TEMPERATE BROADLEAF

FOREST
Thongfah

History
First forest evolve from
tropical over 180,000,000
years ago.
8,000-3,000 B.C. (Birch
Period), retreat of glacier
and birch reforestation.
Birch prepare the forest
for temperate restoration
after Ice Age.

Succession
First successor, grasses & frobs grew into meadow. Next is shrubs
& trees turn meadow into forest. Pioneer trees--birch, pine, poplar,
& aspen. Last is broad-leaved trees dominated the pioneers.

Description

Mainly shade-loving plants

could thrive in the
temperate forest like
maple and beech.
Light-loving plants were
mainly annual and
perennial that will only
appear during early spring.

Map

Types of Forest

Beech-Maple
Dominated by beech and
maple. And has conifers
mixed among them

Oak-Hickory
Dominated by oak trees
depending on what kind of
oak in the area. And has
hickory mixed among them

Mixed Mesophytic
Forest that need moderate
amount of water.
Dominance are highly
versatile in this forest

Abiotic & Biotic

Abiotic: snow, rain, humus, sunlight, hills. Humus
from leaves during autumn replenish the soil. Snow
protect seed from frost underground ensuring
germination.
Biotic: oak, hickory, squirrel, hawk, deer, moss.
Squirrel buried the seed for storage and plant new
tree at once. Oak shelter the animals. Hawk
maintain animals population.

Forest Resource
Soil: Nutrients were enriched when autumn came.
Cycle of leaves that blanketed the ground fertilize the
forest yearly. During winter, microbes & small
creatures digest leaves into mulch. Big trees' root
break the rocks in the bed, releasing nutrients into
soil.
Water: Forest thrived from river & stream.
Sometimes by spring or lake in the area. There could
be water vein underground that supply water for the
forest.

Geography
Most deciduous forest
were found on mountains,
valleys, rolling hills, & flat
plateau
Elevation that favor for
deciduous forest in alpine
region is estimated from
mountain base to 9,000
feet above sea level

Weather & Climate

Thrive at latitude of 40 to 60 degrees

Rain is high from spring to summer. Came in different shape depend on seasons. Snow during
winter, sleet in autumn, & hail in summer's thunderstorm.
Summer temp. is roughly around 25-30 C. Winter's will hover above 0 C but can drop below.
Spring & autumn are roughly the same but spring tends to be warm while fall is cool.

SEASONS

Spring
Ice melts, warming air.
Annual and perennial
blossoms early
Trees begin sprouting
leaflets
Animals waken from
hibernation

Summer
Annuals & perennial release
their seeds.
Soft fruit like berries were ripen
Temperature's hot & highly wet
from thunderstorm
Shade-loving plants begin to
thrive
Trees regain all their leaves
fully

Autumn
Temperature began to drop
Leaves turned color & shed.
Fruits were ripen. Harvest
begins
Seeds were scattered in
different ways like wind or
animals
Some animals begin migrating
while others ready for
hibernation

Winter

Snow falls & blankets the

ground
Seeds remain dormant till
spring
Most animals were
hibernating. Some might
be active.

Wildlife

Endangered

Red wolf
Panda
Red-crowned crane
European Mink

Economy
Hardwood from timber is the main production of
temperate trees. Mainly for furniture.
Coal digging could be found in certain places.
Hunting for games like duck or deer is common,
especially in autumn. For sport or food.
Area for farmland 'cause of fertility of the soil.

Crisis
Most of the forest had been consumed in 19th century.
Few are now remain. Restoration is progressing in most
area.
Disease outbreak are threatening certain trees, like
sudden oak death & butternut canker.
Rise in temperature, amphibians are subjugated to
infection more terribly.
Animals endangerment from forest lost & hunting is still
concerning.

Future

Survivability is puzzling. The extremeness of

weather is starting to became chaotic. Some winter
is freezing cold, early frost in autumn, intense heat
in summer, extended drought. This could subjugate
plants to more disease.This could mean that the
animal population won't be stable in the year and
cause near extinction rate as well.

Reference
http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/deciduous_forest.htm
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Experiments/Biome/biotemperate.php
http://www.nhptv.org/natureworks/nwep8c.htm
http://w3.marietta.edu/~biol/biomes/tempded.htm
http://ths.sps.lane.edu/biomes/deciduous3/deciduous3.html
Encyclopedia of Biomes by Marlene Weigel
Answer Book 10,001 Fast Fact About Our World, Published by National Geographic
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/biomes/tempdecid/tempdecid.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/ecosystems/deciduous_woodlands_rev1.shtml
http://www.ehow.com/info_8004536_endangered-animals-deciduous-forest-biomes.html
https://sites.google.com/site/platttempecatedecidousforest/biotic-and-abiotic
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26483475