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Vascular Bundles
Vascular bundles are strands of tissue that carry
water and nutrients within the plant, consisting of
xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside,
separated by a layer of cambium.
epidermis
cortex
phloem
cambium
xylem
pith
Xylem
Xylem
The vessel is a dead structure.
Hollow space(lumen).
Wall is strengthened with
lignin.
Adaptations of xylem vessel to
transport water:
1. Continuous lumen with on
wall or protoplasm to hinder
passage
2. Lignified walls to prevent
collapse of the vessel.
Phloem
Conducts manufactured food (sucrose and
amino acid) from leaves to other parts of the
plant.
Mainly comprise of sieve tube elements and
companion cells
Phloem
Sieve tubes :
single row of elongated, thinwalled living cells.
Perforated sieve plates
separate the cells.
No nucleus, vacuole, thin layer
of cytoplasm
transport of food through these
cells through diffusion and
active transport
Phloem
Each sieve tube has a
companion cell to keep it
alive.
Each companion cell is
narrow, thin-walled with a
lot of cytoplasm and a
nucleus.
Companion cells assist
sieve tubes in the transport
of food.
By active transport
when water potential in the root hair is more
than that in soil solution
energy is needed
OSMOSIS ANIMATION
By active transport
when concentration of mineral salts in root
hair is more than that in soil solution.
energy is needed
most mineral salts are absorbed this way
Most mineral ions are actively transported into the root hairs.
Capillary action
Xylem vessels are narrow capillary tubes.
Transpiration pull
Strongest force that causes water to rise up to the leaves
of tall plants.
Result of evaporation of water from mesophyll cells.
Water molecules are attracted to one another, ensuring a
continuous stream of water in xylem.
Transpiration
The loss of water vapour from the leaves
via the stomata.
Describe how water vapour loss is related
to:
cell surfaces,
air spaces,
stomata
Demonstration
of transpiration
- potometer
moisture
Rapid transpiration
under windy conditions
moisture
Slow transpiration
in still air
Advantages of transpiration
Maintains a constant supply of mineral
ions to the leaves.
Brings water to the mesophyll cells for
photosynthesis.
Supplies water to cells for metabolic
processes & turgidity.
Helps cool the leaves.
Translocation of
sucrose in the phloem
Translocation is the
process whereby
sucrose, amino acids
and plant hormones are
transported from 1 part of
the plant (the source) to
another (the sink)
through phloem
Translocation
In the phloem, the direction of flow can be
multi-directional.
Sucrose passes through the sieve plates
between the adjacent sieve tube elements.
This is because translocation takes place
and travel via living cells (sieve tube
elements).
Aphid Experiment
Aphids are plant parasites that extract cell sap of
plants by piercing the phloem tissues with their
mouthpart
The body of the
aphid is snipped off
leaving the
mouthpart still
sticking to the stem
of the plant
The sap that flows
out through the
aphid mouthpart
contain sugar,
amino acids
Application of radioactive
tracers
Sucrose solution containing
radioactive carbon, C14 is
dropped onto the surface of a
leaf with its cuticle layer
removed.
The branch is left aside, dried
and check for radioactivity.
Results show radioactive
sucrose is distributed
throughout the plant.
But the flow of radioactive
sucrose is held in the bark
containing the phloem tissues
if the stem is ringed.