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Block 1 part 1
1. 56-year-old man comes with vague right-sided flank pain and 7-lb weight
loss over past 6 weeks. No recent trauma or back strain. Urine is darker
than usual over 2 weeks. Renal ultrasound shows 1.5-cm solid mass in
upper portion of right kidney. Urine shows 50 erythrocytes, 6 leukocytes, no
bacteria. Dx?
- Renal cell carcinoma
2. 22-year-old man who is a professional cyclist undergoes extensive
physiologic testing as part of his training regimen. His resting pulse is
33/min, and blood pressure is110/62 mm Hg. Echocardiography shows
dilated ventricles with normal function and a left ventricular ejection fraction
of 75%. Which of the following best describes the findings in this patient?
- Eccentric hypertrophy
3. During a clinical study of calcium and phosphorus metabolism, a 50year-old man undergoes series of lab studies. His serum Ca, PO4 and PTH
are normal. He is given infusion 2 g Calcium chloride over 2 hours. His
serum Ca concentration now is 11.5mg/dl. Compared with pre infusion
levels, the serum concentration of which of the following substances is
likely to be increased at this time?
- 24,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol
4. 70-year-old man comes with skin blistering for 1 week. No oral lesions.
Physical shows tense bullae in joint folds of upper and lower extremities.
Biopsy shows subepidermal blister formation. Immunofluorescence
microscopy shows antibodies against proteins at the dermal-epidermal
junction. Target by antibodies?
- Hemidesmosome
5. 63-year-old man with abnormal blood pressure. 6 months ago, bp was
135/85. Today bp 170/98. Bruit heard over left renal artery. CT angio shows
left arterial stenosis. Labs?
- Total peripheral resistance increased, plasma renin activity increased,
serum aldosterone concentration increased
6. 35-year-old woman with 3-month progressive shortness of breath with
exertion. RR 26. Physical shows jvd and prominent a wave. Lungs clear.
Cardiac exam shows loud pulmonic component of S2 and right-sided S4
weighs 86kgs. BMI 34. She is evaluated and a diagnosis of PCOS is made.
After explaining the diagnosis, the physician discusses behavioral changes,
including dietary modification and exercise as part of her treatment. Which
of the following will ensure adherence?
- Provide follow ups to monitor progress in attaining her goal
21. 30-year-old man in bicycle collision and hits right shoulder forcefully.
Unable to flex right elbow with decreased sensation to pinprick over right
lateral forearm. Brachial plexus lesion?
- E (musculocutaneous nerve)
22. 67-year-old man with 1 year progressive difficulty writing and walking.
Pt is stooped and talks slowly. PE shows bland facial expression, fine
resting tremor in both hands, no tremor when moves, walks with difficulty
starting and stopping, cogwheel rigidity. Brain tissue histology shown as
well as gross cross sections of midbrain both normal and diseased.
Substance referred to by arrow?
- Alpha-synuclein
23. 25-year-old woman with polycystic kidneys and 3-month history of
weakness, fatigue, headaches, hypertension, loss of appetite and itching.
Cr 4. Labs?
- bicarb (HCO3-) decreased, inorganic phosphorous (PO4) increased,
parathyroid hormone increased
24. 32-year-old woman brought in after 10-foot fall from ladder. PE
suggests severe hemorrhage and shock. Xray shows fracture of left ninth
and tenth ribs. Organ injured?
- Spleen
25. 26-year-old man comes in 2 hours after injuring arm skiing. Sensation
to pinprick absent over lateral aspect of shoulder. Xray of right shoulder
shown (fracture of surgical neck of humerus). Nerve damaged?
- Axilary nerve
Block 1 Part 2
26. 50-year-old woman with COPD comes with 3 months of progressive
mono 6%
promyelo 80%
platelets 25,000
Polymerase chain reaction test shows an mRNA corresponding to the
retinoic acid receptor- alfa/promyelocytic leukemia fusion gene resulting
from a reciprocal translocation of chromosomes 15 and 17. Treatment w/
all-trans retinoic acid is started. In response to the therapy, the fusion
protein will most likely attract which of the following proteins to form a pretranscriptional complex?
- Histone acetylase
5. 98-year-old woman who lives with daughter and grandson comes for
routine exam with type 2 diabetes and hypertension but no complaints. She
has had 14-lb weight loss since last visit 3 months ago. BMI 15. PE shows
multiple ecchymoses in various stages of healing upper extremities and
torso. Physician should ask?
- "Are you safe at home?"
6. 18-year-old woman comes 12 hours after ingesting 100 aspirin tablets in
suicide attempt. PE shows tachypnea. Labs?
pH/pCO2/HCO3- 7.32/15/8
7. 10-day-old male newborn 1-day history red eyes with discharge.
Pregnancy uncomplicated but no prenatal care in third trimester. PE
bilateral conjunctival injection with water discharge. Cause?
- Chlamydia trachomatis (gonorrhea occurs earlier and is more purulent)
8. 14-year-old girl with 4 months of heavy menstrual flow. Menarche at 13
with regular intervals. History of frequent nosebleeds and easy bruisability.
Father has problems with nosebleeds and clotting. PE shows mild gum
bleeding and ecchymoses. Labs: hb 8.2, hct 24.6, platelet 250,000,
bleeding time 10, PT 14 (INR 1.5), PTT 60. Dx?
- von Willebrand disease
9. Prevalence of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in unscreened
population is 5%. Prevalence in population with negative Pap smear results
is as high 0.2%. Prevalence decreases, which also decreases?
- Predictive value of a positive test result
- Larger
49. 66-year-old man with 1-month hx of nonproductive cough and 6 months
shortness of breath. Bilateral end-inspiratory crackles heard. CT chest
shows diffuse reticular opacities at periphery and bases of lungs. Micro
exam of biopsy shows patchy interstitial fibrosis, several fibroblastic foci
and no granulomas. Dx?
- Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
50. 65-year-ld man with cancer of cecum found to have metastatic lesion to
liver. Venous route of mets?
- Ileocolic --> superior mesenteric --> portal --> right hepatic branch of
portal
Block 3 Part 1
1. 60-year-old man for routine health examination. Has had normal blood
pressure measurements. BP today 170/95mmHg. Physical examination
shows no other abnormalities. Serum show hypokalemia and metabolic
alkalosis. Plasma renin activity and serum aldosterone concentrations are
increased. Following the administration of captopril, there is a marked
increase in plasma renin activity. Which of the following is the most likely
cause of the findings in this patient?
- Renal artery stenosis
2. 8-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her mother because of a 3
week history of poor feeding chronic diarrhea and pale foul smelling stools.
Mother says the symptoms began with colicky abdominal pain following
introduction of solid food to the infant's diet. History of gluten sensitivity.
60th percentile for length and 25th percentile for weight. Which cell is
dysfunctional?
- Enterocyte
3. 25-year-old woman comes for counseling prior to conception. Has
seizure disorder on valproic acid. Fetus at greatest risk for drug-related
adverse effect during which pregnancy stage?
- 3 to 8 weeks
4. Study designed to test the effectiveness of a new drug in the treatment
of endometriosis, 100 women randomly assigned to one of two groups. 48
9 in) tall and weighs 70 kg (155 lb); BMI 23. Sex development is Tanner
stage 4. Most appropriate next statement to mother?
- "Tell me more about your concerns about your son's height."
9. 35-year-old from group home comes for worsening behavior for 2 weeks.
He believes CIA is spying on him through television set. Reports hearing
voices in hall outside and that CIA now plans to kill him. Appears
disheveled with unkempt hair and poor hygiene, difficulty answering
questions because listening to internal stimuli. Mental status exam will
show which?
- Flattened affect
10. 17-year-old boy in septic shock unresponsive to ADH (vasopressin).
Treat is discontinued, and high-dose dopamine in started. Which receptors
are stimulated?
- alpha1-adrenoreceptors
11. After operation, 65-year-old patient has lung region that is
underventilated but well perfused. Which increases?
- Physiologic shunt
12. 32-year-old man with X-linked recessive disease has deafness,
hematuria and progressive renal failure. Protein abnormality?
- Type IV collagen
13. 52-year-old with chronic pancreatitis is deficient in which enzymes that
causes inability to digest triglycerides?
- Colipase
14. 47-year-old woman with irregular, raised, multicolored dark lesion on
left forearm with frequent sunlight exposure. Biopsy shows malignant
pigmented cells. Worst prognosis with involvement of which layer?
- Subcutaneous tissue
15. 33-year-old man dx with epilepsy age 10 years. Most recent
generalized tonic-clonic was 5 years ago. Medication was adjusted. Current
meds include carbamazepine. He's never had any collisions while driving
his motor vehicle. Patient's status with respect to driving?
- He is medically qualified to drive
16. 45-year-old woman with 4-month joint pain, muscles aches and fatigue.
Had a renal calculus 6 months ago and had cholecystectomy 1 year ago.
Appears fatigue, depressed, there is mucosal pallor. No masses palpated
in neck. Labs: erythrocyte count 3 million, K+ 4, Cl- 106, Ca2+ 13,
phosphorous 2.7, alk phos 125. Technetium-99m scan shows 1.2 cm
nodule in neck. Mutation?
- MEN1
17. 25-year-old man just returned from work as worker from Africa begins
oral chloroquine therapy for malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. His
initial therapeutic response is good, but he develops recurrent parasitemia
2 months later. Which of the following best explains the recurrence ?
- Chloroquine is ineffective on the exoerythrocytic malaria tissue stages
18. 32-year-old man with HIV infection follow up examination, has been
treated with HAART for the past 6 years HIV plasma viral load has been
undetectable. HIV viral load now increase, antiretroviral resistance
suspected. HIV genotype analysis confirms that the virus has resistance
mutations, which of the following most likely mutated?
- Reverse transcriptase and protease (the two targets of HAART therapy,
therefore if therapy stopped working, must be these two target proteins of
virus mutated)
19. 58-year-old woman with 6-month shortness of breath and chronic
nonproductive cough. 2-year history difficulty swallowing, joint stiffness,
diffuse tightening of skin on face, neck, shoulders, arms, fingers. Sensitivity
to cold weather, turn white. Hx of esophageal reflux. Biopsy showed
atrophy of epidermis and deposition of collagen throughout dermis with loss
of dermal appendages. PE cutaneous ulceration, clawlike flexion deformity,
decreased joint mobility. At risk for which pulmonary disorder?
- Pulmonary hypertension (dx: systemic sclerosis/CREST)
20. Workbench wiped down with alcohol, successfully inactivates viruses
with which characteristic?
- Enveloped virion
21. 35-year-old woman pain in left leg 2 days. PE shows deep venous
thrombosis. Labs: platelet 200,000, PT 12 (INR 1), PTT 37. Heparin
started. Five days later, platelet 120,000. Reason for decreased platelets?
- Drug-related antibodies
Block 3 Part 2
26. A 70-year-old woman comes to the physician for a routine pelvic
examination. During speculum examination of the vagina and cervix, the
Valsalva maneuver causes a bulge of the anterior vaginal wall. Which of
the following is the most likely cause of this finding?
- Cystocele
27. 2-month-old boy well child exam, mother with no concerns. 25th
percentile for length and 30th percentile for weight. Cardiac exam shows
blowing holosystolic murmur best heard at lower left sternal border. Cause?
- Ventricular septal defect
28. 2-year-old boy 2-day history of fever, sore throat, rash. T 101.7 F (38.7
C). Widespread, red, sandpaper-like rash on extremities. Purulent exudate
over tonsils. Dx streptococcus pyogenes (group A) infection. Cause of skin
findings?
- Erythrogenic toxin
29. 1-year-old boy with rash for 2 weeks. 10th percentile for height and
weight. PE scaly, seborrheic eruption over scalp, palms, back, diaper
region and soles of feet. Generalized lymphadenopathy and
hepatosplenomegaly. Xray of skull shows osteolytic lesions. EM biopsy of
skin shows tennis racket-shaped bilamellar granule in cytoplasm. Immuno
studies show CD1a antigen expression. Abnormal cells in patient are
derived from which cell?
- Dendritic cells
30. 21-year-old man loses 15% total blood volume 2 minute after motor
vehicle collision. Finding most likely?
- Increased sympathetic nerve traffic to sinoatrial node
31. 58-year-old man comes to physician for benzodiazepine prescription for
situation at work. Feels anxious and thinks he can complete last 2 years of
work if anxiety decreases. Gives 1-month regimen of benzodiazepine. Wife
calls, "My husband got fired! I know it was because he was taking too much
of that drug you gave him. Didn't you know he had history of alcoholism?"
Initial action?
- Contact the patient to discuss the situation
- Myelofibrosis
44. 1-year-old has numerous infection of skin and oral mucosa since birth.
Infections slow to respond to antibiotic therapy. T 100.4F. PE multiple
erythematous lesions of skin some with superficial ulceration. WBC 21,000
77% segmented neutrophils, 6% bands, 14% lymphocytes and 3%
monocytes. Biopsy shows no neutrophils in dermis or epidermis. Culture of
lesion grows Staphylococcus aureus. Defective
- An integrin
45. 45 yr old man with SOB on exertion x 6 months, nosebleeds since
adolescence, 2 pics: clubbing + hemorrhagic lesions in tongue, inhaled
albuterol doesn't improve his symptoms. Cause of symptoms?
- Pulmonary AV shunting
Disease is osler weber rendu
46. 27-year-old primigravid woman at 18 weeks gestation comes to
physician for routine prenatal examination. The uterus consistent in size
with 18 week gestation. Ultrasonography shows a male fetus. The
collecting system and pelvis of the left kidney is dilated and the renal cortex
appears compressed. The left and right ureters are not dilated. The right
kidney appears normal. Amniotic fluid volume is normal. Which causing
renal finding in this fetus ?
- Incomplete recanalization of proximal ureter
47. 24-year-old man with 3-day progressive numbness of both feet
ascended to thighs. Last 24 hours, numbness and tingling of hands. PE
ataxic gait. Deep tendon reflexes diminished in upper extremities and
absent in knees and ankles. Vibration and joint position absent in fingertips
and feet bilaterally. Mild weakness distal upper extremities ad moderate
weakness of lower extremities. Structure involved?
- Myelinated primary afferents
48. 82-year-old woman comes to the physician because of constant severe
lower abdominal pain and fever for 24 hours. Laproscopic examination
shows severe diverticulosis and perforated diverticulitis. In spite of
appropriate therapy she dies 2 days later. Liver autopsy shown. Which of
the following is the primary component of the material shown on the hepatic
surface?
- Fibrin
has received written informed consent from patient. After epidural received,
patient decides he does not want to have surgery. Best response?
- "Tell me about your concerns and why you want to cancel the operation."
5. A 25-year-old man is admitted to the hospital because of severe crush
injuries to the chest and extensive burns over 30% of his body surface
area. Three hours later, he develops tachypnea and dyspnea. Arterial blood
gas analysis on room air shows a decreased Po2 and Pco2. A chest x-ray
shows bilateral interstitial and alveolar infiltrates. The patient is intubated
and mechanically ventilated. Damage to which of the following is most
likely to preclude restoration of normal tissue architecture and pulmonary
function in this patient?
- Basement membranes
6. Studying epithelial repair of small intestine in experimental animal. Wants
to identify most active cell division location. Where is this cell activity
found?
- Base of the crypt
7. 16-year-old girl calls the physician on a Friday night 2 hours after a
condom broke during sexual intercourse with her boyfriend. She asks the
physician to prescribe an emergency oral contraceptive. The physician on
call is not the patient's regular physician and does not dispense emergency
contraception for moral reasons. After the physician respectfully informs the
patient that he does not prescribe this contraceptive, it is most appropriate
for the physician to state which of the following?
- "I can have one of my colleagues call you back to further discuss your
concerns."
8. 20-year-old woman with 2-week fever, shaking chills, headaches,
fatigue, and joint and muscle pain. Spent summer workin as lifeguard in
Long Island, New York. Has splenectomy for motor vehicle collision 6 years
ago. T 102.4 F. Peripheral blood smear shows small intraerythrocytic rings.
Polymerase chain reaction for Plasmodium is negative. Causal organism
from bite of?
- Tick
9. 67-year-old man who eight months ago dx with primary lung carcinoma
involving adrenal glands, liver, and bone. Had 17.6-lb weight loss during 3
months. PE shows cachexia and significant muscle wasting. Intracellular
16. 12-year-old boy with mother concerned about enlarged left breast and
family history of breast cancer. Left breast is slightly larger than right, nipple
mildly tender. Penis slightly enlarged and pubic hair curling and beginning
to darken at base. Best next step?
- Reassure the mother that physical findings are not uncommon for his age
17. 55-year-old woman who is a physician has fractured femur during
motor vehicle collision. 2 days after admission, has tachycardia,
restlessness, diaphoresis, anxiety, seeing "vague shapes" on walls. Dx?
- Alcohol withdrawal
18. 35-year-old woman with fever and sharp chest pain for 3 days. T
101.3F. Friction rub heard. All cuases of secondary pericarditis ruled out.
Cause of primary pericarditis?
- Virus
19. 35-year-old man with severe back pain, gained 8 kg in the past 6
months, decreased peripheral vision, compression fracture spine at T10
and L1, healing left rib fracture at T6, imaging shows pituitary
macroadenoma. This tumor produces which?
- ACTH
20. 35-year-old woman passed out while washing dishes. Began to feel
weak and dizzy, husband shares with nursing staff history of bulimia
nervosa, and has been binging more frequently. Suspected she has been
vomiting. Labs of patient?
K+/HCO3-/Anion Gap/pH
- decreased/increased/normal/increased
21. 67-year-old man with 3 months fatigue and shortness of breath. Vitals
HR 90, RR 15, bp 150/98. PE conjunctival pallor. Labs: hb 8.5, hct 26%,
MCV 90, RDW 14.4% (N=13-15%), Cr 2.9, Ferritin 144, Iron 24, Transferrin
saturation 23% (N=20-50%). Besides iron supplementation, most
appropriate tx?
- Erythropoietin
22. 15-year-old girl comes with lack of improvement of facial acne. Tried
topical clindamycin and benzoyl peroxide PE severe acne vulgaris. Says,
"Please help me." She has never been sexually active. Tx?
- Isotretinoin
23. 18-month-old girl with 2 day progressive cough and hoarseness. T
102.2F, HR 88, RR 24, bp 100/70. Oxygen saturation 95%. PE mild
erythema of oropharyngeal and laryngeal mucosa no exudate, harsh,
barking cough heard. Improves within 4 days. Cause?
- Parainfluenza
24. 38-year-old man 1-week shortness of breath with exertion, light
palpation of carotid artery shows upstroke is abnormally brisk and
downstroke falls precipitously. Cause of finding?
- Aortic Regurgitation
25. Retrospective study of incidence and outcome of subarachnoid
hemorrhage. Incidence is 15 per 100,000 people, mortality is 6 per 100,000
people. Incidence remains constant, case fatality rate?
- 40%
Block 4 Part 2
26. 64-year-old with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 3-day history of
abdominal pain and nausea. T 99.7F, HR 100, bp 130/80. Abdominal exam
tenderness of flanks and lower quadrants. BUN 34 and creatinine 3.8. CT
shows bilateral hydronephrosis and lymphadenopathy compressing
ureters. Tx to improve renal function?
- Bilateral stents in the ureters
27. 71-year old woman with coronary disease and well-controlled
hypertension is brought to the physician 2 hours after sudden onset of
weakness of her left leg. Her BP 145/85 mmHg. Neurologic exam:
weakness and decreased sensation over the left lower extremity. There are
no other sensory or motor deficits. Which labeled structure is site of injury?
- A (Pre/postcentral gyrus; motor/sensory cortex)
28. Girl has chronic cough with thick sputum, abdominal cramps in RLQ,
and frequent resp infections. Clubbing of fingers, hyperresonance on chest
percussion. Diffuse crackles and scattered wheezes. On xray - diffuse
hyperinflation of the right upper lobe. She has a healthy brother. What's the
likelihood he is a carrier for the condition?
- 2/3
29. 4-year-old male with recurrent UTIs, left kidney found small and non
functional; right is normal. Nephrectomy is done, and the picture shown
(dilated ureter and renal calyx). Microscopic exam of kidney will show
which?
- Tubular atrophy
30. Patient with orthostatic hypotension, loose stools for 1 year, and history
of type 1 DM. Stool studies are normal. What is the pathophysiological
mechanism of the diarrhea?
- Motility disorder
31. In a 25-year-old patient who underwent splenectomy, target cells are
seen on peripheral smear. These cells are seen due to loss of function of
which portion of spleen?
- Red pulp
32. 58-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 4-year history of
recurrent cough productive of increased sputum. Use of over-the-counter
cough suppressants has not resolved his symptoms. He has smoked 2
packs of cigarettes daily for 35 years. He has no family history of lung
disease. His temperature is 37C (98.6F), pulse is 72/min, and respirations
are 18/min. Physical examination shows cyanosis. Diffuse wheezing is
heard on auscultation. Which of the following pulmonary cell types is most
likely to be abnormal in this patient?
- Pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells
33. Researching new cancer drug, effective at killing rapidly dividing cells,
in mice caused profound myelosuppression. In patients, most appropriate
to follow which when at risk for infectious complications?
- Neutrophil counts
34. 48-year-old recently diagnosed with lupus and difficulty working as
schoolteacher because of severe pain and swelling of joints. Current meds
include prednisone, hydroxychloroquine, and oxycodone for pain. Best
action to adapt to illness?
- Encourage the patient to participate in a support group for persons with
her condition
- Pseudocholinesterase
47. Full-term newborn in respiratory distress. Imaging shows abdominal
contents in left pleural cavity. Maldevelopment of which structure led to
diaphragm defect?
- Left pleuroperitoneal membrane
48. 83-year-old with arteriosclerosis undergoes repair of infrarenal
abdominal aortic aneurysm. Graft extends just below the renal arteries to
the bifurcation of the aorta. Which organ will lose primary blood supply and
rely on collateral circulation?
- Descending colon
49. 62-year-old with angina pectoris is referred for cardiac catheterization.
Patient worried about hospital-associated infection. Studies show 30% of
patients require admission after procedure, and 2 percent of admitted
patients acquire hospital infection. Patient's risk for infection overall?
- 6/1000
50. 25-year-old woman with fatigue for 3 wks and intermittent fever for 7
days, had teeth cleaned a month ago, no abx for prophylaxis, and had
rheumatic fever as child and endocarditis 4 y ago. PE shows 2/6 murmur,
ultrasound shows abnormal mitral valve. Photo of growth from blood
cultures shown (GP cocci in chains). Characteristic of causal organism?
- Greening reaction on blood agar