Eannquake Engineering, Tenth Word Conference © 1292 Babema, Roterdam. ISBN 9054100605 Reinforcement detailing in RCC building frames PDayaratnam ITT Kanpur, India ABSTRACT: The importance of detailing of reinforcement in building frases to resist seienic forces need no emphasis, The ductility behaviour is ensured through proper reinforcenent detailing. The paper presents the pattern of flow of stress resultants and the mechanien of transfer of compressive and bond stresses at a typical bean-coluan joint. Transfer of forces through right angle bende causes secondary stri ‘A number of bar bending details to resist the primary and the secondary forces at joints is discussed. The feinforcement at Jointe is normally congested because of critical bending monente, laps of bare and closer spaced ties or atirrupe. An experimental Investigation wae carried out on L-bents with a number of bar bending details. Initiation, propagation and widening of the cracks for different detailing are Allustrated. ‘Recommendations to minimize the crack widths are suggested. by crushing of the concrete, though the final, failure ws tension cracks generated because of the transfer of ven wide diagonal ‘through 90 ut. ‘the forces degree have caused early failure in faulty detail. sections are simple element and invariably the sane theory ie Joints. ‘the bean face of a Joint, is designed as a bean while the column face in designed as a column. The bean and column faces of a Joint are separated by a rigid ‘continuum, The aseunption that a joint ke rigid, however trong the joint may be, ia probably an over simplification and it’ may be considered as a design convenience. In steel franes, the jointe re stiffened by additional fillets or stiffeners. A type of stiffened stool Joint 4e shown in fig. 1. Increase in atitiness of a joint by stiffeners may Provide adequate resistance against jcondary failure but at the sane tine the ductility will be affected. Hence one hae to aim at a trade off detween stiffness and ductility. theories extended to the design of Forces and cracking at ree joints Figure 2(a) illustrates major forces acting at a joint in which the axial force in the bean is neglected. The stress distribution on concrete and Fig 1 Stiffened steel frame joint. reinforcenent at the limit atate of collapse are llustrated in Fig. 2(b)- These stresses can be replaced by an ‘set of resultant compressive Indicated in Fig. 2(c). The reaultant forces are reversible to sone extent in case of selemic or wind load conditions. at @ corner joint the flow of stresses retult Anto an orthogonal set of forces as shown in Fig. 2(a), further a diagonal tension in the joint leading to a tension cracking ie developed as illustrated “in Fig. 2(e). The tensile force must equivalent and teneile forces 4325t cot (c) Resultant forces Fs ‘Kea My! fae (6) Possible tension cracking (2) Resolved forces Fig 2 Force mechanism at joint. be resisted == by _—reinforcenent. Invariably there 18 no reinforeenent Placed along the diagonals so the cracking gets widened. The tensile force cccurs between middie of one third @istance fron compression face. Experinental investigation A corner joint with different of detailing of reinforcenent is ae a specimen to study erack and strength characteristics. Two auch Adentical joints were grouped into a U frane. Figures 3 and 4 illustrate the reinforcenent detail chosen for the experimental investigation, The figures also give the crack pattern observod in each case. Te following conclusions are made fromthe Anventigation. chosen an 48328 Jddd dadd Fig 3 Test specimens and crack at failure. i rt Fig 4 Test specimens and cracks at failure. 1 the initiation of cracking was alvays at the corner on primary tension face of bean, even though the monent. was constant across ‘the length of the bean, corner to corner. Infact the bean is subjected. to tension and bending monent. 2, Zn all specimens, the cracks got initiated at the re-entrant corners and travelled close to the beanhes Oe ee a ee a) ese pte sds ® Fig 5 Conventional reinforcement detail, peng mees mes as0te 1 b Fig 6 Conventional reinforcement detail. face whith can be predicted easily. The cracks were initiated at about 60 to 70 per cent of the failure load. 3. | The diagonal teneion cracks were developed a second level cracking An all specinens other than those with @lagonal reinforcements at the core: ‘These cracks were initiated at about 70 to 80 per cont of the failure load and got widened to about 10 mm to 15 ma at the failure load. ‘de Dkagonad not develop in ata the tension specimens cracks having h.. Fig 7 Corner joint detail. Fig 8 Detailing at T-joints. surface bare bent at 45 degrees into ‘the diagonal direction. cracking 18 not wide spread in these specinens. 5. Fallure of the specinens than those vith élagonal bare was primarily due to widening of the cracks, and secondary compression just before the collapse. The specinene with diagonal reinforcenent have failed by primary compression of concrete. otner Reinforcement detailing at joints The ductility of a joint te reflected through the following factors ‘4) Confinesent of concrete through proper detailing, ») Provielon of — compr reinforcement to increase the Limite of concrete, €) Closely spaced reinforcenent to @anp out the propagation of cracking and, 8) Suitably oriented reinforcesent to reeiet tensile cracking efficiently. Len strain 4327Te 1a important that the detailing of the Joint reinforcenent is done with care. The conventional practice of curtatinent of bare at joints is illustrated in Figi 5 and 6. The reinforcenent bars on the faces of | the menber can be bent at 45 as shown in the Figs. 7 and 8 thus reducing the congestion of the reinforcerent in the end zones of the joint. Further, confinenent of concrete Ie lixely to be achieved = and. tension cracks will be danped out. Acknowledgerent Acknowledgenents are due to the structural engineering laboratory, IIT Kanpur for undertaking the t progran. 4328