Advanced Engineering

Mathematics
Fourier Transforms

The Fourier Transform

The Fourier Transform of a nonperiodic x(t) signal
is given by

X ( f ) = x ( t ) exp ( j 2 ft ) dt

The Inverse Fourier Transform of X(f) is

x ( t ) = X ( f ) exp ( j 2 ft ) df

where

= 2 f

Dirichlets Conditions

Within a finite time interval, x(t) is singlevalued.

x(t) is absolutely integrable, meaning

x ( t ) dt <

Within a finite time interval, x(t) has a finite
number of minima and maxima.

Within a finite time interval, x(t) has a finite
number of discontinuities and these
discontinuities are finite.

Example 1
Find the Fourier Transforms of (t) and (t a).

X 1 ( f ) = ( t ) exp ( j 2 ft ) dt

X1 ( f ) = 1

Therefore,
(t ) 1

X 2 ( f ) = ( t a ) exp ( j 2 ft ) dt

X 2 ( f ) = exp ( j 2 fa )

( t a ) exp ( j 2 fa )

The Sinc Function

sin t
sinct =
t

Example 2
Find the Fourier Transform of the function:
x (t )
A

t
b

As a function x(t):
x (t ) = A

b2 t b2

Example 2
Solution:

X ( f ) = A

2
b
2

exp ( j 2 ft ) dt

b
A
=
exp ( j 2 ft ) b2
2
j 2 f
A
=
e j fb e j fb )
(
j 2 f

A e j fb e j fb
=

2j
f

sin fb
= Ab
= Absinc ( fb )
fb

Example 3
Find the Fourier Transform of the function:
x (t )

As a function x(t):

2t + 2 1 t < 0
x (t ) =
2t + 2 0 < t 1

Example 3
Solution:
e j 2 f
1
1
e j 2 f
X(f )=
+

+
+

j f 2 2 f 2 2 2 f 2 j f 2 2 f 2 2 2 f 2
1

1
1 e j 2 f + e j 2 f
= 2 2 2 2

2
f
f

1 cos 2 f
=
2f 2
2

sin f
sin 2 f
2
2sinc
= 2 2 2 = 2
=
f

f
f

Example 4
Find the Fourier Transform of
x ( t ) = e cos 3tu ( t )
t

Solution:
Using the properties of the unit step function, the
Fourier Transform is given by
X(f)=

t
j 2 ft
e
cos
3
t
e
dt
(
)

Example 4
Solution:
e cos 3tu ( t )
t

1 + j 2 f

2
1
+
j
2

f
+
3
(
)
2