MOBILE COMMUNICATION

PSTN

TRANSFER MODE : CIRCUIT SWITCHING

NETWORK TYPE : DIGITAL EXCEPT PART OF ACCESS
NETWORK
CHANNEL CAPACITY : 64 KBPS

CELLULAR SYSTEM

CELLULAR MOBILE SYSTEM

A WIRELESS MOBILE COMMUNICATION
NETWORK ENABLES USERS TO INITIATE AND
RECEIVE PHONE CALLS USING MOBILE PHONES
CELLULAR MOBILE TELEPHONY IS DIFFERENT
FROM THE LANDLINE TELEPHONY IN THAT THE
MOBILE SUBSCRIBER CAN INITIATE AND
RECEIVE CALLS WHILE ON MOVE WITHOUT ANY
DISRUPTION IN THE CALL
CELLULAR TELEPHONY DERIVES ITS NAME
FROM THE PARTITION OF A GEOGRAPHIC
AREA INTO SMALL PARTS CALLED CELLS

CELLULAR MOBILE SYSTEM

(CONTD.)
EACH CELL IS COVERED BY A LOCAL TRANSMITTER
AND RECEIVER POWERFUL ENOUGH TO ENABLE
CONNECTIVITY WITH CELLULAR PHONES (MOBILE
STATIONS / MOBILE TERMINALS / MOBILE
EQUIPMENT) WITHIN ITS AREA
A SEPARATE RADIO FREQUENCY IS USED FOR EACH
DIRECTION OF COMMUNICATION
MOBILE PHONE TO CELL SITE : UPLINK
TRANSMISSION
CELL SITE TO MOBILE PHONE : DOWNLINK
TRANSMISSION

THE SPECTRUM OF RADIO FREQUENCIES AVAILABLE

FOR COMMUNICATION IS LIMITED AND ARE
ALLOCATED TO DIFFERENT CELLULAR
TECHNOLOGIES

RADIO FREQUENCY
ALLOCATION TO MOBILE
COMMUNICATION

CELLS
ANTEN
NA
TOWER

CELLS

CELLS
CELLS ARE SMALL SECTIONS OF AN AREA
WITH ANTENNA, TRANSMITTER AND
RECEIVER
CELLS ARE DEFINED BY ITS
PHYSICAL SIZE
SIZE OF POPULATION

CELL RADII CAN VARY FROM HUNDREDS OF

METERS IN CITIES TO TENS OF KILOMETERS IN
COUNTRY SIDE
CELLS ARE REPRESENTED BY HEXAGON WITH
HONEYCOMB PATTERN

TYPES OF CELLS

MACRO CELL
LARGE CELL WITH DIAMETER >= 10 KM
TRANSMITTER POWER 1 TO 6 W

MICRO CELL
SMALL CELL WITH DIAMETER OF UPTO 1 KM
TRANSMITTER POWER 01 TO 1 W

PICO CELL
VERY VERY SMALL CELL
USED FOR INDOOR TRANSMISSION IN BUILDINGS OR TUNNELS

SELECTIVE CELL
COVERAGE LESS THAN 360 DEGREES
USED TO FILL GAPS IN THE COVERAGE

UMBRELLA CELL
USED IN MICRO CELL BUT WITH DIFFERENT CHANNEL FOR TRANSMISSION
USAGE EXAMPLE : AT PLACES WHERE HEAVILY USED ROAD CROSSES THE MICRO
CELL AREA

THE FIRST THREE TYPES ARE BASED ON SIZE OF CELL

THE LAST TWO TYPES ARE BASED ON SPECIAL FUNCTIONS

EVOLUTION OF MOBILE
COMMUNICATION
1940 : MTS ( MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM )

MTS USED FREQUENCY MODULATION TECHNIQUE

IT USED SINGLE CARRIER FREQUENCY IN THE RABGE OF 35 TO 45 MHz
HALF DUPLEX OPERATION
ALL CALLS HANDLED THROUGH OPERATOR
MOBILES PHONES HAD PUSH-TO-TALK SWITCH
5 DIGIT MOBILE NUMBER
NO CONNECTIVITY WITH PSTN MOBILE TO PSTN AND VICE VERSA
NOT POSSIBLE

1964 : IMTS ( IMPROVED MTS )

SEVERAL CARRIER FREQUENCIES USED TO HAVE SIMULTANEOUS CALLS

NEED FOR OPERATOR WAS ELEMINATED
WIDE AREA COVERAGE
BASE STATION TRANSMITTER POWER 100 TO 200 W
MOBILE PHONE TRANSMITTER POWER 5 TO 25 W
MOBILE PHONE NUMBERS OF SAME LENGTH AS PSTN NUMBERS. SO
MOBILE TO PSTN AND VICE VERSA CLLS WERE POSSIBLE

EVOLUTION OF CELLULAR
NETWORK

EVOLUTION OF CELLULAR
NETWORK

NMT

NORDIC MOBILE TELEPHONE ( 450 & 900 MHz )

AMPS
ADVANCED MOBILE PHONE SYSTEM ( 850 MHz )

DAMPS
DIGITAL AMPS

CDMA
CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS SYSTEM

GSM
GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION ( TDMA 900
MHz EUROPE)

DCS
DIGITAL CELLULAR SYSTEM ( TDMA GSM 1800 EUROPE )

PCS
PERSONAL CELLULAR SYSTEM ( TDMA GSM 1900 US )

UMTS
UNIVERSAL MOBILE TELECOM SYSTEM

IMT
INTERNATIONAL MOBILE SYSTEMS

CELLULAR TELEPHONY
SERVICES
CELLULAR TELEPHONY HAS EVOLVED FROM BEING
JUST A VOICE SERVICE TO PROVIDING A RICH
COLLECTION OF VOICE, DATA AND MULTIMEDIA
SERVICES
KEY CELLULAR SERVICES :

TEXT MESSAGING (SMS)

INSTANT MESSAGING (CHAT)
MULTIMEDIA MESSAGING (MMS)
EMAIL
EMERGENCY CALLS
WIRELESS INTERNET
VIDEO-ON-DEMAND
MOBILE TV
IP BASED MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATION

COMPARISON OF CELLULAR
SYSTEMS

PARAMETER

AMPS

TACS

NMT450

NMT900

FREQUENCY
BAND
(MHz)

800

900

450

900

CHANNEL
SPACING
(KHz)

30

25

25

12.5

SPEECH
MODULATIO
N

FM

FM

FM

FM

SIGNALLIN
G

FSK

FSK

FSK

FSK

SIGNALLIN
G
BIT RATE

10 KBPS

8 KBPS

1200 BPS

1200 BPS

MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL

CHANNELIZATION IS A MULTIPLE ACCESS
METHOD IN WHICH THE AVAILABLE
BANDWIDTH OF A LINK IS SHARED IN TIME,
FREQUENCY OR USING CODE BY NUMBER OF
STATIONS
THE MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL TECHNIQUES
ARE :
FDMA ( FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS )
TDMA ( TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS )
CDMA ( CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS )

FDMA

FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

THE BANDWIDTH IS DIVIDED INTO
SEPARATE GREQUENCY BANDS

TDMA

TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

THE BANDWIDTH IS DIVIDED INTO TIME
SLOTS

CDMA

CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

DATA FROM ALL STATIONS ARE
TRANSMITTED SIMULTANEOUSLY
AND ARE SEPARATED BASED ON
CODING THEORY

COMPONENTS OF CELLULAR
NETWORK
BASE TRANCEIVER STATION ( BTS )
BASE STATION CONTROLLER ( BSC )
MOBILE SWITCHING CENTRE (MSC )
OR MOBILE TELEPHONE SWITCHING
OFFICE (MTSO)
LOCATION REGISTERS ( HLR & VLR )
AUTHENTICATION CENTRE ( AuC )
LINKS TO PSTN

BASE TRANVEIVER STATION

(BTS)
BTS CONSISTS OF
ELECTRONIC SECTION LOCATED AT THE BASE
OF ANTENNA TOWER AND INCLUDES

FREQUENCY AMPLIFIER
RADIO TRANCEIVER
RADIO FREQUENCY COMBINER
CONTROL LINKS
COMMUNICATION LINKS TO BSC
POWER SUPPLY WITH BACKUP

ANTENNA AND FEEDER SECTION

INTERFACE BETWEEN BTS AND BSC
CONTROL LOGIC
SOFTWARE

BTS
BTS LOCATION IN THE CELL, HEIGHT
OF ANTENNA AND ORIENTATION ARE
ALL IMPORTANT FACTORS TO ENSURE
REQUIRED COVERAGE IN THE CELL
DIFFERENT LOCATIONS OF BTS ARE :
CENTRE EXCITED CELL
CORNER EXCITED CELL
EDGE EXCITED CELL

OMNI
DIRECTIONAL
ANTENNA
SECTORED
DIRECTION
AL
ANTENNA

MOBILE SWITCHING CENTRE

(MSC)

MSC CONTROLS BSCs

ACTS AS SWITCH AND CONNECTION TO PSTN
ACTS AS AN AUTHENTICATION CENTRE (AuC)
CONTAINS REGISTERS THE DATABASES
MAINTAINING MOBILE LOCATION INFO
CONTROLS CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT, CALL
PROCESSING, CALL SETUP AND TERMINATION,
SIGNALLING, SWITCHING AND SUPERVISION
CONTAINS FACILITIES TO GENERATE BILLING
INFO FOR CUSTOMER ACCOUNTS
IN VIEW OF ITS IMPORTANCE, MANY BACKUP AND
DUPLICATE CIRCUITS ARE PROVIDED TO ENSURE
THAT THER ARE NO FAILURES

AUTHENTICATION CENTRE
(AuC)
USERS IDENTITY IS CHECKED TO
PROVIDE AUTHENTICATION AND
ENCRYPTION PARAMETERS
AuC MAINTAINS A REGISTRATION
DATABASE OF USERS ALLOWED TO
USE THE NETWORK
AuC FUNCTION IS NECESSARY FOR
SECURITY AS WELL AS BILLING
OPERATION

EQUIPMENT IDENTITY
REGISTER (EIR)
EIR IS A DATABASE HOLDING DETAILS OF MOBILE
PHONE EQUIPMENT IN THE FORM OF IMEI NUMBER
IMEI ( INTERNATIONAL MOBILE EQUIPMENT
IDENTITY ) NUMBER CAN BE ACCESSED AS
FOLLOWS :
BY ENTERING *#06# ON MOBILE
ALSO PRINTED INSIDE THE PHONE

EIR DATABASE IS USED TO PREVENT CALLS FROM

STOLEN, UNAUTHORIZED MOBILE PHONES
THE NETWORK OPERATORS MAINTAIN 3 SEPARATE
LISTS OF IMEI IN THE EIR
GREY : MOBILE PHONES TO BE TRACKED
BLACK : BARRED MOBILE PHONES
WHITE : VALID MOBILE PHONES

LOCATION REGISTERS ( HLR,

VLR)
HLR : HOME LOCATION REGISTER
CONTAINS SEMI-PERMANENT INFORMATION OF
SUBSCRIBERS
KEEPS USER PROFILE OF USERS REGISTERED WITH
THE NETWORK
MSC REFERS TO THE SUBSCRIBER INFORMATION IN
THE HLR
THE HLR DATA OF A SUBSCRIBER IS STORED AS
LONG AS THE SUBSCRIBER REMAINS WITH MOBILE
OPERATOR
HLR ALSO STORES CURRENT LOCATION OF THE
SUBSCRIBER AND SERVICES TO WHICH HE/SHE
HAS ACCESS

LOCATION REGISTERS ( HLR,

VLR)
VLR : VISITOR LOCATION REGISTER
CONTAINS TEMPORARY INFORMATION ABOUT
THE MOBILE SUBSCRIBERS CURRENTLY
LOCATED IN THE SERVICE AREA OF AN MSC
BUT WHOSE HLR ARE ELSEWHERE
ROAMING USER RECORD IS ADDED TO VLR
WHENEVER AN MSC DETECTS A NEW MOBILE
PHONE IN ITS AREA
THE MSC CONTACTS THE HLR OF THE MOBILE
SUBSCRIBERS HOME LOCATION AND GETS
THE DETAILS REQUIRED TO VALIDATE THE
USER

CONNECTING TO NETWORK
WHEN A MOBILE PHONE IS SWITCHED ON, IT NEEDS TO
COMMUNICATE WITH THE CELLULAR NETWORK TO REGISTER
THE MOBILE PHONE USES A PAGING OR CONTROL
CHANNEL TO MAKE THE CONTACT WITH THE BASE STATION
AND SENDS ATTACH REQUEST
THE AUTHENTICATION CENTRE VERIFIES THE USERS
IDENTITY
ONCE VALIDATED, THE HOME LOCATION REGISTER (HLR) AND
THE VISITOR LOCATION REGISTER (VLR) ARE UPDATED
PERIODICALLY, EVEN IF THE MOBILE PHONE IS IDLE, THE
MOBILE PHONE COMMUNICATES WITH THE BASE STATION TO
UPDATE ITS STATUS AND LOCATION
WHEN MOBILE PHONE IS SWITCHED OFF, IT SENDS A
DETACH REQUEST TO THE BASE STATION
THE NETWORK THEN UPDATES THE LAST KNOWN LOCATION
OF THE MOBILE IN THE DATABASE

CLUSTER
CLUSTER IS A GROUP OF CELLS
THE CELLULAR NETWORK AREA IS DIVIDED
INTO NUMBER OF CELLS
THESE CELLS ARE GROUPED INTO NUMBER
OF CLUSTERS
FOR HEXAGONAL CELLS, POSSIBLE CLUSTER
SIZES ARE GIVEN BY THE FORMULA :
c = i^2 + I x j + j^2
Where c is cluster size and i and j are nonnegative numbers

FOR EXAMPLE, i = 2 & j = 1 GIVES CLUSTER

SIZE OF 7 CELLS

CLUSTER (CONTD.)
THE INTEGERS i & j DETERMINE THE
RELATIVE LOCATIONS OF CO-CHANNEL CELLS
CO-CHANNEL CELLS CAN USE THE SAME
FREQUENCIES
IN THE DIAGRAM, CELLS WITH THE SAME
LABEL ARE CO-CHANNEL CELLS
TO LOCATE A CO-CHANNEL CELL, MOVE i
CELLS, TURN 60 DEGREES COUNTER
CLOCKWISE, MOVE j CELLS IN THAT
DIRECTION

LOCATING A CO-CHANNEL
CELL

CELL PATTERN : CLUSTER OF 3

CELLS

CELL PATTERN : CLUSTER OF 7

CELLS

NO. OF CHANNELS IN A
CLUSTER
NO. OF CHANNELS IN A CLUSTER IS
GIVEN BY THE FORMULA :
F=GxN
WHERE,
F : NO. OF FULL DUPLEX CHANNELS
AVAILABLE IN A CLUSTER
G : NO. OF CHANNELS IN A CELL
N : NO. OF CELLS IN A CLUSTER

TOTAL CHANNEL CAPACITY OF AN

AREA
TOTAL CHANNEL CAPACITY OF AN AREA
IS GIVEN BY THE FORMULA :
C=mxGxN
=mxF
WHERE,

C : TOTAL CHANNEL CAPACITY OF THE AREA

M : NO. OF CLUSTERS IN THE AREA
G : NO. OF CHANNELS IN A CELL
N : NO. OF CELLS IN A CLUSTER
F : NO. OF CHANNELS IN A CLUSTER

CHANNEL CAPACITY
THUS, THE CHANNEL CAPACITY OF
CELLULAR NETWORK IS DIRECTLY
PROPORTIONAL TO THE NO. OF
CLUSTERS IN THAT NETWORK
N IS CALLED THE CLUSTER SIZE
AND IS TYPICALLY 3, 7, OR 12 CELLS
PER CLUSTER

FREQUENCY REUSE
FREQUENCY REUSE IS THE PROCESS IN WHICH
THE SAME SET OF FREQUENCIES ( CHANNELS )
CAN BE ALLOCATED TO MORE THAN ONE CELL
FREQUENCY REUSE HAS BECOME ESSENTIAL DUE TO
LIMITED FREQUENCY SPECTRUM AVAILABLE FOR
CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATION
TREMENDOUS GROWTH IN THE NUMBER OF MOBILE
USERS

IT IS POSSIBLE TO REUSE A FREQUENCY OUTSIDE

THE RANGE OF THE RADIO TRANSMITTER
CELLS IN A CLUSTER USE UNIQUE FREQUENCY
CHANNELS. HOWEVER, DIFFERENT CLUSTERS
CAN USE THE SAME SET OF FREQUENCIES

FREQUENCY REUSE FACTOR

( FRF )
THE FREQUENCY REUSE FACTOR IS
GIVEN BY THE EQUATION :
FRF = N / C
WHERE,
FRF : FREQUENCY REUSE FACTOR
N : TOTAL NO. OF CHANNELS IN AN
AREA
C: TOTAL NO. OF CHANNELS IN A CELL

REUSE DISTANCE

REUSE DISTANCE D
3N = (
XR
3N
WHERE, R : CELL SIDE, AND

)
N:

ADJACENT CHANNEL
INTERFERENCE
INTERFERENCE CAUSED BY TRANSMISSION
OF ADJACENT FREQUENCIES
GENERALLY THE FREQUENCY CHANNELS USED
ARE SEPARATED BY 200 KHz SO AS NOT TO
INTERFERE WITH EACH OTHER
HOWEVER, IMPERFECT FILTERS IN
RECEIVERS ALLOW NEARBY FREQUENCIES TO
ENTER THE RECEIVER AND INTERFERE WITH
THE SIGNAL BEING RECEIVED FROM THE BASE
STATION
PROPER FILTERS CAN REDUCE THE PROBLEM

CO-CHANNEL
INTERFERENCE
CELLS FROM DIFFERENT CLUSTERS
USING THE SAME FREQUENCIES ARE
CALLED CO-CHANNELS CELLS
A CERTAIN MINIMUM DISTANCE MUST
SEPARATE THESE CO-CHANNEL CELLS IN
ORDER TO AVOID THE INTERFERENCE
FOR HEXAGONAL CELLS THE REUSE
DISTANCE IS GIVEN BY :
REUSE DISTANCE D
3N = (
XR
3N
WHERE, R : CELL SIDE, AND
CLUSTER SIZE

)
N:

CELL SPLITTING
CELL SPLITTING IS THE PROCES OF
SUBDIVIDING THE CELLS INTO SMALLER
CELLS EACH WITH ITS OWN BASE STATION
AND SET OF CHANNEL FREQUENCIES
SPLITTING OF CELLS ALLOWS AN INCREASE IN THE
DEGREE OF FREQUENCY REUSE THUS INCREASING
THE CHANNEL CAPACITY OF CELLULAR NETWORK
IF THE RADIUS OF A CELL IS MADE HALF, FOUR
TIMES AS MANY SMALLER CELLS COULD BE
CREATED TO PROVIDE SERVICE TO THE SAME
COVERAGE AREA
MAJOR DRAWBACK OF CELL SPLITTING IS MORE
HANDOFFs PER CALL AND MORE PROCESSING
LOAD PER SUBSCRIBER

CELL SPLITTING (CONTD.)

EXAMPLE OF CELL SPLITTING :
THE CHANNEL CAPACITY OF 7 MACRO
CELLS WITH 10 CHANNELS PER CELL= 10
x 7 = 70 CHANNELS
AFTER SPLITTING THE MACRO CELLS INTO
4 MINICELLS, THE CHANNEL CAPACITY =
10 x 7 x 4 = 280 CHANNELS
AFTER SPLITTING MINI CELL INTO 4 MICRO
CELLS, THE TOTAL CAPACITY = 10 x 7 X 4
X 4 = 1120 CHANNELS

SECTORING
THE CO-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE CAN BE
REDUCED BY REPLACING A SINGLE OMNIDIRECTIONAL ANTENNA AT THE BASE STATION BY
SEVARAL DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS, EACH
RADIATING WITHIN A SPECIFIED SECTOR
THIS TECHNIQUE OF IMPROVING SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE BY USING DIRECTIONAL
ANTENNAS IS CALLED SECTORING
A CELL IS NORMALLY PARTITIONED INTO THREE
1200 SECTORS OR SIX 600 SECTORS

ROAMING
ROAMING REFERS TO EXTENSION OF
CONNECTIVITY SERVICE IN A LOCATION THAT IS
DIFFERENT FROM THE HOME LOCATION WHERE
THE MOBILE SUBSCRIBER WAS REGISTERED
ROAMING ENSURES THAT THE SUBSCRIBER CAN
CONTINUE WITH THE CALL WHEN MOVING
AWAY FROM HIS HOME LOCATION WITHOUT
LOSING THE CONNECTION
ROAMING IS POSSIBLE ONLY IF THERE IS AN
AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE TWO NETWORKS
PROVIDING SERVICES TO DIFFERENT AREAS

ROAMING PROCESS
WHEN A MOBILE DEVICE IS TURNED ON IN A NEW LOCATION,
THE VISITED NETWORK NOTICES THAT THE MOBILE
SUBSCRIBER IS NOT REGISTERED WITH IT AND ATTEMPTS TO
IDENTIFY THE HOME NETWORK OF THE SUBSCRIBER
IF ROAMING AGREEMENT EXISTS BETWEEN THE TWO
NETWORKS, THE VISITED NETWORK CONTACTS THE HOME
NETWORK AND REQUESTS SERVICE INFORMATION USING THE
IMSI NUMBER
IF SUCCESSFUL, THE VISITED NETWORK MAINTAINS A
TEMPORARY RECORD IN ITS DATABASE FOR THE SUBSCRIBER
LIKEWISE, THE HOME NETWORK UPDATES ITS DATABASE WITH
THE CURRENT LOCATION OF THE SUBSCRIBER SO THAT IT CAN
ROUTE THE CALLS CORRECTLY TO THE MOBILE DEVICE

HANDOFF / HANDOVER
CONTINUITY OF SERVICE IS MAINTAINED BY
SUPPORTING HANDOFF / HANDOVER PROCESS
WHEN A MOBILE SUBSCRIBER MOVES FROM ONE
CELL TO ANOTHER
IT IS A PROCESS OF CHANGING THE CHANNEL
RESOURCES (FREQUENCIES, TIME SLOT, CODE,
ETC) ASSOCIATED WITH THE CURRENT
CONNECTION WHILE A CALL IS GOING ON
IT IS INITIATED BY CROSSING A CELL BOUNDARY OR
BY DETERIORATION IN THE QUALITY OF SIGNAL IN
THE CURRENT CHANNEL

TYPES OF HANDOFFs
TWO TYPES OF HANDOFFs ARE USED
:
HARD HANDOFF
SOFT HANDOFF

HARD HANDOFF
IT IS A BREAK BEFORE MAKE
PROCESS
CURRENT RESOURCES ARE RELEASED
BEFORE NEW RESOURCES ARE USED
PRIMARILY USED IN TDMA / FDMA
NETWORKS
THE BREAK IS SHORT ENOUGH TO BE
NOTICED BY THE USER

SOFT HANDOFF
IT IS A MAKE BEFORE BREAK PROCESS
CONNECTION WITH THE TARGET BASE
STATION IS MADE BEFORE THE CONNECTION
WITH THE EXISTING BASE STATION IS
BROKEN
COMMONLY USED IN CDMA NETWORKS
THE SOFT HANDOFF GIVES MORE RELIABLE
CONTINUITY WITH LESS CHANCES OF CALL
TERMINATION THAN THAT IN HARD
HANDOFF

FURTHER CLASSIFICATION OF
HANDOFFs
NETWORK CONTROLLED HANDOFF
NETWORK MAKES THE HANDOFF DECISION

MOBILE ASSISTED HANDOFF

MOBILE MEASURES THE SIGNAL
STRENGTH, BUT NETWORK MAKES THE
DECISION OF HANDOFF

MOBILE CONTROLLED HANDOFF

MOBILE IS IN COMPLETE CONTROL OF THE
HANDOFF PROCESS

MOBILE TO LANDLINE CALL

MOBILE TO LANDLINE CALL

PRE-ORIGINATION DIALING : WHEN SUBSCRIBER DIALS A
NUMBER, THE DIALED DIGITS ARE NOT TRANSMITTED, BUT ARE
STORED IN TH MOBILE MEMORY
THE CALL PROCESS STARTS WHEN THE USER PRESSES SEND KEY
THE MOBILE SCANS ALL THE DEDICATED CONTROL CHANNELS
AND LOCKS ONTO THE STRONGEST CHANNEL. ( CONTROL,
PAGING, AND ACCESS FUNCTIONS ARE ON THE SAME CHANNEL)
WHEN THE REVERSE CONTROL CHANNEL (RECC) IS AVAILABLE,
THE MOBILE TRANSMITS A SERVICE REQUEST ON THE RECC
(CONSISTING OF DIALED DIGITS, ESN AND MIN) TO THE CELL
SITE
CELL SITE FORWARDS THE REQUEST TO MSC
MSC VALIDATES THE DATA (DIALED DIGITS, ESN AND MIN) AND
ROUTES HE CALL TO PSTN

MOBILE TO LANDLINE CALL

(CONTD.)
THE CELL SITE SELECTS AN IDLE VOICE CHANNEL AND TRANSMITS
AN IVCDM (INITIAL VOICE CHANNEL DESIGNATION MESSAGE) TO
THE MOBILE ON FORWARD CONTROL CHANNEL (FOCC)
IVCDM CONTAINS THE VOICE CHANNEL NUMBER, THE
SUPERVISORY AUDIO TONE (SAT) AND THE VOICE CHANNEL
MOBILE AUTHENTICATION CODE (VMAC)
SAT IS SNT ON THE ASSIGNED VOICE CHANNEL (FOVC)
MOBILE RECEIVES THE VOICE CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT, TUNES TO
IT AND TRANSPONDS THE SAT ON REVERSE CONTROL CHANNEL
REVC
IF SAT IS LOST FOR 5 SECONDS OR MORE, THE CALL IS DROPPED
WHEN THE CELL SITE RECEIVES THE SAT ON REVC, BOTH AUDIO
PATHS ARE ENABLED AND MOBILE USER HEARS RINGBACK FROM
PSTN
WHEN THE CALLED PARTY ANSWERS, THE CONVERSATION BEGINS
BLANK AND DATA BURST SIGNALLING IS USED TO TRANSMIT
CONTROL INFORMATION TO THE MOBILE DURING THE CALL

LANDLINE TO MOBILE CALL

LANDLINE TO MOBILE CALL

LANDLINE PARTY DIALS THE MOBILE NUMBER
PSTN DETERMINES THAT THE CALL IS TO A MOBILE AND
ROUTES THE CALL TO MSC
MSC PERFORMS VALIDATION OF DIALED DIGITS
A PAGE MESSAGE IS SENT FROM MSC TO THE CELL SITE ON
FORWARD CONTROL CHANNLE (FOCC)
WHEN THE MOBILE SEES THE PAGE MESSAGE ON FOCC, IT
RESCANS THE CONTROL CHANNELS AND LOCKS ON THE
STRONGEST ONE
MOBILE TRANSMITS A PAGE RESPONSE MESSAGE ON THE
REVERSE CONTROL CHANNEL (RECC)
CELL SITE RECEIVES THE PAGE RESPONSE AND SELECTS
AN IDLE VOICE CHANNEL

LANDLINE TO MOBILE CALL

(CONTD.)
CELL SITE TRANSMITS ON THE FORWARD CONTROL
CHANNEL (FOCC) AN IVCDM AND SAT ON FORWARD
VOICE CHANNEL (FOVC) TO MOBILE
MOBILE RECEIVES IVCDM ON FOCC, TUNES TO THE
ASSIGNED VOICE CHANNEL AND TRANSPONDS SAT ON
REVERSE VOICE CHANNEL (REVC)
CELL SITE TRANSMITS AN ALERT ON FOVC TO THE
MOBILE ASKING THE MOBILE TO RING
MOBILE STARTS RINGING AND TRNSMITS SIGNAL TONE
ST CONTINUOUSLY UNTIL THE CALL IS ANSWERED
LOSS OF ST INDICATES THAT THE CALL HAS BEEN
ANSWERED
MSC NOW CONNECTS THE LANDLINE PARTY TO THE
MOBILE AND CONVERSATION BEGINS

MOBILE TO MOBILE CALL

THE ORIGINATING MOBILE INITIATES THE CALL
CELL SITE RECEIVES THE DESTINATION MOBILE
NUMBER AND ORIGINATING MOBILES ID ON REVERSE
CONTROL CHANNEL (RECC) AND FORWARDS IT TO MSC
MSC SENDS A PAGING SIGNAL TO ALL CELL SITES TO
LOCATE THE DESTINATION MOBILE
ONCE LOCATED, THE DESTINATION CELL SITE SENDS A
PAGING SIGNAL TO THE DESTINATION MOBILE TO
DETERMINE IF IT IS ON
AFTER RECEIVING A POSITIVE RESPONSE FROM THE
DESTINATION MOBILE,VOICE CHANNELS ARE ASSIGNED
TO BOTH ORIGINATING AND DESTINATION MOBILES

MOBILE TO MOBILE CALL

(CONTD.)
CALL PROGRESS TONES ARE APPLIED IN BOTH THE
DIRECTONS ( RING AND RINGBACK)
WHEN THE STSTEM RECEIVES ANSWER FROM THE
DESTINATION MOBILE, CALL PROGRESS TONES ARE
TERMINATED AND CONVERSATION BEGINS
IF THE SYSTEM FINDS THAT
ALL VOICE CHANNELS ARE ALLOCATED
SENDS RETRY SIGNAL
DESTINATION MOBILE IS ON A CALL
SENDS BUSY SIGNAL
DESTINATION MOBILE NUMBER IS INVALID
SENDS CALL CAN NOT BE PROCESSED SIGNAL