irradiannce collected
d annually by module foor different tilt
t when
the azim
muth angle is
i equal to 148.3 (forr design 2). Figure 61 shows the ttotal solar irrradiance
collected
dannuallyb
bymodulefo
ordifferentttiltwhenthe
eazimuthangleisequal to238.3(fo
ordesign
3singleeslope).Tab
ble23andfiggure62com parebetwee
entheamountofsolarirrradiancerecceivedby
design 22 and 3 (sin
ngle slope) for each tillt angle; tab
ble 23 show
ws also the percentage of solar
irradiancceincreaseaasresultofu
usingdesign 2insteadof3.
Page7
73of202
Tablle24andfiggure63show
wtheamou ntofsolarrradiationrecceivedbydooubleslopesstructure
(design 3); in this design,
d
some of the pa rking rows (module arrrays) are moounted towa
ard west
(azimuth
h238.3or5
58.3awayfrromtruesouuth)andsom
merowstowa
ardeast(azim
muth58.3o
or121.7
awayfro
omtruesoutth).Thewestsidemodu lesreceivem
moresolarirradiancebeccausetheya
arecloser
totruessouth;theso
olarirradianceforthem
modulesposittionedtowardeastdecrreasesasthe
emodule
tiltangleeincreases,aandtheoptimumtiltis00degrease(m
modulesfixedhorizontal ly).
Indesign2the azimuthanggleequals14
48.3 (31.7 awayfrom
mtruesouthh);inthisde
esign,the
azimuthangleisclosertotruessouth.Thisleedtoincreassethesolarirradiancecoomparedto design3
(single sslope) by 0.3
38% as a minimum to 3 .87 % as a maximum.
m
The amount oof solar irradiance is
constanttwhenthep
panelisfixed
dhorizontallly.Itisalreadymentione
edinthepreecedingsectionsthat
design22willnotbeusedforthisproject;h owever,the
eamountofsolarradiatiionwascalculatedin
orderto
oproofthatttheincreaseintheamouuntofsolarrradiationisn
notsufficienttcomparedttodesign
3(singleeslope).Ind
design2,lesssnumberof modules(ab
bouthalf)ca
anbeusedcoomparedtodesign3
inordertoavoidshaading.Fromtable23themaximumin
ncreaseinth
hepowerouttputcanbeobtained
fromdeesign2is3.8
87%andasssumingdesiggn2consist ofhalfnum
mberofthe moduleofd
design3;
thereforre design 2 will
w produce
e about 48.11% less powe
er compared
d to design 33. (See appe
endix A
shadinganalysis).
Tosselecttheoptimumtiltan
ngleforsola rparkingstructuretwoffactorsshoulldbeconside
ered;the
firstoneeisthemaximumpowerproduced;tthiscanbeo
obtainedthro
oughselectinngthetilt11
1degrees
where 22,183.45 (KW
Wh/m ) can be receivedd by the mo
odule per year; this tilt aangle repressents the
optimum
m summer setting
s
in Ba
ahrain. Also, increasing the tilt angle requires i ncreasing th
he entire
height o
of the structture to avoid
d collision oof the vehicle
e with struccture; this w
will add an additional
capitalccostformateerial,andinccreasesthew
windloadbe
ecausethew
windloadis directlyprop
portional
to the h
height of thee structure. However, seelecting an angle
a
less than 10 degreees preventss for rain
runoff,aandselfcleaaningforthesolararrayssandalsode
ecreasethessolarirradiannce.Thetiltangle11
degrees represent a
a compromise where it is not a bigg angle like 26 degrees and grater then 10
degrees,andprovidesthebestssolarirradiannce.
For thedouble sideparks,u
usingasingl eslopestru
ucturewould
dbeunsafeaasaconsequenceof
doublinggthearraysareaandinccreasingthe heightofthe
estructure;whichleads toincreasethewind
loads. TThis would reequire usingg a very stroong structure
e to withstand wind loaads, and hen
nce using
furtherm
material(inccreasingcapitalcost).Theesingleslopedesignisnotapracticaalsolutionfo
ordouble
sidedpaarksduetosafetyandco
ostconstrainss.
Usin
ngthedoubleslopingde
esign(design3)wouldprrovideasolu
utionforwinndloadsandproduce
muchm
moreenergyccomparedto
odesign2.Foorthewestrrowstheopttimumtiltanngleis11degrees(as
discusseed before). For east rows, the tilt 11 degrees receives less amountt of solar irrradiance
compareed to the tilt angles (0, 2.5, 5, 77.5 and 10 respectivelly). Using thhe tilt 0 deggrees will
provide theoptimum
mpowerou
utput;howevveritwillpreventthesyystemfromrrainrunoff, andself
he amount of
o solar irraddiance receiived in 0
cleaningg for the sollar arrays. The variance between th
degreestiltand5deegreestiltis1.5%whichhissmall(bu
utnotneglig
gible);buttthetilt5deggreeshas
some aadvantages regarding cleaning
c
thee system, minimizing
m
the
t
requiredd maintenance and
increasin
ngthepoweeroutput(co
omparedtottilt11degree
es).Theeasttrows(solarrarrays)willbetilted
Page7
74of202
5degreeesfromthe horizon.The
eselectedst ructureiscaalleddoubleslopingstruucture(twossidesolar
structurewithdifferrentslopes).
Thetablebelow
wshowsthesspecificationssofdoublessideparks(finaldesign):
Table25,fi naldesignforrparkingsysttem
Designna
ame:double slopingstruccturewithdiifferenttilt
Azimuth(truesouth
Tiltangle(moduletiltfrom
Parkingrrows
180)
1
horizo
on)
Westparkin
ngrows
58.3from
mtruesouth
h
11
Eastparkinggrows
121.7fro
omtruesouth
h
5
The selected deesign (double
e sloping) is not a new idea; it is im
mplemented by some co
ompanies
ow:
suchas,SolaireandPetrasolarinBahrainassshownbelo
Figuure64,(A)dooublesloping designimpleementedbySSolaireCompaany[126](B) doubleslopingdesign

implemeentedbyPetraasolarinBahraininAwali clubparking(picturewastakenbyme))
As sshown on piicture 64; in

n the projectt implementted by Solairre, the westt side of the
e parking
structure(leftsidep
parks)istilte
edandtheri ghtsidestru
uctureisapp
proximatelyhhorizontal.T
Thesame
wali project but in opposite way w
where the right side
thing is implementeed by Petra Solar in Aw
d and the lefft side is ap proximately horizontal. The compannies selected
d the tilt
structure is inclined
basedonthelatitudeand
dazimuthanngle.
anglesb
3.7 Heig
ght of the ssolar parkin
ng structurre:
The picturebelo
owshowsthe
eselectedheeightforthe
estructurew
wherethemiinimumheigghtofthe
s
is 2201
1 mm whichh follows Bahrain guide
elines (minim
mum 2200 mm). In
solar arrray (west side)
addition
n,theheightofthesolarparkingsystteminAwaliis2210mm..[77]
Figure65,heeightoftheso
olarstructure
e
Page7
75of202
3.8 Parrking area m

measureme
ents:
Thepictturebelowsh
howsBahrainPolytechniicstudentsccarmap(inclludingthepaarkingrowsnumbers
andsequencenumb
bers):
(1)
( 2)
( 3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
Figure66,B
BahrainPolyteechnicstuden
ntscarmap(m
middlearea)
Thetabllebelowsho
owsthenumberofparks perrow:
Table26,numberofparksineachrrowofthemiddlearea(thesttudentsparkinngarea)
Parkinggrow
Row
w1
Row
w2
Row
w3
Row
w4
Row
w5
Row
w6
Row
w7
Row
w8
Totaal
Numberof parks
Parkingrow
P
38
Row9
48
Row10
48
Row11
56
Row12
56
Row13
61
Row14
61
Row15
57
Row16
425parkks
Total
Total:4225+283=708parks
Numbberofparks
54
47
44
35
32
27
24
20
2883parks
Totaalnumberoffentirestude
entsparksiss910parks;tthenumberoftheparks inthemiddleareais
708(selectedareafforthisproje
ect).Thisproojectwillpro
ovideaproposalforsolaarparkingsyystemfor
oftheentirestudentsparkingarea.
77.8%o
(16)
Page7
76of202
Thefollo
owingtablesshowsthediimensionsofftheparkinggarea(measuredusingaameasuringttape):
Tablee27,Parkdimensions
Parkdimensionns(seepicturreonnextpage)
Parklength
5100mm
Parkwidth
2430
100 2
100 2
Parklinetthickness(W
Whitelines)
100mm
Roadwidth
6000mm
2530
0mm
To d
double checkk the accura
acy of measuurement an online calcu
ulator was u sed to doub
ble check
thedimeensions:
Figure67,area
aofparkingroow1(willuse
edtofindparkswidth)[1227]
ure shows th
he area of pparking row 1; from thiss area we caan double check the
The above pictu
edlength5.11m):
widthoffthepark(ussingmeasure
Area 490.436 from
m software
llength 5.1 m
mesured
widh
widh requ
uired
number of parrks 38
490.436

2.53 m
5.1 38
Figure68,area
aofparkingroow1(willuse
edtofindparkswidth)[1227]
77of202
Page7
Figu
ure70showsstheareaoffparkingrow
ws4&5;fro
omthisareawecandouublecheckth
helength
ofthepaarks(usingm
measuredwidth2.53maandtheabovveequation).
Length
h
Width
Area

Parks num
mber
1455.353
2.53
3
56 56
6
5.14 5.1 m
Thepicturesbelowsshowthedim
mensionsof BahrainPolyytechnicstud
dentscarpaarks:
Figure669,dimension
nsofonepark
Figure700,dimensionssoftwoparkss
Page7
78of202
3.9 mod
dule selectiion:
Seleecting the op
ptimum sola
ar panel braand is very important
i
aspect becauuse it is a lo
ong term
investment. Selectin
ng a module
e from big bbrand names would nott give a gre at change in
n quality
heprices
becauseemostsolar modulesaremadewithhsimilarmaterialsandccomponentss,andalsoth
wouldbeveryclose(SunpowerCompanyis exception).[128]
Thebestt10compan
niesthatman
nufactureso larmodules in2014(lasttquarter):
1. TrinaSolar..
olarOne.
5. JASolar.
9. HanwhaSo
2. YingliGreenEnergy.
6. SharpSolar.
100. SunPowerr.[129]
3. CanadianSolar.
7. Renesola.
4. JinkoSolar..
8. FirstSolar.
donIHSwhiichistheleaadingsource
eofinsight,a
analyticsanddexpertiseiincritical
Thisslistisbased
areasth
hatshapetodaysbusine
esslandscapee.Whileselectingtheso
olarmodule sitisrecom
mmended
to use o
one of thesee companiess. There are also, severaal big brandss out of thiss list such ass LG and
Suntech(themostp
popularbran
ndsintheUKK);theproje
ectimplementedinAwaaliusesSunte
echsolar
ws list of com
mpanies thaat manufactu
ure solar
moduless (polycrystaalline) [129].. The table below show
moduless:
Table28,aalistofsolarccompanieswiithlinksforhundredsofm
modulesdatassheets[128]
NO
1
Companyy
SSunPowerSo
olar
Country
NO
O
Company
Country
USA
16
6
GE
G
USA
A
AsssembledinCCanada
2
CanadianSo
olar
7
Hyundai
Kore
ea
17
butmadeinCChina
3
SSuntechPow
wer
China
18
8
Kan
neka
Japan,USA,,Belgium
4
A
AstronergySo
olar
Germanyy
19
9 Mitsubish
hiElectric
Japa
an
UnitedStat es,
5
SolarWorld
0
NBS
Solar
Chin
na
20
Germany,Can
G
nada
6
Topoint
China
21
1
Sch
hott
USA
A
Norway,Singa
apore,USA
7
LG
Korea
22
2
RE
EC
8
Solarland
d
China
23
3
RiT
Tek
Taiwan
9
Sharp
USA
24
4
Samsung
SouthK
Korea
Japan,Canadda,
10
P
Panasonic/Saanyo
25
5
Solon
USA,Gerrmany
Mexico,Germanny,USA
11
PowerUp
p
China
26
6
Triina
Chin
na
12
U
UniSolarMo
odel
USA
27
7
UP
PG
Chin
na
13
EcoSolargyy
China
28
8
Westinghouse
USA
A
14
Evergreen
n
USAandCh ina
29
9
Yin
ngli
Chin
na
15
Eoplly
China
30
0
BP
B
China,Ind
dia,USA
Tocompaarebetweensolarcompa
aniesandprooducts(hundredsofcataloguesdattasheets):
1. h
http://www.w
wholesalesolar.com/solaarpanels
2. h
http://www.ttheecoexperrts.co.uk/wh ichsolarpan
nelsarebestthowmuchhshouldiexpectpay
Baseedontheab
bovetable(ssolarmanufaacturerslist) andthrough
hanalyzingaalltheavaila
abledata
sheetso
ofthemodules;themosttcommonsttandardsizessofmodulesarelistedbeelow:
Table29,Com
T
mmonStandarrdModulesize
es
1940
0 980
798 1559
Co
ommonStandardModuleesizes(LenggthWidth)inmm(samplees)
1
1640
980 1480 980
194
40 980
1480 67 0 1000 1640
8
826
1638 1318 994 1046 1559 1020 67 0 808 1580
Page7
79of202
Theewidthofthecarparkiss2.53m,anddthelengthis5.1m.Throughanalyzzingparkdim
mensions
and thee sizes of the modules (by
( hand skeetching and using excell software too measure the gabs
between
n the panelss); it was fo
ound that thhe standard sizes, 826mm 1,638mm
m (Canadian
n module
model Q
Quartech CSS6V225M), 798mm 1,,559mm (Su
unpower mo
odule modeel X20250B
BLK) and
808 1,5580 (Suntech
h module model
m
PLUTO
O200Ade) provide the most
m
coveraage for parking area.
Also, these moduless are from top
t brands, and hence these modu
ules were seelected (thre
ee design
options)).
The priceofSun
ntechmodule(modelPLLUTO200Ade
e)is400Eurro(454$);thhismodulep
produces
200 wattt, and the price of thiss module peer watt is 2.27 $ [130]. Sunpower ddo not sell the
t solar
module separately; it forces the
e costumerss to install the modules by it is aut horized dealers. The
average cost of the module and
d installationn for Sunpow
wer compan
ny is $5.59 pper watt; thiss means,
the costtumer will pay
p more ab
bout the do uble the priice compare
ed to Suntecch company without
doublinggthepowerr.Theinstalla
ationprocesssisnotveryyexpensive;itwouldnootexceed0.25dollar
per watt (about 19 Bahraini din
nars per moodule) [131]. Canadian Company
C
sel ls the solar modules
ompaniesintheglobalsoolarmarket(forboth
withverrycompetitivveprices;itisoneoftheecheapestco
monocryystalline and
d polycrystallline types). The Canadiaan solar module model CS6P235PX is the
second cheapest module in the
e market ab out 0.75 do
ollars per wa
att. The pricee range of Canadian
C
75dollarto1
1.1dollarpeerwatt;the pricevariesbasedonthhemoduleeffficiency,
modulessisfrom0.7
module sizeandtyp
pe(monoorpoly).AccorrdingtoAcossolar(websitte)thepriceofCanadian
nmodule
QuartechCS6
6V225Mis0
0.8dollarpeerwattwhich
hisoneofth
hecheapest typesinthe
emarket.
modelQ
[132]Th
hefigurebelowshowsth
hebranchessofCanadian
ncompanyintheworld(thenearesstbranch
forBahrrainislocatedinAbuDhabi):[133]
Figure71,Can
F
nadiansolarb
branches[133
3]
3.9.1 De
ecision matrrix (selectin
ng the modu
ule company
y):
The following taable comparres betweenn the specifiications of the three seelected modu
ules (the
m
dataa sheet see
e appendix E). Also, thhis table selects the
data aree extracted from the modules
moduletypebasedo
onselectioncriteriaform
moduletype
emanufacturrer(section22.17):
Page80of20
02
Table30,decisionm
matrixforselectingModuleCompany(basedonthedataasheets)[133][134
4][135]
Criteerion
Efficiiency
Powertoleerance()
Critterionweight
((outof10)
Values, Rating and Score

Caanadian
Suntecch
Sunpower
16.63 %
15.7 %
%
10
07=70
105=5
50
. %
10
910=90
.
Tempeerature
coeffficient
NominalOp
peratingCell
Tempeerature
Wind
dload
Quality((ISO9001
certifiicates)
Durabilitty:61215
reliabilitystandard(IEC)
Performanccewarranty
%/
4
47=28
97=6
63
.
%/
48=3
32
Rattingjustification
Notes
Themainaimofth
hisprojectistoproducethemaximum
menergybythesysttem;theonly
companythatIfou
undthatsellsmodu
uleswithefficiencyygreaterthan20%isSunpower.
(SSunpoweris
The efficiency of Sunpower is higher than the two modules
m
by 3.67 %;
% using the
th
hebest)
1010=100 Sunpowermodule
eswouldboosterth
hepoweroutputb
by22%compared toCanadian,
and29.3%comparedtoSuntech.
unpowerand
producemorepowe
er;Sunpower (Su
% Allthemodulehavvepositivetoleranccewheretheycanp
andCanadianmod
dulescanproduce1
105%ofthementio
onedpower.Since,,Suntechcan Caanadianare
910=90 produceonly102.5
5%ofthementioneedpower.
th
hebest)
The
drop
of
powe
er
production
incre
eases
as
the
temp
perature
coefficient
t
increases
(I
. %/
maintheabsolutevalue).ThedropoffSunpowermoduleeswillbelessbecau
useithasthe (SSunpoweris
ture
coefficient.
Sin
nce,
the
Canadian
modules
will
have
smallest
temperat
the greatest
th
hebest)
410=40
powerdrop.
20.3 %
810=80
810=8
80
810=80
2
2500Pa
2500P
Pa
2500Pa
910=90 910=9
90
910=90
ISO9001certtificates
IEC61215Reliabilitystandard
From97
to80%
From9
95
to80%
%
From95
to87%
10
07=70
106=6
60
109=90
10
AllofthesemodulesaresuitableforB
Bahrainenvironment.
Allofthesemoduleshavehighresistaancetostrongwind
dloads.
AllCanadian,SuntechandSunpowermoduleshaveISO9001:2008andISO
O14001:2004
certificates.
Canadian modules have sevveral durability certificates IEC 6121
15, IEC61730,
CO,andCQC.
IEC61701ED2,UL1703,IEC62716,CECListed,JET,CE,MCS,KEMC
moduleshaveIEC61215,IEC61730.
Suntechm
SunpowerhasUL1703,IEC6
61215,IEC61730,IEC62716andIEC6
61701.
Allthemodulesaretopbrands;sinceCanadianmodulessaremoredurable..
Canadianpowerperformancce:25yearlinearp
poweroutputwarrrantyfrom97
%to80%
%.
Suntech power
p
performancee: 95 % first five years,
y
90 % first 12
2 years, 85 %
first18ye
earsand80%first2
25years.
Sunpowerpowerperforman
nce:95%first5yeaars;thentheperfo
ormancedrop
by0.4% (lineardrop).The powerafter25yeaarsisequalto87%
%.(Sunpower
hashigherefficiency).
(C
Canadianis
th
hebest)
(SSunpoweris
th
hebest)
Page81of20
02
Criteerionweight
(o
outof10)
Criterrion
Productw
warranty
Moduledimensions
Cosst
10
10
0years
5years
10
07=70
105=5
50
826
6
808
1638
15
580
10
09=90
107=7
70
0.8per
0
watt
2.27peer
Watt
1010=
100
50
105=5
688
545
10
Availability(Bahrain)
Total
10
Values, RatingaandScore
Caanadian
Suntecch
Sunpower
Rattingjustification
Notes
Canadian:10yearproductw
warrantyonmateriaalsandworkmanship.
(SSunpoweris
5yearmaterialandworkmanshipwarrranty.
Suntech5
th
hebest)
Sunpowerprovidecombined
dpowerandprodu
uctdefect25yearccoveragethat
1010=100
modulereplacemen
ntcosts.
includesm
798 1559
Thetotalareaofe
eachparkequals 2.5
53m 5.1m 12..903 ;eachparkwillcoverby
ninemodulesofan
nytype.
(C
Canadianis
TheCanadianmoduleswillccover94.4%ofthecarpark.
105=50
th
hebest)
TheSunte
echmoduleswillco
over89%ofthecarrpark.
TheSunpowermoduleswillcover86.7%oftheecarpark.
Canadian company is one of the cheapest solar manufacture
ers; it is the
5.5per
power.UsingCanad
dianmodules
cheapest typecomparedto SuntechandSunp
Watt
projectinitialcostbyy85%.
insteadoffSunpowermoduleeswillreducethep
(C
Canadianis
Suntech modules are relatiively expensive (ab
bout double price of Canadian
th
hebest)
module).
101=10
oject costs five tim
mes with only
Sunpower is very expensivee; increases the pro
easeinthepowero
output.
22%incre
Sunpower has Branch in MiddleEast specifically Masdar Citty, Incubator
Building, Office201F,AbuD
Dhabi,UAE,Tel:+9
97122458303.So
otheycanbe
availableinBahrain.[136]
Canadian has Branch in UAE in Injazat Buildin
ng, Mohammed Bin
n Zayed City,
Office 321,
3
Abu Dhabi, UAE, Tel: +9
971 02 698 5360 E:mail:
inquire.m
mi@canadiansolar.ccom[137]
Thesolar projectimplementtedinAwaliusesSSuntechsolarpanells,andhence
theSunte
echmoduleswillbeavailableinBahraiinifweorderthem.
650
Thesselectedcompan
nyisCanadianModel:QuarttechCS6V225M
M
25years
Page8
82of202
The picturebelo
owshowsho
ow18modulleswillcovertwocarparks;themodduleswillcovermost
parks. Howeever, the to
otal length oof the park that will not be coverred is 18.6 cm; the
of the p
crossbeaamsandpurrlinswouldco
overmostorralloftheuncoveredare
ea.
Figgure72,solarrmodulescovveringtwoparks
Thetablebelow
wshowstotalareacovereedbythemo
odules(requiredareafor
rpowercalcu
ulations):
Table31,Total areacovered
dbythemodu
ules
Len
ngth
Parkingrrow
Row11
Row22
Row33
Row44
Row55
Row66
Row77
Row88
Row99
Row100
Row11
Row12
Row133
Row144
Row155
Row166
Total
Moduulesareaperpark
width
h numberr of moduless per park
0.826 1.638
1
Numberofparks
Module
esareaperp
park
38
48
48
56
56
61
61
57
11.196738
54
47
44
35
32
27
24
20
708pa
arks
12.176892
2 m
Moodulesareap
perrow
462.721
1896
584.490
0816
584.490
0816
681.905
5952
681.905
5952
742.790
0412
742.790
0412
694.082
2844
657.552
2168
572.313
3924
535.783
3248
426.19122
389.660
0544
328.776
6084
292.245
5408
243.53784
8,621.24
4
Page8
83of202
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
3.9.3 Su
ummary of tthe selected
d module speecificationss:
Table32,Su
ummaryofthheselectedmo
odulespecificcations[134]
SSpecification
ns
MechhanicalProp
perties
ModuleBrandname
CanadianSoolar
Modu
uleModel
QuartechCS6V
V225M
M
Moduledimeensions(L W)
0.826
0
1.6338 m
SolarCell
50Monocrystallinne5 10
SSolarCelldim
mensions(L W)
0.156
0
0.1556 m
Frameematerial
Anod
dizedaluminnumalloy
Fron
ntcover
3.2mmtempereedglass
W
Weight
16kg
Effiiciency
16.63%
Powerto
olerance()
0 to 5%
%
Temperatu
urecoefficien
nt
0.41%/
Nom
minalOperatingCellTemp
perature
40 to 885
Win
ndload:
2500Pa
Qualityan
ndDurabilityycertificatessandProducctwarranty
ISO90
001:2008/Q
Qualitymanaagementsysttem.
ISO/TSS 16949: 2009 / the auutomotive industry qualiity
managgementsyste
em.
Q
Quality(ISO9
9001certifica
ates)
ISO 14001:
1
2004 / Standdards for environment
e
tal
managgementsyste
em.
OHSASS 18001: 2007
2
/ Inteernational standards
s
f
for
occupationalhealtth&safety.
ndother
IEEC61215/IEC61730:VD
DE/CE/JET//MCS
Duraability(IEC)sstandardsan
certtificates
IEC617
701ED2:VDE/IEC6271 6:VDE/PVC
CYCLE(EU)
Producctwarranty
10yearp
productwarrrantyonmatterialsandw
workmanship
p.
25yearlinearpowerroutputwarrrantyfrom9
97%to80%
%
Performancewarrantyy
(lineardro p).
Figure73Can
nadianQuarttechCS6V225Mpowerw
warranty[1344]
ElecctricalProperties
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
N
NominalMaxx.Power(Pm
max)
JuncttionBox
Connectors
Caables
O
Opt.Operatin
ngVoltage(V
Vmp)
OperatingCurrent(Imp
p)
Maxsyystemfuse
OpenCircuiitVoltage(Voc)
ShortCircuitCurrent(Issc)
225W
IP67(thebestttype)
FriendsPV2a
F
(IEC),FrienddsPV2b(IEC/UL)
4 mm (IEC),900m
mm(35.4in)
26V
8.67A
15A
31.8V
9.19
84of202
Page8
3.10 Fo
orce calcula
ation:
Themainstepsu
usedtocalcu
ulatetheloa dsonthepaarkingstructu
urearementtionedinsecction2.2
3.10.1 W
Wind load ca
alculation:
Steep1(determ
mineriskcate
egoryofsolaarparkingstructure):
The first step is to determin
ne the risk ffactor of the
e solar parking structuree. The table below is
d from ASCEE standard document;
d
tthis table claassifies the risks into 4 categories, and the
obtained
higher ccategory number means more riskky structure. The solar parking sysstem projectt will be
implemeented in Bah
hrain Polytecchnic in the students paarking area where
w
it reppresents an essential
facilityaandanyfailu
urecouldposseasubstanttialhazardtothecommunity(deathhorinjuries)..Therisk
categoryyfortheparkingsystemisdetermineedtobe(RisskCategory4
4).[138]
Table33,RiskCateggoryofBuildingssandOtherStruucturesforFlood,Wind,Snow, Earthquake,anndIceLoads(page2)[139]
UsseorOccupa
ancyofBuilddingsandStrructures
Buildings and oth
her structure
es that reprresent a low
w risk to hum
man life in tthe
eventoffailure.
Allbuildingandottherstructurresexceptthhoselistedin
nRiskCatego
ories1,3,4
Buildingandotherstructures, thefailureoofwhichcouldposeasubstantialriskkto
humanlife.
Buildingandotheerstructures,,notincludeedinRiskCaategory4,withpotentiallto
cause a substanttial economiic impact annd/or mass disruption of day to dday
civilianlifeintheeeventoffailu
ure.
BuildingsandotheerstructuressnotincludeedinRiskCattegory4(inccluding,butnnot
limitedto,facilitieesthatmanu
ufacture,proocess,handle,store,use
e,ordisposeeof
such ssubstances as
a hazardous fuels, hazaardous chem
micals, hazardous waste,, or
explossives) contaaining toxic or explosi ve substancces where their quanttity
exceedsathresho
oldquantitye
establishedbbytheautho
orityhavingjjurisdictionaand
issuffficienttoposseathreatto
othepubliciifreleased.
Buildingsandotherstructuresdesignateddasessentia
alfacilities.
Building and other structure
es, the failu re of which
h could pose
e a substanttial
hazard
dtothecom
mmunity.
Buildings and other structurres (includinng, but not limited to, facilities t hat
manufacture, pro
ocess, handle, store, usse, or dispo
ose of such substances as
hazard
dousfuels,h
hazardousch
hemicals,or hazardousw
waste)conta
ainingsufficieent
quanttities of high
hly toxic sub
bstances whhere the quaantity exceeds a thresh old
quanttityestablish
hedbytheauthorityhavvingjurisdictiontobedangeroustotthe
publiccifreleasedaandissufficienttopose athreattothepublicifrreleased.
RiskC
Category
1
2
Steep2(Determ
minethebasiicwindspeeed,V,forriskkcategory4)):
Inth
hisstep,tod
determineth
hebasicwinddspeedforrriskcategoryy4;thewinddhazardmap
p(Figure.
26.51B in ASCE do
ocument) is used to findd the wind speed for th
he desired llocation and
d for risk
wever,thisffigureshowssUnitedStatteswindmaponly;sothhepeakwind
dloadof
categoryy4only.How
Bahrain willbeused
d.According toBahrainw
weatherwebsite(MinisttryoftranspportationKin
ngdomof
mumwindsp
peedinBahrrainin2015 was33knotts(61.17 Km
m/hr);ithappenedin
Bahrain));themaxim
April, and led to strructure faailure (see
e article in AlW
Wasat Ne
ewspaper
http://w
www.alwasaatnews.com//4601/newss/read/98132
28/1.html). According to my we
eather 2
website (Country ovverview in Bahrain);
B
in recent yearrs the maxim
mum sustainned wind speed that
Bahrain exposed to
o happened in January where the wind speed
d has reacheed 111 Km/
/hr. The
maximumwindspeeedwillbeselectedtobe thebasicwindspeed.[1
140]
85of202
Page8
Steep3:(determ
minewindlo
oadparamet ers):
Winddirectionalityfacctor(K ).
Exposureccategory(B,CorD).
Topograph
hicfactor(K ).
GustEffecctFactor(G).
K ):
1. Winddirectionalityfactor(K
Table34,WindDiirectionalityFFactor(page2
250)[139]
SStructureTyype
DirectionalittyFactor
Builldings:
MainWindForceResistingSystem.
ComponenttsandCladdiing.
0.85
0.85
Arch
hedroofs
0.85
Chim
mney,Tankss,andSimilaarStructures
Square.
Hexagonal.
Round.
0.9
0
0.95
0.95
Solid Freestaanding Waalls and Solid

Free
estanding aand Attach
hed Signs. Open
Sign
nsandLatticceFrameworrk.
0.85
TrusssedTowerss:
Triangular,ssquare,rectaangular.
0.85
Explanato
oryimage
The table abovee shows the

e directionallity factor K for different structurres. To estim
mate the
amount ofwindloaad,thestructturetypeis assumedto
oSolidFreesttandingandAttachedSiigns.The
vertical columnsrep
presenttheSSolidFreestaandingandth
hepanelarra
ayrepresenttstheAttach
hedSigns
(the inclination of the array willl analyzed laater on). Givven this assu
umption, thee wind direcctionality
factorisequalto(K
0.85).[1139]
2. Topo
ographicfactor(K ):
The topographiccfactorisussedtodeterm
minetheefffectofuneve
enlandsontthewindspeedsuch
astheeeffectofhillsonthewind
dspeedthattpassthrougghaland.Fo
orthisprojecct,itisassum
medthat
Isatown
nisaflatregionenvironm
ment,andheence,thetop
pographicfacctor(K )= 1.[139]
Page8
86of202
3. GusttEffectFacto
or(G):
Gustt Effect Facttor (G) for a
a rigid buildiing or otherr structure iss permitted to be taken
n as 0.85
(G=0.85).[139]
osurecatego
ory(B,CorD
D):
4. Expo
Table35,Expo
T
osureCategory(page251) [139]
Exp
posureCateggory
Definitioons
Examp
ples
Urbaanandsuburrbanareas,w
woodedareaas,orother
terraain with num
merous closeely spaced obstructions
havin
ngthesizeoffsinglefamiilydwellingsorlarger.
Open
n terrain with scattereed obstructio
ons having
heigh
hts generallyy less than 9.1 m. Thiis category
includesflatopen
ncountry,grrasslands,an
ndallwater
surfaacesinhurriccanepronerregions.
Flat,unobstructe
edareasand watersurfacesoutside
hurriicane prone
e regions. TThis categorry includes
smoo
othmudflats,saltflats,aandunbroke
enice.
Baseedontheprrojectlocatio
on;theparkiingstructure
eislocatedinabigopennlandwithsscattered
obstructtionshaving heightsgenerallylessthhan(9.1m).Basedonthenatureof thisprojectlocation,
theexpo
osurecatego
oryCisthem
mostsuitablee.
Steep4:(velocittypressuree
exposurecoeefficient, or ):
The Velocitypreessurecoeffiicientdepenndsofthehe
eightofthe structurefroomgroundlevel.For
thesolarparkingstrructure;thettotallengthffromthebottomofcolumntothetoopofthesolararrays
nbelow:
isshown
Figure74,H
Heightofthe parkingstruccturefromthe
eground3.155m
The total heightt of the sola

ar structure above groun
nd level (Z) is equal to 33.15 m. The
e velocity
pressureeexposureccoefficientK maybedetterminedfro
omthefollow
wingformulaa:
if Z 4.6 m
m
K
2.01
13
Page8
87of202
The Z aand are taabulated in ASCE

A
standaard documen
nt (table 26..91); part oof the table is shown
below:
Table
e36,TerrainEExposureCon
nstants(page256)[139]
Expossure
B
C
D
D
From
mtheabovetable Z
(m)
365.76
274.32
213.36
7
9.5
5
11
1
274.32 m,
2
9.5
4.6
274.32
2.01
0.85
A faaster metho
od for calculating velocitty pressure exposure co
oefficient is tto use the following
f
tablefro
omthisstand
dard(page310);
Table37velocitypress
v
ureexposure
ecoefficient(p
page310)[1339]
Heightaabovegroun
nd
leevel(Z)
04.6(m)
Exposure
E
C
0.85
B
0.57
D
1.03
From
mtheabovetable,theve
elocitypresssureexposurecoefficienttK equals 0.85.
Steep5(Determ
minevelocityypressure
):
FromBeernoullisequ
uationofflow
w,thewind pressure qe
equals:
q
q
1
2
1.25
V
14
V
0.625V
Where,
q:Th
hepressurecorrespondingtovelocitty(pa).checkkingunit:
Kg
m
q
S
m

Kg
q

m. S

F forcce N masss Kg
Accceleration m

masss Kg
N. S
m
m
m. S
N.
NS

m
N
pa
m
Kg
heairdensittywhichiseq
qualtoapprooximately1.25
:Th
V:B
Basicwindsp
peedequals1
111 Km/hr ((foundinstep2).
.[139]
Page8
88of202
Thevelo
ocitypressurre,
evaluatedatheigghtzshallbe
ecalculatedby:
q
0.625
5
Where,
K :WindDirectionalityFacttor=0.85.
K :Topographicfactor=1..
K :velocitypreessureexposurecoefficieent=0.85
q
0.625
0.85
0.85
111 1000
3600
429.3 P
Pa
mineforcecoefficient )):
Steep6(determ
TheanalysisinthissectionissbasedonSttructuralAnalysisBookb
byHibbler(thhisbookexp
plainsthe
ument, and shows somee solved problems). The force coeffiicient C dep
pends on
ASCE staandard docu
the cleaar area ratio which is the sign heighht (solar arraay height) S
S to the eleevation Z (distance
(
fromtheegroundto thetopofa
arraysign)..TheelevationheightZisequalto33.15m;the heightof
thesignisshownon
nthefigureb
below:
Figure755,1)SandZfo
ornormalopensignfronttview2)SandZforparkiingstructure frontview3)side
viewofttheparkingsttructure;itshowstheheighhtofthetiltedsolararray
The picture abo

ove shows the S and ZZ dimension
ns for normal open siggn (part 1), S and Z
dsideview).When,theaarrayistilted
dwithan
dimensionsforthettiltedsolararraystructurre(frontand
974 sin 11 949.1 mm
m, and the cllear area
angle off 11 degreess; the height of the arr ay equals 49
ratioiseequalto:
949.1
9
3150
0.301
From
m the tablee below (cclear area aaspect ratio
o table); th
he force cooefficient C equals
approxim
mately1.8(eexactly1.767
7).
Table38Clea
arareaaspecctratio(StructturalAnalysissBookbyHibbbler)
Clearasp
pectratioS/ZZ
1
0.9
0.5
0.2
0.16
Forcecoeffficient
1.35
1.45
1.7
7
1.8
8
1.85
Page8
89of202
Steep7(Calculatewindforcce,F)
The aimofusinggASCEstand
dardistofinndtheresultantforceacttingonthessolararray.T
Thewind
olararray)projectedonaaplanenorm
maltothe
forceisccalculatedbasedontheareaofthesstructure(so
winddirrection;the forceisassu
umedactinggparallelto thewinddirrection.This
sforceisdettermined
fromtheefollowingeequation:
F q
G C A 15
Where,
:TTheresultanttforceactinggonthesola rarray(N).
q :V
Velocitypresssureevaluatedatheighhtz(pa).
G:G
Gusteffectfaactor(thegu
usteffectfacctorforarigidbuildingo
orotherstrucctureisperm
mittedto
betakenas0.85
5).[139]
C :FForcecoefficcient1.8.
A :TTheareaoftthefaceofthesolarmoddule(0.826 1.638 1.353
1
)
F
429.3
0.85
1.8
1.353
888.69 N per modulee
Theforcce(pressure))acton1me
eterofthearrraymodule:
F
429.3
3
0.85
1
1.8
65
56.829 N per meter
The parking strructure will carry 9 sollar moduless; the total surface areea of the module
m
is
9 12.177 .Ba
asedonthe resultantfo
orcecalculatedpreviouslly;thetotal forceon
(1.353
thestructureisequaalto 656.829 N 12.17
77 7889.2
21 N.Thismeans,thesoolarparkingsstructure
oseto815.31Kgofwindloadduringgpeakcondittion.
willexpo
3.10.2 F
Factor of saffety:
The factor of saafety (FOS) or
o the factorr of ignorance can be esstimated thrrough speciffying five
elementts which theey are, the properties oof the material, the app
plied stressees, geometryy, failure
analysisandthedessiredreliabilitty.[141]
nforthemaaterial
:
Esttimatingthecontribution
TheranggeofFactor ofSafetyforrmaterialisffrom1to1.44
The propertieso
ofthematerrial(thespeccificchosen materialforrthesolarpaarkingstructture)will
a trusted pro
oducer of st eel sections that has qu
uality certificcates (like ISSO 9001)
be obtained from a
t propertiies are well known; how
wever, evenn with a high
h quality
such as,, ALZamil stteel. All of the
sectionss; we cannott guaranty that the steeel sections have
h
constan
nt thickness (some pointts of the
steel secction may be
b thicker orr thinner thaan the chose
en thickness). The harshh weather in
n Bahrain
(high teemperature, dust and winds)
w
couldd effect on the propertties of the steel. Also the high
humidityyrateduringgthewholeyearandals otherainsd
duringthewintercouldl eadtocorro
osionand
rustwhiichleadsmaaterialswear.Alsospeciialtestsforttheselected
dmaterialwiillnotbeconducted;
since,th
hematerialsshouldbetesstedforsafeetyconstrain
ns.Therefore
easafetyfacctorof1.2isselected
formateerialfactor.[[141]
FSS
1.2
1
nfortheloaadstress
:

Therange
eofFactoroofSafetyforlloadstressissfrom1to11.7
Page9
90of202
The loadsonthesolarparkkingstructur earedividedintodead loadsandw

windloads;tthedead
uchasthemassoftheso
olarmoduless,crossbeam
msandpurlinsarewellkknown;the direction
loadssu
andthe effectofloaadsonthesttructureare wellknownaswell.Me
echanicslawsswillbeuse
edtofind
mechanicsbo
ooks,andsom
mefewassu
umptionsma
aybeusedb uttheywillnothave
thestresssesusingm
a noticeeable effect on the accu
uracy of thee results. Th
he wind load
ds were calcculated base
ed on an
advanceed standard published by
b American Society of Civil Enginee
ers (ASCE); tthis standarrd covers
severalaaspectssuch
has,shapeo
ofthestructture,location
n,thestructureheight,ttheforcecoefficient,
etc.Thus,ahighacccuracywinda
analysiscan beachieved throughusingthisstanddard.Howevver,many
usedwhileusingthisstaandardsuch astheparkingstructureewasassum
medtobe
assumpttionswereu
anopen
nsign;also,iitwasassum
medthattheewindloads areactingo
onthesurfacceofmodule
etoward
downwaard (like the gravity forcce); since thee winds havve different directions.
d
TThe accuracyy of wind
analysisisdoubtful,andhence,a
asafetyfactoor1.5issele
ectedforload
dstressfactoor.[141]
FS
1.5

nforgeomeetry
:
TheranggeofFactoroofSafetyforgeometryisfrom1to1..2
If B
Bahrain Polyytechnic deccided to im plement the
e solar parkking projectt; a steel fa
abricator
companyinBahrain
nwillbeprobablyselect edtofabricaateandinstallthesteel parts;itise
expected
thattheemanufacturingtolerancceswill beaaverage;thereforeasafe
etyfactoroff1.05issele
ectedfor
geometrryfactor.[14
41]
FS
1.05
1

nforfailure analysis
Therangeo
ofFactorofSSafetyforfailureanalysissisfrom1too1.5
Thefailureanalyysistobeuse
edisderiveddforthestatteofstress,a
asforuniaxi alormultiaxxialstatic
stresses;thefailure duetoposssiblecumulattivedamage
eorfatiguesstresses(dueetocontinuo
ouswind
loads)w
willnotbecalculated.The
ereforeasaffetyfactoroff1.2isselecttedforreliabbilityfactor.[141]
FS
1.2

nforreliabillity
:
Therange
eofFactoroffSafetyforrreliabilityisffrom1.1to11.6
The solarstructurewillbeinstalledinsiddeBahrainP
Polytechnicccampus;anyydesignfailu
urecould
poseassubstantialhazardtothe
estudents(ddeathorinjuries)because
eofthehuggeweightofthesolar
structure and possib
ble huge win
nd loads maake the struccture very risky. The reliiability mustt be very
high(greeaterthan9
99%)toincreasethedurrabilityofth
hestructure,andtoavoidddisasters. Asafety
factoroff1.6isselecttedforreliab
bilityfactor. [141]
1.6
FSS
Therrefore,
FS FS
FS
S
FS
FS
FFS

FOS
S 1.2 1
1.6 1.05 1.2 1.5 3.6
Acco
ordingtoATextBooko
ofMachineD
DesignbyD
DR.Rajendra
aKarwaafacctorofsafettyfrom3
to4sho
ouldbeused
dforForuntriedmateriialsusedund
deraverageconditionsoofenvironment,load
andstreess.TheseleectedFOS3.6
6iswithinthhisrange.[14
42]
Page9
91of202
3.10.3 D
Design selecction:
Part2:D
DesignoptioonB
P
Part1:DesiggnoptionA
A

Figure76,Stru
F
ucturedesign
noptions[142
2]
Asshownontheeabovepicturetherear etwooption
nsforthestrructure.DessignoptionA
Aconsists
oftwoccolumnsanddesignoptionBconsisttsof1colum
mn.DesignoptionBwassselectedin orderto
providemorespaceforthecars(easierforccarstoparkaandleave),andtoavoidppossibleacciidents.
3.10.4 P
Purlin force
e analysis an
nd finding th
he size of th
he purlin: (calculation ffor one park
k):
As sshown on figure 76 (part 2) the puurlins are ussed to carryy the solar m
modules (mo
ount the
module inthedesireedlocation)andtokeeppaproperdistancebetweenthemodduleandcro
ossbeams
emostcomm
montypesoffsteelsectionswhich
inordertoputtheeelectricalparrtsandcableesinside.The
usedtomanufactureepurlinsareCsectionsaandIsections(forsolarp
parkingappliccations).[142]
Givvens:
Thewidthoftheparkis2.53meteer.
numberofm
modulesperpparkis9modules.
Thetotaln
Theselecttednumbero
ofpurlinsforreachparkis7.
Thepictturesbelowshowhowninesolarmooduleswillbe
emountedo
onthepurlin s(7purlins)::
ArrayB
ArrayC
ArrayA
Figu
ure77,ninem
modulesmountedonseven
npurlins
Page9
92of202
Asssumptions:
massofthem
moduleisunifformlydistributed(Xaxis,Yaxisand Zaxis).
1. Them
2. Them
modulemassactsvertical lytowarddo
ownward.
3. Thew
windactsperpendiculartoomassofth
hemodule(verticallytow
warddownwa
ard),and
thewiindloadisun
niformlydisttributed.
4. Theth
hicknessofth
hesteelsecttionisconstaant(constanttstrength).
Tottalloadactin
ngoneachp
purlin:
Assshownonthee77picture;;eachthreemodulesformanarray..Eacharray ismountedbythree
purlins;theforcesonthepurlinare:
16Kgor1566.96N).
Maassofthesolarmodule(1
Theewindloadaactingonthe
esurfaceoftthemodule(888.69Np
permodule)).
Theetotalloado
onthepurlin
nduetomas sofonearraayandwindloadactsononeareis:
T
Total load pe
er module module weeight Wind load 166
Tottal load per module
To
otal load perr array
888.69 N
N Wind loadd
156.96 N
1
arrray weight
To
otal load perr module
Total lo
oad per arraay
1045.6
65 N
number of m
modules perr array 17
1
1045.6
65
313
36.95 N
Thepicturebelowsh
howssidevie
ewofthesysstem;thedisstancebetweenthepurl insisconstant:
Figure7
78,ninemodu
ulesmounteddonsevenpurlins(sidevie
ew)thedimennsionsinmm
wopurlinscaarryhalfanarray.Thelo
oadsare:
Fromtheabovepictture;eachtw
Table39,arrrayloadsacttingonthepu
urlin
Loadfro
omarray(acttstowarddo
ownward)
Actson(orca
A
arriedby)
HalfloadofarrayA
Purlin1a
and2
HalfloadofarrayA
Purlin2a
and3
HalfloadofarrayB
Purlin3a
and4
3136.95 2=1568.4 75N
HalfloadofarrayB
Purlin4a
and5
HalfloadofarrayC
Purlin5a
and6
HalfloadofarrayC
Purlin6a
and7
Loadso
oneachpurlin
1568.475 2=784.23
375N
Table40ttotalloadacttonthepurlin
ns
Purlin
Purlin1
Purlin2
Purlin3
Purlin4
Purlin5
Purlin6
Purlin7
Tottalloadoneachpurlin
784.2375N
78
84.2375+78
84.2375=
1568.475N
784.2375N
Page9
93of202
Asw
wecansee,ttheloadonpurlins2,3, 4and5is1
1568.475N,a
andtheloaddonpurlin1
1and7is
784.23775 N. The pu
urlin will be designed bbased on the
e maximum load; but leet us first check the
previousscalculations:
Checking:
Thetotaalloadfromthethreearrrays:
To
otal load 3 arrrays
Tottal load per aarray
Total lload 3 arrayys

Totalloaadactonallpurlins:
3136.95
5
num
mber of arraays
941
10.85 N
Total load o
on all purlinss 784.237
75
1568.475 5
Fin
ndingreactio
onforceandbendingmoomentonthe
epurlin:
urlin:
Frontvieewofthepu
784.2375
9410.85 N
N
Figure79,Frontvviewofthepu
urlin(distributtedforce)
The figureabovveshowshow
wthepurlinnwillinstalle
edonthecro
ossbeam(RR1andR2re
epresents
2respectivelyy).Thearrayyloadisuniformlydistriibutedonth
hepurlin,
crossbeeam1andcrossbeam2
andhen
ncetheresulttantforcewillactinthe middleofth
hepurlinasshownbelow
w:
Figure80,Frontviewoffthepurlin(rresultantforce)FBDofth
heforcesactinngonthepurlin
Findingthereaction
nforces(R1a
andR2)figuure82:
M
1..265 m
0, ACW
15
568.475 N
R2
2
CW
R2
2.53 m
784.2375 N
Page9
94of202
R1
1568.475
78
84.2375
784.2375 N
7
FY
Findingthemaximu
umbendingm
moment:
For the bending diaagram: maxim
mum bendinng moment: shear force times distannce
1.265 992.06 N. m
m
784.2
2375 N
Shearfo
orcesandbe
endingmome
entdiagram s:
Freebodydiagram
Shearforce
ediagram
N.m
Be
endingmomeentdiagram
Figure81,freebodydia
agram,shear forceandben
ndingmomen
ntdiagram(foorpurlins)[19
96]
Selectingsizeo
ofCchannelbeamfrom ALZamilste
eelcatalogue
e:
Findingtheallowab
bledesignstrress
The yield strenggth of AlZa
amil steel seection is 345
5 MPa; the allowable ddesign stresss can be
determinedusingth
hefollowingfformula:
Page9
95of202
345MPa
3.6
FOS
95.83 MPa
Theben
ndingformula:
m
I
E

r
Where,
M:thebendinggmoment(N
N. m).
I:M
Momentofin
nertiaofthesectionabo utthebendiingaxis m .
:b
bendingstreess(Pa).
E=YoungsMo
odulusofthe
ematerial(G Pa).
R==radiusofcu
urvatureofth
hebentbeam
m(m).
A
Thissequationcaanbewritten
nas:
m
I
Y
I
m
orr
Z
Where,
nmodulusZ
Z
Z:iisthesection
m ,andfinally::
M
Figuree82,Cchanne
eldimensionss[90]
Both
hthestress valuesandb
bendingmom
mentvalues areknowna
andthereforrewecanca
alculateZ
value;th
heZvaluecaanbeusedto
ofindtheap propriatebe
eamsize(Cchannel).
Z
Z
992.06 N. m
95.83 10
0 N
0
0.00002619
91
0.00001035 m
m
100 cm
m
10.35
5 cm
Thetabllebelowsho
owsthedime
ensionsof3CCchannelbe
eamsfromAlZamilcatal ogue:
Taable41,thediimensionsof 3Cchannelb
beamsfromA
AlZamilcataloogue[90]
Cch
hanneldimensions(seeppicture82)
mentof
Neutralaxis Mom
Thickness
inerrtiaI
cm
d cm A cm L cm
t cm
Section
modulusZ
m
No
Mod
del
120C
C20
12
1.743
0.2
120..2
200C
C20
20
8.5
0.2
10
491 .7cm
49.17cm
4
300C
C20
30
8.5
2.565
0.2
15
13088.5cm
87.23
8
20.03
2
From
m the abovee table the best size foor the purlin
n is model number
n
1 w
where the se
elected C
channel beam shou
uld halve a section
s
mod ulus equal to
t or greater than 10.355 cm . The C beams
mmeansusin
ngmoremate
erialandinc reasingtheccost.
number2and3aresuitable,buttusingthem
Page9
96of202
Todoub
blecheckthaattheselecte
edmoment ofinertiaab
boutXXisco
orrect;Soliddworkssoftw
warewas
usedasshownbelow:
Figure83
3,momentof inertiaabouttaxisofbendiingusingSoliddworks.
Dia
agramA
From
m Solidworkks software, the momennt of inertiaa about (Iy based on pplane of ske
etching)
equals 1125.66 cm ; since the va
alue on the catalogue iss 120.2 cm ; one reasonn for variatio
on that I
approxim
matedthesizeofthefille
ets(notmenntionedinthecatalogue)).
Calculating second moment of
o inertia ((without filllets); the second
s
orarectangu
ularshapeis :
momenttofinertiafo
I
bd
see diagrram A
12
Thro
ough splitting the C beam into threee rectangulaar; the moment of
inertiao
ofthesystem
mwillequalto:
I
bd
bd
d
inside reectangular
outtside rectangular

12
12
bd

gap rectangu
g
ular
12

12
12
5.6
11
1.6
12
0.2
8.51
12
125.31 cm
1
Figure84,C
Cchanneldim
mensions
The solid workss values seem

m to be moore accurate compared to
t cataloguee values because the
Solidworksvalueis verycloseto
othecalculaatedvalues. Ifoundthattsomeofthhemomento
ofinertia
values(I)thatmenttionedinthiscataloguessareincorre
ect;soIwill comparebeetweenIvalu
uesfrom
catalogu
uewithSolid
dworksvaluesinallsectioonstodoublecheckthevvalues.
Page9
97of202
3.10.5 P
Purlin force
e analysis (corrected caalculation):
Inth
heprecedinggcalculations;thepurlinwasdesigne
edbasedontheresultanntforcewhe
ereitwas
assumed
d that this force acts on
n the surfacee of the purrlin perpendicularly. Thiss assumption
n is valid
when th
he purlins arre fixed horizontally (noo inclination); the actual design inc ludes inclina
ation (11
degreesfromtheho
orizontalforrleftsidepaarksand5degreesforrightsideparrks).Thus,th
hestress
becalculated
dagainbasedontheacttualdesign;tthepurposeofthepreviiouscalculattionswas
shouldb
selectinggthesizeofpurlingfrom
mthecataloggue.
Forrcesactingo
onthepurlin:
Figure85,,forcesactinggonthepurlin.
The figure abovve shows ho

ow the purli n will be insstalled on th
he crossbea m (11 degre
ees from
horizonttal)forleftsideparks.Th
heresultant force(darko
orangearrow
ws)isthetottalofthema
assofthe
modulessandwindlo
oad;itactsvverticallytow
warddownwaard;thisforcceissplitintootwocompo
onents:
Verrticalforce(F1)whichisequalto15568.475COSS11=1539.6
66N;thisforrcewillleadtobend
theepurlinabou
utXaxis,andhencetheetopofthe beamwillbeincompreessionandbo
ottomof
theebeamwillb
beintensionasshownbeelow:
Figure86, purlinbendin
ngaboutxaxis.
Theebendingstrressduetovverticalforceeequals:
m
Z
1539.66 N
2.53m
2 S. F
0.03 10 m
20
48.6 MPa
Wheere, M the maximum bending

b
mom
ment (in the
e center of the beam),, Z is the
e section
modulussaboutXaxiis(obtainedfromthecattalogue).
Page9
98of202
Horizontalforce(F2)whichisequalto11568.475SIN11=299.279N;thisfoorcewilllead
dtobend
ut Y axis, an
nd hence thee right side of
o the beam
m will be in ccompression and left
thee purlin abou
sideofthebeamwillbeinttensionasshhownbelow:
Figure87, purlinbendin
ngaboutYax
xis.
horizontalfoorceequals:
Theebendingstrressduetoh
m
Z
299.279 N
N 2
2.53m
8.6
65 10 m
m
21.88 MPaa
Wh
here, M the maximum bending mooment (in th
he center off the beam),, Z is the
e section
mo
odulusabouttYaxis(obtainedfromthhecatalogue).
Tottalstress()):VonMises equation:
Figure88,sttressactingo nabeaminthemiddlepo
oint(sectionA
AA).
The picture abo

ove shows the bending stresses actting on a sm
mall part of the purlin; the
t total
Vonmissessttress)canbe
ecalculatedffromthefolllowingformu
ula:
stress(V
Tottal stress : Von Misess equation
Tottal stress
1

2
48.6
1

2
21.8
88
21.8
88
48.6
42.2 M
MPa
Themaximumsttressthatthebeamwill exposeto(ffortilt11deg
grees)is46.11MPa;thea
allowable
yieldstrrengthis95.83MPasotthedesignisssafe.Throu
ughrepeatingthesameccalculations fortilt5
degreesitwasfound
dthatthetotalstressthaatthepurlinwillexposetoequalsis445.2MPa.
Page9
99of202
3.10.6 C
Crossbeam fforce analyssis and findiing the size of the purliin: (calculattion for one
e park)
Tottalloadactin
ngoneachccrossbeam:
Assump
ption:
Asssumingthattthemassofthepurlinis uniformlydistributed.
Each
hparkcontaainstwocrosssbeams;th eloadonth
hecrossbeamsistotalooftheloads thatare
actingonthepurlinloadplusthe
emassoftheepurlin(10.373Kg):
neachcrossb
beam:
Totalloaadactingon
Figure89,Totaalloadactingoneachcrosssbeam.
purlin weight loadd act on purlin
number of cross beaams per park
lo
oad from onee purlin actiing on one ccross beam
10.373
load frrom one purrlin acting o

on one cross beam
9.81
2
1568.4475
835..117 N
Each
hcrossbeam
mwillbecom
mmonfortwooparksorth
hecrossbeam
mcarrytwo purlinsonefromthe
leftsideparkandth
heotherfrom
mtherightsiidepark(see
efinaldesign
nfigure);theeloadoncro
ossbeam
isequalto:
load from two pu
urlins acting o
on one cross b
beam
835.117
2 leftt and right puurlins
167
70.2 N
Fin
ndingresultaantforceactiingonthecrrossbeamwithdistance&bendingm
moment:
dydiagram:(Note:thep
purlinloado ffirstandlastpurlinequ
ualshalfofthheloadactin
ngonthe
Freebod
remainin
ngpurlinsP &
886 N (e
explainedin purlinsectio
on).
Figure90,foorcesacingon
ncrossbeam
ultantforceaactingonthe
ebeam:
Theresu
F R 886 1670.2 1
1670.2 1670.2 1670
0.2
10123 N
1
accts toward d
downward
1670.22
886
Page10
00of202
FindingtthemomenttatpointA:
M
0.03 m
m 886 N 0.849 m 1670.2 N 1.668 m
m 1670.2 N
3.306 m 1670.2 N 4.1225 m
2.487 m 1670.2 N
4.944m 886 N
1 N. m
25175.901
1670
0.2 N
The moment at point equals th

he resultant force timess the distancce; the distaance of the resultant
ompointAeequals(N):
forcefro
point A
25175.901 N
2
N. m
momentat p
Disstance N

2.4877m
resultant force
10123 N
Theresu
ultantforceaactsexactlyiinthemiddleeofthebeam
m;thenewffreebodydiaagram:
Fin
ndingsection
nmodulus(ZZ)toselectthhesizeofIb
beam:
Findingthemaximu
umbendingm
moment:
For the bending diaagram: maxim
mum bendinng moment: shear force times distaance
2.487
25175.90
01 N. m
Shearfo
orcesandbe
endingmome
entdiagram s:
10123 N
Freebodyydiagram
Shearforce
ediagram
N
N.m
Ben
ndingmomen
ntdiagram
Figgure91,freebodydiagram,shearrforceandbendingmomentdiag
gramforcrossbeeam[196]
Page10
01of202
Findingtheallowab
bledesignstrress:
The Isteelsecctionwasselectedforth ecrossbeam
mduetoitha
ashighresisttancetothebending
andtherreforerequirreslessmate
erial;theyie ldstrengtho
ofAlZamilIsteelsectioonis345MP
Pa:
345MPa
3.6
FOS
95.83 MPa
FindingZvalue:
M
Z
Z
Z
25175.901
2
N. m
95.83
9
0.00026271
14
10
0.000639614
4
100
262.71
14
SelectingIbeam:
Thetablebelow
wshowsthed
dimensionsoof3Isectio
onbeamsfro
omAlZamilccatalogue:
Table42,diimensionsof3 Isectionbea
amsfromAlZa
amilcatalogue[[90]
IIsectiondim
mensions(see
epicturebeloow)
No
Model
Flangew
width(cm)
Flangethick(cm)
Depth(cm)
WebT
Thick(cm)
IPEA
A200x18.4
10
0.7
19.7
0.45
UB3305x102x28
10
0.19
0.89
30.89
0.6
UB4406x140x46
14
4.24
1.12
40.23
0.69
No
Radiusoffillet(rr)
cm
Momentof
inerttiaI
SSectionmodulus
Z
1596
6cm
162.03cm
m
0.00235
18
8.4
0.76
5421
1
350.99
0.00363
28
2
1.02
15603cm
0.00589
39
3
775.6cm
Area
Mass(Kg)permeter
Page10
02of202
The minimum required secttion moduluus (Z) is 262.714 cm ; fro

om table 422 the optimu
um beam
305x102x2
28(sectionm
modulusis35
50.99cm ).
optionissmodelUB3
3.10.7 C
Crossbeam fforce analyssis (correcteed calculation):
Inth
heprecedinggcalculations;thecross wasdesigne
edbasedontheresultanntforcewhe
ereitwas
assumed
d that this force
f
acts on
n the surfac e of the cro
ossbeam perrpendicularlyy. This assum
mption is
validwh
henthecrosssbeamisfixe
edhorizontaally(noinclin
nation);thea
actualdesignnincludesin
nclination
(11 degrees from th
he horizonta
al for left sidde parks and 5 degreess for right siide parks). Thus,
T
the
c
again based on the acttual design;; the purpoose of the previous
stress sshould be calculated
calculatiionswasseleectingthesizzeofcrossbeeamfromthecatalogue.
Forrcesactingo
onthecrossb
beam:
Figure 92,forceson
ncrossbeam
mn(11degreesfrom
wthecrossbeeamwillbecconnectedw
withthecolum
Thefigureaboveeshowshow
heresultant force(redarrow)repressentsthetottalofthema
assofthe
horizonttal)forleftsideparks.Th
moduless, wind load
d, mas of the
t purlins aand mass of
o the crossbeam; it accts verticallyy toward
downwaard;thisforcceissplitinto
otwocompoonents:
Verrticalforce(F1)whichisequalto101123 cos 11
1=9937.01N
N;thisforce willleadtobendthe
purrlinaboutXaaxis;theben
ndingstressoonthecross beamcanbedetermineedfromtheffollowing
formulas:
Maximum
m bending m
moment

2.44131
24259.32 N. m
.
distance
69.17 MPaa
1.56 N; this force will make

m
the
Horizontal forcce (F2) which is equal too 10123 siin 11 = 1931
edfromthefollowingfor mula:
beaamintension.Thetensilestresscan becalculate
9
9937.01 N
shear force
.
.
Theemaximumstressthattthebeamwiillexposeto:

69.17 0.532
0.5322 MPa
69.702 MPa
6
The maximum stress that the

t beam w
will expose to
t (for tilt 11
1 degrees) is 69.702 MPa;
M
the
ngthis95.83
3MPasotheedesignissaafe.Throughrepeatingt hesamecalculations
allowableyieldstren
fortilt5degreesitw
wasfoundthatthetotalsstressthatth
hepurlinwillexposetoeequals70.383MPa.
Page10
03of202
3.10.8 S
Size of the end plate sellection:
Both
h Flush end plate and fiin plate con nections are
e suitable an
nd can be siimply fabrica
ated and
welded with the sttructure. Th
he Flush en d plate con
nnection was selected because it provides
resistancetomoment.
Figure9
93,Crossbeam
m(Isection)w
weldedwitha
asteelplate.
The pictureabovveshowsaccrossbeam(IIsection)we
eldedwithasteelplate((Flushendpllate);the
steelplaatehasfour holeswhere
efourbolts willbeused
dtoconnect thecrossbeeamwiththe
evertical
column.Thesteelplatewillbe selectedbassedonthetypeofapplicationandaaccordingto AlZamil
steelcattalogue;thetablebelow showsthesstandardsize
esofthestee
elplate:
Table43,,standardsize
esofsteelpla
ates
Thicknessm
mm
4
5
6
8
10
12
15
20
25
30
40
50
Size
Usage
1.5m(W)6m(L)
Webso
ofbuiltupsections.
1.5m(W)6m(L)
W
Websandflangesofbuiltupsections .
2.1
1m(W)6m(L)
W
Websandflangesofbuilttupsections,,
con
nnectionplates.
2.1
1m(W)6m(L)
Flangesofbuiltupse
ections.
Con
nnectionplattes.
2m(W)6m
m(L)
Con
nnectionplattes.
Specifications
ASTM
MA572M
Yieldsstrength345
5
MPa
Ultim
matetensile
strenggth450MPa
Asshownaboveetheselected
dsteelplateestandardfo
orconnecting
gthecrossbeeamwiththe
ecolumn
hasathicknessof20
0mm.Thele
engthofthe plateis6mandthewid
dthis2.1meeter;theplattewillbe
cuttom
matchthedim
mensionsofttheIsectioon(depthan
ndflangewid
dth).
Page10
04of202
3.10.9 N
Number and
d size of boltts calculatio
on:
Befo
orecalculatin
ngtheforcesactingontthebolts;th
hesizeofthe
eboltwillbeeselectedfirst.Then
theselectedboltwilllbeanalyzedandcheckeedifthedessignissafeorrnot:
Table44,standarrdsizesofboltsforZamilssteel[144]
Boltdiamete
B
r(mm) Boltlength(m
B
mm)
SSpecification
ns
Usage
Yieldstrength
50
M16
70
60
Bolltmodel:ASTTM
M20
634MPa
6
80
Co
A325M
onnectionsoff
70
Ty
Type1:generral
prim
marysectionns
M24
90
puurposeMedium
andothermomeent
CarbonStee
connections.
el
90
M27
Ful lythreadedbolt
110
558.5MPa
110
M30
120
Fromthetableabove;th
heselectedssizefortheb
boltisM20w
whichithas yieldstrengtthof634
MPa.Iftthesizeofth
heboltissm
mallcompareedtotheapp
pliedload;th
hesizeornu mberofbolttswillbe
changed
d.[145][100]
Asssumptions:
Thereisno
ofrictionforrcebetweentheplatesthatareclampedbythebbolts.
Forrceanalysis:
Figurre94,theecceentricloadap
ppliedonbolttsbyplate
The figuresabovveshow4boltsinsideaplate;thep
plateisweldedtoabeam
m.Theplate
eexposes
to an eeccentric load (moment Point C aand axial fo
orce at point A) due to the masss of the
crossbeaam and the applied loa
ad (10123 + [28 Kg4.974m9.81] =
= 11489.23) . Each force
e creates
differentstresseswh
hichtheyare
e:
1.
Sheaarforce:thissforceispro
oduceddue totheaxial force(PA)actingontheeplate(pointtA).Due
to,ttheboltsareequalinsize
e;theshearfforceisunifo
ormlydistrib
butedonthebolts.
05of202
Page10
Taable45,desiggngivens
ForcePA
FOS
11489.23N
3.6
Givens
Boltdiaameter
Numberofbolts
0.022m
BBoltCrossse
ectionarea(A
A)
rr
0.0
01 =
m
Thesheaarstresscan
nbecalculate
edusingthe followingfo
ormula:
Force PA
FOS

Cro
oss section a
area of the b
bolt Paralleel area to she
ear force
Figurre95,shearfo
orceonbolt[146]
11489
9.23 3.6
4
00
1000
Number off bolts
32.91 MPa per bolt
Picture995showsho
owtheshearforceactinngonthebo
olt;thisshea
arforcecreaatesashear stressof
32.91M
MPAperbolt.
2. Tenssile force: th
his force is produced
p
duue to moment at point C.
C To explainn this force, imagine
thatttheplateisrotatingclocckwise(becaauseofmom
ment);areacttionforcewiillbeproducedinthe
boltsoppositetothedirectiionoftherootationofth
heplate.Thissmakesthe boltsintension;the
whichthe
maggnitudeofteensileforceisbasedontthedistance betweenthemomentaandboltinw
tenssileforceincreasesasthe
edistanceinncreases.The
emomentattpointCequuals:
M
F L
F L
F L
F L
18
Astheforceand
ddistancearedirectlyprooportionalto
oeachotherr;wecansayythat:
F
L
F
L
F
L
F
L

F
L
F
4

19

20

21

22
metrical,
Bysymm
Where,
dtobedesiggned).
N::isthedesireedbolt(need
Throu
ughrearrang ing(19,20,2
21&22)ineq
quation18
Page10
06of202
L F
L
L F
L
L F
L
L F
L
Through
hmultiplytheeequationb
by :
L
F
M
M
L
L
L
L
23
The moment att point C will be distribuuted on the bolts uneve

enly based oon the distan
nce from
pointC (picture94)..Thetensileforceonboolt1and2issequalbecau
usetheyhavvethesamedistance
frompointC;alsobo
olt3and4exposetotheesametensilleforce:
Figure
e96,location oftheboltsffrompointC((picture94)
Taable46,distan
nceofthecennteroftheboltstoPointC(bottomofthheplate)
Bolt
Disstancefrom pointC
Bolt1and2
B
B
Bolt3and4
77.225+154.4
45 =231.675m
mm=0.23167
75 m
77.225 mm=0.007225m
Findingforceonbollt1and2:
F
M
L
2.487 11489.23
0.231675
225
0.077
7225
0.231675
0.2331675
0.0772
55
5.5 KN
Findingforceonbollt3and4:
F
M
L
Checkingtheratio:
F
L
F
L
2.487
2
0.07
77225
5 5.5
0.23
31675
11489.23
2
0.07
77225
18.5
0.0
077225
0.077225
0.231
1675 2
0.2311675 2
18.5 KN
239.55972811
Page10
07of202
The boltwillbe designedba

asedonthehhighertensilleforce(boltt1&2).The tensilestressscanbe
ormula:
calculateedusingthefollowingfo
Forrce maximu
um
FOS
T
Tensile stres
ss on each b
bolt
Crosss section are

ea of the bollt
Taable47,desiggngivens
Force
FOS
Givens
Boltdiame
eter
55.5KN
3.6
0.02m
m
BoltCCrosssectionarea(A)
r
0.01 =
=
m
55.5
10
1
3.6
635.983 M
MPA

10000
The stress is veery high whe
ere the bolt will fail. Ussing a biggerr bolt is nott a practical solution
umsolution istwoaddtw
womore
becauseetheavailablespaceintheplateisnnotsufficientt;theoptimu
bolts in the middle (between 1 and 3 and between 2 and
a 4); the distance is 1154.45 mm from
f
the
pointC.Theforcesaactingoneacchboltwhenn6boltsareused:
Ten
nsile stress o
on each boltt
Thesheaarstressand
dtensilestressactingon eachboltwhen6boltsu
used:
11489.23
3 3.6

21
1.943 MPa p
per bolt
0.01 6
F
5
0.077225
M
L
2.487 11
1489.23
0.231675
0
0.2316
675
0.231675
0.1
15445
0.07722
25
Tensile stress on each bolt 1
39.64
4 10
3..6

0.01
0.115445
39.64 KN
454.244 MPA
Maaximumprin
nciplestresscalculation:
The maximump
principalstre
essesinthe boltresultin
ngfromcombinedloadinng(maximum
mtensile
loadactingonthebo
olt)canbecalculatedus ingtheform
mula:
1

4
4

2
2
454.24
2
1
4
454.24
2
21.943
4455.3 MPA
Asw
wecanseetthemaximum
mtensilestrressactingoneachboltislessthan theyieldstrrengthof
thebolt;thususing6boltswithadiameter of24mmissafeforcon
nnectingthe crossbeamwiththe
column.
Mo
ohrcycle:
Themaxximumtensiilestresscan
nbedetermiinedalsothrroughdrawingMohrcyccle:
Figu
ure97,tensioonandsheara
actingonthebolt
Page10
08of202
Figure98,tenssionandshea
aractingonpa
artY
The figureaboveeshowsthetensionanddshearforce
eactingonp
partY;theblluearrowre
epresents
T red arro
ow (
) reepresents the shear stre
ess acting onn point A; th
his shear
the tenssile stress. The
force will create a moment or make part Y rotate clo
ockwise. A re
eaction sheaar force is produced
p
(
) againsttheffirstshearfo
orce
eqqualinmagn
nitude;thissshearforcem
makespointYrotate
anticlocckwise.
In M
Mohr cycle, the
t shear fo
orces take thhe Y axis and
d the axial forces take XX axis. The clockwise
c
shear sttress is considered posittive, and anttilock wise shear
s
stress is negative. The tensile stress is
positiveandcompreessionstressisnegative. Thus,therequiredpointtstodrawM
Mohrcycleare:
Figgure99,PointtsrequiredforrdrawingMo
ohrcycle
Po
oint1
Po
oint2
454.24, 21.943
2
0, 21.943
Figgure100,tennsionandshea
aractingonp
partY
ohrcycle;
FromtheaboveMo
hemaximum
mtensilestressonthebo ltis455.3M
MPA(thecalculatedvalueeis455.3MP
Pa).
Th
Th
hemaximum
mshearstresssthatthebooltwillexpossetois228.1
18MPa.
Themaximum
mcompressio
onstressthaattheboltwillexposetois1.06MPa .
mumprincip
plestressesaactingonbo
olt
Findingthetotalstrress(vonmisssesstress)dduetomaxim
Fiigure101,PoiintsrequiredtodrawMoh
hrcycle
455.3 MPA(tension)
1 .06 MPAcom
mpression
Page10
09of202
Tottal stress : Von Misess equation
1

2
1.06
Total stress
1

2
455.3
4
1.06
6
455.3
455.8
83 MPa
The totalvonmissesstresso
ontheboltiis455.83MP
Pa;theyield strengthof theboltis6
634MPa,
nce,thedesiggnissafe.
andhen
Selectingthenut:
w shows the
e selected nnuts for flussh end plate
e and base plate from AlZamil
The table below
ue.
catalogu
Table4
48,standardssizesofnutsffromZamilste
eelcatalogue
Bo
oltdiameterr(mm)
Usage
M20
Fooranchorbolts.
M20
Highst rengthNutfformain
connectionss.
Sppecifications
DIN9344Class5;Ele
ectro
Galvanizzedhexagona
alnut.
ASTMA5663M;hexago
onalnut.
Selectingthew
washer:
w shows the
e selected w
washer for flu
ush end platte and base plate from AlZamil
The table below
ue.
catalogu
Table4
49,standardssizesofnutsffromZamilste
eelcatalogue
Bo
oltdiameterr(mm)
M20
M20
Usage
Fooranchorbo
olts
Forhighsstrengthbolttsofmain
connectionss.
Sppecifications
DIN125TTypeA;Galva
anized.
ASTM
MF436Type
e1.
Sum
mmary:
Table
e50,SummaryoftheselecctedNut,bolttandwasherffromALZamiilcatalogue
Nu
umberofboltts
Sizzeofthebolt
Boltmodelnumb
ber
Maximum
mVonmisseesstress
actin
ngonthebo
olts
Yieldsttrengthofthebolt
Connectio
onnutsize&material
Anchornutsize&m
material
Connectionwashersize&
material
Anchorwaashersize&material

6
20mmdiam
meter
ASTMA325
5M
Type1:ggeneralpurp
poseMedium
m
CarbonSte
eel
455
5.83 MPa with
w FOS
634Mpaa
M24ASTTMA563M;hexagonalnut.
M20D
DIN934Classs5;Electro
Galvaanizedhexaggonalnut.
M20 ASTMF43
36Type1.
Figure 102,Boltsinssideendplate
e
M20DIN
N125TypeA
A;Galvanized
d.
Page11
10of202
3.10.10 Forces on ccolumn (forr doublesid

ded parks w
with different slope):
Figgure103,forccesoncolumnn(doublesidedparkwithdifferentsloppe)
The horizontald
distancesbettweenthereesultantforces(M1&M2
2)andthecoolumnareca
alculated
wnbelow:
asshow
Figu
ure104,calcu latingthedistanceM1and
dM2
1equals:
ThedistanceM1
M1 co
os 5
lengtth of the croossbeam
2equals:
ThedistanceM2
M2 coss 11
lengtth of the croossbeam

2.487
cos 5
2.487
cos 11
2. 47754 m
22.44131 m
Anaalyzingthefforces:
Pictu
ure103show
wstheloadsthatareacttingontheccolumn;resultantforce11representsthetotal
loadacttingontherrightsidecro
ossbeam+t hemassoftthecrossbea
am.Resultanntforce2re
epresents
thetotaalloadactinggontheleftsidecrossbeeam+them
massofthecrossbeam.Innthisanalysis,itwas
assumed
dthatthewindloadactsswiththedi rectionofth
hemassofth
hebeam(tow
warddownw
ward).To
analyze theloadson
nthecolumn
nweneedt omovethe resultantforce1and2 tothemidd
dleofthe
Beforeanalyzzingtheforcces;letusexxplainasimp
pletheoryre
egardingmoovingtheforcesfrom
beam.B
pointtopoint:
Movingaforceonittslineofacttion:
Figure
e105,movinggaforceonitsslineofaction[106]
ointAtopointB.Bothtthepointsarreonthe
The pictureaboveshowsmovingaforcee(F)frompo
on,andhencetheexternnaleffectwillnotchange(applyingthheforceatpointAor
vectorslineofactio
hesamemaggnitudewillnotchangettheeffect).[106]
Bwithth
Page11
11of202
Movvingaforceoffofitsline
eofaction:
Figure1
106,movingaaforceoffofiitslineofaction[106]
Wheentheforce Fismove
ed,butnotaalongitislineofaction;thereisachhangeinthe external
effect. A
As shown ab
bove, movin
ng the force F from point
p
A to B requires crreating an additional
couple m
moment M force F
distance d . So to mo
ove a force off
o of its linee of action; a couple
shouldb
beadded.[1006]Theresultantforce11and2areactingindiffe
erentlineof actions;and
dhencea
couple ((moment) sh
hould be ad
dded; the tw
wo resultant forces can be shifted tto point A as
a shown
below:
Figure107,forrceonthecolumnatpointA
Fromthefigureabovve;theforce
esactingatppointAare:((Note:Clockw
wiseisnegattive)
Ressultantforcee1:equalsth
hetotaloft heloadsthaatactonlefttsidecrossbbeam(purlinssmass&
win
ndload)plussthemassoffcrossbeam;;itisequalto(10123+(2
284.9749..81)=11489
9.23N).
Ressultantforcee2:equalsth
hetotalofthheloadsthattactonrighttsidecrossbbeam(purlinsmass&
win
ndload)plussthemasso
ofcrossbeam
m;itisequaltto(10123+((284.97499.81)=11489
9.23N).
Mo
oment 1: pro
oduced beca
ause of movving resultan
nt force 1 to
o point A; itt is equal to
o (M1
11
1489.23 N 2.44131m 28048.77
7 N. m (ACW
W).
Mo
oment 2: pro
oduced beca
ause of movving resultan
nt force 2 to
o point A; itt is equal to
o (M2
1
11489.23 N 2.47754m
m
2846
65.03 N. m (C
CW).
Themom
mentsatpointAactsoppositetoeacchother,and
dhencethenetmomenttatpointAe
equals:
M
28
8048.77
28465.03
416.26
6 N. m CW
Thebendingmomen
ntatpointAisnegativew
whereitmeaansitisclockkwise:
Figure1008,totalbend
dingatpointA
A
Page11
12of202
From
mpicture107(freebodyydiagram)tw
womoreforccesareacting
gonthebeaamatpointA
A(R1and
R2); theese forces acct at point A
A vertically t oward down
nward leadin
ng to comprress the colu
umn (see
figure1111).Thetotaalofverticalresultantforrces(R1andR2)isequal to:
Thetottalofverticalloads(axialload)actinggatpointAis:

Resultan
nt force
R2 R
R1

Resultant fforce
11489.2 3 11489.23 22978
8.46 N towaard downwa
ard

Fiigure109,theetotalofverticalloadsatp
pointA
Directio
onoftheforccesatpointA
A:

Figure110,,directionofttheforcesacttingontheco
olumnatpoinntA
In th
he precedingg sections; the
t section m
modulus waas used to find the size of the beam
m. In this
section thereisoneemoreunknownparameeterwhichissthecrossssectionarea ofthebeam
m.Inthis
sectiontthesizeofth
heIbeamwillbeselecctedfirst;the
enIwillchecckifitcanw
withstandthe
eloadsor
not.TheeselectedIbeamisUB
B305x102x
x28whichisthesamebe
eamselecteddforcrossbe
eam.
Fin
ndingtheaxialstressactingonthecoolumn(duetoverticalfo
orce):
Theaxiaalstresscanbecalculate
edfromthefformulabelo
ow:
F

A
Where,
Axialforcean
ndthenegattivesignrefeertocompre
ession(22978
8.46N).
F:A
A:ccrosssection
nareaoftheIBeam(equuals0.00363
fromAlZamilsteellcatalogue)).
Page11
13of202
F
A
22978.46
6
0.00363 m
m
6.33 MPa
Distribu
utionoftheaaxialforce(ttheaxialforcceisuniform
mlydistribute
ed):

Figure111, axialforceacctingontheco
olumn
ndingtheben
ndingstressactingonthhecolumn(d
duetohorizo
ontalforce):
Fin
Thebendingstressccanbedeterminedfrom thefollowingformula:
m

Z
Where,
M:thebendinggmomentatpointA(4166.26N.m).
AlZamilsteellcatalogue).
Z:SSectionmodulusoftheIBeam(equuals350.99ccm fromA
m
416.26 N. m

1
1.186 MPa
Z
35
50.99 10 m
Distribu
utionoftheb
bendingstre
ess:

Figu
ure112,benddingofacantiileverbeam[147]
Wheenacantilevverbeamis exposedtoaaload(ora moment);thebeamwi llbend.The bending

forcemakesthetop
pofthebeamintensionnandbottom
mofthebea
amincomp ression(partA),and
viceverssaiftheloadisapplied intheoppoositedirection.Thebeam
missplittottworegions;thefirst
before tthe neutral axis (Y) (te
ension) and the second
d after the neutral axiss (compressiion); the
distributtionofthebendingforce
eisshownbeelow:
Page11
14of202
Figure113,be
F
endingforcea
actingonthecolumn
The pictureabovveshowsthedistributioonoftheforcceinthebea
am;Yrepressentstheneu
utralaxis
(axis of bending). The
T right side area is in compressio
on, and the left side areea is in tenssion; the
maximumtensionw
willbeatpoin
nt1andmaxximumcomp
pressionwillbeatpoint22.
Com
mbinedforce(totalstress):
Fiigure114,the
ecolumncom
mbinedstress (themaximumbendingforceisexaggerratedforclarification)
Themaxximumstresssactingontthecolumn((point1):
Strress at pointt 1
6.33
3 MPa
1.18
86 MPa
5.144 MPa C
Themaxximumstresssactingontthecolumn((point2):
Strress at pointt 2
6.33
3 MPa
1.18
86 MPa
7.516 MPa C
Asw
wecansee;tthemaximum
mstresstha tthecolumn
nwillexpose
etois7.516
6MPa(comp
pression);
sincetheeallowableyyieldstrengtthoftheseleectedIsecctionis95.83
3MPa.Itism
muchbettertoselect
asmalleerIsectionto
osavematerrialandreduucethecost;;butitismucheasiercoonnectingthe
ecolumn
with thee crossbeam
ms if both be
eams have thhe same size
e. So this I section (U B 308 x 102
2 x 28) is
selected
dforthecolu
umnsfordou
ublesidedpaarks.
Page11
15of202
Collumnbucklin
ng:
Figu
ure115,Buckklingofacolumnunderanaxialforce
ove,ifanaxiaalloadisincreasedtoaccriticalvaluee;theinitiallyystraight
Asshownontheepictureabo
shapeofacolumnb
becomesunstable,causiingthecolum
mntodeflecctlaterally,aandfinallyittwillfail.
essesthatarresmallerth antheyieldstressof
Thispheenomenonisscalledbuckling,anditooccursatstre
thematterial(much smaller).Th
hecolumnw
wasdesignedbasedonth
hetotalcom
mbinednorm
malstress
acting o
on the colum
mn, and hence the buckkling of the beam
b
should
d beam calcculated. Acco
ording to
mechanicsofmaterrialbyFerdin
nandBeer;thhemaximum
mloadthatthecolumnccanexposettobefore
hefollowinggformula(Eu
ulersformula
a):
bucklinggcanbeobtaainedfromth
P
EII
Where,
P :Thecriticalloadofthecolumn (thecolumn
nbucklewhentheloadexxceeds P ).
mula studies the bucklingg of the beam due to an
n axial load where this load
l
acts
The above form
along th
he centroid axes of colu
umns. The lload which is acting on the actual column is from
f
the
crossbeaam; this load creates both momennt and axial force on the column. TThe maximum stress
becausee of bucklingg of a colum
mn due to ann eccentric load can be determinedd from the following
f
formula:
P
A
M

Z
sec
L
2
P
EI
Where,
umaxialforceappliedto thecolumnatcentroida
axis(22978.446N).
P:Themaximu
Crosssection
nareaofthe
ecolumn(0.000363 ).
:C
:Momentatcentroidaxis(atpointA
A)416.26N.m
m.
:SSectionmod
dulusoftheb
beam(350.9
99 10 m ).
L :Effectivelengthoftheccolumn(baseedonthetyypeoftheco
olumn).Fortthecolumntthathave
amequalstw
wotimesthe
ecolumn
oneefixedendaandoneendfree;theefffectivelengtthofthebea
origginallength.L
3.15 2 6.3
E:M
Materialmodulusofelassticity(199.995GPa)
I: M
Momentofin
nertia(m )o
ofthecolumnn(5421 10 m ).
Note:seecthetaisth
heinverseofcostheta;ittisinradianss(forthisforrmula).Them
maximumsttressthat
thesysteemwillexpo
oseduetobu
ucklingequa ls:
Page11
16of202
22978.46
6
416
6.26
10
350.99
9
0.00363
C OS
6.3
2
22978.46
5421
10
199.95
1
7.52
28 MPa
100
Thelastequationcanbewriitteninadiffferentwayaasshownbelow:
P
A
M

Z
sec
P
P
P
A
M

Z
COS
22978.46
0.00363
416.2
26
350.99 10

P
EI
L

COSS
1
199.95
7.5
528MPa
22978.46
10
5421
6.3
3
100
As w
we can see the maximu
um stress thhat the colu
umn will exp
pose to is 77.528 MPa (iincluding
bucklingg effect); in the preceding section tthe maximum
m normal sttress that coolumn will expose to
equals 77.516 MPa. So, the selected beam ddesign is saffe where the
e steel sectiion strength is much
greatertthantheapp
pliedstress.
Sum
mmaryofth
heresults:
Table51,Summa
aryoftheresuults(Columnspecificationssfordoublessidedparks)
To
otalverticalloadactinga
atcentroid(ppointA)
M
Momentatp
pointA
Maxximumstresssthatthecolumnwillexxpose
A
AllowablestrressforAlZa
amilIsectionnbeam
Th
heselectedIsection
Crosssecctionareaofthecrossbeaam
MassoftheeselectedIssectionperm
meter
Mo
odulusofela
asticityG
Totalmassofthe crossbeam
2297 8.46 N
416.266 N. m
7.5166
95.833 MPa
UB305xx102x28
0.003363
28Kgpeermeter
199.995GPa
28kg 3.155m=88.2Kgg
Page11
17of202
3.10.11 Forces on ccolumn (sin

ngle side parrks):
UB 3305 x 102 x 28 I sectiion from Zam
mil steel waas selected for columns for single side parks
whichisthesameseectionusedffordoublesi dedparksan
ndcrossbeam
ms.
Anaalyzingthefforces:
Figu
ure116,forceesoncolumn(singlesidep
park)
From
mtheabovepicturetheresultantforrce(thetotaalloadacting
gonthecrosssbeam+the
emassof
thecrosssbeam)isth
heonlyforce
ethatactsoonthecolum
mnofsingle sideparkst ructure(actstoward
downwaard). As explained beforre, moving tthe resultan
nt force to point
p
A creaates one mo
ore force
(couple));thepictureebelowshow
wstheresulttantforcesattpointA:
Figure11
17,forcesonccolumn(singllesidepark)a
atpointA
From
mtheabovefreebodydiagram;thelloadsactingatpointA aredividedtoo:
1. Veertical load (axial load):: this load iss the resultant force from the crossbbeam; this force
f
will
leaadtocompressthecolum
mn,anditisequalto:
F

11489.2
F
23 N

3.1
165 MPa toward downw
nward
A
0.00363
3 m
2. M
Moment whicch is producced due to moving the
e resultant force
f
to poiint A; it is equal to
(M
M 11489.23 N 2.44131m 2 8048.772 N
N. m ACW .
Page11
18of202
Findingthebendinggstressonth
hecolumnd uemomentatpointA:
m

Z
M:thebendingmoment(28048.772N.m
m).
Z:SSectionmodulusoftheIBeam(equaals350.99cm
m fromAlZ
Zamilsteelccatalogue).
m
2
28048.772 N. m

79
9.913 MPa
Z
35 0.99 10 m
mbinedforce(totalstress):
Com
Them
maximumCom
mpressionfo
orceactingoonthecolum
mn(maximum
mnormalsttress):
Maximum
m normal stre
ess acting on
n the colum
mn Compression
Maximum bend
ding stress aat compresssed side of thhe column
al stress coompression
axia
Maxim
mum normal stress actin
ng on the collumn Compression 3.165 M
MPa
83.078 MP
Pa C
79.913 MPa
As w
we can see; the total sttress acting on the colu
umn for sing
gle side struccture is 83.0
078 MPa
(compreession);theaallowableyie
eldstrength ofthestructureis95.83
3MPa.Thereefore,thesizeofthe
beamissuitableand
ditisselecte
edforthisstrructure.
Collumnbucklin
ng:
11489.23
0.00363
28048
8.772

350.99 10
P
A
M

Z
sec
L
2
P
EI
1
OS
CO
6.3
2
199.95
1
489.23
114
10
5421
83
3.5 MPa
110
Acco
ordingtotheeaforementiionedcalculaations;thedesignissafe.
Sum
mmaryofth
heresults:
Taable52,Summ
maryofthereesults(Column
nspecification
nsforsingesiideparks)
To
otalverticalloadactinga
atcentroid(ppointA)
M
Momentatp
pointA
Maxximumstresssthatthecolumnwillexxpose
A
AllowablestrressforAlZa
amilIsectionnbeam
Th
heselectedIsection
Crosssecctionareaofthecrossbeaam
MassoftheeselectedIssectionperm
meter
Mo
odulusofela
asticityG
Totalmassofthe crossbeam
1148 9.23 N
28048.7772 N. m
83.0778
95.833 MPa
UB305xx102x28
0.003363
28Kgpeermeter
199.995GPa
28kg 3.155m=88.2Kgg
Page11
19of202
3.10.12 Design of fo
foundation ((recommen
ndation for tthe size of th
he foundatio
on):
The reinforcedcconcretefoundationsor footingsare

eusedtotran
nsmitloadsffromastruccturetoa
nd that totall load actingg on the colu
umns for
supporting soil. In the previous calculation,, it was foun
singlesideismuchggreatercomp
paredtodouublesideparkingstructurre,andhenccethefounda
ationwill
ontheloadsthatactontthesinglesid
deparkscolu
umns.
bedesiggnedbasedo
The pierfoundaationorpier andbeamfooundationconsistsofco
oncretepiersssetintothe
eground
to bear the weight of desired structure (ccolumn).Pier foundations are less coostly than the more
common
n concrete foundation
f
and are eassier to build
d [148]. The aim of thee calculation
ns in this
section istogiveap
proposalhow
wtodesigntthesizeofpierfoundatio
onthroughuusingFEMAstandard
(Federall Emergencyy Management Agency (FEMA) of United States). There are many types of
foundation,anditissbettertocconsultaciviilengineerforselectingtheoptimum
mtypeand forusing
reinforcements(add
dingsteeltoreinforceco ncrete).[149
9]
erfoundation(footing)fforthecolum
mnsusingFEMAstandarrd:
Dessigningapie
Figure1
118,forceactingonthecollumn(pointA
A)andreactiononthefootting[150]
ove shows the force (P ) acting on a column in

n the centerr (point A) vertically
v
The picture abo
nglengthequaltotheapppliedforceanditis
toward downward; areactionissproducedbbythefootin
n.Thefollow
wingformulaa(fromFEMA)canbeussedtodeterm
minethefoo
otingsize
oppositeeindirection
required
d(lengthand
dwidthofth
hefooting);ittisbasedon
ntheapplied
dforce,thehheightanddiimension
oftheco
olumnandth
helandsoilb
bearingpres sure:[150]
L
x
q
t
t
W
w
Checking,theunit,
N
N
m
m
&Givens:
Where&
Page12
20of202
1. L:Squarefootingdimensio
on(m)whichhistherequiireddimensiion.
ppliedloadfrromthecolu
umnthat
2. P : Theloadacctingonthe column(N) atpointA.Itistheap
willbetransmitttedtothefooting.This loadisprod
duceddueto
oaneccentriccload(thelo
oadfrom
theecrossbeam
mactingonth
hecolumn);tthisloadinccludes:
A. Verticalloaad P whichactstowardddowntowaardanditise
equalto114489.2Nplustthemass
of the column (28 Kgg per m 9
9.81 3.15 m
m 865.24
42; P 114489.23 86
65.242
2).
12354.472
B. Moment M
M
28048
8.772 N. m;tthisforcewillincreasetthereaction forceonthe
efooting
(will be maaximum at one
o point) beecause when
n the bendin
ng moment is transferre
ed to the
footing, thee soil pressu
ure will not be uniform compared to a column with axial lo
oad only.
Thus, the moment sh
hould be coonsidered; to
o calculate the reactionn force in order to
o (P ) the leength of the
e footing (L) should bee assumed; then
t
the
determine the value of
hefootingw
willbecalculaatedagainusingpreviousequation,aandfinallythecloset
lengthofth
sizetothe calculatedle
engthwillbeeselectedfromastanda
ard(IRC).Theeselectedsizeofthe
orgreaterth
hantheassum
footingfromthestandardshouldbbeequaltoo
medlength; because
mum reaction
n decreases when a forrce and mom
ment are
if the lengtth increasess the maxim
appliedintthemiddlesseethefolloowingformulla).
Figure119
9,momentanndforceactinginthemiddleofthefootting
The figure abovve shows the forces actting in the middle

m
of the footing (m
moment and
d vertical
med that the
e footing is ffixed like a simply
s
supported beam in order to find the
force); it was assum
maximumreactionfforceintheffootingdue tomoment andvertical force.Also,itwasassum
medthat
theinitiaallengthoftthefootingiss0.65meterr.
M
L
L

2
0.65m
0.65m

2
RA
RA
A
RA
R
ACW
P "vvertical forcee"
12354.472
2 N
RA
12354.472
2 N
M "m
moment "
280
048.772 N. m
49329 .193 N tow

ward upward
d
F
RB
CW
49329
9.193 N
36974.721 N twoard downward
Figure120,re
eactionforceoontheleftsideandrightsideofthefooting
Page12
21of202
As w
we can see the
t maximum force wil l act on the
e column at RA; thus thee foundation will be
designed
dtowithstan
ndthisforce
emultipliedbbytheFOS.
P
FOS
S RA 3.6
6 49329.193 N 177585.1 N
3. h :Heightofpieraboveggrade(3.15m
m).
4. X:D
Distancefrom
mgradetob
bottomoffoooting(0.325m).
5. t
:footingth
hickness(0.3
325m). t
6. W :Columnw
width(0.305m).(platew
width)
7. t :Columnth
hickness(0.1
1019m).(plaatelength)[1150]
8. w :Thedensityyofthefootingmaterial (concreate)(23544 N
).[151]
m
9. q: TThe soil beaaring capacitty which is tthe capacityy of soil to support the loads applie
ed to the
gro
ound. It represents the maximum ppressure thaat can be su
upported byy soil before
e failure.
Com
mmonly, thee soil in Bahrain is densee sand with gravel, and hence the ssoil bearing pressure
equ
uals(600 KP
Pa)fromthetablebelow
w.[152]
Table53,Soilbearinggpressurefordifferentkind
dsofsoil[1522]
Soiltype
Be
earingvalue
Rocks
1700
Deensegravelo
ordensesand
dandgravel
>600
Denseggravelormeediumdense sandandgrravel
2006000
Lo
oosegravelo
orloosesand
dandgravel
<200
Co
ompactsand
>300
Mediu
umdensesand
1003000
Veerystiffbould
derclaysand
dhardclays
3006000
Stiffclays
1503000
F
Firmclays
75150
Calculatingtherequiredsizeoffthesquare footing(L):
L
177585.1
3.15 0.325
600 10
0.325
0.305 0.1019
0.325 23544
235444
0.55
ordingtoIRC
Cstandard; thenextmi nimumstandardfooting
gsizeis 0.655 m L
0.65 L
Acco
0.325 m
m t shouldb
beusedtore
esistthegra vityloads(thelengthofftheassumeedfootingisequalto
thelenggthofselecteedfootingfro
omstandardd)thedesiggnissafe.(Se
eeappendixH)
The dimensionss of the fo
ooting ( .
.
.
) for the parking
structurre:
Figure
e121,thedim
mensionsofthhefooting(0.6
65m(L)0.65
5m(L)0.3255m(t))
Page122of20
02
3
3.10.13 Summary
y of forces acting
g on the structurre
Figure122,A)PartsofsinglesideparkingstructureB)P
Partsofdoubleside
eparkingstructure
e
ontheparkingstru
ucture
Table54,summarryofforcesactingo
N.O
Name
Forcesactting
Direction
Totalforce
T
Stress(M
MPa)
Purlin
Windload(direction
nassumption)
Massofmo
odule
V
Verticallydownward
V
Verticallydownward
1,568.475N(resultant)
Vonmissessstress
42.2MPa(fforwest
rowss)
C
Crossbeam
Windload&modulemass&
Massofthepurlin
V
Verticallydownward
V
Verticallydownward
10,123N
Combined
dstress
69.702MPa
Notes
n is tilted 11; the resultant
r
force
The purlin
createsbe
endingintwodirectio
ons.
Thetotal stressactingonthe purlin(tilt5)is
45.2MPa(foreastrows).
o be a simply
The purlin was assumed to
dbeam.
supported
The crosssbeam is tilted 11; the resultant
force creaates combined stresss (bending and
tension). The
T crossbeam was assumed to be
acantileve
erbeam.
Page123of20
02
N.O
Name
Forcesactting
Direction
Totalforce
T
Stress(M
MPa)
Con
nnectionbolts
Eccentricload(fforceand
momentt)
Forcceverticallydownwarrd
Mo
omentanticlockwise
Force11,489.2
23N(loadoncrossbeaam+
masssofcrossbeam)
Moment28,573.715N.m(ACW
W)
Vonmissessstress
455.83MP
Pa(with
FOS)
Column
Eccentricload(fforceand
momentt)
Mo
omentanticlockwise
Force11,489.2
23N(loadoncrossbeaam+
masssofcrossbeam)
W)
83.078MPa
Con
ncretefooting
Gravitationalforce(vverticalforce)
andmomeent
Mo
omentanticlockwise
6
7
Purlin
Crosssbeam(west)
Crossbeam(east)
Con
nnectionbolts
10
Column
11
Con
ncretefooting
72N(loadoncrossbeeam+
Force12,354.47
massofcrossbe
eam+massofthecollumn)
W)
Sa
ametonumber1
Sa
ametonumber2
Windload&mod
dulemass
&Massoftheepurlin
V
Verticallydownward
V
Verticallydownward
10,123N
Combined
dstress
70.383MPa
Thecrossb
beamistilted5;theresultantforce
creates combined stress (bending and
tension). The
T crossbeam was assumed to be
acantileve
erbeam.
Combined
dstress
7.516M
MPa
The vertical load leads to compress the

column; the
t
moment leads to bend the
column. The maximum strress including
bucklingiss7.528MPa.
Theverticcalforceandmomenttactatthetop
ofthecolu
umn(inthecentern
neutralaxis)
Sa
ametonumber3
Twoverticalloadsffromleftand
rightcrossbeeams.
Twomomentsfromleftandright
crossbeams;one(CW)and
NeetMomentClockwise
Thetotalverticalloadis22,978.46
6N
Thenetm
momentis416.26N.m
m
Sametonum
mber5;(designedbasedontheforccesactingonsinglesidestructureb
becausetheyarehighercompared
dtodoublesidesttructure)
Theselecteddimensionsforthefootingare0.65m(L)0.65m(L)0
0.325m(t)
Theselectedsizeforconnectedplateh
hasathicknessof20mm(selectedfromA
ALZamilcatalogue)
Notes
6 the diameter
The total number of bolts is 6;
olts expose to
of bolts is 20 mm. The bo
nd shear; the failure occurs due to
tension an
tensilestress.
The rotattion of the connectiion plate (end
plate)generatestensioninboltts.
The vertical load leads to compress the
t
moment leads to bend the
column; the
column.TThemaximumbucklin
ngstressis83.5
MPa.
Theverticcalforceandmomenttactatthetop
ofthecolu
umn(inthecentern
neutralaxis)
Thesizeo
offootingwasassumeedinitially;the
maximum reaction force was
w
calculated
1N)andusedtodesiggnthefooting.
(177,585.1
Page12
24of202
3.11 Co
omponents of the park
king structu
ure
Nut,BoltandW
Washer(M20
0):
ninnerdiam eterof20m
mm;thebolthasanoute rdiametero
of20mm
The nutandwassherhavean
andalengthof60m
mm.Theseth
hreecomponnentswillbeusedtoconnectthepurrlinwithcrosssbeams,
mnswithanchorbolts(nuutandwashe
er).
connectthecrossbeeamswithcolumnandcoonnectcolum
Figgure123,boltt,nutandtwo
owashers(M2
20L60mm)
BolltandWasher(M12):
The nuthasaniinnerdiametterof12mm
m;thebolthasanouterdiameteroff12mmandalength
wocomponen
ntswillbeussedtoconne
ectthesolarrmodulesw ithsteelshe
eets(four
of35mm.Thesetw
boltspermodule).
Figure1224,boltandnu
ut(M12L35
5mm)
Sollarmodule:
A3d
dmodeldesignedtobessimilartoth eselectedm
module(Cana
adianQuarttechCS6V22
25M);it
consists of 50 cells (5 cells 10 cells)
1
withh a size of (156mm 156 mm)
1
peer cell. Each
h module
esiredstructturesheets).Thelengtthofthe
containss4holesforrconnecting themoduleewiththede
moduleis1,638mm
m,thewidthiis826mmanndthicknesssis40mm.
Figure125,a
amodelforCCanadianSolarmodule(QuartechCS6V
V225M)
Steeelsheets:
Threee different shapes stee
el sheets (steeel sheet 1, 2 and 3) will be used too form a solar array;
eachsheeethas6holes(themidd
dlesheetshaas12holes);;thesheetsw
willbeused tofixthemo
odulesin
thedesiredposition,andtheshe
eetscanbeeeitherwelde
edorboltedw
withthepurrlins.
Page12
25of202
Figure1266,Rightsidessteelsheet(sh
heet1)
Notee:Theextrasteelontherightsideisaddedtoco
overtheremainingparkaandforrainrunoff.
Figure1227,middleste
eelsheet(she
eet2)
Figure1228,Leftsidestteelsheet(sheet2)
Purrlins:
The foursteelsheetswillbe
efixedon7 purlinsthat areboltedw
withtwocroossbeamsussingbolts
sizeM200.
Page12
26of202
Figuure129,Purliin(Csection)
Asssemblyof9modules,4ssheets,7purrlinsand36boltswithw
washers(M220):
Figure130,(A)9modulessfixedbyfourrsteelsheetsusing36bolttsandwasherrssizeM12(B)Solar
hroughweldin
ngthesheetssandpurlinsttogether
array(9modulesand4sheets)fixedoon7Purlinsth
esolararrayinncludingBoltsssixe(M20)w
willbeusedtooconnectthe
epurlins
(C)Isometriicviewofthe
withcrossb
beams.
Cro
ossbeams:
The west side and
a east side
e crossbeam
ms are used to carry the
e solar arrayy; each crosssbeam is
connectedinonesid
deofacolum
mnusing6boolts,6nutsaand12washe
ers.
Page12
27of202
Figure131,crrossbeam
The figure abovve shows mo

odel for the crossbeam; the vertical holes (6 hooles) will be
e used to
connect the crossbeeam with the column annd the horizontal holes (7 on the leeft side and 7 on the
de)willbeussedtoconne
ectthecrossbbeamwithp
purlins.Theccrossbeamisscutwithanangleof
rightsid
estandeast sideparksre
espectivelytomatchthe
etiltangle;th
helength
5degreeesand11deegreesforwe
ofthecrrossbeamis4.974m.
Collumns:
Figure132,Column
On the top of the

t column there are 66 holes on the
t right side and 6 holles on the left sides
willusedtocconnectthecolumnwith
hcrossbeam .Thebottom
m6holes
(diameteer20mm);ttheseholesw
willused
dtofixthecolumnonthefootingusiinganchorb
bolts;theheightofthecoolumnis3.15
5m.
Sin
nglesideparkkassembly((tilt5degreees):
Figure133
3,Singleside parkingassem
mblywithfoo
oting(tilt5deegrees)
Page12
28of202

Figure134,le
eftandrightssidesheets(uusedtofixmo
odulesandcov
vertheremaiiningareasm
mallgap)

olararray
Figure135,tiiltofthecrosssbeamandso
Figure136,bolts,w
washersandnu
utsfittedinsidethestructuure
Doublesidepaarkassemblyy(doublesloope):
Figure1
137,doublesideparkwith adifferenttilltangle(11
and5
)SideV
View
Page12
29of202
Figure1
138,doublesiideparkwith adifferenttiltangle(11
and5
)Isome
etric
Parrkingrows:
Figure13
39,BahrainPoolytechnicstu
udentsparkin
ngareaTop view
The picture abo

ove shows th
he parking l ines of the students parking area ((the total nu
umber of
parksis 708(divided
din9rows);thismodel containsalsoanchorboltswiththreeads(notcle
earinthe
picture2388ancho
orbolt).Thisisthemosstcomplicate
edpartbecausethesizeofthemodelisvery
huge (ab
bout 150 m by 160 m). The parkingg structure for
f both single side andd double side will be
assemblledwiththismodel.
Page13
30of202
3.12 3d
d design (asssembly of tthe car parrk):
In th
his section a
a 3d model,, for single sside and double side ro
ows is shownn to clarify how the
structureisassembledtogetherr,alsotoproovethattheentirepark (car)iscoveered.Afullm
modelof
hnicstudentsparkingareeaisshownaaswell.
theBahrrainPolytech
Sam
mplemodelforsinglesideparking((for5vehicle
es)solararrraysaretow
wardwestw
withatilt
of111degrees:
Notee:thecarmo
odel(AlfaRom
meoBRERA)istakenfrom
mGrabCadwebsite;theeauthorofth
hecar
mod elisZoranSStoric.
Figure14
40,Singlesideeparktilt11(arraystoward
dwest)sideeview
Figure141
1,Singleside parktilt11(a
arraystoward
dwest)fronntview
Figure14
42,Singlesideeparktilt11(arraystoward
dwest)Isom
metric
Sam
mplemodel forsinglesideparking((for5vehicle
es)solararraysaretow
wardeastw
withatilt
of55degrees:
Figure14
43,Singlesideeparktilt5(a
arraystoward
deast)Isom
metric
Page13
31of202
Figure14
44,Singlesideeparktilt5(a
arraystoward
deast)side view
Sam
mplemodelfordoublessideparking (for5vehiclles):
Figure14
45,doublesid
deparkrow;w
westarraystiilted11andeastarraystiilted5sideview
Figure14
46,doublesid
deparkrow;w
westarraystiilted11andeastarraystiilted5Isom
metric
Fulldesign:

F
Figure147,Ba
ahrainPolytecchnicstudent parking(9pa
arkingrows)sideview
F
Figure148,Ba
ahrainPolytecchnicstudentparking(9pa
arkingrows)Isometric
The twopicturesaboveshowthetotalrrowsofthe solarparking

gsystemforrBahrainPolytechnic
studentssparkingareea.Asshown
n,thefirstroowissingleaandthearraysaretowa rdwest,thelastrow
issingle andtherow
wsaretowarrdeast.The middlerowssaredoublesided;thetootalnumberrofparks
is708.

Page13
32of202
3.13 Wa
ater manag
gement systtem (option
nal):
Gro
oundSewer::
In th
his option a water trencch is createdd in the grou
und; this tre
ench is conn ected with the
t main
seweragge network. Trench grattes are usedd to cover the
t water trrench so onnly liquids ca
an move
throughit,andforth
hemovemen
ntofvehicless.
Treenchgrates
Fi gure149,Gro
oundSewer
ownpipes:
Gutttersanddo
In th
his option a long horizontal open p ipe (half circcular) is connected withh the purlins (A); this
pipe is tthen conneccted with a vertical
v
pipee (B) which is full circular (or full cloosed), and hence the
wastew
water(fromrainandmain
ntenanceproocess)movetomainsew
weragenetwoork.
FFigure150,PipesSewer
Optiion1seemstobemoreusefulbecauuseitassistsincontrollingthewater thatfallson thepark

andthesurroundinggarea,alsoittdoesnotefffectonthessizeofthepa
ark.
Page133of20
02
3
3.14 Bill of mate
erial:
The table below shows list off the materials reequired to build the parking struccture for Bahrain
n Polytechnic students parking area; a more details
regardingthetotaalcostwillexplain
nedincostanalysiissection.
Row2
Row3
Row4
Row5
Row6
Row7
Row8
Row9
39
49
57
62
58
48
36
28
21
Anchorr
bolts
Nutand
washer
M20
396==
234
496==
294
576==
342
626==
372
586==
348
486==
288
366==
216
286==
168
216==
126
396=
234
496=
294
576=
342
626=
372
586=
348
486=
288
366=
216
286=
168
216=
126
2388
2388
C
Columns
Crossbeea
m(11ttilt)
Crossbea
m(5tilt)
39
39
49
48
48
57
56
56
62
62
62
58
58
55
48
48
45
36
36
33
28
28
25
21
21
398
375
345
Nut,bolt
andwasher
M20
Purlin
ns
(wesst)
396=
234
(48+48)
6=576
(56+56)
6=672
(62+62)
6=744
(58+55)
6=678
(48+45)
6=558
(36+33)
6=414
(28+25)
6=318
216=
126
387
7=
266
6
487
7=
336
6
7=
567
392
2
617
7=
427
7
7=
577
399
9
477
7=
329
9
7=
357
245
5
277
7=
189
9
0
258
83
Total
708
398
4320
Steel
S
she
eets(4
pie
eces)
Solar
modules
Boltand
washer
M12
1402=
280
Totalnumberofmodulesnumberofboltsand
washerspermodule
=6372212744
East0
West38
East48
West48
East56
West56
East61
West61
East57
West54
East47
West44
East35
West32
East27
West24
East0
West20
Row1
Co
oncrete
ffooting
Numberofparksnumberofsolarmodulesperpark=
7089=6372
Numberof
parks
Row
Numberofparksnumberofsheetsperpark=7084=
Number of parks number of sheets per park = 7084 =
2832
Table55,,listofthemateriaalrequiredtobuildtheentireparkinggstructure
9912
2832
6372
12744
Purlins
(east)
Nut,boltand
washerM20
2662=
532
487=
336
567=
392
617=
427
547=
378
447=
308
327=
224
247=
168
207=
140
(336+336)
2=1344
(392+392)
2=1568
(427+427)
2=1708
(399+378)
2=1554
(329+308)
2=1274
(245+224)
2=938
(189+168)
2=714
2373
2583
3+2373=4956
Or7087=4956
Page13
34of202
3.15 To
otal stress ffrom Solidw
works (FEA)):
Acco
ordingtotheeresultssum
mmarytablee(table55in
nsection3.1
10.13)them
maximumstre
essesact
onthefo
ollowingcom
mponents:
Eastsidepurlins(tilt5);(distributed force=
.
.
6199.951N).
ossbeams(tillt5);(resultaantforce101
123Nactsinthemiddlee).
Eastsidecro
N.m) and axxial force
Single side columns;
c
(exxposes to annti clock wisse moment (28048.772
(
N
11489.2 N; the verticall force and moment acct at the top of the coolumn (in the center
neutralaxiss)
mandcolum
mnwillbeanaalyzedbased
donthesecoonditionsonlly.
Hence,thepurlin,crossbeam
3.15.1 Total stress acting on purlin:
The picturebelo
owshowsth
hetotalVon missesstresssactingon thepurlin;iitisobvious thatthe
mlydistribute
ed.Theranggeoftotalstrressisfrom0.1969MPaa(minimum)to50.26
stressisnotuniform
MPa(maximum).Th
heallowableyieldstress oftheAlZam
milsteelis95.83MPa;thhismeansth
hedesign
esstressfrom
mthetheore
eticalsection
nis45.2Mpaa;theerrorbetween
issafe.TThecalculateedVonmisse
theresu
ultsis10%. Theerroro
occurreddueetodifferentreasons su
uchas; the ssection modulusthat
obtained
dfromtheccataloguema
aybeinaccurrate,therad
diusoffilleto
oftheCsecttionmaybeincorrect
(obtaineedfromanonlinesource
e).
Figure151,totalbeendingandaxxialstressactingonthepurrlin
3.15.2 T
Total stress acting on crrossbeam:
Pictu
ure152show
wsthetotal bendingan daxialstressactingontthecrossbeaam;itisobviousthat
thestressisnotuniformlydistributed.The rangeoftottalstressisffromabout00MPa(minimum)to
MPa(maximum).Thestre
essontherigghtsideofth
hebeamisapproximatel yzerobecau
useitisa
71.77M
cantileveerbeamand
dtheapplied
dloadactsinnthemiddle
e(thereisno
oloadactonntherightside).The
allowableyieldstresssoftheAlZZamilsteeliss95.83MPa;thismeansthedesignisssafe.Theca
alculated
oreticalsectionis70.3833Mpa;theerrorbetween
ntheresults is1.9%.The
eerroris
stressfrromthetheo
very sm
mall and mayy happen du
ue to small vvariation between Solidworks sectioon modulus and the
catalogu
uedata.
Page13
35of202
Figure15
52,totalbenddingandaxialstressactingonthecrossbbeam
3.15.3 T
Total stress acting on crrossbeam:
The picturebelo
owshowsthetotalbenddingandaxiaalstressactingonthecoolumnwhich
hisequal
nissafe.
to83.144MPa;thettotalstressislessthanttheallowablleyieldstresss,andhencce the design
Thecalcculatedstressfromtheth
heoreticalseectionis83.1
18 Mpa;theerrorbetwe entheresultsis0.05
%.Therrefore,theth
heoreticalcalculationsm
matchtheSolidworksvalu
ues.
Figure1
153,totalbenndingandaxia
alstressactin
ngonthecoluumn
3.15.4 C
Comparison
n between So
olidworks sstress values and calcullated stresss values:
The chart below
w compares between thhe total stre
esses calcula
ated theorettically and the
t total
omSolidworrks:
stressesobtainedfro
Page13
36of202
Figure15
54,totalstresssactingonth
heparkingcomponentsin MPa
3.16 Po
ower calculation:
3.16.1 P
Performancce reduction
n factor calcu
ulation:
Low
wirradiance
eperformanccereductionnfactor
(constant):
Acco
ordingtoCan
nadiansolar modulema nual(cataloggue)theaveragelowirraadianceperfformance
reductio
onfactorPF is0.965.[134]
[
Dustanddirtp
performancereductionfaactor
(constant):
nfactorPF
Atypicalannualdustanddirrtperformanncereduction
useis0.93.[1
115]
factortou
wertolerancceperformancereductioonfactor
Pow
(constant):
The powertolerranceofthe Canadianm
moduleisfrom0to5%;tthismeansttheCanadian
nmodule
duce equal to or greate
er than the m
p
(225 W). Hence tthe power tolerance
t
can prod
mentioned power
reductio
onfactorPF willbe1.
Missmatchandwiringperfo
ormanceredductionfacto
or
(constant):
Thereasonablemismatchan
ndwiringperrformancere
eductionfactorPF iss0.95.[116]
uctionfactorr (consta
ant):
Invverterperforrmanceredu
Theinverterperrformancere
eductionfacttorPF equaals0.95.[11
16]
mperaturecoefficientpe
erformance reductionfa
actor
variablem
monthly)
Tem
(v
Theredu
uctionfactorrcanbecalculatedfrom thefollowin
ngformula:
25 T
PF 1 Temperrature coeffiicient K
Where,
mperaturecooefficientperrformancere
eductionfacttor.
PF :Solarmoduletem
entofthem odulewhich
hisequalto((0.41%/ )).[134]
K:Temperatturecoefficie
perature(25 )andamb
bienttemperature.[36]
T :Totaloftthecelltemp
Page13
37of202
Accordin
ngtotable15;thetempe
eraturecoeffficientperfo
ormanceredu
uctionfactorrinJanuarye
equals:
20 25
PF 1 0.00
041
25
0.918
Thetem
mperaturecoefficientperformancereeductionfacttorfromJanu
uarytoDeceember:
Table56,tem
mperaturecoe
efficientperfoormanceredu
uctionfactorffromJanuary
ytoDecember
PF
Jan
0.918
temperaaturecoefficie
entperformaancereduction
nfactorfromJanuarytoDeecember
Feb
M
March
Ap
pril
May
June
July
Aug
A
Seppt
Oct
0.913
0.900
0.8
879
0.861
0.850
0.845
0.845
0.8550
0.863
Nov
0.886
Dec
0.909
Mo
oduledegrad
dationreducctionperform
ableyearly)):
(varia
The performancceofsolarm
modulesdecrreaseswithttime;theCanadiansolarrmodulehassalinear
dropinp
poweroutpu
utfrom97%
%(firstyear)tto80%(afte
er25years); thismeanstthepowerdecreases
by
%
% per year; the
t table be
elow shows the module
e degradation performannce reductio
on factor
PF
orthefirst25
5years:[134]
fo
Table
e57,Moduledegradation performance
ereductionfactor
Year
1
2
3
4
5
P
PF
0.97
0.962917
0.955833
0.94875
0.941667
YYear
6
7
8
9
10
PF
F
0.93
34583
0.9
9275
0.92
20417
0.91
13333
0.9
90625
PF
0.899
9167
0.892
2083
0.8
885
0.877
7917
0.870
0833
Yeear
111
112
113
114
115
Yea
ar
16
6
17
7
18
8
19
9
20
0
perryear
PF
0.863775
0.8566667
0.8495583
0.84225
0.8354417
Figure155Moduledegradatioonperformancereductionffactor
P
PF January
y, year 1
0.965
0.9
93
0.9
95
0.95
0.918
[[134]
Exampleeforcalculattingperform
mancereducttionfactorin
nJanuary(year1):
PF Januarry, year 1
PF P
PF PF PF PF PF
0.997
PF
0.82833
33
0.82125
5
0.81416
67
0.80708
83
0.8
Year
21
22
23
24
25
PF
0.7212
2
Page13
38of202
3.16.2 C
Calculating rreduction fa
actor for thee first year:
P
PF year 1
PF PF
P PF PF PF PF
F PF 1 [117
7]
Thetabllebelowsho
owsperforma
ancereducti onfactor(PFF)duringfirsstyearofinsttallingsolarsystem:
Table58,p
performancerreductionfacttorpermonth
h(firstyearo
ofinstallingsoolarsystem)
Month
h

January
0.918
8
0.7212
Februarry
0.913
3
0.7173
March
h
0.900
0
0.7071
April
0.879
9
0.6906
May
0.861
1
0.6764
June
0.85
0.6678
1
0.97
0.965
0.93
0.95
0.95
July
0.845
5
0.6639
Augustt
0.845
5
0.6639
Septemb
ber
0.85
0.6678
Octobeer
0.863
3
0.6780
Novemb
ber
0.886
6
0.6961
Decemb
ber
0.909
9
0.7142
3.16.3 P
Park rows to
otal area:
The tablebelow
wshowsthe areacovereedbysolarm
modulesfor eachrow;ittdividesthe
erowsto
dwestsides,,andthenitfindsthetottalareaforw
westandeasstsides(the areaofeach
hparking
eastand
rowwasscalculated intable32).Thetotal areaswillussedtofindthetotalpow
werproduce
edbythe
solarparkingsystem
m.
Table59,totalsolarm
modulesareafforwestande
eastparks
Westsideparkingrow
ws
Parkinggrows
Eastsideparrkingrows
Modulesareaperrow
w
Parkingro
ows
Modulesareaperrow
Row
w1
46
62.721896
Row2
584.490816
Row
w3
58
84.490816
Row4
681.905952
Row
w5
68
81.905952
Row6
742.790412
Row
w7
74
42.790412
Row8
694.082844
Row
w9
65
57.552168
Row10
0
572.313924
Row11
53
35.783248
Row12
2
426.19122
Row13
38
89.660544
Row14
4
328.776084
Row15
29
92.245408
Row16
6
243.53784
Totalaarea
434
47.150
Totalare
ea
4274
4.089
Figure156
6,totalsolarm
modulesareaforwestand
deastparks
Page13
39of202
3.16.4 E
Energy calcu
ulation mon
nthly (for on
ne year):
Acco
ording to effficiency of the Canadiann modules, the
t calculate
ed area of thhe parking rows
r
and
PVgis p
photovoltaic online calcculator (CM SAF PVGIS data); thiss section caalculates the
e power
produceedbythesystem.
Callculatingene
ergyproduce
edbywestssidesolarmo
odules:
Table60,energyprooducedbywestsidesolarm
modules
Westp
parksTilt11 E
A
H PF
Perform
mance
M
MonthlySolarirrradiance
Effiiciency( )
To
otalarea(A)(( )
(H)(
/ )
factor
r(PF)
120.9
0.72212
133.56
6
0.71173
183.83
3
0.70071
195.3
0.69906
237.15
5
0.67764
240
0.66678
4347.150
16.63%
1
235.6
0.66639
220.1
0.66639
198.3
0.66678
177.01
1
0.67780
123.9
0.69961
117.8
0.71142
Month
M
Jaanuary
Fe
ebruary
March
M
April
May
June
July
August
A
Sep
ptember
October
O
No
ovember
De
ecember
Total
T
2183.45
Callculatingene
ergyproduce
edbyeastsiidesolarmo
odules:
Table6
61,energyprooducedbyeasstsidesolarm
modules
WestparksTilt5 E
A
H PF
Perform
mance
M
MonthlySolarirrradiance
Effiiciency( )
To
otalarea(A)(( )
(H)(
/ )
factor (PF)
108.5
0.72212
123.2
0.71173
175.46
6
0.70071
192.3
0.69906
239.32
2
0.67764
245.1
0.66678
4274.089
16.63%
1
239.01
1
0.66639
218.86
6
0.66639
190.8
0.66678
163.99
9
0.67780
112.5
0.69961
104.47
7
0.71142
Month
M
Jaanuary
Fe
ebruary
March
M
April
May
June
July
August
A
Sep
ptember
October
O
No
ovember
De
ecember
0.6887(aaverage)
Totaal
Eneergyproduce
edbyBahrainPolytechnnicsolarparkkingprojectmonthly:
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
Energyproduc
E
ced
monthly(E)(KW
m
WH)
63,034.58
69,258.67
93,971.05
97,504.73
11,5964.1
11,5865.6
11,3077.1
10,5637.9
95,733.96
86,760.96
62,350.48
60,822.18
1,079,981.339
Energyproduc
E
ced
monthly(E)(KW
m
WH)
55,618.76
62,812.68
88,185.01
94,393.41
11,5058.4
11,6339.1
11,2785.8
10,3277.3
90,565.04
79,028.34
55,662.15
53,033.13
1,026,759.129
Table6
62,energypro
oducedbyBahhrainPolytech
hnicsolarparrkingprojectm
monthly
Pow
werproduceddmonthly(E)(KWH)
TTotalenergyp
permonth(KW
WH)
Westsideparks
Eastsideparkss
63034.58
55618.76
118
8,653.3
69258.67
62812.68
132
2,071.3
93971.05
88185.01
182
2,156.1
97504.73
94393.41
191
1,898.1
115964
4.1
115058.4
231
1,022.5
115865
5.6
116339.1
232
2,204.7
113077
7.1
112785.8
225,863
Page14
40of202
August
Septemberr
October
Novemberr
Decemberr
105637
7.9
95733.96
86760.96
62350.4
48
60822.18
103277.3
90565.04
79028.34
55662.15
53033.13
Total
1079981(KWH)
10
026759(KWH
H)
208
8,915.2
186,299
165
5,789.3
118
8,012.6
113
3,855.3
2,106,740(2
2.1067GWHp
per
year)(5.77
7MWperday))
Figure157,Powerpro
oducedbyBaahrainPolytecchnicsolarparkingprojectmonthly
Assshowninfigu
ure157,the
eamountof electricityvvariesthroug
ghouttheyeear;itisobviousthat
the maxximum amou
unt of electrricity will be produced from May to
o September
r where during these
timesBaahrainexpossetohigham
mountofsu nenergy.Th
heannualelectricitywilllbeproduce
edbythe
systemeequals2.1GWH.
3.16.5 C
Comparison
n between th
he amounts of solar irrradiance esttimated usin
ng reduction
n factor
and PVg
gis online ca
alculator wiith experim
mental resultts:
The total amount of solar radiation
r
esttimated in th
he first year for tilt 11 ddegrees and azimuth
58.3deggreesis2183
3.45(KWh/m
m^2),theaveerageperforrmancereductionfactor is0.6887.Hencethe
systemw
wouldcollecctabout1503
3.74KWhpeersquareme
eterinthefirrstyear.
AstudydoneinBahrainreggardingtheppotentialof makingsusta
ainablebuilddingsinthe Kingdom
ountofsolarrirradiancew
wasmeasure
edexperimeentallyforAlMoayed
ofBahraain;inthissttudytheamo
tower(lo
ocatedinMaanama)ford
differenttilt angles(0,10
0,16,20,30)andtoward south(azimu
uth180).
[8]. Thee total solarr irradiance measured eexperimentaally for tilt 10 and
1
azim
muth 180 is 1774.8
(KWh/m
m^2)peryear.[8] Thetilt10degreees(experime
entally) canb
be compareddwithtilt11(online
calculato
or);theerrorisassumed
dtobenegliggible.Accord
dingtosectio
on3.5thew
westsidemod
dulesare
58.3 degrees away from true south; baseed on equattion 2 the average droop of solar modules
mtruesouth:
mountedawayfrom
Page14
41of202
PF
58.3
5
1 .1%
0.8
87174 wesst side moduules
Hence,theexpeerimentalsolarirradianceeisequalto::
Experrimental solar irradiancce Solar irradiance tilt 10
t
PFF

E
Experimentaal solar irrad
diance 17
774.8 0.87
7174 154
47.16 KWh/m
m per yearr
Tablee63,annualaamountofsolarirradianceecalculatedussingonlineca
alculatorand experimentaldata
Solarrirradianceb
basedon
onlinecalculatoran
ndaverage
Perform
1503.7
74 KWh/m per year
Solari rradiancebaasedon
expe rimentaldattaand
equation2
1547.16
6 KWh/m per
p year
D ifference%
2.81%
Asshownontheeabovetable,theannuaalamountoffsolarradiattionbetweennthetwome
ethodsis
very close where th
he difference
e is 2.8 % onnly; this meaans both solar irradiancce data are accurate.
a
Thereissnoexperim
mentaldataffortilt5deggrees(there aredataforrtilt0degreeesand10d
degrees).
The aveerage value (between tilt 5 degreees and 10 degrees) cannot be usedd because the
t solar
irradiancce is not either directly or inverselyy proportional to the tiltt angle wherre it depend
ds on the
motion oftheearthinrelativettothesun.F orthisreaso
ontheonline
ecalculatoruusedtoestim
matethe
solarirraadiancefortthisproject.Theproject implemente
edinAwaliproduce5GW
WHperyear;Bahrain
Polytech
hnicproject wouldproduce2.1GWH
Hperyear.TThepowerp
producedbyyBahrainPolytechnic
projectsseemstobeereasonable incomparissonwiththe
esizeofprojectimplemeentedinAwa
ali(other
factorefffectsontheepowerasw
welllikeefficiiencyandtilttangle).
3.16.6 E
Energy calcu
ulation yearrly (for 25 yyears):
Theenergyproducedperyearca
anbecalculaatedusingth
hefollowingformula:
Tottal energy pro
oduced in dessired year
Total en
nergy produce
ed in desired
d year
Total en
nergy produced in desired
d year
217
71896.907
PF
PF
PF
for desirred year
for ddesired year
for ddesired year
Thro
oughusingtable58inse
ection3.16.11;theenergyyproducedbythesysteemperyear isshown
below:
Table64
4,totalenergy
gyproducedb
bythesystemperyear
Year
Totalenergy
produce
ed(KWH)
Year
To
otalenergy
prod
duced(KWH)
Yeear
Totalenerggy
produced(KW
p
WH)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2,09
91,356
2,07
75,971
2,06
60,587
2,04
45,203
2,02
29,819
2,01
14,434
1,99
99,050
1,98
83,666
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
1,968,282
1
1,952,897
1
1,937,513
1
1,922,129
1
1,906,744
1
1,891,360
1
1,875,976
1
1,860,592
1
188
199
200
211
222
233
244
255
1,845,207
7
1,829,823
3
1,814,439
9
1,799,055
5
1,783,670
0
1,768,286
6
1,752,902
2
1,737,518
8
Page14
42of202
Figurre158,PowerrproducedbyyBahrainPolyytechnicsolarrparkingprojjectyearly
3.16.7 M
Meters read
dings (from EWA Meter
r Reading De
epartment) energy co
onsumption
n:
Accordin
ngtoEWAM
MeterReadin
ngDepartmeent(Novemb
ber,2015)
Thenumberrofpowersubstation(eelectricitydisstributionsta
ation)inwhooleIsaTown
ncampus
is five. Thrree substations (electriccity distribu
ution station
n) contain 22 meters, and
a
two
substationscontain3me
eters(thetootalnumbero
ofmetersis12).
EWAgavem
mecopyofm
metersreadinngsfromJulyytoOctober (4months) for12meters.These
readings will be used to
t calculate the power consumptio
on from Julyy to October and to
approximateethepowerconsumptio nperyear.
Theread
dingsofthemeters(KWh)ineachm
month(Julyto
oOctober)a
areshownbeelow:
Table65,energyco
onsumedbyIssatowncamp
pusinKWhfromJulytoO
October
Page14
43of202
Tab
ble 65 show
ws the energyy consumedd by Isa town campus in
n KWh from
m July to Octtober; as
shown o
on the tablee the minim
mum amoun t of energy was consumed in Auggust (during summer
holiday and tutors annual
a
leave
e). The net rreadings are
e for both un
niversity of Bahrain and
d Bahrain
hnic; the piccture below shows the ccampus map
p (the red buildings are Bahrain Polytechnic
Polytech
buildinggsandWhitebuildingsareUOBbuild ings):
Figure1
159,Isatown campus[153](dimensionssinmm)
Baseedontheab
bovemap;theestimated areasofthe
ebuildingsarreshownbellow:
Table66,totalareaaofBahrainP
Polytechnicbu
uildings
N.O
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Building
30
C9
C8
16
19
H26
26
9
10
24
11
36
20
5
12
8
Bahrain Polytechnic buildings

leve
els
Estimatedareaa(
)
29.6
1
53.3
1
21.6
1
208.266
1
232.411
3
14.3
1
91.8
1
15.488
1
29.7
2
65.288
2
55.333
2
106.22
2
78.844
2
64.488
1
110.44
1
37.833
2
Tota
al
Totalare
ea(
29
9.6
53
3.3
21.6
208
8.26
697
7.23
14
4.3
91.8
15
5.48
59
9.4
130
0.56
110
0.66
21
12.4
157
7.68
64
4.48
11
10.4
75
5.66
205
52.81
Page14
44of202
Table6
67,totalarea ofUniversityyofBahrainbuildings
University
tyofBahrain
nbuildings
N.O
Building
leve
els
Estimatedareaa(
)
Totalare
ea(
)
1
15
282.22
2
56
64.4
2
14
412.22
2
82
24.4
3
13
54.322
2
108
8.64
4
18
29
2
58
5
5
27
231.544
2
463
3.08
6
28
98.799
2
197
7.58
7
29
22.966
2
45
5.92
8
32
58.288
1
58
8.28
9
33
53.322
1
53
3.32
10
34
99.2
1.5
5
14
48.8
11
35
70.2
2
14
40.4
12
31
51.666
2
103
3.32
Tota
al
276
66.14
TheratiooftotaalBahrainPo
olytechnicbuuildingsareatoIsatownwholecamppusarea( ):
2
2052.81

42.6 %
%
2052.8
81 2766.1
14
Bah
hrainPolytecchnicbuildingsrepresentt42.6%oftthetotalare
eaofIsatow
wncampus.T
Thisratio
will be aapproximateed to 45 % (for human eerrors while measuring the dimensi ons). Thereffore, it is
assumed
d that Bahraain Polytechnic consumees 45% of the total electricity conssumed by th
he whole
August(BahrainPolytech
campus..TheenergyyconsumedffromJulytoA
hnic):
Tabble68,theeneergyconsumeedfromJulyttoAugust(BahrainPolytecchnic)
Month
Totale
energyconsuumed(KWh
h)
July
454
49440.45= 204,724.8
A
August
374
49120.45= 168,710.4
Seeptember
480
09520.45= 216,428.4
O
October
396
60840.45= 178,237.8
Total(4months)
768101.4KKWh
Totalpowerconssumedinoneyearisequualtoapproxximately768101.43=22,304,304.2KWh
ComparisonbetweeenEnergycon
nsumedand generatedffromJulytoO
October(BahhrainPolytecchnic):
Figure160,EEnergyconsumedandgen eratedfromJJulytoOctobe
erforBahrainnPolytechnic
Page14
45of202
Figu
ure 160 compares betwe
een the eneergy consumed and generated from
m July to Octtober for
Bahrain Polytechnicc. In July, 11
10.3 % of thhe electricityy is covered by the solaar parking syystem, in
August1123.8%,inSSeptember8
86.1%and993%inOcto
ober.Thisme
eansduringssummerholiday,the
solar paarking system
m would pro
oduce electriicity more th
han the requ
uired (meterrs moves ba
ackward).
Thefigurebelowcom
mparesbetw
weentheannnualenergycconsumedandgeneratedd.
Figure
e161,EnergyconsumedanndgeneratedperyearforB
BahrainPolyttechnic
Asshownontheeabovepictu
ure,annuallyythesolarparkingsystemwouldprooduce2,106,,740KW
h of eneergy; since Bahrain
B
Polyytechnic con sumes 2,304
4,304.2 KWh. This meaans the solarr parking
systemw
wouldcoverabout91.4%oftheeneergyconsum
medbyBahra
ainPolytechnnic.Thesolarparking
system produce5.768MWhda
aily(averagee),andBahraainPolytechnicconsumees6.309MW
Whdaily
(averagee). Expandin
ng the project and usingg power savving appliances would ccover whole
e Bahrain
Polytech
hnicbuildinggsenergyreq
quirements.
3.16.8 E
Electricity p
prices in Bah
hrain Savin
ngs (25 yearrs):

Thetabllebelowsho
owselectricittyprices(tar iff)inBahrain(fromEWA
Awebsite):
Table
e69,electricittypricesinBa
ahrain(tariff)[154]
DomesticcResidentiallTariff
No
onDomesticcTariff
From1to3
3000unit(0.003BD)
FFrom3001to
o5000unit(0.009BD)
0.016BD
D
Over500
00unit(0.01
16BD)
Note:Electricityuunit=1kilow
watthour(kkWh)
Acco
ording to EW
WA staffs, th
he universitiies are classsified as a nondomesticc sector (com
mmercial
sectors specifically);thecostof electricitypperKWhis0
0.016BD.EW
WAannounccedthatthe pricesof
electricittywillincreaasein(2016))asshownbeelow:[154]
Table70,ttheelectricityytarifffornondomestic(2
2016)[154]
MonthlyConsumption
From250,000upto500,000u
units
Over500,0
000units
Tariff
BD0.020
0perunitasofbeginninggOctober20
016
BD0.028
8perunitasofbeginninggOctober20
016
Page14
46of202
Acco
ording to table 70, and if the projeect will be im
mplemented in 2017; thhe price of electricity
e
wouldb
be0.02BDperKWh(tariiff).Thetabl ebelowsho
owsthetotallsavingsfor 25years(th
hepower
consumptionwasasssumedtobe
econstant):
Table71,ttotalsavingsfor25year
Yearr
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Poweer
Consum
med
(KWh
h)
2,304,3004.2
2,304,3004.2
2,304,3004.2
2,304,3004.2
2,304,3004.2
2,304,3004.2
2,304,3004.2
2,304,3004.2
2,304,3004.2
2,304,3004.2
2,304,3004.2
2,304,3004.2
2,304,3004.2
2,304,3004.2
2,304,3004.2
2,304,3004.2
2,304,3004.2
2,304,3004.2
2,304,3004.2
2,304,3004.2
2,304,3004.2
2,304,3004.2
2,304,3004.2
2,304,3004.2
2,304,3004.2
PriceBD
yearly
46,0
086.084
46,0
086.084
46,0
086.084
46,0
086.084
46,0
086.084
46,0
086.084
46,0
086.084
46,0
086.084
46,0
086.084
46,0
086.084
46,0
086.084
46,0
086.084
46,0
086.084
46,0
086.084
46,0
086.084
46,0
086.084
46,0
086.084
46,0
086.084
46,0
086.084
46,0
086.084
46,0
086.084
46,0
086.084
46,0
086.084
46,0
086.084
46,0
086.084
Power
Produced
(KWh)
2,106,740.0
2,091,355.7
2,075,971.5
2,060,587.2
2,045,202.9
2,029,818.7
2,014,434.4
1,999,050.1
1,983,665.8
1,968,281.6
1,952,897.3
1,937,513.0
1,922,128.8
1,906,744.5
1,891,360.2
1,875,976.0
1,860,591.7
1,845,207.4
1,829,823.1
1,814,438.9
1,799,054.6
1,783,670.3
1,768,286.1
1,752,901.8
1,737,517.5
PriceB
BD
yearly
OldbillsBD
pe
eryear
N
NewbillsBD
D
peryear
42,134
4.8
41,827
7.1
41,519
9.4
41,211
1.7
40,904
4.1
40,596
6.4
40,288
8.7
39,981
1.0
39,673
3.3
39,365
5.6
39,057
7.9
38,750
0.3
38,442
2.6
38,134
4.9
37,827
7.2
37,519
9.5
37,211
1.8
36,904
4.1
36,596
6.5
36,288
8.8
35,981
1.1
35,673
3.4
35,365
5.7
35,058
8.0
34,750
0.4
46,0
086.084
3,951.3
46,0
086.084
4,259.0
46,0
086.084
4,566.7
46,0
086.084
4,874.3
46,0
086.084
5,182.0
46,0
086.084
5,489.7
46,0
086.084
5,797.4
46,0
086.084
6,105.1
46,0
086.084
6,412.8
46,0
086.084
6,720.5
46,0
086.084
7,028.1
46,0
086.084
7,335.8
46,0
086.084
7,643.5
46,0
086.084
7,951.2
46,0
086.084
8,258.9
46,0
086.084
8,566.6
46,0
086.084
8,874.3
46,0
086.084
9,181.9
46,0
086.084
9,489.6
46,0
086.084
9,797.3
46,0
086.084
10,105.0
46,0
086.084
10,412.7
46,0
086.084
10,720.4
46,0
086.084
11,028.0
46,0
086.084
11,335.7
Totalsaving((25years)
SavingBD
perye
ear
42,134
4.8
41,827
7.1
41,519
9.4
41,211
1.7
40,904
4.1
40,596
6.4
40,288
8.7
39,981
1.0
39,673
3.3
39,365
5.6
39,057
7.9
38,750
0.3
38,442
2.6
38,134
4.9
37,827
7.2
37,519
9.5
37,211
1.8
36,904
4.1
36,596
6.5
36,288
8.8
35,981
1.1
35,673
3.4
35,365
5.7
35,058
8.0
34,750
0.4
961,064.4
4BD
Note:
Theoldbillsrepresentth
hecostofeleectricitybillsswhensolarparkingsysttemisnotinstalled.
Thenewbillsrepresentthecostofeelectricitybillswhensolarparkingsysstemisinsta
alled.
Asshownontab
ble71,imple
ementingtheesolarparkingprojectw
wouldsaveabbout961,064
4.4BDin
25yearss.Thechartsbelowcomp
paretheave ragecostofelectricitybillspermontth:
Page14
47of202
Figure162,averagecosttofelectricityybillspermon
nthforBahrainPolytechnicc(firstyear)
Figu
ure163,averaagecostofelectricitybills permonthfo
orBahrainPollytechnic(aveeragefor25yyear)
Pictu
ure 162 sho
ows the de
ecrease of eelectricity bills during first
f
year; inn this year Bahrain
Polytech
hnicwouldp
payonly8.5%
%ofthebillss(withsolarproject).Piccture163,shhowsthedeccreaseof
electricittybillsdurin
ng25yearsw
wheredurinngthisperiod
dBahrainPo
olytechnicw
willpay16.6 %ofthe
bills.Thiismeansimplementing thesolarpa rkingprojectwoulddecreasetheeleectricitybillssby83.4
%forfirst25years.
verter selection:
3.17 Inv
BahrainPolytech
hnicsolarpa
arkingprojecctisalargesscaleprojectbothcentra landmicroinverters
ofmicroinvertersmenttionedinsecction2.9,
aresuitaableforthisproject.Bassedontheaadvantageso
andBah
hrainPolytechnicsolarpa
arkingsystem
misalargesscaleprojectt;microinve rterswillbeusedfor
thisprojject.
3.17.1 E
Enphase com
mpany onlin
ne calculato
or:
Enphase energyy is a design
ner and ma nufacturer of
o micro solar inverterss Company; Enphase
microin
nvertersareaavailableworldwide.In22015,Enphassehadareco
ordofshippiing575MWofmicro
invertersandgrowingrevenue 48%.[155] Enphaseselllsdifferent sizesofmicrroinverters,andhas
ononlin
netoolthatd
determinesw
whethertheemoduleisccompatiblew
withtheinveerterornot.Thistool
requiressentering5p
parametersa
asmentioneedbelow:
Voc:Themo
odulevoltagewhenitis notconnecttedtoanylo
oad;fromCaanadiansolarrmodule
datasheetV
Vocequals31.8V.
m
volta
age when it is producingg the maximum power; from Canadian solar
Vmp: The module
moduledataasheetVmp
p equals26V
V.
Page14
48of202
Temperature coefficien
nt of Voc: tthis coefficiient is used
d to determ
mine the effect
e
of
temperatureeonthepho
otovoltaicm oduleopen circuitvoltage.FromCaanadiansolarrmodule
datasheetthetemperatturecoefficieent(Voc)equals0.31%perdegrees Celsius.
modulewhenthevoltage
eacrossthesolarmoduleiszero
ISC:Thecurrrentthroughthesolarm
like,whenth
hesolarmod
duleisshort circuited.FromthedatasheetISCe quals7.44A
A.[156]
Expected teemperature range: the lowest and
d highest te
emperature on the arrray; it is
approximateedtobefrom
mzerodegreeesCelsiusto
o75degreessCelsius.[1577]
Figure164
4,Enphasemoodulecompattibilityonline
etool[157]
Thro
ough enterin
ng the five parameters
p
i n Enphase online
o
tool; it
i was foundd that all the
e models
(M215, M250 and C250)
C
are co
ompatible w
with the Canaadian solar module moodel Quartecch CS6V
outputofM2
250andC25 0ishigherth
hanM215m
microinverterr(thehigherrnumber
225M.Thepowero
15 micro
producees the greatter power output). Throough checking the speccifications shheet of M21
inverters; the input DC power is from 190 W to 270 W
W (@STC) and the out poower is 225 W. The
DC from thee Canadian module
m
(@STTC) is 225 W
W which is within
w
the in put DC rangge of this
output D
micro in
nverter mod
del. Both, M250
M
and CC250 micro inverters are suitable but they are more
expensivve.Therefore,M215modelisselecteedforBahraainPolytechn
nicsolarparkkingproject.[157]
3.17.2 E
Enphase con
nnecters and Canadian module con
nnecter:
Figure165
5,PV2bconneecterandMC
C4connecter[[158][159]
The figure abovve shows the

e connecterrs provided with
w Enphasse micro invverters and Canadian
C
ecters, and Canadian modules usse PV2b
module.. Emphases micro inverters use MC4 conne
connecters.ActuallyyIdidnotfin
ndanyvariattionbetween
nthetwotypesexcepttthatPV2bco
onnecters
arefulliinsulated.If theconnecttersdonotffittogether, themodulesuppliercannbeaskedto
ochange
the connecters. If not
n possible we can chaange the con
nnecters manually. Channging the co
onnecters
manually is not expensive (about 1 dollarr per module) compare
ed to the coost of modules and
inverters;howeveritistimecon
nsumingproccess(12744cconnecterne
eedtobech anged).[158][159]
Page14
49of202
Sum
mmaryofthe
eEnphaseM215microinvvertersspeciifications(fro
omdatasheeetSeeappendixF):
The warranty of Enphase M21

M micro i nverters is 25
2 years. Th
his micro invverter mode
el do not
uctor(GEC)bbecausethegroundequiipmentisproovidedinthe
eEngage
require GroundElecctrodeCondu
Cable(thegroundfaultprotection(GFP)is integratedintothemicroinverter)..Themicro inverters
mmunication
ns Gateway TM, and Enlighten Enphases
can be monitored using the Envoy Com
are through connecting the inverterrs by monitooring tool (a
a display
monitorring and anaalysis softwa
whichisanextracom
mponent)an
ndusingEtheernetcablesorwirelesscconnection. [160]
phaseM215 isfrom190 Wto270W
Wandtheouutputpoweris225W
TheeinputpoweeroftheEnp
(STC). Th
he maximum
m number off modules thhat are conn
nected in on
ne string is 117; the inverrter peak
efficienccyis96.5%.Theoperatin
ngtemperattureisfrom40 to65 ;thedimennsionsofthe
einverter
are0.1663m(Width)),0.173m(H
Height)and00.025m(Dep
pth).Themiccroinverter weightis1.6
6Kg,and
it does n
not include a cooling fan. This inverrter is comp
patible with solar
s
modulees that conssist of 60
cells.ThepriceofEn
nphaseM215
5microinverrteris118$(0.52dollarperwatt).[1161]
ordingtoinsstallationma
anualofEnpphaseM215 microinvertters;theinpputconnecte
erisMC4
Acco
andtheoutputconn
necteriscalle
eddropconnnectersassh
hownbelow:
Figurre166,moduleconnectedtoamicroin
nvertertoane
engagecable [162]
Asshownabovee,themoduleDCoutputtshouldbeccompatiblew
withMC4inpputofmicroinverter.
Theoutp
putofthem
microinvertershouldbe connectedtoanengage
ecable.This cableshould
dcontain
dropcon
nnectertoco
onnectthem
microinverteertothecableandfinallyytothejuncttionbox.The
eengage
cable is not supplieed with the
e inverter annd need to be purchassed separateely. As expllained in
nents section
n the modules need too be conneccted by grou
und cables tthat pass th
hrough a
compon
combineerboxtotheeground.The
epicturebellowtheshap
peofdropco
onnecter:
Figure167,stringengaagecabledropconnecter[163][164]
Page15
50of202
3.17.3 M
Micro invertters installe
ed on the paarking struccture:
Figure1
168,threemiicroinvertersmountedonapurlin
The picture abo

ove shows three
t
inverteers installed
d in the mid
ddle under tthree solar modules
whereth
heinverterswillbemountedonthe purlinthencconnectedto
osolarmoduulescables.
3.17.4 N
Number of sstrings:
Figure
e169,twocarrparkscovere
edbyninemo
odules
The picture abo

ove shows tw
wo car parkss covered byy nine modu
ules. Each paark consists of three
arrays, and each arrray has thrree moduless (per park). Nine micro converterrs can be co
onnected
together per park; this
t
method
d uses more inverter strrings (one sttring per parrk), and hen
nce using
quiremoretterminalintthecombine
erbox(more
ecostly).Theemicroinverterscan
morecaablesandreq
be conn
nected per array instead of per parkk. This allows connecting
g 17 micro i nverts togetther, and
hencereeducingthenumberofm
microinverteersstrings,usinglesscab
blesandless numberoftterminals
in the ccombiner bo
ox. To calcula
ate the num
mber of strin
ngs for the whole
w
solar parking pro
oject; the
followingformulassshouldbeuse
ed:
Number of m
modules per array A or B
B or C
number of park
ks in the desirred row
Numbeer of required
d strings perr parking row
w A or B or C
Number of required strings per pa
arking row
The num
mber of moduules per array
y
Number of required strings per parking rrow A or B or C
17
3
The table below

w calculatess the total nnumber of micro
m
invertter strings rrequired for Bahrain
hnicsolarparkingprojectt:
Polytech
Page15
51of202
Parking
row
Table7
72,calculatingtotalnumbeerofstringsp
perrowandfo
ortheentire project
Numberof
Totalnnumber
Numberof
Stringgsnumber correctedstring
modulep
per
ofstriingsper
parks
17
number
array
roow
Laststring
consistof
Row1
38
383=114
6.71
7
221
5modules
Row2
48
483=14
44
88.47
9
227
9modules
Row3
48
483=14
44
88.47
9
227
9modules
Row4
56
563=16
68
99.88
10
330
2modules
Row5
56
563=16
68
99.88
10
330
2modules
Row6
61
613=18
83
110.76
11
333
4modules
Row7
61
613=18
83
110.76
11
333
4modules
Row8
57
573=17
71
110.06
11
333
16modules
Row9
54
543=16
62
99.53
10
330
8modules
Row10
47
473=14
41
88.29
9
227
12modules
Row11
44
443=13
32
7.76
8
224
4modules
Row12
35
353=10
05
6.18
7
221
14modules
Row13
32
323=96
5.65
6
118
6modules
Row14
27
273=8
81
44.76
5
115
4modules
Row15
24
243=7
72
44.24
5
115
13modules
Row16
20
203=6
60
3.53
4
112
8modules
Total
708parks
3396
The table abovee shows the number of strings per parking row. It is obviouus that each
h parking
row req
quires different numberr of micro i nverter strin
ngs. And he
ence each pparking row requires
differentsizecombinerboxes.R
Row6,7andd8requiretthebiggestssizecombineerbox;theccombiner
33terminalssfortheinveertersstringss.Eachstring
gcontains177microinvertersand
boxshouldcontain3
solarmo
odules.Thelaststringsco
onsistoflesssthan17miccroinverterandsolarmoodule.
3.17.6 S
System wirin
ng:
The stringcableswillbehidd
deninsidep urlins;1junctionboxwillbeinstalleedonthefirsstparkof
T output two
t
cables oof each junction box will be hidden undergroun
nd; these
each parking row. The
junction
n boxes will be combine
ed together in a main junction box. The main junction box will be
connectedbytheuttilityelectricalunitwhichhislocated besidebuilding34(theccableswillbehidden
undergrround).
3.17.7 Initial diagram of wirin
ng the system
m (how the cables would be conneected):

Figure170
0,Initialdiagrramofwiringthesystem(howthecable
eswouldbecconnected)
Page15
52of202
Where:
R:therown
number(16rrows).
Black lines: total number of string cables per array
a
(A, B or
o C) will bbe hidden in
nside the
purlins.
estructureoofthefirstpa
ark).
Greenboxess:representcombinerbooxes(willbefixedonthe
Darkbluelines:undergroundcablees;theoutpu
utofeachco
ombinerboxx(twocabless)willbe
ogetherinmaincombineerbox(MCB))usingtheseundergrounndcables.
combinedto
onstationis controlledb
byEWA;itislocatednearrtobuilding34.
TheElectriciitydistributio
ure170show
ws4rowsou
utof16row
wsoftheparkingarea.Ro
ow1consisttsof21strings(black
Pictu
lines)dividedequallyinthreea
arrays(A,BaandC);then
n,the21stringcablesw
willbecombinedina
nsquare).Th
hesamethinngisapplied
dtotheream
mingrowsfroomrow2to
orow16.
combineerbox(green
The outtput cables from the co
ombiner boxxes will be installed un
nderground (blue lines) to main
combineerboxandfinallytoelecttricitydistribbutionstation.
3.18 Sim
mple modiffication in tthe structurre:
Figure171,fiinaldesignoffthestructure
e
Assshownabovee,thedirectionofthepuurlinswasch
hangedinordertoinstallltheinverte
ersinthe
bles (the
desired location witthout the need to mak e holes inside the purliins to pass modules cab
wererotated
d180degree
es).
purlinsw
3.19 Co
ost analysiss:
3.19.1 C
Cost of prep
paring the la
and (initial ccost):
Thecostofprep
paringthelan
ndisestimattedtobe200
0,000BD;thispriceincluudesthefollo
owing:
Co
ostofdigginggtheground
d.
Co
oncrete.
Steelforreinfo
orcingthefo
oundation.
W
Woodforprep
paringfootin
ngsinthedessiredshapeandsize.
An
nchorboltsw
withnutsand
dsteelplate s.
Saandformakingthelandfflat.
Installingcableeswithanyrrequiredmatterial.
Co
ontractor cost (includes, monitoringg the projectt, labor charge and, toolls and mach
hines and
reentingheavyequipment).
Assphalt.
Paaintingparkin
nglines.
An
nyothercosttslikecostoftransferrin gwaste.
Page15
53of202
3.19.2 S
Solar system
m costs (Costs of the eleectrical com
mponents) (iinitial cost)::
Pricceofmicroin
nvertersandsolarmodul es(electricallcomponents):
Thetablebelow
wshowstotalcostoftheiinvertersand
dmodules:
Table7
73,totalcosto
oftheinverteersandmodules(costofelectricalcompponents)
Compo
onent
Canadian
nsolar
modu
ule
Model
QuartechCS6V
225M
Microinvverter
EnphaseM
M215
Price
Requ
uiredquantitty
cost
67.9
96372=
432,6
658.8BD
44.5
56372=
283,554BD
716,2
212.8BD
1 80$(67.9BD)
6372
1 18$(44.5BD)
Totalcostt
Pricceofotherelectricalcom
mponentsanddrequiredse
ervices:
The price of sysstem wires and
a accessoories, junctio
on boxes, breakers, fusees, groundingg cables,
installationofelectrricalcompon
nents(labor charge),permitsandinspectionfeeesisestimattedtobe
15%ofthecostofeelectricalcom
mponents(1007,431.92BD
D).
3.19.3 P
Price of the structure co
omponents::
Theepriceofsteelsections(C
CchannelanddIbeams):
BaseedonALNoohandAlFo
ozansteelsuuppliers;thepriceofthesteelsectionnsisestimate
edbased
ontheaaveragecostofthesectio
onperareaaandlengthoff1meterasmentionedbbelow:
Th
heaverageccostofIbeam
msforarea of1meterssquareandlength1metteris2,848.3BDper
meter;thecro
osssectiona
areaof(IbeeammodelU
UB305x102
2x28)is0.000363metersquare.
hecostofthiisIbeamperrmeterequaals:
Th
2848.3BD p
per meter 0.00363m
10.34 BD perr meter App
proximately
y
for bea
ams and coluumns
Th
heaverageccostofCchannelsectionnforareaof 1metersqu
uareandlenngth1meterris2,807
BD
Dpermeter;;thecrossse
ectionareaoof(Cchannell120C20)is0
0.000544meetersquare.Thecost
offthisCchann
nelsectionp
permetereq uals:
280
07 BD per m
meter
0.000544m
1
1.527 BD peer meter Ap
pproximatelly
for purrlins
Pricceofsteelplate:
Diffeerentsizeofsteelplateswillbeuseddasshownbelow:
20 t .
Th
hedimension
nsofconnectionplatefoortilt5are(3
310.08 L 101.9 W
Th
hedimension
nsofconnectionplatefoortilt11are 314.68 L 101.9 W
20 t .
Th
hedimension
nsofcolumn
nendplatea re 308.9 L 101.9
9 W
20 t .
Baseedontheaforementione
edaverageccosts;theesstimatedpricceforsteelpplatesis2800BDper
meterandareaof1metersquarre;thecostoofeachsteellplateisequ
ualto:
2800 BD per meterr

0.31008
8 0.1019 m
0.02 m 1.77 BD per conneection plate
e tilt 5
2800 B
BD per meterr
0.31468 0.1019 m
0.02 m 1.8 BD
D per connecction plate tilt 11
2800
0 BD per meeter
0.3089 0.1019
9 m
0.02
2 m 1.76 BD per endd plate column
Page15
54of202
Pricceofsteelsh
heets:
The estimated cost for steel sheets is 4 BD per sheet
s
(for sh
heet 1 and 3). For shee
et 2, the
proximatedccostisanasssumption
estimateedpriceis8BD.Thelenggthofeachssheetis4.918m;theapp
basedonthethickneessofsheetss(2mm).
Pricceofsteelsh
heets:
BassedonManaazelshopinSSalmabad;thhecostofNut,boltandwashersize M20willbe
eabout1
BDandtthecostofb
boltandwash
hersizeM122willbeabout0.5BD.
3.19.4 C
Cost of the structure:
Fromtable56(sectiion3.14);thesystemconnsistsofthe
efollowingco
omponents::
Table744,costofthesstructure
FCp
per
Pricepeer
Part
Quantityy
Length
Cost
compo
onent
Cost
Totalcosst
meter
(Estima
ation)
SC(free
e),P,G,
12,963.3
398810=3980
Column
398
3.15m
10.34BD
D
D(10B
BDper
16,943.3B
BD
BD
BD
colum
mn)
17743.8
8
17,743.8
Cro
ossbeamtilt55
345
SC(free),AC,P,
BD
+19286.7
(3445+375)15
4.974m
m
10.34BD
D
G,D(15 BDper
==10800BD
+10800=
19,286.7
7
beam)
Cro
ossbeamtilt11
375
BD
BD
47,830.5B
Nut,boltand
N
4320+99
91
1142321=
1BD
14,232B
BD
washerM20
w
2=14232
114232BD
Bo
oltandwasherr
1227440.5=
0.5BD
D
6,372BD
D
12744
M12
6372BD
28322==
566641=5664
56644 =
Ste
eelsheet1&33
D(1BD)
28,320B
BD
5664
BD
BD
22656B
28328 =
283322=5664
Steelsheet2
S
2832
4
D(2BD)
28,320B
BD
226564
BD
BD
SC(free
e),P,G,
24555.2
2
663652.5=
Purlins
6356
2.53m
1.527BD
D
D(2.5B
BDper
40,467.7B
BD
BD
115912.5BD
purllin)
Connectionplatee
33452.5=
1.77BD
D
610.7BD
1,473.2B
BD
345
(perpiecee)
(tilt5)
862.5BD
con
nnectionplatee
C,D,W(2.5BD
33752.5=
1.8BD(peer
675BD
D
1,612.5B
BD
375
piece)
(tilt11)
perpiece)
937.5BD
39982.5=995
1.76BD
D
End
dplate(column)
398
700.5BD
1,695.5B
BD
(perpiecee)
BD
Installing
25BDpe
er
25708=
708parkk
17,700B
BD
me
echanicalparts
park
117700BD
Total
204,966.7 BD
Wh
here:
AC:anglecuutW:weldinggC:cutting.
FC:fabricationcostSC:straightcutP:painting G:galvanizinggD:drilling
Thetotalcostoffthestructureisabout2205,000BD;tthepriceperrparkisabouut289.5BD.
ough contacting with AlZamil Steel Company; the
t estimate
ed cost for tthe structure
e (design
Thro
option22)is19,000 BDforsinglesideparkinng(structure
etype:chee
etah)and1444,265BDfo
ordouble
sideparking(structu
uretypeFalccon2).Thetootalcostoftthestructure
eis163,265 BD(includingdesign,
w
is cheaaper than my
m design
structure parts and installation); the price per park is 230.6 BD which
becausee AlZamil Stteel design uses less m
material (theyy economize
e the cost oof structure through
decreasiingthicknesssinpointsth
hatexposetoolessstress)).
Page15
55of202
3.19.5 P
Project initial cost (bud
dget):
Table75,Prrojectinitialccost(budget)
Costofp
preparingthe
eland
Costofthestructu
ure&installin
ng(mechani cal)
Priceeofmicroinvvertersandssolarmodulees
Priceeofsystemw
wires,electricccomponennts
insttallation,perrmitsandinsspectionfeess
CostoffBahrainPollytechnicsolarparkingsttudy
Total(rrequiredbud
dget)
3.19.6 M
Maintenance and inspe
ection costs (operation cost):
Thetabllebelowsho
owsmaintena
ancecostpeeryear:
Table76,m
maintenanceccostperyear
Process
Datte
2timesper 3months
DryMaintenanceandin
nspection
(8months peryear)
1timeper33months
WetMainteenanceandin
nspection
(4months peryear)
Totalperyear
Total25years
200,000BBD
204,966.7BBD
716,212.8 BD
107,431.922BD
Free
1,228,611 BD
Costperrpark
To
otal
0.75B
BD
0.75708
8=4248BD
1BD
D
17084=2832BD
Projectccostafter25 years
Priceofeelectricitypro
oducedbythhesystem25
5years
7080BD
77080BD25=177000BD
D
1,228,611B
BD+177000
BD=1,40
05,611BD
961,06
64.4BD
mparing betw
ween EWA prices
p
and t he whole so
olar system project costt is not corrrect. The
Com
maximum price of electricity
e
in
n October 20016 (for ove
er 500,000 units)
u
is 0.0228 BD. The 0.028
0
BD
represen
nts the average operating costs (liike wages, fuel,
f
mainte
enance, etc.)) where the
e cost of
buildingg up thepow
werplantis notincludedd.Thesolar energycost includestheecostofthe
esystem
olarsystemaandstructure
earenot
(powersstation)and thestructurreoftheparrks;ifthecostsoftheso
included
d;thecostoffelectricityp
producedby
yBahrainPolytechnicsola
arparkingprrojectisclosetozero
(accordingtohowEW
WAcalculate
esthecostsoofelectricityyinBahrain)..
d
in Bahrain
B
increeases by 10 % annually;; the power production capacity
The electricity demand
should b
be doubled every decad
de to cover the growth in demand. The cost off building up
p a solar
stationiisveryclose topriceofe
electricityprroducedusin
ngfossilfuel.BahrainPoolytechniccouldbuild
thesolarstructure, andMinistryyofpowerccouldutilize thisstructurebyinstalliingthesolarrsystem.
hangethewa
ayofproduccingenergy; throughthe
ecollaboratioonbetween ministry
Bahrain needstoch
wer and oth
her organiza
ations moree solar projects can be
b implemeented. To conclude,
c
of pow
dreduceCO22emissionsb
by40metrictons(totalffor25years)).
implemeentingthisprojectwould
56of202
Page15
ChapterFourConclusionsa
andrecomm
mendations:
4.1 Intrroduction:
The objectives of
o this proje
ect were to sstudy the po
otential and the developpment of re
enewable
ain, to desiggn a solar parking system inside Bahrain Polytechnic
energy (solar energgy) in Bahra
studentss parking areea, toanalyzze and selecct the type of
o system with the requ ired compon
nents, to
determine the bestt direction and
a
orientattion for the
e structure with the paanels, to de
esign the
nentsofthe structure,to
ofindtheam
mountofelectricityproducedbytheesystem,tocalculate
compon
the totaal cost of in
nstalling the system andd to evaluatte the future
e benefits oof implemen
nting this
projectfforBahrain Polytechnic andBahrainn.Allofthesseobjectivessweresucceessfullyachie
evedand
thefollo
owingsection
nsshowtheprojectmainnfindings,co
onclusionsan
ndrecommeendations.
usion:
4.2 Maiin findings and conclu
Fivee factors can
n be used to
o select the solar cell type (mono crystalline, poolycrystalline
e or thin
film)whichtheyyareavailab
bility,efficienncy,temperaaturecoefficcient,costanndlifespan..Forthis
project,monocrrystallinesolarcellswereeselected;tthesecellshavethehighhestefficienccy(upto
%),durablean
ndavailableinthemarkeet.
20%
The solar system
ms are classsified to Griddtied system
ms and OffG
Grid systemss (system co
onnected
htheutilityaandsystem isnotconneectedwithth
heutility).Theselected solarsystem
misGrid
with
tied batterylessssystem;the
esystemhassmanyadvaantageslike,simplicity,hhigherefficie
ency,less
costtlyandfewerrmaintenancerequirem ents.
Byin
nstallingGrid
dtiedsystem
mBahrainPoolytechniccaansellelectricityduringholidays;th
hiswould
solvepartofBah
hrainpowerconsumptioonissues.
The mountingsystemforso
olarstructurrecanbefixed(themosstcommonddesignused forsolar
m which is rarely used). The selecteed structure
e for this
structure) or dyynamic (traccking system
projectisfixedsstructure.Thisstructure wouldcoverrtheentirep
park,andithhasmanyadvantages
hasitissimp
pler,cheaperrandrequireeslessmainttenancecom
mparedtody namicstructture.
such
In B
Bahrain the photovoltaic arrays shoould be placed toward south (Azim
muth 180) because
BahrainislocateedintheNorrthernhemissphere(forfixedstructurre).
The efficiency of
o a solar mo
odule mountted away fro
om true south decreasees by 1.1 % for
f every
fivedegreesawaayfromtruesouth.
The optimum tiilt angle for solar moduules in Bahrain is 26 (ffor autmen and spring), 11 for
mmer and 41
1 for winter. The manuufacturers of solar parking systems
s use small tilt
t angle
sum
(bettween0to10degrees)d
duetoloadsaandstructurreheightcon
nstrains.
The selectedtyp
peofstructu
ureisdouble slopestructture.Theselectedtiltanndazimuthanglesfor
d 238.3 resspectively, and the tilt and
a azimuth angles for east
e
side
west side parks are 11 and
parkksare5and
d58.3respe
ectively.
InBaahrain,them
minimumheightofthepparkingstructturefromthegroundis22.2m.
Acco
ording to PV
VIS online calculator; thhe amount of
o solar irradiance that would be collected
c
annually by east and wesst side parkks are 2,147
7.18 (KWh/m
m^2) and 22,183.45 (KW
Wh/m^2)
resp
pectively.
While selecting the solar module 10 facctors should
d be considered which t hey are, the
e module
nt,nominalo
operatingce lltemperatu
ure,wind
efficciency,poweertolerance,,temperaturrecoefficien
load
d,quality,durability,perfformancewaarranty,prod
ductwarranttyandinitial cost.
Page15
57of202
The CanadianCo
ompanyisth
hethirdbesttsolarmodu
ulesmanufaccturerinthe world(in20
014),and
mpaniesinttheglobalso
olarmarket;theCanadia nmodulesa
aremade
itis oneoftheccheapestcom
n module model Quarteech CS6V22
25M was
in cchina and asssembled in Canada. Thhe Canadian
odule are 1.638 (W) 00.826 (H). Th
he power
selected for thiss project; the dimensionns of this mo
putandefficciencyofthissmodule(@
@STC)are22
25Wand16.63%.Thism
modulewas selected
outp
duetoseveralreeasonsespeccially,cost,ddurabilityand
ditiscompa
atiblewiththheparksdimensions.
The numberofssolarmodule
esthatwoul dbeusedin
nthisprojecttis6,372;thhetotalarea ofthese
dulesis8,621.24m^2(th
hetotalareaaofwestsideparksis43
347.15m^2aand4274.09
9m^2for
mod
easttsideparkinggrows).
The wind load was
w estimatted using usse ASCE (Am
merican Socie
ety of Civil Engineers) standard.
s
exposeto
Baseedonthissttandardthessolarparkinggstructure(arrayconsistof9modu les)woulde
815..31 Kg of wiind load durring peak co ndition (111
1 KM/h). The
e wind load was assume
ed to act
vertticallytoward
ddownward;forthisreaasontheFOSSwasincreassed.
The estimatedFFOSis3.6;th
hisFOSisba sedon5ele
ementswhichtheyare,tthepropertiesofthe
es,geometryy,failureanalysisandthe
edesiredreli ability.
material,theappliedstresse
ule in the desired locatioon and for keeping
k
a
The aim of using purlins is for mountinng the modu
per distance between th
he modules and crossbe
eams in orde
er to put thee electrical parts
p
and
prop
cablesinside.
The solararray ineachparkkwillbecarrriedbytwo verticalcolu
umns;thisddesignprovid
desmore
spacceforthecarsandavoidspossibleacccidents.
The maximum von misses stress actinng on each purlin is 45.2
4
Mpa (eeast side ro
ows), the
bined stresss acting on each crossbeam is 70
0.34 Mpa (eeast side ro
ows), the
maxximum comb
calculatedsizeaandnumberofboltsare 20mmand6boltsandthemaximuumbucklingsstresson
singlesideandd
doubleside columnsaree83.5Mpaaand7.528M
Mparespectivvely.Also,th
helength
and width of th
he footing arre 0.65 m annd the thickkness is 0.32
25 m; the m
mass of the footing
f
is
approximatelyeequalto330Kg
olidworks(FEEA)andcalcu
ulationswere10%,1.99%and0.0
05%for
The differences betweenSo
purlinseastsideepurlins,eastsidecrosssbeamsand singlesideccolumnsresppectively.In general,
worksanalysissareunderttheallowablestress.
thedesignissaffewherebothcalculationnandSolidw
o a photovooltaic system
m is affected
d by the perrformance reduction
The actual enerrgy output of
or. This facttor is based on seven suub factors which they arre, dust and dirt, low irrradiance,
facto
inveerter efficien
ncy, moduless mismatch, power tolerrance, temperature coeffficient and modules
degrradation.
The annualenergythatwou
uldbeproduucedbywesstandeastssiderowspeeryearis1.0
079GWh
dbeproduce
edbythesysstemintheffirstyear
and 1.026GWh respectivelyy;thetotalppowerwould
77MWperdday(average
e).
is2.107GWHpeeryearor5.7
n,thesystem
menergyouttputdecreassesovertimee.After25yyears,the
Dueetomodulesdegradation
7GWhonly((peryear).
systemwouldprroduce1.737
e
co
onsumed by
y Bahrain po
olytechnic fro
om July to O
October is 204,724.8
The estimated electricity
h, 168,710.4
4 KWh, 2164
428.4 KWh aand 178,237.8 KWh resp
pectively. In July, 110.3 % of the
KWh
elecctricitywillbecoveredbythesolarpparkingsyste
em,inAugusst123.8%,iinSeptembe
er86.1%
and93%inOcto
ober.Duringgsummerhooliday,theso
olarparkingssystemwoulldproducee
electricity
he solar parrking system
m would covver about 911.4 % of the
e energy
morre than the required; th
conssumedbyBaahrainpolyte
echnicinthefirstyear.
Page15
58of202
The universities areclassifie

edasanonddomesticsecctor(comme
ercialsector));theelectriccitytariff
fortthissectoris0.02BDperrKWh(Octobber2016)forlessthan500,000KWh .
The priceofelecctricitythatw
wouldbepr oducedinth
hefirstyearis42,134.8BBDand961,0
064.4BD
after25years (ttotal).Since,thepriceoffelectricitycconsumedbyytheuniverssityinthefirstyearis
46,0086.084 BD and 1,152,152.1BD aftter 25 yearrs (total); th
he solar parrking projecct would
decrreasetheeleectricitybillssby83.4% (average25
5 years).Theaveragepriice ofelectricity bills
with
houtsolarpaarkingsystem
mis3,840.511BD.Sincetheaveragep
priceofelecttricitybillsw
withsolar
parkkingproject is329.28BD
Dinthefirst yearand63
36.96for25yyears;duringgthisperiod
dBahrain
Polyytechnicwou
uldpay16.6%ofthebillss(average25
5years).
Enphase M215 micro invertters were seelected for this
t
project; these inverrters are compatible
h the selecteed Canadian module andd have selfggrounding syystem. The w
warranty of Enphase
with
M2115microinveertersis25yyears.Theprriceoftheseinvertersisa
about44BD
Dperinverterr.
Bahrain Polytecchnic solar structure woould require 398 column
ns, 345 crosssbeams (tiltt 5), 375
2nuts,bolts andwasherrs(sizeM20)),12,744bolltsandwash
hers(size
crosssbeams(tilt11),14,232
M122),5,664steeelsheets1&
&2,2,832stteelsheet3,,6,356purlins,345Connnectionplate(tilt5),
375 Connection plate(tilt11
1)and398EEndplates.TThetotalcosstofthestruuctureinclud
dingprice
05,000 BD; tthe price pe
er park is
of stteel, fabrication and insstalling mechhanical partss is about 20
about289.5BD.Thepricep
perparkforD
Design2(byalZamilstee
elcompany) is230.6BD.
o this proje
ect is 1,405,,611 BD (25
5 years); the
e total elect ricity that would
w
be
The total cost of
duced by this project iss 48,053,2199.10 KWh (2
25 years). Th
he cost of eelectricity using solar
prod
parkking system is 0.029 BD per KWh. SSince the cost of electriccity in Bahraain is 0.028 BD/KWh
(opeerations costts fuel and wages). Thhe price of solar
s
energyy is cheaper than electriicity that
prod
ducedusingfossilfuel(in
ncludingopeerationcostsandcostofbuildingupaapowerplan
nt).
ThissprojecthasmanybenefitsforBahrrain.First,he
elpingBahraintofurtherrapplythep
principles
ent through providing renewable and envirronmentally friendly
of sustainable developme
alternative for generating electricity; tthis supportt Bahrain sttrategic planns in which Bahrain
ounced thatt 5 % of the total energgy would be produced using
u
solar eenergy in 2020. Also,
anno
implementingth
hisprojectw
wouldimpro vepubliche
ealthandthe
elocalenvirronmentby reducing
air p
pollutants especially
e
CO
O2 emission s (about 40
0 metric ton
ns total 25 years), an
nd hence
minimizingglobalwarming. Furthermo re,meetthe
eincreasedd
demandon electricityin
nBahrain
oughutilizinggexistingparkingareasttoproduceffurtherpowe
er.Finally,assaconseque
encethat
thro
the electricityco
ostiswaitinggtobeincre asedveryso
oonandtheccontinuousddecreaseoftthecosts
photovoltaic devices;thissprojectproovidesanaltternativeforrgeneratingelectricityw
withvery
ofp
com
mpetitivepricceforBahrainsociety,anndwouldsavvemoneyesp
peciallyforloongtermpla
ans.
4.3 Reccommendattions for futture related

d activitiess and impro
ovements:
Itisrecommend
dedtouseAlZamilsteel designorto
ooptimizethestructure. Thestructurrecanbe
her optimizeed by reduciing the amoount of steel used and by
b increasingg the strengtth of the
furth
structuresuchas,addingakkneebracinggtoincreaseresistanceto
obending.
olar irradiancce experimeentally. In orrder to check that the ssystem produces the
Meaasure the so
expeected electricity or to optimize
o
thee design; it is
i recommended to purrchase 5 to 10 solar
mod
dules or purcchase a Pyra
anometer. TThen, use the
ese devices to measure the total am
mount of
solarirradianceyearlyindiffferenttiltanndazimuthangles.
elect the
Desiign the electtrical circuits by a quali fied electrical engineer. The engineeer should se
diam
meteroftheACcables,d
designthea rrangement ofthecable
es(makesurrethatthem
minimum
Page15
59of202
lenggthofcablesisused,avo
oidwirestangglingandmaakesurethatthevoltageeandcurren
ntineach
strin
ng are within safe levelss). The engi neer should
d select the optimum tyype of comb
biner box
thro
ough specifyying the num
mber of term
minals and size of fuse
es and desiggning the grounding
systemcorrectlyy.Also,deterrminethenuumberandlo
ocationofAC
Cbreakers,aandaddamo
onitoring
dulesperform
mance.Allth
heelectricalcomponentssneedtobe checked
systemtoevaluaatethemod
by eelectricity an
nd water autthority (EWA
A) because any
a fault in wiring the ssystem could
d lead to
fire.
E
department to redesign
n or optimize the founddation through using
Ask UOB Civil Engineering
material.
reinforcementm
ow mainten
nance schedule to keepp the modu
ules clean and
a
to mainntain efficiency; the
Follo
mod
dulesshouldbecleaned onceperm
monthfordryyclean,andonceperthhreemonthssforwet
clean.[27]
Prep
pareanadvaancedcosta
analysisbya businessstudent/tutor tocalculateetherealco
ostofthe
project(findtheecostofestim
matedcompponents/servvices),andto
ominimizethhecostsifpo
ossible.
Expaandthesolaarparkingprojecttoincl udeleftside
eandrightssideofthesttudentsparkkingarea
(P2)andthestafffsparkingarea(P1).
Itis recommend
dedtoconta
actwithelecctricityandw
waterauthorrity(EWA)o rconducta research
ntation)thatmustbefolllowedtoinsstallsolar
inordertofind therulesandprocedurees(documen
onnectsolar systemwith
hEWAgridsssafelyandleggally.
systemsinBahraainandtoco
anceswithhhighefficienccyandpowerrsavingsapppliances.
Replacelowefficiencyapplia
Page16
60of202
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71of202
Appeendix(A)A
Averagesolarradiatio
onpermontthfordifferrentazimutthandtilta
angles
Table77,average
esolarradiationpermont hforazimuth
h148.3degree
esanddiffereenttiltangless[74]
Solarirradiancefoorazimuth148
8.3(
/ )permonthhDesign2
Month
M
Tilt0
Tilt2.5
Tilt5
Tilt7.5
Tilt10
Tilt111
Tilt2
26
January
112.84
115.94
119.04
122.14
124.93
3
126.117
139.19
February
127.12
129.64
132.44
134.68
137.2
138.004
147.28
March
M
178.87
181.35
183.52
185.38
186.93
3
187.555
192.51
April
A
194.4
195.3
196.2
196.8
197.1
197.44
193
3.5
May
M
239.94
239.63
239.32
238.7
237.77
7
237.115
224.44
June
J
245.1
244.2
242.7
241.2
239.4
238.88
221
1.1
July
239.32
238.7
238.08
236.84
235.6
234.998
220.41
August
220.72
221.34
221.65
221.96
221.65
5
221.665
214.21
September
194.1
196.5
198.3
200.1
201.6
201.99
204
4.3
Occtober
168.95
172.67
175.77
179.18
181.97
7
182.99
194.37
Novvember
116.7
119.7
122.7
125.4
128.1
1299
140
0.7
Deccember
109.12
112.53
115.94
119.35
122.45
5
123.669
138.88
Totalperyear
2147.18
2167.5
2185.66
2201.73
2214.7
7
2219.223
2230
0.89
Month
M
Table78,average
esolarradiationpermont hforazimuth
h238.3degree
esanddiffereenttiltangless[74]
Solarirradiaanceforazimuth238.3(
/ )permonthDesign3(Singlesslope&doub
bleslopewesttside)
January
Feb
bruary
March
M
April
A
May
M
June
J
July
J
Au
ugust
Septtember
Occtober
Novvember
Deccember
Totalperyear
Month
M
Tiltt41
145.39
149.52
187.86
18
81.2
202.12
1
195
196.85
197.47
19
96.5
195.61
14
45.2
146.63
213
39.35
Tilt0
112.84
127.12
178.87
194.4
239.94
245.1
239.32
220.72
194.1
168.95
116.7
109.12
2147.18
Tilt2.5
114.7
128.8
180.11
195
239.63
244.5
239.01
221.03
195.6
171.12
118.5
111.29
2159.29
Tilt5
116.56
130.2
181.35
195.3
239.32
243.3
238.39
221.03
196.5
172.98
120.3
113.46
2168.69
Tilt7.5
118.42
131.6
182.59
195.6
238.7
242.1
237.46
221.03
197.4
175.15
121.8
115.32
2177.17
7
Tilt10
0
120.28
133
183.52
195.6
6
237.46
240.6
6
236.22
220.41
198
176.7
7
123.3
3
117.18
2182.2
27
Tilt111
120..9
133.556
183.883
195..3
237.115
2400
235..6
220..1
198..3
177.001
123..9
117..8
2183..45
Tilt26
127
7.41
137
7.76
184
4.45
190
0.5
225
5.99
225
5.6
223
3.2
212
2.66
196
6.8
181
1.97
129
9.6
125
5.55
2161.49
Tilt41
12
28.34
13
36.08
17
77.94
17
78.5
20
07.08
2
204
20
03.36
19
97.47
18
87.5
17
78.87
12
29.6
12
27.72
205
56.46
Tab
ble79,averaggesolarradiattionpermontthforazimuth
h58.3degree
esanddiffere nttiltangles[74]
Solarirrad
dianceforazim
muth58.3(
/ )permonthDesign3(doubleeslope)arrraystowardeast
January
Feb
bruary
March
M
April
A
May
M
June
J
July
J
Au
ugust
Septtember
Occtober
Novvember
Deccember
Totalperyear
Tilt0
112.84
127.12
178.87
194.4
239.94
245.1
239.32
220.72
194.1
168.95
116.7
109.12
2147.18
Tilt2.5
110.67
125.16
177.32
193.5
239.63
245.4
239.32
219.79
192.6
166.47
114.6
106.64
2131.1
Tilt5
108.5
123.2
175.46
192.3
239.32
245.1
239.01
218.86
190.8
163.99
112.5
104.47
2113.51
Tilt7.5
106.02
121.24
173.29
191.1
238.39
244.8
238.7
217.62
188.7
161.2
110.4
101.99
2093.45
5
Tilt10
103.85
5
119
171.12
2
189.6
237.15
5
244.2
237.77
7
216.38
8
186.3
158.41
1
108.3
99.51
2071.59
Tilt111
102.992
118.116
170.119
188. 7
236.884
243. 9
237.115
215.776
185.44
157.117
107. 1
98.5 8
2061. 87
Tilt2
26
89.28
104.72
154.69
175
5.2
223.51
232
2.2
225.37
201
1.5
16
68
138.57
93.6
84.32
1890
0.96
Tiltt41
76
6.26
9
91
13
36.4
15
56.6
202.12
21
11.2
20
04.6
180
0.42
14
47.3
119
9.35
8
81
71
1.61
167
77.86
Page17
72of202
Appendix(B)Electricaaltermsand
dmodulesarrangemeent
Thetabllebelowdefinessomeoffelectricalteermsthatwe
ereusedinthisdocumennt:
Table80,som
meofbasicelectricaltermss
Current
Voltage
DCCurrent
ACCurrent
Theflow
wofnegative
elychargedeelectronsthroughaconductor(wire)..Currentisrrepresentedby
thesymb
bol(I);theSIIunitofcurrrentisamperre(A)oramp
p.[165]
Themeaasureoftheforceorpreessureoftheelectriccurrentinacirccuit;Itismeasuredinvo
olts
(V).The voltagemakkescurrentooccurwheretheremustbeadifferenncebetween
nthesource of
anexist.[1666]
powersvoltageand theloadsvvoltagesothaatcurrentca
DC is a short for diirect currentt; in this typ
pe of electriicity the currrent and vo
oltage remaiins
Thecurrent producedbyyphotovoltaicmodulesissdirectcurrent.[167]
constanttovertime.T
AC is a short for alternating
a
ccurrent; in this type of electricity voltage an
nd current are
a
constanttly altering between
b
po sitive and negative (the
e picture bellow shows the
t alternatiing
direction
n of currentt flow). The AC electricity is the tyype of electrricity used by
b homes and
businessses.[167]
Figure172
2,Directcurreent(DC)anda
alternatingcu
urrent(AC)[2 9]
Modulesarrangeme
ent:
Serriesconnectiion(seriessttring):
The cables of modules
m
sho
ould be connnected in a
waythatwoulddeliverthedesiredvoltageaandcurrent
values that the systtem needs. The
T figure o n right side
shows an examplee of a series connectiion of five
moduless; in this co
onfiguration the positivee wire from
one module is conn
nected to th
he negative wire of the
ate a seriess string of
next module leadiing to crea
moduless. When thee modules are
a connecteed in series
the voltage values are
a additive and the currrent values
remaintthesame.[29]
For example, if the voltage
e (V) and cuurrent (I) of
oduleis12(vvolts)and4((amps)respeectively;the
eachmo
total vo
oltage is equal to [12 (volts per m
module) 5
(numberofmodulessinseries)=
=60(volts)]. Thepower
Figure
e173, FivePV
Vmodulescon
nnected inserries
P=VI=604=
=240W].[29]]
outputisequalto[P
Parrallelconnecction:
The number of modules th
hat can be cconnected in
n series is limited; in orrder to increase the
s
should be conneected paralle
el to each otther. In paraallel connection, the
system power the strings
positive wire from one module
e is connectted to the positive wire of the neext module, and the
oeachother..Ifthemodu
ulesareplaccedinparalleel;thecurren
ntvalues
negativeewiresarecconnectedto
Page17
73of202
areaddiitiveandtheevoltagevalu
uesremains constant.Fiigure174
showsagroupoffivvemodulesconnectedin parallel.[29
9]
Forexample,iftthevoltage(V)andcurreent(I)ofeach
hmodule
is12voltsand4am
mpsrespectivvely;thetot alcurrentisequalto
[4 (amp
ps per stringg) 5 (numb
ber of mod ules in paraallel) =20
amps].TThepowero
outputisequ
ualto[P=VI==122=240W
W]which
isthesaamepowero
outputofthe
eseriesconn ection.[29]

Figurre174, FivePV
Vmodulesco
onnectedinpaarallel
Serriesparallelconnection:
Mosstphotovoltaaicsolarsystemsuseaccombination
nofseries
and paarallel conn
nected arra
ays. Figurre 175 sh
hows the
arrangem
mentofSeriesparallelconnectionw
wherethemo
odulesare
connected in series to increase the voltagee, then the two
t
series
stringsaareconnecteedinparallelintoincreassetheoutpu
utcurrent.
[29]
The total voltagge produced
d per string is equal to
o 12 V
5 numb
ber of modu
ules in seriess 60 voltts. The totaal current
(I)fortw
wostringsisequalto 2 number of sstrings in paarallel
4 ampss per string 8 amps. The poweer output is equal
to P V I 60 8 480 W
W.[29]
Figurre175, PVmo
odulesconnecctedinaserie
esparallelcon
nfiguration
Page17
74of202
Appendix (C)Shadinganalysis
Thissisanextrassection(men
ntionedinprrojectplan);shadingisnotafactorfforthisproje
ectbased
nineachrow
wandthetilttangleis
onthesselecteddesign(thearrayysaremounntedinoppossitedirection
very sm
mall). The shaading distance will be c alculated in order to ge
et an idea w
what is the minimum
m
possiblee distance beetween the rows; this vvalue would
d be very useful if we nneed to increase the
coveredareaoftheparks,orifw
wedecidedttochangethe
edesign.[16
68]
Shad
dingistheeenemyforso
olarmoduless;shadinga smallcornerofamodu lecanreduccepower
production to the half.
h
Avoiding shade on the array iss important; it can be ann issue for the
t solar
he road wid
dth is small and the mo
odules tilt angle is big, or if the arrrays are
parking system if th
d laterally. In this sectio
on, the shadding effect will
w be analyyzed and thee minimum required
installed
distancee between the
t
parking rows will bbe calculated and comp
pared with the actual available
distanceebetween th
herows.To findthemi nimum spaccing distance
e betweenthheparking rows;the
calculatiions should be based on
o the worrst condition
n during wh
hole year. TThe maximum
m shade
sst
distancee produced by solar mo
odule occurrs during wiinter specifically on 21 Decemberr (winter
solstice))becauseat thistimeth
hesunislow
winthesky (duetomotionofthee artharoundsun).As
explaineed before, the
t
angle be
etween the horizon an
nd height off the sun iss called the altitude
angle , and durin
ng calculatin
ng the spacinng distance the
t minimum
m solar altit ude angle should be
selected
d(variesthro
oughoutthe day).Thepiictureblowsshowstwom
moduleslocaatedawayfrromeach
otherbyyadistanceD,andtiltedwithananggle ;thetottallengthofthemodulessisXandthe
evertical
heighto
ofthearrayissh.[169]
Figure176,twomodulessinstalledaw
wayfromeach other[169]
The sunmoves fromeastto

owest(15pperhour);th
heazimutha
angle( )is usedtodesccribethe
sunposiitioninrelationtonorth..Boththeazzimuthangle
eandaltitude
eanglevary throughouttheday.
Figure17
77,azimuthandaltitudeanngleduringda
ayhours(Bah
hrain Winterrsolstice)
Page17
75of202
Pictu
ure 177 is obtained
o
from an onlinee calculator; it shows th
he change inn azimuth angle and
st
altitude anglethrou
ughtheday((fromsunris etosunset)at21 Deccemberand forBahrain location.
Asshow
wnonthispicctureandatazimuth1800thealtitude
eisapproxim
matelyequalto41degre
eeswhich
isequal tothealtitu
udecalculate
edinpreviouuschapter2(forwinterssolstice).To designasystemthat
mto2pm;theminimum
maltitudean
ngleshoulda
at9amor22pm(botha
angleare
canworrkfrom9am
equal).[[169]
Find
ding the min
nimum tilt angle with azzimuth angle can be ussed to find tthe distance
e D (the
inclined shadedistance)andthe
enfindingthheminimum spacingdisttanceD(assshownonthepicture
hesystemisdesignedto operatefrom9amor2pm;theazim
muthanglea
at9amis
below). Assumingth
mately138d
degreesandthealtitude isapproximately28degrees(seepiccture177).
approxim
Figgure178,thedistance
aandtheminim
mumspacingd
distanceD[1668]
For moreaccuraateresultso
onemoreon linecalculattorisusedca
alledNOAA
ASolarCalcu
ulatoras
below:
shownb
Figure179,N
NOAASolarCa
alculator[170]
owtousethiiscalculator;;assumingth
hesystemisdesignedto
ooperate
Thefollowingstepsshowho
urs:
6hoursduringpeaksunlighthou
dcitiesoption.(1)
1. Selectworld
map;thetimeezoneshouldbethe
2. Selectthecllosetlocationtoyourareeathroughcclickingonm
equaltheBaahraintimezzone(GMT++3).(2)
Page17
76of202
3. Theboxsho
owsthesolarnoontime;;(maximum sunlight);w
wherethesysstemshould
doperate
betweenthiistime.From
mthepictureeitis11.51am.(3)
4. Thesystem shouldbed
designedbassedonanan
nglebeforeo
orafterthreeehoursoftthesolar
1am).Before
ethreehourssfromsolarnoon(11.51am);filltheelocalzonettimewith
noon(11.51
8.51amassshowninstep4.
muthandaltittudeanglesd
duringpeak conditions.[[168]
5. Instep5,recordthecalcculatedazim
m this calcu
ulator the va
alues of azim
muth angle and altitude
e angle are 134.25 and 25.14
From
respectively.Tofindthespacingdistanceba sicmathnee
edtobeapplied.
Table82,Total areacovered
dbythemodu
ules
Givens
Westarrayystiltangle
11 (westparks)
Dista
ancebetweeentwowestarrays
Ro
oadwidth+e
eastparklenngtharrayllength=(6++5)
(4.974coss11)=6.12m
Min
nimumaltitud
deangle25.14
Azimutha ngle134.25
The
elengthofthhetiltedarraay(X)=4.974 m
Figure180,Parking areasideview
wwithouteasstparks
From
mpicture180,176and1
178wecanfiindh, D and
d D
Theverticalheigghtofthearrrayishiseq ualto(witho
outtheheigh
htofthestruucture):(pictture180)
h
974
4.9
siin
sin 11
1
0.949
Theinclinedshadedistance(D )isequallto:(picture176)
D
D
tan
n
0.949
tan 25.14
2.02
pacingdistan
nceDisequaalto:(picture
e178)
Theminimumsp
D
D
2.02
cos 180
1
ccos 180
134.25
1
1..41
ancebetweeenthetworo
owsis1.41m
meter;sincettheactualdiistanceis
Theminimumreequireddista
nthissolarpparkingsyste
em.
6.12meeterforcurreentdesign.Therefore,theeshadewillnoteffecton
Page17
77of202
App
pendix(D)
Finiteelem
mentanalyssis(Solidwo
orkssimulattion)
A reeliable numeerical technique can be used for stu
udying and analyzing enngineering designs
d
is
called Finite Elemen
nt Analysis (FEA). The p rocess starts with activa
ating (FEA) ooption in So
olidworks
olidworks(FEA)subdividdesthedesirredmodelin
ntosmallpieecesofsimpleshapes
(simulattion);thenSo
calledellementsconnectedatco
ommonpoin tscallednod
des.Solidworks(FEA)loooksatthemodelasa
networkk of separatte interconnected elemeents, and predicts the behavior off the model through
combining the inforrmation obta
ained from aall elementss making up the model (mesh which is the
ofnodesan
ndelements
).Meshing
isveryimpo
ortantstepduringdesignnanalysis;So
olidworks
number
obalelementtsize,tolera
ance,and
(FEA)geeneratesmesshautomaticcallywithasspecificsizebasedonglo
local meesh control specification
ns. Meshing control opttion lets the
e designer seelect the sizze of the
mesh w
where a smaller mesh prrovides moree accurate results,
r
and larger meshh makes the
e analysis
faster. [171] Finite element
e
ana
alysis has maany benefitss where it asssists in findding the stre
esses and
strainacctingonthedesignanda
alsothedisp lacement,itprovidesfurrtherstudiesssuchas,fattigueand
vibration
nanditgeneratescharttsandtablessthatshowssthestressd
distribution. Themainb
benefitof
(FEA) heelping in find
ding the weakness pointts (points exxpose to stress concentrration) in th
he design
beforem
manufacturin
ng,andhenccethedesignncanbemod
difiedtomee
ettherequir ements.[172]
Figure181,Finerandcoarrsermeshing((thesmallerismoreaccuraate)[173]

Stepsfo
orfiniteelem
mentanalysiss:
Inordertoanallyzethetota
alstressesthhatactonth
hecompone
entsofthesstructureina
acorrect
utanyerror;;thissection
nshowshow
wtodoastrressanalysisinsolid
way(correctsimulation)withou
works:
Selectingtypeofstudy:
ep Solidwoorks simulattion should
d be
Before doing this ste
activated.
Clickonaneewstudy(1)..
Thenselectstatic(2).
orallcomponnents(purlin
n,crossbeam
mand
Repeatthessamestepfo
column)
Figuree182,selectin
ngtypeofstu
udy
Applyingaspecialmaterialtothestruccturecompo
onents:
Page17
78of202
F
Figure183,se
lectingthem aterialforpu
urlin,crossbea
amandcolum
mn
r
ma
aterial (2), aand finally apply the
Click on apply materiall (1) then c hoose the required
window(3).
changestheenclosethew
pecial materrial was dessigned (calle
ed AlZamil steel) to match the
Note, in this step a sp
nthecataloggue.
propertiesin
w material yyou should click
c
on custtom materiaal, then rightt click on
In order to create a new
wmaterialo
option),then specifythepropertiesin
nthetableoontherightssidewith
(selectanew
clickingonsaveandfina
allyclickonaapply.
nvertingthe
epartsfromsolidtobea m:
Con
Thissisthemosttimportant step;thepuurposeofthiisstepiscre
eatingjoints inthebeam
m.These
jointscaanbeusedttoapplyforcce,moment, oraddafixxture.Dueto
othenatureeoftheappliedload,
two cro
ossbeams weere assembled togetherr with a totaal length eq
qual to the length of th
he actual
crossbeaam;thepurp
poseofassemblingtwo crossbeams istocreateajointinthhemiddle,an
ndhence
applyinggtheresultantforceinth
hemiddle;thhesamethin
ngwasrepea
atedforpurliin.
Toconvertssolidparttobeamrightcclickonallth
hepart(1)thenselecttreeatasabeam
m(2).
Figure184, convertingpa
artstobeam
Creeatingjoints:
Page17
79of202
Figuree185,creatinggjoints
Rightclicko
onjointgrou
upoption(1))clickonedit(2),chooseselectoptiion(3),selectallthe
beams(two
o purlinsorttwocrossbeaamsortheccolumn) (4) andfinally, clickoncalcculate.In
the purlin and
a crossbea
am three jooints will be created; in
n the colum n two jointss will be
created.Theepurplejointspherereppresentstheconnectionb
betweentheetwobeams,andthe
olivecolorjo
ointmeansthereisnocoonnectionto
oanyotherb
beam.
Add
dingfixturess:
Figurre186,usingoolivejointsassfixturesforp
purlin
Clickonfixtureadvisor (1)then chooosefixedgeometry(2);then selectt the twoolivecolor

dbeam)anddapplythecchanges(3). Forcolumnnandcrossbeamone
joints(simplysupported
olivecolorjointshould beselected;;thefollowingisexampleforthecrrossbeamfixxtureand
ure:
columnfixtu
Figure187,usingoneolivvejointasaffixtureforcro
ossbeam(canttileverbeam))andcolumn
Page18
80of202
Creeatinganincclinedreferenceplane:
Thetiltedplanewillbeu
usedtoapplyyaninclined
dforce;tocre
eateaplaneintheassem
mbly:
Clickonassembly(1),clickonreferrencegeome
etry(2),sele
ectplane(3),,selectane
edgethat
willbeparalleltothedesireddirecttionofthep
plane(force))(4),selectaafacethatttheforce
willbeappliedonit(4)ffinallyselect thedesiredtiltoftheplaneandappplythechangges(5).
Figure1888,stepsforcreatingplanein
Figgure189,A)in
nclinedplane forcrossbeam
mB)inclinedplaneforpurrlin.
nt:
Applyingforceandmomen
orceactingon
npurlin:
A. Resultantfo
Figu
ure190,resulltantforceacttingonthepu
urlin
Click on extternal force (1), choose force (2), select

s
the jo
oint symbol and then se
elect the
purplejoint (3),selecttthenewplanne(inclined plane)(4)andfinallyseelectthedire
ectionof
ndputthem
magnitudeof theforce(theforcedire
ectionwillapppear)anda
applythe
theforcean
changesand
druntheana
alysis(5).
Page18
81of202
B. Resultantfo
orceactingon
ncrossbeam
m:
Fiigure191,ressultantforcea
actingonthecrossbeam
Clickkonexternaalforce(1),cchooseforcee(2),select thejointsym
mbolandthhenselectth
hepurple
joint(3),,selectthen
newplane(inclinedplan e)(4)andfin
nallyselectthedirectionnoftheforce
eandput
the maggnitude of the force (th
he force direection will appear)
a
and apply the cchanges (5). Run the
analysis.
C. Forceandm
momentactin
ngonthecollumn:
Figuree192,rightha
andrule [190]]
Figure193,foorceandmom
mentactingoncolumn
Clickk on externaal force (1), choose forcce (2), selectt the joint syymbol and tthen select the
t olive
colorjoiint(3),selecttmidplane((inthemidd leofthecolu
umn)(4)sele
ectthedirecctionofthefforceand
ectionof
putthe magnitude oftheforce (theforceddirectionwillappear)(5),selecttheedesireddire
hemagnitudeeofthemom
ment(themomentdirecctionwillapp
pear)and
momentt(anticlockwise)andth
applyth
hechanges(6).Runthe analysis.As shownontheabovepiccture,them
momentsymb
bollooks
likeanaail;thissymb
bolisbasedonrighthanndrule.Base
edonthedirectionoftheenailandrigghthand
rulethe momentis anticlockwise;toclarify,therighthaandthumbpointstowarddnailtip,fin
ngerscurl
indirecttionofmomeent.
Notee:thestepsforpurlinan
nalysisarecoorrect(butIchangedthe
eanalysis);inntheresultssectionI
analyzed
d the purlin as a solid (not a beam
m) in order to find the von missess stress. Also I used
distributtedloadinstteadofpointtload,andallltheremain
ningstepsare
ethesame.
Page18
82of202
App
pendix(E)Solarmod
dulesdatash
heet
Mo
odule1:Qu
uartechCS6V
V225M(Cannadian)data
Figure194
4,moduleQuuartechCS6V225M(Canad
dian) [134]
Page18
83of202
Mo
odule1:QuaartechCS6V225M(Canaadian)datassheetconttinue

Figgure195,moduleQuartecchCS6V225M
M(Canadian) continue [1334]
Page18
84of202
Mo
odule2:PLU
UTO200Ade(Suntech) datasheet

Figure
e196,Modulee2:PLUTO20
00Ade datasheet
[135]
Page18
85of202
Mo
odule2:PLU
UTO200Adedatasheett(Suntech)continue

Figure197,,Module2:PPLUTO200Ad
de datasheet continue
[135]
Page18
86of202
Mo
odule3:X20
0250BLK(Sunpower)ddatasheet datasheet

F
Figure198,X2
20250BLK(SSunpower) datasheet da
atasheet [1333]
Page18
87of202
Mo
odule3:X20
0250BLK(Sunpower)ddatasheet continue

Figure199,X
X20250BLK(SSunpower) datasheet
d
continue [133]]
Page18
88of202
App
pendix(F)Microinve
erterdatash
heet
Enp
phaseM215
5microinverrtersspecificcationssheett:

Figure200,EnphaseM215m
microinverte
ersspecificatio
onssheet [1660]
Page18
89of202
Enp
phaseM215
5microinverrtersspecificcationssheettcontinue

Figure201,EnphaseM215m
microinverte
ersspecificatio
onssheet [1660]
Page190of20
02
Appendix(G)EngineeringDrrawingsfortheparkingstructurreComponents

Figure202,Nutandwasher(M
M20)drawing
Page191of20
02
Figure203,Nutandwasher(M
M12)drawing
Page192of20
02
Figgure204,nutdraw
wing
Page193of20
02
Figure205,Columndra
awing
Page194of20
02
Figure20
06,crossbeam(tilt5
5)drawing
Page195of20
02
Figure207
7,crossbeam(tilt1
11)drawing
Page196of20
02
Figu
ure208,footingdra
awing
Page197of20
02
Figu
ure209,purlindraw
wing
Page198of20
02
Figu
ure210,sheet1dra
awing
Page199of20
02
Figu
ure211,sheet2dra
awing
Page200of20
02
Figu
ure212,sheet3dra
awing
Page201of20
02
Figure213,C
Canadiansolarmoduledrawing
Page20
02of202
Append
dix(H)IRCCstandardffootingdim
mensions
FFigure214,selectingthesta
andarddimennsionsforthe
efootingacco
ordingtoIRCsstandard.[173]

Photovoltaic Solar Parking System Study, Analysis and Implementation For Bahrain Polytechnic

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Page1of202

system inside the campus.

The parking stru

This is the turning po

The photovoltaiic devices (ssolar panels)) convert su

Receently, some new solar parking

The mainchalleengewhiledesigningasoolarparking systemishowtomaxim

2. Design a solar parking system

The percentage 5%looksre

1.4.1 Prroject beneffits for Bahrrain:

1.4.2 Prroject beneffits for Bahrrain Polytecchnic:

1.4.3 Prroject beneffits for engin

Wheen Ntype and Ptype Silicon

Thee energy fro

2.4 Sollar cell, mod

The Polyccrystalline cells are ma

They are manufactureed through depositing oone or several

The Gridtied batteryless system

bank to the system

Micro invverters are the

The tiltofsolar modulehasanimpactoonhowmuch

Optimum fixed year rround settin

The latitudewasdeducted (equation5))becauseBaahrainisabo

2.14 Azzimuth and tilt angle a

organizaations such as, NASA use

The first two caalculators will not be useed (see note

would leead to a greeat enhance

When a force is applied

ubjected to a transversee loads; the

The piccture above shows the eeffective len

When a moment is acting at ppoint C; a re

A substtructure that supports aa building orr other struccture; typicaally it is mad

Figure 47,movingaforceonitslineofaction [106]

AlZZamil Compaany providess these servvices; in Bah

for desired year

Monocrysstalline solaar panels ha

course yyear. Using the

thaat produced by the solar parking syystem for ap

willbeinstalledon theparking structure(ssolararraysssequence)w

Numb er of degreees from true

In this design the

There iss no distance

In this design (design

The drop in in solar

The chart below shows annual solar radiattion received

The table and charrt below sho

Figuure64,(A)dooublesloping designimpleementedbySSolaireCompaany[126](B) doubleslopingdesign

As sshown on piicture 64; in

3.8 Parrking area m

Values, Rating and Score

Solid Freestaanding Waalls and Solid

The table abovee shows the

The total heightt of the sola

The Z aand are taabulated in ASCE

The picture abo

888.69 N per modulee

The loadsonthesolarparkkingstructur earedividedintodead loadsandw

Tottal load per aarray

Total lload 3 arrayys

The solid workss values seem

The figure abovve shows ho

Wheere, M the maximum bending