Dr. Charles P.

Baylis

Epistles

06.08.13

ROMANS

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A Paper
Presented to
Dr. Charles Baylis
Dallas Theological Seminary

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In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Course
BE 109 Ruth, Psalms, Jonah and Selected Epistles

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by
Richard T. Blackburn
December 2014
File #66

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INTRODUCTION
Authorship
Paul is the Author of the book as he identifies himself (1:1) He tells the reader that he has been sent
and called as one set apart for spreading the message of the Gospel. (1:1)
Date
The life and missionary journeys of Paul are well documented through the many different epistles that
he wrote to churches and friends throughout the course of His ministry the book of Romans was
written from Corinth during the winter of A.D. 56-57.1 The writing of Romans happened before Pauls
visit to Troas and Jerusalem where he was imprisoned in A.D.57 by the Jews.2 The dating of the
Epistle to Rome is also dated by the NASB text of the Bible sometime during A.D. 56 or 57.3
In my opinion the date of writing seems to have taken place sometime between A.D. 56 and A.D. 57,
as the majority of modern scholarship holds to this dating of the book of Galatians.
My reason for dating the book at this time period is not just because it has the most validation but
more for the fact that I trust the scholarship that is before me and their validation for dating of the text
during that time period. The ultimate factor in validating the time of writing for the book of Galatians
comes from the text itself as Paul gives a timeline for the events and that can be traced directly back
to specific events that have been dated and validated for many centuries.
Recipient
We know from the text that the letter is written to the believers that are in Rome. (1:7) According to Dr.
Tom Constable after that point not much is known about the founding Church in Rome.4 Most scholars
and historians arent really sure who founded the church in Rome or how exactly believers in Rome
had heard the Gospel and believed.5

Occasion
As with most of the Pauline epistle Paul will write his letter to both the Jewish and Roman believers in
Rome due to the dissention that has come about from non-believing Israel persecuting the Church.
The argument of the book is discussed the following pages of this project and pertains directly to the
issue of Paul not coming for fear that he is preaching a false gospel. (1-3)This argument stems directly
1 Thomas L. Constable. "Romans.Thomas Constable's Notes on the Bible. Fort Worth: Tyndale Seminary
Press, 2010. 1-3. Print.
2 Ibid
3 "Galatians." The new inductive study Bible (NASB). Updated Edition ed. Chattanooga : Harvest House
Publisher, 1995. 1892-1900. Print. (All scripture references taken from the NASB unless otherwise noted.)
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid. (For further information regarding the Roman Church see Thomas L. Constables notes listed above or
available at www. http://soniclight.com/constable/notes/pdf/romans.pdf

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from the opposition who believes that the Law plus faith is the reason that salvation and sanctification
can come through the upholding of the Law and by being a child of Abraham. (4-11)This is the
occasion for Pauls writing of the letter to the Church at Rome.
Contribution To The Biblical Narrative
The book of Romans plays an important part of the biblical story in that it continues to show the Psalm
2 Christ has come and died and been resurrected. The context of Romans goes all the way back to
Gen 3:15-16 and Gen 12:1-2 in which God made a covenant with Abraham to send a savior for the
world that would come through the seed of Abraham. The implementation of the Law to the nation of
Israel as a dispensation of God was to show the sin and transgression of man and their desperate
need for a Messiah to come to save them from the wrath of God. The seed described in Gen. 12:1-2
would bless the nation of Israel and the nations of the world allowing for all people that identify with
Christ to experience eternal life in the Kingdom of God. Christs death has given us the Holy Spirit so
that we can suffer well knowing that the return of Christ is coming and in that time we will be united
with Christ as sons and daughters of His kingdom. We are still in this age today waiting for Jesuss
second return and His implementation of His reign and rule over the earth as was promised in Genesis
12:1-2 and Psalm 2 and 110. The book shows the distinction between what a believer (Seed of the
Woman) and non-believer (Seed of Serpents) would look like and what their respective theology would
be based on. That theology being either of the coming of the Messiah denoted in the Old Testament or
it coming through keeping of the Old Testament Law and its acts of faith plus their righteous deeds in
order to achieve sanctification. Romans reaffirm the message of the Gospel as Paul gives his divinely
inspired knowledge to the Church in Rome as how the Law has been abolished and salvation comes
only through belief in Christ. Along with how believers should treat their weaker brothers as well as
non-believers and ways they should conduct their lives as to not turn back to the ways of the false
teachers, who believe good works plus faith are their saving grace. But instead the acceptance of
Jesus Christ through faith is your salvation and the imputed righteousness that will allow you to enter
the Kingdom upon the second coming of Christ.

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ARGUMENT OF THE BOOK

Synthetic Chart

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Main Problem
The main problem of the book is that Nation of Israel continues to tell the Gentile and Jewish believers
that Paul is not coming because he cannot defend his gospel as it is an errant gospel. Within that
issue is the issue of obedience to God is faith or obedience that accompanies faith is equal to works.
This is a problem as the Judaizers believe that faith plus the keeping of the Law is what earns
justification and sanctification in the Kingdom of God.
Main Solution (Message)
Paul writes the book to tell the believers in Rome that he is not ashamed of the Gospel that he is
teaching as it is that of Jesus Christ. That he is excited and longs to come to the believer as soon as
he possibly can. Paul also writes to tell them that the Law has been fulfilled by the coming of Jesus
Christ and the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ is what allows for the believer in Jesus Christ to
have hope of resurrection and sanctification due to the imputed righteousness that is given to them as
a free gift of God. That the keeping of the Law is not necessary for a person to earn sanctification as
the Law was introduced so that man would see their transgression and ultimately the need for a
Messiah to come and save them from the wrath of God that would be upon them due to their
transgressions and their sin of self-righteousness that was imputed on them from the beginning due to
the sin of Adam.

Definitions
1. Imputed Righteousness:
a. Believing in God and the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ on the cross to be
sufficient for eternal salvation.
2. Propitiatory Sacrifice:
a. The death of Jesus Christ on the cross so that His blood would be the final and
complete sacrifice for the sins of man for all time. So that those who believe in Jesus
Christ could have imputed righteousness.
3. New Heaven and New Earth:
a. After the 2nd Coming and the time in which everything is remade and all who have
believed in Jesus Christ will enter to live in the eternal peace of God.
4. Jews:
a. National Israel who does not believe in Jesus Christ as Messiah.
5. Jewish Believers:
a. They have faith in God but do not accept that not keeping the Law will give them
righteousness.
6. Gentile Believers:
a. Those who were outside of the nation of Israel in which have been grafted into the
Knowledge of Truth of the Messiah and now can believe and be saved from the wrath
of God due to imputed righteousness.
7. Knowledge of Truth:
a. The only really true knowledge comes not from the faculties of men but from God
himself through revelation and the reading of His word.
8. Holy Spirit:
a. Given to indwell those who believe in the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ and
His ability to save them from their transgressions due to their sin. The spirit gives them

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hope of the bodily resurrection that is to come for those who stay faithful to God and
believe in His Son Jesus Christ.
9. The Law:
a. Given to the nation of Israel in Leviticus and Deuteronomy so that they would see their
transgression against God and a way to relate to God before the coming of Messiah as
no man could keep the Law of God due to their sinful nature.
10. Imputed Sin:
a. Particularly used chapters five and six The Sin here is the sin of self-righteousness
that was imputed to all believers by Adam when he tried to become like God in Genesis
three.
11. Resurrection:
a. Resurrection of Christ:
i. Happens in the Gospels after Jesuss unjust crucifixion in which He shows that
He is the Messiah to Israel and the rest of the world as he has conquered death
as prophesized of Him.
b. Resurrection of Believers:
i. Happens after the righteous judgment of Jesus Christ in which the believer
receives a new body before entering in to the new Heaven and new Earth.
12. Slavery:
a. Slavery to the Law as they were legally tied to the Law and every act that was
performed came out as The Sin which is self-righteousness.
b. As Paul talks about slavery which is the type of slavery that unites you to the savior and
messiah Jesus Christ which is where believers have hope in salvation.
13. The Sin:
a. Is self-righteousness which was the sin of Adam.
14. Obedience:
a. Which is an obedience tied to the works and keeping of the Law. Or to an obedience of
faith which will cause a heart change that will make the believer want to show the love
of Christ, just as they have been shown by Christ.

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Interpretive Argument
I.

I long to see you. (1:1-16)

Discussion of Argument:
The argument begins with Paul referring back to the Old Testament and how it explains the
coming of Jesus Christ and His death and resurrection the validation that he was the King that
would be the Messiah. (1:1-4) Paul then refers to the Psalm 2 Christ who by resurrection and
according to the Holy Spirit is validated in his death and subsequent resurrection and because
of His resurrection the Apostle have received grace for trusting that Christ would reward their
faith at a later date. (1:5-6)The resurrection shows the fulfillment of the Old Testament
Prophecy and because of this we copy the faith of the Apostles. (1:7-12) Finally it is mentioned
that Paul has been prevented from coming to them not because he is ashamed of the Gospel
that he has been preaching as said by his opposition but instead he is eager to preach the
Gospel he has been given because this is the message of God to both the Jew and then the
Gentile. (1:13-16)
Specifically how this solves the problem:
This opening section directly attacks the beliefs of the antagonist in this story as they have
been saying that Paul is under the wrath of God because of his suffering. But Paul counters
that accusation by saying that he is not ashamed of the Gospel he is teaching because it is the
Gospel of the one true Savior and King Jesus Christ. Who through His death and resurrection
has shown prophecy about Him to be true. In that he has the power to save un-believing Israel
as well as the Gentiles.

II.

The Law convicts and makes man aware of his transgressions. (1:17-3:20)
Discussion of Argument:
The Law was given so that all men would know their sin and their need for a savior to save
them from the wrath of God. (1:17-20) But instead man has exchanged the things that God has
given them and has exchanged them for a lie quickly approving those and supporting those
who reject the truth of God. (1:21-32) Due to the stubborn and un-repentant heart of the Jews
and Gentiles God will judge them based on their indignation and turning away from Him. (2:511) There is no partiality with God whether you are Jew or Gentile for the Jew who holds to the
Law must uphold the entire law, while the Gentile believes they have created a law
themselves, with the law that they have created judging them based on their hearts and minds.
The issue is circumcision of the heart not any works or righteousness earned by the Jew or
Gentile. (2:17-29) There is no benefit to keeping the Law and circumcision as obedience is by
faith and the faithfulness of God is always going to stay true. (3:1-6) Paul then asks why they
persecute him and tell others that he says to keep on doing evil so that good may come. He
then says that their condemnation will be just as both Jew and Gentile are under sin and
everyone who believes their righteousness is found in upholding the law is really only coming
to the realization of how sinful they are. (3:7-20)

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Specifically how this solves the problem:

This is a solution to the problem as Paul tells all readers that they are all sinful that no one can
hold to the 100% righteous standard that is held by God in order to keep the law perfectly. In
doing so Paul does not abolish the law but says that the law was introduced so that man would
know his sin and the need for a savior. In doing so this speaks to the Messiah (Jesus Christ)
that has come to save them from the wrath of God that would be put on them regardless if they
were Jew or Gentile because they have disobeyed God. The Jews argue that it is a birthright of
theirs to be in the kingdom of God but Paul says this is irrelevant as even the Gentile could
keep the law because they had the circumcision of the heart through Jesus Christ to save them
from the wrath of God and the Jew didnt.
A. All know God but they go after their self-pleasuring desires. (1:17-32)
Discussion of Content:
This section argues through the fact that God has given this earth to be general
revelation to all people. In saying this it is implied that the righteousness of God and the
wrath of God is against anyone in opposition to God.(1:17-19) In giving His general
revelation to the world God shows us the order of creation and how everything has
been made for a purpose and that is what God has intended it for.(1:20) After this we
see sinful mans theology as they have exchanged the truth and wisdom of God and
has gone after their own desires and suffering the consequence as they give hearty
approval to those who are without understanding of the truth as God has given them
over to their sinful and lustful desires they have gone against God and rejected the
image of God that was created for its intended purpose to be the image of God
subduing and ruling over the earth through His righteous character. A theme that runs
through the book is presented last as the people continue in their objection of the image
of God and they approve the actions of others in their sin. (1:21-32)
B. Righteous Judgment of God based on Circumcision of the Heart. (2:1-29)
Discussion of Content:
Because of the revelation of God there is neither Jew nor Gentile that can escape from
the righteous judgment of God. (1:1-4) Due to the stubborn and un-repentant heart of
the Jews and Gentiles God will judge them based on their indignation and turning away
from Him. (2:5-11) There is no partiality with God whether you are Jew or Gentile for the
Jew who holds to the Law must uphold the entire law, while the Gentile believes they
have created a law themselves, with the law that they have created judging them based
on their hearts and minds. What the Jews dont understand is that they will not be
saved because of birthright as even the Gentiles can uphold the Law. (2:12-16) If you
are a Jew you cannot rely on the Law you need to accept Jesus as savior being faithful
to teach to the unbelieving, not saying one thing and doing the other as the
circumcision becomes un-circumcision if do not fulfill the whole law. The issue is
circumcision of the heart not any works or righteousness earned by the Jew or Gentile.
(2:17-29) The Jew is guilty because he didnt keep the Law showing that he had a
depraved mind as they dont represent the character of God.

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C. Why do you persecute me? (3:1-20)

Discussion of Content:
There is no benefit to keeping the Law and circumcision as obedience is by faith and
the faithfulness of God is always going to stay true. (3:1-6) Paul then asks why they
persecute him and tell others that he says to keep on doing evil so that good may
come. He then says that their condemnation will be just as both Jew and Gentile are
under sin and everyone who believes their righteousness is found in upholding the law
is really only coming to the realization of how sinful they are. (3:7-20)
II. The law is not salvation as salvation comes through faith and saves the believer from the
wrath of God. (3:21-5:11)
Discussion of Argument:
There is no distinction between Jew and Gentile and they are all held to the 100%
righteousness of God until Jesus Christ came and imputed righteousness to the
believer that has faith in God. (3:21-30) In the Old Testament Abraham believed and his
salvation was credited to him as righteousness just as it is now says Paul,
righteousness does not come through the Law but by Faith. (3:31-45)The death and
resurrection of Jesus Christ gives hope to all who believe, saving them from the wrath
of God. (5:1-11)
Specifically how this solves the problem:
This section furthers the argument as Paul reaffirms the need for a savior of both Jew
and Gentile as all will fall short of the 100% righteousness God incurring His wrath. This
has been the same all the way back in the times of the Old Testament and Abraham.
The death and resurrection of Jesus Christ was proof that Christ gives hope of
salvation and righteousness to all who believe saving them from the wrath of God.

A. The law does not justify you. (3:21-30)

Discussion of Content:
This continues the argument from the previous section as righteousness came in
Christ (3:21) and God makes no distinction between Jew or Gentile and all people
have fallen short of keeping the Law as the law would require 100% performance to
make a person justified to keep the Law as means of righteousness. (3:22-24) God
sent Jesus Christ to die on the Roman cross to become propitiation for all mankind,
as this was no surprise as the Law always anticipated the coming of Christ. (3:2527)
The argument then goes to the Gospel message and sanctification by belief in
Jesus Christ as God is the God of both Gentile and Jew. The law has not gone

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away; it has simply been fulfilled in the coming of Christ and His death and
resurrection on the cross. (3:28-30)
B. O.T. and N.T. state Salvation/Sanctification is by Faith (3:31-4:25)
Discussion of Content:
The argument use the Old Testament and the father of all the nations Abraham to
explain that it was not by Abrahams works that he earned righteousness but it was
by his belief and trust in God. (3:31-12) All that was promised to Abraham was not
through the Law but it was through faith, faith in God was brought in so that both
Jew and Gentile could be saved that it wasnt just by DNA but it was by faith in
Jesus Christ. (3:13-17) Abraham believed even though he had no idea how God
would use this situation. (3:18) He believed as he knew that faith in God was
enough. (3:19-22) Just like Abraham both Jew and Gentile can be credited with
righteousness if they will believe in the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ and
through that death we are justified in Christ as he has removed our transgressions
against God. (3:23-25)
C. Jesus saves us from the wrath of God. (5:1-11)
Discussion of Content:
The death and resurrection of Jesus Christ gives us peace and assurance to suffer
through various tribulations and trials because of the hope of resurrection that we
have in Christ. (5:1-4) In that hope we know that God does not disappoint as the
Spirit of God has been given to all who believe as God died for us in our helpless
state, God sent His Son to die for us. (5:5-8) Since He did this we know we have
justification in Christ and we are saved from His wrath because of Jesus. (5:9-11)
III.

The Biblical Story (5:128:39)

Discussion of the Argument:
The argument in this section talks about the origins of sin and the solution from God in the sending of
His Son Jesus Christ as the propitiatory sacrifice. (5:12-21) In doing so the believer is not to subject the
body to sin (6:1-7:6) as the Law was placed to show the sinfulness of man and the need for a savior.
(7:6-25) In doing so those who believe in Jesus Christ will accrue righteousness and ultimately in the
hope that they have in Messiah be resurrected into the new Heaven and new Earth. (8:1-39)
Specifically how this solves the problem:
God gave Adam death from his committing of the original sin of self-righteousness. However God didnt
condemn Adam immediately. The sin of Adam is imputed to every man and woman at the moment of
their conception. This goes to solving the problem as Paul is being persecuted by the Jews for
abolishing the Law. By abolishing the Law Paul is getting rid of any means of Salvation or chance for
righteousness for the Jew. Paul however says that he is not getting rid of the Law but that Jesus Christ
has come to fulfill the Law. The Gospel that Paul is teaching is that God sent Jesus Christ to pay the
ultimate price through death on the cross so that salvation was through faith just as it has always been

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and not through the righteous acts of man. Finally for those who put their hope and trust in Jesus Christ
they will be resurrected with Jesus entering the new Heavens and new Earth at the appropriate time.
This section says that you cant sin enough to get outside of Gods love. The grace that is given by God
to those who believe is incomprehensible this grace should give a since of confidence to the believer as
there is nothing a person can do to separate them from the love of God. Leaving the believer in a state
where it is obedience to faith and not obedience to the Law that saves you.
A.

Origin of Sin and its Solution. (5:12-21)

Discussion of Content:
Through Adam sin enters the world. On the day that Adam committed the original sin he died a
death that would be executed later. When Adam died all men and women died from that point on
as sin was imputed to the believer. Adam was to be the father of all the nations. Adam was to
represent God as King of the Earth in that he would subdue the earth and rule and rein it taking
on the image of God. The Law was introduced to judge the Adamic self and says judicially all
receive death. The Law multiplied sin as it relates to the character of man to the character of
God. As the sin of Adam was self-righteousness, whereas righteousness can only come from
God, our self-righteousness does not come from God but our definition of goodness which is not
Gods. In this case Paul is not talking about horrendous nasty sin but he is telling the Jews that
their keeping of the Law which is inherently good is a sin of self-righteousness and the same sin
that Adam committed. In knowing that sin was imputed we know that we were dead before our
birth and in need of a savior. Out of an act of obedience to God and through one act of ultimate
righteousness Jesus died for the sins of all. Jesus didnt have to do this but he knew the effect
that his action would have on the salvation of the creation of God. (5:13-19) The Law is
introduced into the world as a means to show man just how sinful they really are and how much
they need a savior, who would come in the form of Jesus Christ the Son of God. The singular sin
of Adam a sin of self-righteousness was imputed just as the grace from the ultimate righteous
act of Christ is imputed to all who believe in Him. The Law judged Adam as dead but it was an
act of grace that saved him. Once you have the grace of God through belief in the death and
resurrection of Jesus Christ there is nothing you can do to get out from under grace. (5:20:21)

B.

Dont subject body to sin. (6:17:6)

Discussion of Content:
The verb here in this text is continue, which would mean that they would continue in their sin
which wasnt inheritably bad. The sin here again is The Sin which is the sin of selfrighteousness. The antagonist will ask if they can continue to hold the Law and work their way to
God. By dying to The sin they have died to self-righteousness, so how can they keep earning
righteousness. Christ has come and given them all that they need to be saved and be righteous
in the eyes of God. So Paul argues then why would you still think that you can earn your
righteousness. As a believer you have participated with Him in death, when Christ was raised
you are raised to walk in the newness of life that Christs death has brought you. Christs rising
from the dead guarantees that you have a new self and baptism (not a water baptism) but in
terms of your identifying with Christ in His death gives the believer new life. However the
believers resurrection is delayed as it will come upon the second return of Christ and before
entering the New Heaven and New Earth. (6:1-5) the sin is then reiterated as in chapter five
where sin had reigned. Jesus came in order that you would no longer have to strive to keep the
Law and to walk in imputed righteousness, not self-righteousness. In that the believer is freed
from any performance of self-righteous acts. (6:6-7) The death that Jesus died he died once and
for all the sins of every human ever to live and those who had already died and for those who
believe know that they will live with Him. In dying Jesus died for all of your good stuff as well as
any act of righteousness are sin. As it is not the righteousness of God but of the selfrighteousness of man. (6:8-11) This body that is presently alive will die and pass away so while
you live in it do not keep on obey the lust of the flesh but use it for righteousness that only

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comes from God as you are not under the law but under grace. Now that you are under grace
dont go back as you are not under the Law anymore. (6:12-14) The antagonist continues to
argue for self-righteousness as Paul replies that all have the choice whether to be obedient to
the Law or to faith. As they can be enslaved to the Law or to grace, with one side ending in
death and the other ending in the grace of God. (6:15-19) All the self-righteous acts you had in
slavery to The Sin was causing your death, but now everything you do in obedience to grace
is leading to sanctification which is eternal life. (6:20-23) Christ has come to die and save you
from the adulteress relationship you are in with sin against God. While the Jews have followed
the Law they are saying and doing things that are causing them death, but the new Spirit
brought by God through Jesus Christ allows for life not according to the letter of the law. The
Jew then relies on the grace of God through imputed righteousness in Christ to save them. The
point still being made here is that all works lead to self-righteousness which ultimately equals
death. (7:1-6)
C.

The Law shows sin and need for a savior (7:6-25)

Discussion of Content:
The law is not being abolished we need the law as a means to know our sin and without the law
there is no sin. Paul was a Jew who followed the Law and he died with the introduction of the
Law because of the sin within him. The Law is from God so by its nature it is good and the sin
that is within Paul is what has killed him. (7:6-13)The sinful nature is in all of us and even when
we think we are doing good and upholding the Law you are not. (7:14-20) Even though Paul
wants to do right in his mind and understand the goodness of the Law of God his flesh desires
for him to be found in sin and death. Thankfully God has sent His Son Jesus Christ to take that
sin and pay for it through death for those who believe as we know what we are supposed to do
but dont always do it. (7:21-25)

D.

Nothing can separate the believer from God. (8:1-39)

Discussion of Content:
For those who are followers of Jesus there is no condemnation from God because God sent his
son in the likeness of the sinful flesh to become the offering for sin so that those who walk
according to the Spirit (as the Spirit reveals) will please God and those who honor the flesh
cannot even keep the Law of God. This is important especially with the audience as National
Israel doesnt walk by the Spirit as they are trying to keep the Law. (8:1-8) If the Spirit of God
dwells in you then God will give life to those who believe in the same way that he gave life to
Christ. (8:9-11) The believer is to put to death the deeds of the body so that they may live and
know through the Apostles that as a child of God the Spirit guides and testifies that the believer
is a child of God and fellow heirs of Christ to share in His suffering so that the believer will be
glorified with Him. The believer that is being led by the Spirit is equivalent to being led and
listening to Paul as he is an Apostle of God. (8:12-17) The believer and the rest of creation then
wait with hope for the return of Jesus Christ to restore them and place them in the New Heaven
and New Earth. (8:18-25) The Spirit intercedes for the believer according to the will of God,
bridging the gap between the weakness of our flesh (character) and the righteous character of
God. (8:26-27) God has called all believers for a purpose and that purpose is for the redemption
of the body. (8:28-30) For this reason there should be no fear amongst the believers as there is
no person, being, or sin that can separate the believer from the love and grace of God through
His Son Jesus Christ who has been the propitiatory sacrifice for all mankinds sins past and
present for those who believe. (8:31-39)

IV.

Dont become arrogant as God is faithful to both Jew and Gentile in their disobedience. 9:1
11:36
Discussion of Content

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The argument now switches to specifically talk about the nation of Israel and their disobedience
to the promises of God because they believe they are children of God just because of their
birthright. (9:1-33) God has given Israel their chance to fulfill their duty to take the message of
the Messiah from God to the Gentiles but Israel has rejected God and His Son providing the
opportunity for the Gospel to go to the Gentiles through the Apostles. (10:1-21)The warning to
the Gentiles is then issued as it is only by the transgressions of the Jews that the Gentiles have
had the opportunity to believe in Faith. God is just and will be faithful to keep His covenant with
Israel as they will once again be brought back into knowledge of God at the proper time. (11:136)

Specifically How This Solves the Problem

This section specifically solves the problem of the book as the Gentiles are beginning to become
arrogant towards non-believing Israel because they are not able to come to salvation. The
argument then explains why the nation of Israel has been blinded to the message of Messiah
because of their disobedience towards God. Even though they have been disobedient God will
show them mercy just as He has shown the Gentile mercy in that one day He will bring Israel
back into the Knowledge of God and the fullness of mercy that is provided through the imputed
righteousness of Jesus Christ.
A.

Israel is not saved by birthright (9:1-33)

Discussion of Content
The nation of Israel is under the wrath of God for their disobedience. Since they are under wrath
God has blinded them to the truth of God in that they cannot see the Messiah or know the
Gospel. They continue to persecute Paul and his message of the Gospel by telling believers and
non-believers that Paul is a liar and has removed the Law condemning all who get salvation
through the Law (by works). This is all stemming from Gods original plan to send the message
of the Messiah through Israel to the nations. However in Israel rejecting the message of Messiah
God is now using the Apostles (Jews) to take the message of Messiah to the Gentiles and not to
Jews as they have rejected it. For this reason Paul is willing to give up everything and to be
separated from the imputed righteousness of Christ in order that his fellow Israelite would come
to the knowledge of Jesus Christ accepting Him as Lord and savior and leaving behind the sin of
self-righteousness. He wants this for them as they have become arrogant in thinking that since
they are Jews that they have some type of favor in the sight of God, but God is saying that you
have to believe in His Son in order to enter the Kingdom. That by Jesus Christ coming to earth
to be killed and then to resurrect himself has already paid for their sins. What the Israelites and
people in general forget is that God is in control and that everyone is under His submission
whether we choose to recognize it or not. (9:1-5) The choice of salvation is up to God it is not by
the doing of man to earn his self-righteousness but the salvation is through God and by God
only and it doesnt matter if you are of national Israel or not. We as finite beings cannot
understand an infinite God. God saves who He desires to save and that is His sovereign and
perfect choice. (9:6-19) Man is sinful and deserved the wrath of God so why do you (Israel)
question His righteousness and goodness in saving you. God did this to show off just how much
He would bless the ones that he has predestined as both Jew and Gentile are being saved. Just
because you are a Jew and a descendant of Abraham doesnt mean you will be a child of God it
is only the believing remnant that will be saved. The Gentiles are coming to righteousness by
faith in Jesus Christ not by any of their own pursuit of righteousness. Jesus came to save you
from your works and give you imputed righteousness as you cannot attain the Law. But you
Jews dont see and you have stumbled over the Messiah that has been sent to save you.
Righteousness is earned by faith in Jesus Christ not you faith plus works. (9:19-33)

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B.

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Israel has had their chance. (10:1-21)

Discussion of Content
Pauls hope for the Jew is that they stop believing it is their self-earned righteousness that will
save them. (10:1-2) Since they dont understand that the righteousness of God through
imputation is what saves them they believe that their works and earning righteousness is what
will save them. (10:3-4) There is no act that you can do that will earn you righteousness as the
Jew believes that they can someone earn their righteousness. But the coming of the Messiah
Jesus Christ puts an end to striving to earn righteousness through the Law as imperfect man will
never be able to uphold the perfect and righteous law of God. In contrast Jesus coming allow for
faith to be in belief in Jesus Christ and the (Jew or Greek) one who calls on the name of the
Lord will be saved. (10:4-13) It is then questioned by Paul that there is no way that Israel has
heard; maybe they just havent had the opportunity to the message of the Messiah. He then say
that they have had several opportunities not only to hear the message but have directly
disobeyed the message and have dishonored God by not fulfilling their role in taking the
message of the Messiah to the Gentiles. God has been faithful to reveal Himself to the nation of
Israel and time and time again they have rejected not only God but the one who was sent to
save them from the sin of self-righteousness through failing to uphold the whole law. (10:15-21)

C.

God is Faithful (11:1-36)

Discussion of Content
The Lord has not rejected His people but has kept safe those who believe in Him as he tells the
prophet Elijah that there is a remnant that he has predestined to believe. (11:1-4) Those who are
the faithful remnant even to this day are the ones that He has predestined to grace and the rest
He has hardened so that they do not see the grace offered to them through righteousness by
faith. (11:5-10)Israel did not honor God with what He had given to them their transgressions
have given the opportunity for the Gospel to go to the Gentiles. However God is going to bring
them back and bless them just as He said He would referencing the days of the Abrahamic
Covenant. (11:11-12)The gentiles have been given the opportunity to believe and be saved
because of the stumbling of the Jews. (11:13-16) The Gentile believers are warned not to
become arrogant towards the Jews as the Jews are the foundation upon which the Gospel
message has spread from God and it is because of the Jews being cut off for a period that the
message of the Gospel has even come to the Gentiles. With this being the case the Gentiles
should fear all the more making fun of the Jews because they are the ones that have allowed
the gentile salvation. (11:17-21) God is going to bring back the Jews just as He has promised to
the nation through His covenant with them. The Messiah will come from Zion and take away
their sins at the proper time as the calling of God is irrevocable and just like the Gentiles in their
disobedience to God they to in their disobedience will be grafted back in if they choose to
believe. God is a God of mercy and He has shown His mercy even in our disobedience. God is
unfathomable, and no one can compare to Him as nothing you have can repay Him for his
giving you mercy and salvation through faith that comes only through belief in the Messiah, the
Son of God. (11:22-36)

V.

Conduct in the knowledge of Faith toward your Jewish brother. (12:115:13)

Discussion of Argument

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The argument now turns to explain how the believing gentile should conduct himself in
everyday matter turning from the sins of the flesh and live by faith in every aspect of life
respecting authority as that authority is from God. The mind has to understand imputed
righteousness, so that the Gentile or Jew doesnt think to highly of themselves. But
know that sound judgment comes from God to unify the body of believers under Christ.
(12:1-13:7) In this knowledge they should be careful not to judge and tear down their
weaker brother (Jew) who is still struggling with the idea of righteousness that is not
obtained through keeping the law but obtained by belief in the Messiah Jesus Christ.
The Gentile is to keep in mind that it was the stumbling of the Jew that has allowed
them to hear the Gospel and to keep that in mind as they love and respect their brother
(Jew) out of fear and reverence for the LORD. The believing Gentile is now living by the
power of the Holy Spirit and the knowledge of resurrection that they have from the
death and resurrection of Jesus Christ.
Specifically How this Solves the Problem
This section specifically solves the problem as it gives instruction on how the Gentiles
should live with this new hope and salvation that they have received. In living this way
they will love their neighbor and their brother in the way that they have been loved by
Christ. It speaks to how the Gentile is to honor their brother in not causing them to
stumble as they struggle through believing that it is not the keeping of the Law that
saves them but the unconditional surrender to Jesus and His imputed righteousness
that saves them. Finally Paul reminds the Gentile believer that they have the Holy Spirit
that fills them with joy and peace so that their hope, that is placed in the resurrected
savior will abound.
A.

Imperatives to on how to live and respect authority. (12:113:7)

Discussion of Argument
Since you have been given the mercy of God through imputed righteousness and the
forgiveness of sin live a life that is good and acceptable and perfect. (12:1-2) Use the
gifts that God has given you for the building up of the body knowing of the grace that
you have been given in using these gifts make sure to care for the lowly and do not
consider yourself to be wiser than you are. Love at all times and hate evil doing as you
devote yourself to one another, giving the other preference over yourself. Remember
those that persecute you will be repaid not by you with an evil act but through the
righteous justice and judgment of God. (12:3-21) Be in subjection to those in positions
of power as out of respect for God as He is the one that has place that person in power
over you. If you disrespect the one in power over you, you have dishonored God as he
has established that ruler over you. Use good behavior as to not fear the ruler. Give
what is owed to that ruler out of respect of God as nothing you have is yours. Israel has
been placed under the subjection of Rome due to their disobedience of God. (13:1-7)

B.

Live to honor your weaker brother. (13:815:13)

Discussion of Argument
In everything you do love your neighbor because of the love that you have been shown
by Christ coming and dying on the cross for your sins as the atonement and final
sacrifice and greatest act of love. In recognition of this gift you have been given realize

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that salvation is coming quickly so put on the armor that is Jesus Christ a make no
provision for the flesh in any way. (13:8-14)The gentiles are becoming arrogant towards
the Jews as the Jews have certain dietary restrictions stemming from their belief in
God. In that the freedom of the believer is limited by the brother as the weaker brother
(the Jew) is trying to hold on to the Law. As a believer in the fullness of God and the
Messiah you need to limit your freedom when it pertains to your brother because all will
give account before God. Honor your brother in not condemning Him in what he does
not eat or drink and do the same as he is the weaker believer. Do not do anything that
would cause Him to stumble as he is a creation of God just like you are. The faith which
you have should make you happy as you do not condemn yourself for what you eat.
But those who doubt do not doubt from faith but from their sin. (14:1-23) Edify your
brother because of the love you have been shown by Christ. Accept one another as you
have been accepted by Christ as He has come to honor God as servant both to the
Jew and Gentile. You especially as Gentiles should rejoice with the Jews in praising the
LORD because it is from the Jews disobedience that has allowed for you to hear the
Gospel. Let the hope of God fill you through the Holy Spirit so that you may exhibit joy
and peace from your belief. (15:1-13)

VI.

Im coming, stay strong in hope of Christ. (15:1416:27)

Discussion of Argument
This final section of the book goes to show that Paul genuinely wants to come to the
believers in Rome but is being held up by the disobedient in Judea. In that he asks that
the believers in Rome pray for Him that God would free him from his hindrances so that
he could go to Spain and Rome. Paul reminds the readers to honor those that honor
the Apostle and to be on guard against the enemy as the return of Jesus is eminent.
Specifically How this Solve the Problem
This section wraps up the argument against the Judaizers in saying that Paul was not
coming because he was ashamed of the Gospel he was preaching. Paul has argued
through why he is not coming and not promises that he will come as soon as he can
asking the believers to remain faithful to support those who support Paul and to
remember that they hope they have in the resurrection of Christ is all they need even
as they are being attacked by those who dont believe.
A.

I long to come to you, pray for me as I do. (15:14-33)

Discussion of Argument
Paul is claiming his apostolic authority in writing to the Gentiles telling them that
through Paul Christ is saving the Gentiles. Paul has taken the Gospel to places that
have not yet heard as to spread the message of the Messiah. For this reason he has
been prevented in coming to those in Rome; however Paul hopes to come to them on
his way to Spain. Finally he asks for them to bless the Apostle of God by praying for
him that he may be rescued from the disobedient in Judea.

B.

Honor those who honor the apostle and be on guard knowing that Jesuss return is
coming quickly. (16:1-27)

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Discussion of Argument
He then lists all of those who have honored the apostle of God and who are working to
spread the Gospel of Jesus Christ. Issuing a warning to be on guard for those who
cause dissention and hinder the Gospel, as those who hinder the Gospel are slaves to
their own sin as they deceive those not aware. Jesus is coming back soon to crush
Satan so stay faithful to the hope of resurrection that you have in Jesus Christ.

Application of Message
Historical Application
The Roman/ Jewish/ Gentile Believer will:
1. Obey the commands of God by not boasting in the law due to the imputed righteousness they
have been given from their belief in Jesus Christ. (8:12-13)
2. Love and sacrifice their selfish wants and desires for the betterment and advancement of their
brother. (15:2)
3. Turn away from trying to earn righteousness from the Law. (16:17-18)
4. Support and pray for Paul and those who are currently aiding Paul in the spread of the Gospel.
(15:30)
5. Submit to the governmental authority that has been placed in charge of them by God. (13:1)
6. Remember that they are all a part of the body of Christ and will not cause their weaker brother
to stumble (14:1-23)
7. Humble oneself for the sake of the body of Christ. (12:3) (13:9-10)
8. Love with sincerity and abhor what is evil. (12:9)
9. Not become arrogant. (14:1)
10. Know that their reward is coming later (5:21, 6:8)

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11. Know that salvation and righteousness comes through the circumcision of the heart. (2:29)
12. Know that God has given each believer certain gifts for the building up of the body. (12:4-8)
13. Love their neighbor as there self. (13:9)
14. Accept those who are weak in faith (14:1)
15. Will not judge one another but wait for the judgment of God. (14:10-13)
16. Know everything is from God. (14:14)
17. Admonish one another (15:14)
18. Bless the Apostle (15:32)
19. Greet those helping Paul (16:1-16)
20. Avoid those causing dissention because of unbelief. (16:17-18)
Contemporary Application (Present day)
The present day church (or individual) is to
1. Have a renewed faith and be encouraged by the Gospel of Jesus Christ.
2. Be faithful to know the Word of God and to teach it.
3. Know that persecution for their beliefs will come.
4. God is faithful
5. God is Just
6. The reward for faith is life in the new heaven and new earth with Jesus Christ as Savior and
King.
7. The nation of Israel will be grafted back in at the proper time.
8. Be aware of the fact that self-righteousness is the root of Sin.
9. Know that all are sinful and in need of a savior.
10. Live in a way that is subject of those in authority positions as they have been placed there by
God.
11. Live with the weaker believers in hopes that they will come to the knowledge of faith in Jesus
Christ.
12. Not cause another brother to stumble into sin.
13. Know the grace given by imputed righteousness through faith is sufficient to save all from
eternal separation from God.
14. Support the church and its teachers and leaders.
15. Respect one another as an heir to the throne of God.
Specific Implementation (Present day)
The present day church can implement the above application in several ways, some of them are:
1. Begin a group or organization that will serve meals to the homeless or partner with an
organization that will allow you to serve those around you. While doing so take the time to
share the Gospel with the people that you are serving.
2. Start a prayer group to pray for the pastors and elders of the church that they would be
focused on the teaching of the word of God and the study of the scriptures.
3. Start a prayer group in which each member of the group prays for the hearts of those in the
church that they would be bold to proclaim the Gospel and to the service of those around them.
4. Have a worship service for praise and thanksgiving for what the Lord is doing in the lives of
those in the church and for His goodness to make you an heir to His throne.
5. Have a group that will take the time to sit down with community leaders and find out what the
community needs and then begin to find ways that the church can meet those needs whatever
they may be.

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IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEM/SOLUTION

Problem/Solution Chart

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Characters (Who?)
Antagonist(s)
Physical Traits:
Jews (2:17-29, 7:1) National Israel (11:28)
Theological Positions:
Beliefs:
1. Believe they will be saved through their righteous works. (7:1)
2. Believe circumcision is necessary for salvation. (2:25-27)
3. Reward Now (1:24-31, 2:25-29)
4. Worship other Gods (1:23)
5. No Grace (6:14)
6. Dont submit to God (10:3)
Positions:
1. Human Wisdom: (1:22, 1:31, 1:28, 2:20, 10:2)
2. Law + Works (2:17-29, 6:14)
3. Pauls Gospel (11:13)
Reader(s)
Physical Traits:
Romans (1:15), Believers (1:7-8, 15:14) Saints (1:7) Brethren to Paul (1:13)
Theological Positions:
Beliefs:
1. Believers (1:7-8, 15:14)
2. Saints (1:7)
3. Brethren to Paul (1:13)
Positions:
1. O.T. (1:16, 3:10-18)
2. Wisdom of God (11:33-35)
3. Abrahamic Covenant (4)

Author(s)
Physical Traits:
Paul: Bond Servant, Apostle (1:1) Preacher (1:9) Minister (15:16) Priest (15:10)
Theological Positions:

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Beliefs:
1. Authority of God (13:1)
2. Prophecy in Old Testament (1:2-3, 15:21)
3. Old Testament (1:16-17, 3:4, 4:1, 3:10-18, 8:20-21, 9)
4. General Revelation (1:20)
5. Wisdom of God (1:25, 11:33-35)
6. Abrahamic Covenant (4, 11:27)
Positions:
1. Gospel of Jesus Christ (2:16)
2. Resurrection of Jesus Christ (1:4, 5:10, 6:9)
3. Holy Spirit (1:4)
4. Judgment of God (2:2, 2:5, 2:16, 14:11, 8:33-34)
5. 100% Righteousness if holding the law. (2:12)
6. Circumcision of the Heart (2:29)
7. Faithfulness of God (3:3, 11:2-13)
8. Righteousness of God (3:22)
9. Imputed Righteousness (3:22, 4:1-13, 5:9)
10. Righteousness by faith (4:10, 4:13, 10:1-10)
11. Justification by Faith (5:1, 5:9)
12. Jesus as Perfect Adam (5:14)
13. Reward Later (5:21, 6:8, 6:22-23, 8:23-25, 8:18)
14. Grace Abounds (6:14)
15. Eternal Life (6:23)
16. Holy Spirit (8:1-8, 8:9-11, 8:26-8:27)
17. Resurrection of Believers (8:23)
18. Faithful Remnant of Jewish Believers (9:27-29, 11:4-5)
19. Return of Israel (11:24)

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Problem (What?)
Problem Physical Activities
Antagonist Action Toward Reader
The Jewish antagonist looks to attack Paul making sure to restrict Paul in coming to the
Roman believers. They also want to deceive the believers in Rome as well as the gentiles in
Rome into believing that circumcision and devotion to keeping the law is necessary for
righteousness. (3:8, 1:8-15, 15:22, 16:18)
Readers Actions resulting from accepting errant theology (to Affected) (as applicable)
Self:
1. Become unrighteousness, wickedness, greed, evil, full of envy, murder, strife, deceit,
malice, gossips, slanders, haters of God, insolent, arrogant, boastful, inventors of evil,
disobedient to parents, without understanding, untrustworthy, unloving, unmerciful (1:2931)
2. Approve and condone sin. (1:32)
3. Obey the lust of sin. (6:12)
4. Use body for sin. (6:13)
5. Cling to Evil (12:9)
6. They will follow after pleasure. (13:13)
7. They will be haughty in mind (12:16)
8. Pay back others with evil.
9. Take their own revenge. (12:19)
10. Resist the ordinances of God. (13:2)
11. Disobey authority (13:3-7)
12. Break the ten commandments (13:9)
13. Allow the flesh to captivate them. (13:14)
Brothers:
1. They will elevate themselves over one another. (12:3)
2. They will have no unity within the body. (12:3)
3. They will become arrogant towards their weaker brother. (14:1)
4. They will pass judgment on their brothers. (14:13)
5. Live for their selfish desires and passions. (14:14-23)
6. Be wise based in their own minds. (12:16)
7. Pay back others with evil. (12:17)
Church:
1. Elevate self (12:13)
2. Use gifts to harm the church (12:4-8)
3. Disunity amongst the body. (12:3)
Author:
1. Question Absence (1:16)
2. Not honor the Apostle and bless him (15:32)
Antagonist:
1. Take vengeance (12:19)

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2. Try and keep the Law (8:9)

3. Continue to reject the gospel. (3:9-12) (10) (11)
4. Reject God (1:21)
5. Give hearty approval to sin. (1:32)
6. Be selfishly ambitious. (2:8)
7. Slander the Gospel of Paul. (3:8)
8. Believe their DNA and being a Jew is worthy of entry into Kingdom (4:16-19)
9. Continue to try and keep the Law. (6:1-2)
10. Keep faith in God plus the obedience to the Law. (6:16-23)
11. Believe they can earn justification. (8:1-2)
12. Be arrogant towards those not keeping the Law. (12:1-3)
Unsaved: (Govt.)
1. They will not submit to the government set by God to rule over them. (13:4)

Problem Theology
Source of Antagonists Theology
The Jewish teachers take their theology from human wisdom and the Old Testament law mixed
with circumcision of the flesh to form the basis for salvation and righteousness of God. (1:22,
1:31,10:2, 2:17-29, 6:14)
Content of Antagonists Theology
The Jewish teachers believe that their reward is here now on earth and that they should enjoy
life to the fullest now in this life. They believe this because they believe that the resurrection of
the believer has already happened. That salvation and sanctification comes from an obedience
to the Law and not through and obedience to faith.

Problem Summary Statement

The Jewish teachers look to restrict Paul from coming to those in Rome. Deluding the Roman
believers telling them that they need to hold the law and be circumcised in order to gain righteousness
and entry into heaven. The Jews want to hold both faith in God and their righteous works to earn
salvation. The Jews tell the believing Romans that Paul is not coming due to the fact that he is
teaching an errant gospel. As they believe salvation and sanctification comes from the obedience to
the Law and not an obedience of Faith.

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Solution (What?)
Physical Activities
Authors Action Toward Reader
Paul looks to minister to the Roman believer, by coming to them and urging them to not
become arrogant towards the Israelites and to trust in the promise they have in the resurrection
of Christ. Paul hopes that by coming to them that both will be strengthened as Paul will
continue on to Spain after his time in Rome. (1:4, 15:29-30, 10:1, 11:18)
Readers Actions resulting from accepting authors theology (and Affected) (as applicable)
Self:
1. Dont let sin reign in the body (6:12)
2.
Use body for righteousness (6:16-19)
3.
Dont be arrogant towards Israel (11:18)
4.
Dont become conceited (11:20)
5.
Present your bodies as a sacrifice to God (12:1)
6.
Dont conform to this world (12:2)
7.
Be transformed by renewing of the mind (12:2)
8.
Do what is good and acceptable and perfect (12:2)
9.
Dont be arrogant (12:3, 12:16)
10.
Abhor evil, cling to what is good (12:9)
11.
Serve the Lord diligently with feverous attitude. (12:11)
12.
Rejoice in hope (12:12)
13.
Persevere, devote yourself to prayer (12:12)
14.
Do not have a temper and do evil (12:16)
15.
Dont pay back with evil (12:17)
16.
Respect others (12:17)
17.
Never take revenge (12:19)
18.
Leave revenge to God (12:21)
19.
Overcome evil with good (12:21)
20.
Put on the Armor of Light (13:12)
21.
Dont get drunk, be in sexual promiscuity, making no provision for the flesh (13:13-14)
22.
Glorify God (15:9)
23.
Be wise in what is good (16:19)
24.
Be innocent of Evil (16:19)
Brothers:
1. Be devoted to one another in love (12:10)
2. Practice Hospitality (12:13)
3. Try to be at peace with others (12:18)
4. Love neighbor as self (13:9)
5. Dont be jealous (13:13)
6. Dont judge your brother (14:10)
7. Doesnt cause hurt to brothers regarding food. (14:16-17, 14:21)
8. Love and accept one another 15:7)
9. Dont cause brother to stumble (14:13)
10. Edify your brother (15:1)

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Church:
1.
Everybody has a function in the body of Christ (12:4-5)
2.
Use individual gifts to positively affect the body of Christ (12:6-8)
3.
Help the saints (12:13)
4.
Be of the same mind (12:15-16)
5.
Admonish one another (15:14)
6.
Receive Phoebe (16:1)
Author:
1. Support and pray for Paul (15:30)
2. Honor those he has sent to you and who help spread the gospel. (16)
Antagonist:
1.
Bless those who persecute you. (12:14)
2.
Dont curse them. (12:14)
3.
Feed, clothe and drink (12:20)
4.
Keep an eye on those who cause dissention, hindrances and turn away from them
(16:17)
Unsaved:
1.
Bless those who persecute you (12:14)
2.
Dont judge the unbelievers (14:1-3)
Theology
Source of Authors Theology
Paul takes his theology mostly from the Old Testament relying some on the Abrahamic
Covenant and Old Testament Prophecy. The other sources come from general revelation and
the wisdom of God. He takes His belief in the death and Resurrection of Christ because he
was a firsthand witness of both the death and resurrection of Christ.
Content of Authors Theology
Pauls trust is in the death and resurrection of Christ that his salvation is based on the
admonition of faith in Jesus Christ as a means of righteousness of God. That righteousness
has been given through the imputed righteousness of Christ. That the Holy Spirit indwells all of
those who believe helping them to do the works they are called to do. Paul believes that there
is a faithful remnant of Israel that remains even though the nation has turned away from God.

Solution Summary Statement

Paul writes to inform the Roman reader that their faith is based on the imputed righteousness of Christ
and in that they have the Holy Spirit that indwells the believer empowering them to do good works for
God. He writes to tell them that the nation of Israel is still the elect of God and will be brought back to
faith at an appointed time. That His Gospel is the Gospel of Jesus Christ that has been the faithful

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word of God prophesied and promised in the Old Testament. That it is an obedience of faith as slaves
to Jesus Christ and not obedience to the Law and being slaves to the law.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Galatians." The new inductive study Bible (NASB). Updated Edition ed. Chattanooga : Harvest House Publisher,
1995. 1892-1900. Print. (All scripture references taken from the NASB unless otherwise noted.)
Constable Thomas L. "Galatians ."Thomas Constable's Notes on the Bible. Fort Worth: Tyndale Seminary Press,
2010. 1-3. Print.