eukaryotes acquired mitochondria and chloroplasts via endosymbiosis

primary endosymbiosis composed of two events

first event: cell engulfs -proteobacterium forming the mitochondrion organelle
second event: cell then engulfs a cyanobacterium forming the chloroplast organelle
this cell gave rise to green algae, red algae and glaucophytes (freshwater unicellular algae)
secondary endosymbiosis: algae engulfed by a non-photosynthetic eukaryote cell
eukaryotes acquired photosynthesis multiple times by many endosymbiotic events
other evolutionary events also taking place at the same time causing diversification
DNA phylogenies determines difference in evolutionary relationships between these organisms
organisms get more sophisticated over time as they acquire more innovations e.g. multicellularity
multicellularity has advantages: cells can be built in three dimensions for greater specialisation
it is quite rare (only in red algae and land plants) compared to the ability to photosynthesise
stromalites are fossilised remains of filamentous bacterium that lived at interface of sea and land
innovations included: adhesion, cell signalling -> plasmodesmata -> bulk transport
oxygen levels were low for the majority of earths history (think graph)
the acquisiton of chloroplasts caused an increase in atmospheric O2
in general dramatic changes in climate change determine evolutionary events
as oxygen levels rose complex multicellularity developed firstly in the ocean, then on land
the appearance of the first land plants had major affects
-

massive reduction in atmospheric CO2

- subsequent fall in temperature (less greenhouse effect)

- triggered a terrestrial ecosystem and the evolution of terrestrial organisms
fossils show early land plants had stomata, a cuticle and sporangia (reproductive spores)
the change in temperature allowed these plants to have larger broader leaves (less water loss)
this caused an increase in atmospheric O2 allowing evolution of other organisms
angiosperms (flowering plants) formed a huge amount of new radiations compared to other types
this is explained because insects and animals existed at the same time and there were mutual
advantages of the interactions between these organisms and angiosperms (e.g. seed dispersal)