NATURAL SCIENCES

2ND of ESO

UNIT 12

MATTER &
ENERGY

WHAT IS MATTER?

The tomatoes have mass, they

weight.

The stone occupies a volume, a space.

PROPERTIES OF MATTER

MATERIAL SYSTEMS &

MATERIAL BODIES
We call a MATERIAL BODY to
any form of matter which has
its own defined limits.

A MATERIAL SYSTEM is any

form of matter without a
defined body or a precise
morphology, due to its
extension or nature.

COMPOUNDS & ELEMENTS

Most of the known substances are a mixture of others wich we call
pure substances.

A PURE SUBSTANCE is a sample of matter with both definite

and constant COMPOSITION with distinct CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES.
There are two types of pure substances:

A)

Elements: Elements are substances that cannot be

B)

Compound: Compounds are substances that can be

separated into simpler substances.

separated into simpler substances, or elements.

ATOMS & MOLECULES

All matter is formed by really small units called ATOMS.

An ATOM is the smallest unit of an element that mantains its

characteristic properties.
Usually, atoms are not isolated. They join together to form
MOLECULES: the union of several atoms.

Molecules can be formed by the same

type of atoms.

Or they can be formed by different

types of atoms.

MEASSUREMENTS:
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM

MEASSUREMENTS:
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM (2)

MASS & VOLUME

DENSITY

Density is an INTENSIVE PROPERTY: it doesn't depend on the

amount of matter.

WHAT IS ENERGY?
ENERGY is the ability of a system or a body to produce a
change or an effect.
Energy can be measured. In the INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM,
the offcial unit of measure for energy is the Joule (J), but there
are others:
UNITY
JOULE
CALORIE
KILOWATT HOUR

SYMBOL
J
cal
kWh

EQUIVALENCE
Offical unit
1 cal = 4,19 J
1 kWh = 3600000 J

CHARACTERISTICS OF ENERGY
1.

Can be STORED to use it

whenever suits us better. I.e.,
in batteries or capacitors.

2.

Can be TRANSPORTED form

one place to another through
a system. I.e. electric wires.

3.

Can be TRANSFORMED from

one type of energy into
another. I.e. electricity into
heat.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ENERGY (2)

4.

Can be TRANSFERRED from

one body or material system
to another.

5.

It CONSERVES: energy can't be created or destroyed. This is the

so called Energy Conservative Principle.

5.

It DEGRADES: everytime an energy is transferred, a little of

energy is lost to the environment.This is the so called Energy
Degradation Pirnciple.

TYPES OF ENERGY
MECHANICAL ENERGY: is the combination of two energies:

TYPES OF ENERGY (2)

MECHANICAL ENERGY
POTENTIAL ENERGY is the energy stored in a body due to
its position (height).

gravity (constant = 10 m/s2)

Ep = m . g .h = [J]
mass (kg)

height (m)

Potential energy is measured in Joules, like all energies.

TYPES OF ENERGY (3)

MECHANICAL ENERGY (2)
KINETIC ENERGY is the energy that a body has when it's
moving at a certain speed.

Ek = . m . (v) = [J]
mass (kg)

speed (m/s)

Kinetic energy is, again, measured in Joules.

TYPES OF ENERGY (4)

KINETIC ENERGY is the energy stored in the nuclei of
atoms.

TYPES OF ENERGY (5)