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Schedule
8:10-9:00 Questions
9:00-9:45 Test on Acids and Bases
9:45-12:00 Buffers and titration curves
Chapter 15 - Buffers
What do you know about buffers?
• What are they used for?
• Why are they important?
• Anything else?
A buffer is made of a weak acid/weak base
conjugate pair in solution
• HF/KF
• HNO2/NaNO2
• NH4Cl/NH3
• H2CO3/NaHCO3
• KHCO3/K2CO3
NOT HCl/KCl or HNO3/NaNO3
A buffer resists change in pH when acid or base
is added to the solution
WHY?
Major species in a buffer
HA + H2O ⇄ A¯ + H3O+
Kb K w 1x1014
1. HF and KF
2. CH3NH2 and CH3NH3Cl
3. NaOH and HCl
4. NaOH and HNO2
5. HCl and NH3
6. K2HPO4 and NaOH
7. K2HPO4 and HNO3
Calculation of buffer pH
What is the pH of a buffer made by mixing 0.10mol HF and
0.2mol NaF to 1000ml of water?
HF + H2O ⇄ F¯ + H3O+
I 0.1 0.2 0 (ignoring auto-ionization of water)
C -x +x +x
E 0.1-x 0.2-x x
Ka = 7.2x10-4
Make the usual approximations to get:
(0.2) x
Ka 7.2 104 Solving, x = [H3O+] = 3.6x10-4
0.1 pH = -log(3.6x10-4) = 3.4
[OCl ][ H 3O ]
Ka
[ HOCl ]
As before, the hydrogen ion concentration depends on the
ratio of base and acid:
[ HOCl ]
[ H 3O ] K a
[OCl ]
[ HOCl ]
[ H 3O ] K a
[OCl ]
This can be rearranged by taking the negative log of both
sides:
[ HOCl ]
log[ H 3O ] log K a log
[OCl ]
[OCl ]
pH pK a log
[ HOCl ]
Generalizing,
[base]
pH pK a log
[acid ]
[base]
pH pK a log
[acid ]
aka the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
[base x ][ H 3O ] [base][ H 3O ]
Ka
[acid x ] [acid ]
1. 2.6
2. 7.7
3. 12.8
4. 1.7
5. 6.7
6. 11.8
A small note about nomenclature.
HA + H2O ⇄ A¯ + H3O+
1. 10 ml of 1 M HCl
2. 25 ml of 1 M HCl
3. 40 ml of 1 M HCl
4. Lost I am
The number of moles of acid a buffer can absorb
is limited by the #moles of A¯
Of solution in
the beaker
(called analyte)
The terms
equivalence point
and end point
mean the same
thing.
[base]
pH pK a log
[acid ]
The endpoint of the titration is at 50 mL of added OH¯.
The midpoint is halfway, at 25 ml of added OH¯.
[base]
pH pK a log
[acid ]
Below is shown the titration of a weak base with HClO4.
For this buffer it shows how the pH changes with added
strong acid.
a. 0.10M b. 0.20M
c. 0.05M d. Lost!
What is buffering region here, in terms of mL HClO4 added?
• pKa values
• Species at 5ml
intervals
• pH of
amphoteric
salts
How to prepare a buffer
How to prepare a buffer
Suppose you wanted to make a pH 7.4 phosphate buffer
Given that pKa1 = 2.12, pKa2 = 7.21, and pKa3 =12.3, what
chemicals would you use from this list:
H3PO4, KH2PO4, K2HPO4, K3PO4
[HCO3¯]/[H2CO3] = 2.0
Example: Make a 0.15M pH 6.7 carbonate buffer.
[HCO3¯]/[H2CO3] = 2.0