MariaMorenoPerez

April4th2016
Period2nd

Proteins

Enzymesbuildandbreakdownmolecules.Theyarecriticalforgrowth,digestion,and
manyotherprocessesinthecell,chemicalreactions

Lactasehelpsinfantsdigestlactose,asugarintheirmother'smilk

DNApolymerasebuildsDNAmolecules.ItreadstheoldDNAstrandandinsertsthecorrect
nucleotidesintothenewstrand.

Transportproteinsmovemoleculesandnutrientsaroundthebodyandinandoutof
cells.

Hemoglobininredbloodcellspicksupoxygenfromthelungsanddeliversittoallthetissuesin
thebody.
Channelsincellmembraneshelpions(sodium,potassium,calcium)crossthemembrane.This
actionallowsheartcellstobeatandnervecellstofire.
Cytochromecproteinsinmitochondriamoveelectronsfromoneproteincomplextoanother,
generatingenergytopowerthecell.

Moverproteinskeepcellsmovingandchangingshapetheyalsotransportcomponents
aroundcells

Dyneinandkinesincarryvesiclesandothercargoaroundthecell.Theywalkalongtiny
microtubule"highways."
Inbacteria,acellularmotor[madeupofabout40differentproteins]attachestoalong,ropelike
flagellum.Whenthemotorspins,theflagellumwaves,propellingthebacteriumforward.

Supportproteins(Structural)strengthencells,tissues,organs,andmore.Naturecan
buildmaterialsthatareverystrong.

Collagenstrengthensourbones,cartilage,tendons,ligaments,andskin.Itmakesupabouta
quarterofthebody'stotalprotein.
Tubulinformshollowtubes,calledmicrotubules,thatsupportthestructureofthecell.

RegulatoryproteinsbindDNAtoturngenesonandoff.Activegenesareusedtobuild
proteins.

HOXproteinstellagroupofcellswhatorgantobecome.WhenaHOXproteinisinthewrong
place,someinterestingthingscanhappen
Androgenandestrogenreceptorscontrolgenesthattriggertheonsetofpubertyinmalesand
females,respectively.

MariaMorenoPerez
April4th2016
Period2nd

p53proteinpreventsacellfromdividingwhenitsDNAisdamaged.Itpromptsthecelltorepair
thedamageorselfdestruct.

Defenseproteinshelporganismsfightinfection,healdamagedtissue,andevade
predators.

Antibodiesbattlethebacteriaandvirusesthatmakeussick.Theyattachtoinvadingmicrobes,
markingthemfordestruction
Fibrinproteinsformbloodclotsandscabsatawoundsite.Fibrinisasticky,ropelikeprotein
thatplugsawoundandstopsthebleeding.
TD(threoninedeaminase)ismadebythetomatoplanttoscareoffleafeatingcaterpillars.TD
makesthecaterpillarsickbydisruptingitsdigestion.

Communicatorproteinsallowcellstocommunicatewitheachother.Signals,
receptors,andrelayproteinsworktogethertogetinformationfromtheoutsideofacell
totheinside.

EGF(epidermalgrowthfactor)isreleasedatawoundsite.ItactivatestheEGFreceptor,which
signalsskincellstogrowanddivideduringwoundhealing.
Adrenergicreceptorisactivatedbyanonproteinhormone(calledadrenalin)intimesofstress.It
signalsheartcellstobeatfasterandlivercellstoreleaseglucose,givingmusclesaburstofenergy.
Insulinisreleasedintothebloodstreamafterameal.Itactivatestheinsulinreceptor,which
signalsmuscleandfatcellstostorebloodsugar.