LI NI U

K t khi Hertz bng thc nghim chng t nng lng in c th bc

x trong khng gian v s tn ti ca trng in t m u k nguyn ng
dng sng in t trong thng tin lin lc, truyn s liu, gii tr a phng tin,
iu khin t xa ... H thng thng tin v tuyn ny ngy cng tr nn quan
trng v thit yu trong x hi hin i. Do vic hiu bit bn cht ca sng
in t, tnh cht lan truyn ca trng in t cng nh cc ng dng ca n l
rt cn thit. tch lu phn kin thc ny ngi hc cn phi c kin thc nn
tng v gii tch vector, php tnh tensor, phng trnh vi phn v o hm
ring, gii tch hm mt bin v hm nhiu bin trong Ton hc cao cp; quang
hc sng v in hc trong Vt l i cng.
Gio trnh L thuyt trng in t c bin son trong khun kh ca
chng trnh hon thin b sch gio trnh dng ging dy v hc tp ca
Khoa Cng ngh in t, Trng i hc Cng nghip TP H Ch Minh, bao
gm cc ni dung c trnh by trong 5 chng nh sau:
Chng 0 Mt s cng thc ton hc
Chng 1 Cc nh lut v nguyn l c bn ca trng in t
Chng 2 Tch phn cc phng trnh Maxwell
Chng 3 Sng in t phng
Chng 4 Nhiu x sng in t
Do thi gian v ti liu tham kho cn nhiu hn ch, cho nn chc chn
gio trnh cn nhiu thiu st. Rt mong c s ng gp, ph bnh ca bn c
gio trnh c hon thin hn.
Tc gi
V Xun n

MC LC
Trang
1

Li ni u
Chng 0 Mt s cng thc ton hc

Chng 1 Cc nh lut v nguyn l c bn ca trng in t

Chng 2 Tch phn cc phng trnh Maxwell

32

Chng 3 Sng in t phng

60

Chng 4 Nhiu x sng in t

90

Ti liu tham kho

107

Chng 0
MT S CNG THC TON HC
1. Vector

r
r
r
r
a = {a x , a y , a z } = i a x + j a y + ka z
r
r
r
r
b = {b x , b y , b z } = i b x + j b y + kb z
r
r
r
r
c = {c x , c y , c z } = i c x + j c y + kc z
rr
a.b = a x b x + a y b y + a z b z
r
r
r
i
j k
r
r
r
r r
a b = a x a y a z = i (a y b z a z b y ) + j(a z b x a x b z ) + k (a x b y a y b x )
bx by bz

rr

rr

r r

a.b = a b cos(a , b )
r r

ab = c
r

r r

Phng: c (a, b )
Chiu: theo qui tc vn nt chai
r

rr

r r

ln: c = a b sin (a , b )
r

r r

r rr

r rr

( )

a b c = b.(a.c ) c. a.b
2. Ton t nabla

= , ,
x y z

3. Gradient
r U r U r U
gradU = .U = i
+j
+k
x
y
z

4. Divergence
a y a z
r
r a
diva = .a = x +
+
x
y
z

5. Rotary

r
i
r
r

rota = a =
x
ax

r
j

y
ay

r
k
r a z a y r a x a z
+ j
= i

z
x

az

r a y a x

+ k
y
x

S phc
Hm m
e z = e x +iy = e x (cos y + i sin y )

Hm m l mt hm tun hon c chu k l 2i. Thc vy, ta c

e 2 ki = cos 2k + i sin 2k = 1

Suy ra
e z + 2 ki = e z .e 2 ki = e z

Cng thc Euler

eiy = cosy +isiny
Khi s phc z = r ei = r(cos +isin)
Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai
Phng trnh vi phn t trng cp hai l phng trnh bc nht i vi
hm cha bit v cc o hm ca n:
y + a 1 y + a 2 y = f ( x )

(1)

Trong :
a1, a2 v f(x) l cc hm ca bin c lp x
f(x) = 0 (1) gi l phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht
f(x) 0 (1) gi l phng trnh tuyn tnh khng thun nht
a1, a2 const (1) gi l phng trnh tuyn tnh c h s khng i
Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai thun nht
Phng trnh vi phn t trng cp hai thun nht c dng:
y + a 1 y + a 2 y = 0

(2)

a1, a2 l cc hm ca bin x

nh l 1. Nu y1 = y1(x) v y2 = y2(x) l 2 nghim ca (2) th y = C1y1 + C2y2

(trong C1, C2 l 2 hng s tu ) cng l nghim ca phng trnh y.
Hai hm y1(x) v y2(x) l c lp tuyn tnh khi

y1 (x )
const , ngc li l ph
y 2 (x )

thuc tuyn tnh

nh l 2. Nu y1(x) v y2(x) l 2 nghim c lp tuyn tnh ca phng trnh vi
phn t trng cp hai thun nht (2) th y = C1y1 + C2y2 (trong C1, C2 l 2
hng s tu ) l nghim tng qut ca phng trnh y.
nh l 3. Nu bit mt nghim ring y1(x) ca phng trnh vi phn t
trng cp hai thun nht (2) th c th tm c mt nghim ring y2(x) ca
phng trnh , c lp tuyn tnh vi y1(x) bng cch t y2(x) = y1(x).u(x)
Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai khng thun nht
Phng trnh vi phn t trng cp hai l phng trnh bc nht i vi
hm cha bit v cc o hm ca n:
y + a1 y + a 2 y = f ( x )

(3)

Trong :
a1 v a2 l cc hm ca bin c lp x; f(x) 0
nh l 1. Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh khng thun nht (3) bng
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht (2) tng ng v mt nghim
ring no ca phng trnh khng thun nht (3).
nh l 2. Cho phng trnh khng thun nht
y + a1 y + a 2 y = f1 ( x ) + f 2 ( x )

(4)

Nu y1(x) l nghim ring ca phng trnh

y + a 1 y + a 2 y = f1 ( x )

(5)

v y2(x) l nghim ring ca phng trnh

y + a1 y + a 2 y = f 2 ( x )

th y(x) = y1(x) + y2(x) cng l nghim ring ca phng trnh (4)

Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai c h s khng i

(6)

Phng trnh vi phn t trng cp hai thun nht c dng:

y + py + qy = 0

(7)

p, q l cc hng s
Gi s nghim ring ca (7) c dng
(8)

y = e kx

Trong : k l hng s s c xc nh
Suy ra
y = ke kx ,

(9)

y = k 2 e kx

Thay (8) v (9) vo (7) ta c

e kx (k 2 + pk + q ) = 0

(10)

k 2 + pk + q = 0

(11)

V ekx 0 nn
Nu k tho mn (11) th y = ekx l mt nghim ring ca phng trnh vi
phn (7). Phng trnh (11) gi l phng trnh c trng ca phng trnh vi
phn (7)
Nhn xt: Phng trnh c trng (7) l phng trnh bc 2 c 2 nghim k1
v k2 nh sau
- k1 v k2 l 2 s thc khc nhau, khi 2 nghim ring ca phng trnh
vi phn (7) l
y1 = e k x ,

y2 = ek x

(12)

Hai nghim ring (12) l c lp t trng v

y1
= e ( k k
y2
1

)x

const

(13)

Do nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn (7) l

y = y1 + y 2 = C1e k x + C 2 e k x
1

(14)

- k1 v k2 l 2 s thc trng nhau: k1 = k2

Hai nghim ring c lp t trng: y1 = e k x , y 2 = xe k x
1

Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn (7) l

y = C1e k x + C 2 xe k x = (C1 + C 2 x )e k x
1

(15)

- k1 v k2 l 2 s phc lin hp: k1 = + i

v k2 = - i

Hai nghim ring ca phng trnh vi phn (7) l

y1 = e (+i )x = ex eix

y2 = e

( i )x

=e e

(16)

i x

Theo cng thc Euler ta c

eix = cos x + i sin x
e ix = cos x i sin x

(17)

Suy ra

y1 = e x eix = e x (cos x + i sin x )

y2 = e e

i x

=e

(cos x i sin x )

(18)

Nu y1 v y 2 l 2 nghim ca phng trnh vi phn (7) th cc hm

y +y
y1 = 1 2 = e x cos x
2
y2 =

(19)

y1 + y 2
= e x sin x
2i

cng l nghim ca phng trnh vi phn (7) v c lp t trng v

y1
= tgx const
y2

(20)

Do nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn (7) l

y = C1ex cos x + C 2 ex sin x = e x (C1 cos x + C 2 sin x )

(21)

Chng 1
CC NH LUT
V NGUYN L C BN CA TRNG IN T
1.1. Cc i lng c trng cho trng in t
1.1.1. Vector cng in trng
in trng c c trng bi lc tc dng ln in tch t trong in
trng
r
r
F = qE

(1.1)

r
r F
E=
q

(1.2)

Hay:

Ct E ti mt im bt k trong in trng l i lng vector c tr s

bng lc tc dng ln mt n v in tch im dng t ti im
Lc tc dng gia 2 t im Q v q
r
r
Qq r0
F=
4 0 r 2

(1.3)

- 0 = 8,854.10 12 F / m - hng s in
- - in thm tng i
r

- r0 - vector n v ch phng
H t im q 1 , q 2 ,..., q n
r n r
E = Ei =
i =1

1
4 0

r
q i r0 i

2
i =1 ri
n

(1.4)

r
r0i - cc vector n v ch phng

Trong thc t h thng l dy mnh, mt phng hay khi hnh hc, do :

r
El =

r
1
r
l dl 2

4 0 l
r

(1.5)

r
1
r
S dS 2

4 0 S
r
r
r
1
r
EV =
V dV 2

4 0 V
r
r
ES =

(1.6)
(1.7)

1.1.2. Vector in cm
n gin khi tnh ton i vi cc mi trng khc nhau, ngi ta s
r

dng vector in cm D
r
r
D = 0 E

(1.8)

1.1.3. Vector t cm
T trng c c trng bi tc dng lc ca t trng ln in tch chuyn
ng hay dng in theo nh lut Lorentz
r
r r
(1.9)
F = qv B
r
T trng do phn t dng in Id l to ra c xc nh bi nh lut thc

nghim BVL
r r
r 0
dB =
Id l r
2
4r

(1.10)

- 0 = 4.10 7 = 1,257.10 6 H / m - hng s t

- - t thm tng i
T trng ca dy dn c chiu di l
r
r 0 Id l rr
B=
4 l r 2

(1.11)

1.1.4. Vector cng t trng

n gin khi tnh ton i vi cc mi trng khc nhau, ngi ta s
r

dng vector cng t trng H

r
r
B
H=
0

(1.12)

1.2. nh lut Ohm v nh lut bo ton in tch

1.2.1. nh lut Ohm dng vi phn
Cng dng in I chy qua mt S t vung gc vi n bng lng in
tch q chuyn qua mt S trong mt n v thi gian
I=

(1.13)

dq
dt

Du tr ch dng in I c xem l dng khi q gim

m t y s chuyn ng ca cc ht mang in trong mi trng dn
in, ngi ta a ra khi nim mt dng in
r
r
r
r
J = n 0 ev = v = E

(1.14)

dng vi phn ca nh lut Ohm

- n0 - mt ht in c in tch e
- - mt in khi
r

- v - vn tc dch chuyn ca cc ht in
- - in dn sut
Dng in qua mt S c tnh theo
r r
r r
I = dI = JdS = EdS
S

(1.15)

Mt vt dn dng khi lp phng cnh L, 2 mt i din ni vi ngun p

U, ta c
(lu : p dng c/t S = L2 v R =

L
= )
S L

I = EdS = ES = (L)(EL) = LU =
S

dng thng thng ca nh lut Ohm

r

V E v dS cng chiu, t

10

U
R

(1.16)

(1.17)

1
RL

- in dn sut c n v l 1/m
1.2.2. nh lut bo ton in tch
in tch c th phn b lin tc hay gin on, khng t sinh ra v cng
khng t mt i, dch chuyn t vng ny sang vng khc v to nn dng
in.
Lng in tch i ra khi mt kn S bao quanh th tch V bng lng in
tch gim i t th tch V .
Gi s trong th tch V c bao quanh bi mt S, ta c
(1.18)

Q = dV
V

sau thi gian dt lng in tch trong V gim i dQ

I=

dQ
d
= dV
dt
dt V

(1.19)

Mt khc
r r
I = JdS

(1.20)

Suy ra
(1.21)

r r

S JdS = V t dV

Theo nh l OG
r r

JdS = (.J )dV = t dV

(1.22)

v
.J +
=0
t

(1.23)

Suy ra

y l dng vi phn ca nh lut bo ton in tch hay phng trnh lin

tc.
1.3. Cc c trng c bn ca mi trng

11

 Cc c trng c bn ca mi trng: , ,
Cc phng trnh:
r
r
D = 0 E
r
r
B
H=
0

(1.24)
(1.25)

gi l cc phng trnh vt cht

, , cng trng : mi trng tuyn tnh
, , const : mi trng ng nht v ng hng
, , theo cc hng khc nhau c gi tr khng i khc nhau: mi trng
khng ng hng. Khi , biu din bng cc tensor c dng nh bng
s. Chng hn ferrite b t ho hoc plasma b t ho l cc mi trng
khng ng hng khi truyn sng in t
, , v tr : mi trng khng ng nht
Trong t nhin a s cc cht c > 1 v l mi trng tuyn tnh.
Xecnhec c >> 1 : mi trng phi tuyn
> 1 : cht thun t : cc kim loi kim, Al, NO, Phng trnh, O, N,
khng kh, ebonic, cc nguyn t t him
< 1 : cht nghch t : cc kh him, cc ion nh Na+, Cl- c cc lp
electron ging nh kh him, v cc cht khc nh Pb, Zn, Si, Ge, S, CO2, H2O,
thu tinh, a s cc hp cht hu c
>> 1 : cht st t : mi trng phi tuyn : Fe, Ni, Co, Gd, hp kim cc
nguyn t st t hoc khng st t Fe-Ni, Fe-Ni-Al. t ho ca cht st t
ln hn t ho ca cht nghch t v thun t hng trm triu ln.
Cn c vo dn in ring : cht dn in, cht bn dn v cht cch
in hay in mi
Cht dn in: > 104 1/m, = : cht dn in l tng
Cht bn dn: 10-10 < < 104

12

Cht cch in: < 10-10, = 0 : in mi l tng

Khng kh l in mi l tng: = = 1, = 0
1.4. nh l Ostrogradski-Gauss i vi in trng
c tm ra bng thc nghim, l c s ca cc phng trnh Maxwell
r

Thng lng ca vector in cm D qua mt S l i lng v hng c

xc nh bi tch phn
r r
E = DdS

(1.26)

r
dS

r
D

r
r

d
q

r
dS : vi phn din tch theo hng php tuyn ngoi
r r
r
dS.cos( D , dS ) : hnh chiu ca S ln phng D
r

Xt mt mt kn S bao quanh in tch im q, tnh thng lng ca D do q

to ra qua mt kn S, ta c
r r
r r q.dS. cos D, dS
q
d = DdS =
=
d
2
4r
4

(1.27)

d l vi phn gc khi t in tch q nhn ton b din tch dS

r

Thng lng ca D qua ton mt kn S l

r r q
= DdS =
d = q
4
S

(1.28)

Xt trng hp in tch im q nm ngoi mt kn S. T in tch q nhn

ton mt S di mt gc khi no . Mt S c th chia thnh 2 na S v S'

13

(c giao tuyn l AB). Php tuyn ngoi ca S v S' s c chiu ngc nhau.
Do tch phn trn S v S' c cng gi tr nhng tri du. Khi thng
r

lng ca D qua ton mt kn S bng 0.

r
D

r
dS
B
q

Xt h in tch im q1, q2, ..., qn t trong mt kn S, ta c

(1.29)

n r
r
D = Di
i =1

r
Thng lng ca D do h q1, q2, ..., qn gy ra qua ton mt kn S
r r n r r n
= DdS = D i dS = q i = Q
i =1 S

(1.30)

i =1

Vy: Thng lng ca vector in cm D qua mt kn S bt k bng tng

i s cc in tch nm trong th tch V c bao quanh bi S
Lu : V Q l tng i s cc in tch q1, q2, ..., qn, do c th m
hoc dng
Nu trong th tch V c bao quanh bi S c mt in khi th c
tnh theo
r r
E = DdS = dV = Q
S

(1.31)

Cc cng thc (1.30) v (1.31) l dng ton hc ca nh l OstrogradskiGauss i vi in trng.

Nguyn l lin tc ca t thng
Thc nghim chng t ng sc t l khp kn d ngun to ra n l
dng in hay nam chm. Tm biu thc ton hc biu din cho tnh cht ny

14

Gi s c mt kn S tu nm trong t trng vi vector t cm B . Thng

r

lng ca B qua mt kn S bng tng s cc ng sc t i qua mt S ny.

Do ng sc t khp kn nn s ng sc t i vo th tch V bng s
r

ng sc t i ra khi th tch V . V vy thng lng ca B c tnh

theo
r r
M = BdS = 0

(1.32)

Cng thc (1.32) gi l nguyn l lin tc ca t thng. y l mt phng

trnh c bn ca trng in t
1.5. Lun im th nht - Phng trnh Maxwell-Faraday
Khi t vng dy kn trong mt t trng bin thin th trong vng dy ny
r

xh dng in cm ng. Chng t trong vng dy c mt in trng E c chiu

l chiu ca dng in cm ng .
Th nghim vi cc vng dy lm bng cc cht khc nhau, trong iu kin
nhit khc nhau u c kt qu tng t. Chng t vng dy dn khng phi
l nguyn nhn gy ra in trng m ch l phng tin gip ch ra s c mt
ca in trng . in trng ny cng khng phi l in trng tnh v
ng sc ca in trng tnh l ng cong h. in trng tnh khng lm
cho ht in dch chuyn theo ng cong kn to thnh dng in c (v
ho ra trong in trng tnh khng cn tn cng m vn sinh ra nng lng
in !).
Mun cho cc ht in dch chuyn theo ng cong kn to thnh dng
in th cng phi khc 0, c ngha l
r r

(1.33)

qEd l 0
l

v .sc ca in trng ny phi l cc .cong kn v gi l in trng xoy.

Pht biu lun im I: Bt k mt t trng no bin i theo thi gian
cng to ra mt in trng xoy.

15

Thit lp phng trnh Maxwell-Faraday:

Theo nh lut cm ng in t ca Faraday, sc in ng cm ng xh
trong mt vng dy kim loi kn v tr s bng tc bin thin ca t thng i
qua din tch ca vng dy
ec =

(1.34)

d
dt

Du (-) phn nh sc in ng cm ng trong vng dy to ra dng in

cm ng c chiu sao cho chng li s bin thin ca t thng
r r
= BdS

(1.35)

r
l thng lng ca vector t cm B qua S c bao bi vng dy. Suy ra
r
r
(1.36)
dB r
B r
d
d r r
dS =
dS
ec =
= BdS =
dt
dt S
dt
t
S
S

Hoc biu din sc in ng cm ng ec theo lu s ca vector cng

r

in trng E
r r
e c = Ed l

(1.37)

Chiu ca vng dy kn l ly ngc chiu kim ng h khi nhn n t ngn

r

ca B

r
B
r
dS
S

r
dl
V vng dy kn l ng yn nn theo cc cng thc (1.35), (1.36), (1.37) ta
c

16

r
r r
B r
l Ed l = S t dS

(1.38)

y l phng trnh Maxwell-Faraday di dng tch phn, cng l mt

phng trnh c bn ca trng in t.
Vy: Lu s ca vector cng in trng xoy dc theo mt ng
cong kn bt k bng v gi tr tuyt i nhng tri du vi tc bin thin theo
thi gian ca t thng gi qua din tch gii hn bi ng cong kn .
Theo gii tch vector (cng thc Green-Stock)
r r
r r
E
d
l
=

E
dS

(1.39)

Theo cc phng trnh (1.38) v (1.39)

r
r
B
E =
t

(1.40)

y l phng trnh Maxwell-Faraday di dng vi phn, c th p dng

i vi tng im mt trong khng gian c t trng bin thin.
1.6. Lun im th hai - Phng trnh Maxwell-Ampere
Theo lun im I, t trng bin thin theo thi gian sinh ra in trng
xoy. Vy ngc li in trng bin thin c sinh ra t trng khng ?
m bo tnh i xng trong mi lin h gia in trng v t trng, Maxwell
a ra lun im II:
Bt k mt in trng no bin thin theo thi gian cng to ra mt t
trng.
( chng minh bng thc nghim)
Lu : in trng ni chung c th khng p.b ng u trong khng
gian, c ngha l thay i t im ny sang im khc, nhng theo lun im II
s bin thin ca in trng theo khng gian khng to ra t trng, ch c
s bin thin ca in trng theo thi gian mi to ra t trng.
Thit lp phng trnh Maxwell-Ampere:

17

Theo nguyn l tc dng t ca dng in v nh lut Biot-Savart-Laplace,

Ampere pht biu nh lut dng in ton phn:
r

Lu s ca vector cng t trng H dc theo mt ng cong kn bt

k bng tng i s cc dng in i qua din tch bao bi ng cong ny
v r n
H
d l = Ii = I

(1.41)

i =1

Ii

r
dS
r
J

r
dl

Dng in I i qua din tch S c th phn b lin tc hoc gin on.

r
Nu dng in qua mt S c phn b lin tc vi mt dng in J th
r r
v r
H
d l = J dS
l

(1.42)

nh lut dng in ton phn cng l mt phng trnh c bn ca trng

in t
Khi nim v dng in dch
Cn c vo nh lut cm ng in t ca Faraday v nh lut dng in
ton phn ca Ampere, Maxwell bng l thuyt ch ra s tc dng tng h
gia t v t trng cng vi vic a ra khi nim mi v dng in dch.
Dng in dch c mt c tnh theo cng thc
r
r
v
r
r
D
E P r
Jd =
= 0
+
= J d 0 + J dP
t
t t

Trong :

18

(1.43)

v
r
P
J dP =
- mt dng in p.cc trong in mi do s x dch ca cc
t

in tch
r
r
E
Jd0 = 0
- in trng bin thin trong chn khng v gi l mt dng
t

in dch
chng minh s tn ti ca dng in dch, xt th d sau: c mt mt
kn S bao quanh 1 trong 2 bn ca t in. Do c in p xoay chiu t vo t
r

in nn gia 2 bn t c in trng bin thin E v dng in bin thin chy

qua t. Dng in ny chnh l dng in dch trong chn khng v gia 2 bn
t khng tn ti in tch chuyn ng v c gi tr:
Id0

r
E
= S 0
t

(1.44)

Theo nh lut Gauss

r r
q = 0 EdS = 0 ES

(1.45)

r
d
S
= S v in trng ch tn ti gia 2 bn t
S

i vi mi trng chn khng, ta c: = 1

S
+q

S'

r
E

~
-q

Dng in dn chy trong dy dn ni vi t c gi tr bng

19