Hot and Cold Pack Lab Report

Andrew Nguyen
Collin Teng
Lab Section #22
March 21st, 2016

Introduction
Instant hot and cold packs are used to help heal injuries at a faster rate. These packs are
used often by athletes. Cold packs are used to reduce the temperature from the injury, which
reduces the blood flow. This process is called vasoconstriction. Hot packs transfer heat from the
pack to the injury, which increases the blood flow to the injury. As more blood flows to the injury
more oxygen and nutrients is transferred to the injury, which helps treat the injury.
We are given task is to use the most effective and precise analysis techniques to
determine which salts would be the most effective to use within a hot and cold pack. We will be
given ammonium nitrate, calcium chloride, lithium chloride, and potassium chloride. With the
given material, we will use the calorimeter process to determine which salt is the most effective.
After determining which salt is most effective, the task is to determine the cost of producing the
hot and cold pack. Then find the salt that can be made from less than 5 dollars and is most
efficient.
There is one technique that will be employed in this experiment to find the data. That
technique is the calorimeter test. Using this technique we will be finding which salts would be
the best at creating hot packs or cold packs. We must use the calorimeter test to determine
changes of temperature when each salt is added. When you find this you can then determine the
calorimeter constant using the following equation:
Q calorimeter=C calorimeterT calor i meter

which is also equal to

(m warm waterC warm waterT warm water )( mcool waterC cool waterT cool water ).

In order to determine if the compounds are endothermic or exothermic we must take the
q dissolution

and divide that by the moles of the substance that we used in the experiment.

That number will represent the

H , if the

H is positive the compound is endothermic

and if it is negative then it is exothermic. With these equations the questions proposed by the
company should be easily answered.
Experimental

Necessary Reagents and Chemicals:

Ammonium nitrate
Calcium chloride
Lithium chloride
Potassium chloride

Necessary Equipment:
MeasureNet temperature probe
2 Styrofoam Cups and a Lid
Magnetic stirrer and stir bar
Rubber stopper
Temperature probe
Wire
Ring Stand
Utility Clamp
Test tube
150 mL or 250 mL Beaker

Calorimeter Procedure
The calorimeter procedure involves two parts, part A involves finding the calorimeter
constant.You must first set up the MeasureNet, you must calibrate the system by making an ice
bath. The setup for this part of the lab involves the placing the two styrofoam cups inside each
other to serve as a makeshift calorimeter. The makeshift calorimeter will be placed on the stirring
plate and the temperature probe will be inserted into the opening of the lid on the styrofoam cups
(calorimeter). The temperature probe will be attached to the ring stand using the utility clamp
and will also be attached to the measure net system in order to record the data. The actual
experiment involves taking 40-50 grams of water and placing it inside the calorimeter. Using a
magnetic stir bar turn the stirring plate to a medium low setting, this will stir the solution. Then
using a hot plate heat up 60 mL of water inside a beaker. Once the hot water has been heated 45-

60 degrees Celsius above the room temperature, extract 50 mL of water using a graduated
cylinder and press start on the MeasureNet system to begin recording data. Make sure to save the
graphs. Part B involves doing the same as part A but use one gram of the designated salts instead
of the hot water, and use 25 mL of water instead of 40-50 mL of water. Once all this is done, use
the graphs to determine if the equation is exothermic or endothermic and compare the data to the
prices to find the optimal salt.

Results

Initial Temperature of Trial 1: 18.5522

Initial mass: 45 g
Final Temperature Trial 1: 41.3166
Temp of Hot Water: 80.00
Grams of hot water: 50g

Initial Temperature of Trial 2: 19.5143

Initial mass: 45 g
Final Temperature Trial 2: 47.5390
Temp of Hot Water: 85.00
Grams of hot water: 50g

q calorimeter = qwarm water - q cool water

q=mC T

Trial 1:

J
q= (50 g*4.184
*( 41.3166 C80.00 C ))=
gC
-8092.57
q=(45g*4.184

Trail 2:
q= (50 g*4.184

J
*( 47.5390 C85.00 C ))=
gC

-7836.8412
J
*(41.3166-18.5522 C))=4286.08
gC

q calorimeter =-(-8092.57)-(4286.08)= 3806.49

Calorimeter Constant=

3806.49 J
J
=167.21
22.7644 C
C
Average Calorimeter Constant=

q=(45g*4.184

J
*( 47.5390 -19.5143 C))=5276.49
gC

q calorimeter =-(-7836.8412)-(5276.49)= 2560.35

Calorimeter Constant=

2560.35 J
J
=91.36
28.0247 C
C

167.21+91.36
= 129.29
2

J
C

Initial Temperature of Trial 1: 25.0344

Initial mass: 45 g
Final Temperature Trial 1: 28.4660
Grams of salt: 1g

Initial Temperature of Trial 2: 19.6048

Initial mass: 45 g
Final Temperature Trial 2: 22.4608
Grams of salt: 1g

qdissolution = msolutionC solution T solution )+( C calorimeter T calorimeter

Trial 1:
qdissolution
C))+
( 129.29

J
46 g4.184

=
(28.4660 C-25.0344
gC

J
(28.4660 C25.0344 C) = -1104.13 J
C

Moles of LiCl:
Change in Heat:
kJ
mol

1mol
1.000 g
*
= .0236 mol
42.39

1104.13 J
1 kJ
*
=-46.79
.0236 mol
1000 J

Trial 2:
qdissolution =
46 g4.184
129.29

J
(22.4608C19.6048 C)
)+(
gC

J
(22.4608 C19.6048 C) = -918.93
C

Moles of LiCl:
Change in Heat:

1mol
1.000 g
*
= .0236 mol
42.39

918.93 J
1 kJ
kJ
*
=-38.94
.0236 mol
1000 J
mol

Average Change in Heat:

Cost of Lithium Chloride:

kJ
46.79+(38.94)
exothermic (hot pack)
=-42.87
mol
2
1.000 gave r age
g
=.000996
*90 mL *23.32 C
mLC
45 mLaverage22.32 Caverage T

=2.09 g
2.09 g *

$ 65.00
= $ .27salt + $ .73 labor +$ .36capital +$ .19 plastic bag = $1.55 Hot Pack
500 g

Initial Temperature of Trial 1: 20.4422

Initial mass: 45 g
Final Temperature Trial 1: 22.9409
Grams of salt: 1g

Initial Temperature of Trial 2: 19.9749

Initial mass: 45 g
Final Temperature Trial 2: 22.7206
Grams of salt: 1g

Trial 1:
qdissolution =

Trial 2:
qdissolution =

46 g4.184

46 g4.184

129.29

J
(22.9409C20.4422 C)
)+(
gC

J
(22.940920.4422) = -806.58
C

Moles of Ca Cl2 :
mol

1 mol
1.000 g
*
= .009011
110.98 g

( 129.29

J
(22.720619.9749)
)+
gC

J
(22.720619.9749) = -883.44
C

Moles of Ca Cl2 :
mol

1 mol
1.000 g
*
= .009011
110.98 g

Change in Heat:

806.58 J
1 kJ
*
=-89.51
.009011 mol
1000 J

kJ
mol

Change in Heat:

883.44 J
1 kJ
*
=-98.04
.009011 mol
1000 J

kJ
mol

Average Change in Heat:

Cost of Calcium Chloride:

kJ
89.52+(98.04)
exothermic (hot pack)
=-93.78
mol
2
1.000 g average
g
=.00110
*90 mL *20.21 C
mLC
45 mLaverage20.21 Caverage T

=2.00 g
2.00 g *

$ 31.70
= $ .13salt + $ .73labor + $ .36 capital + $ .19 plastic bag = $1.41 Hot Pack
500 g

Initial Temperature of Trial 1: 19.5830

Initial mass: 45 g
Final Temperature Trial 1: 18.4221
Grams of salt: 1g

Initial Temperature of Trial 2: 19.9876

Initial mass: 45 g
Final Temperature Trial 2: 18.7666
Grams of salt: 1g

J
qdissolution = 46 g4.184 gC (18.4221-19.5830))

( 129.29

J
(18.422119.5830) = 373.52
C

Moles of KCl:
Change in Heat:

1mol
1.000 g
*
= .01341 mol
74.5513 g

373.52 J
1 kJ
kJ
*
=27.85
.01341 mol
1000 J
mol

Average Change in Heat:

J
qdissolution = 46 g4.184 gC (18.7666-19.9876))

( 129.29

J
(18.766619.9876) = 392.86
C

Moles of KCl:
Change in Heat:

1mol
1.000 g
*
= .01341 mol
74.5513 g

392.86 J
1 kJ
kJ
*
=29.29
.01341 mol
1000 J
mol

27.85+ 29.29
kJ
endothermic (cold pack)
=28.57
2
mol

Cost of Potassium Chloride:

1.000 g average
g
=.00112
*90 mL *19.79 C
mLC
45 mLaverage19.79 Caverage T

=2.00 g
2.00 g *

$ 28.19
= $ .11salt +$ .73 labor +$ .36capital +$ .19 plastic ba g = $1.39 Cold Pack
500 g

Initial Temperature of Trial 1: 19.9470

Initial mass: 45 g
Final Temperature Trial 1: 18.3374
Grams of salt: 1g

qdissolution = 46 g4.184 (18.3374-19.9470 ))+

J
( 129.29 (18.337419.9470) = 517.895
C
Moles of

NH 4 (NO3 ) :

1mol
1.000 g
*
=.
80.052 g

01249 mol

Initial Temperature of Trial 2: 19.8505

Initial mass: 45 g
Final Temperature Trial 2: 18.3356
Grams of salt: 1g

qdissolution = 46 g4.184 (18.3356-19.8505 ))+

J
( 129.29 (18.335619.8505) = 487.425
C
Moles of

NH 4 ( NO3 ) :

1mol
1.000 g
*
=.
80.052 g

01249 mol

Change in Heat:

517.90 J
1 kJ
kJ
*
=41.47
.01249 mol
1000 J
mol

Average Change in Heat:

487.43 J
1 kJ
kJ
*
=39.03
.01249 mol
1000 J
mol

41.47+39.03
kJ
endothermic (cold pack)
=40.25
2
mol

Cost of Ammonium Nitrate:

2.00 g *

Change in Heat:

1.000 g average
=.00112*90 mL *19.90 C =2.00 g
45 mLaverage19.90 Caverage T

$ 26.20
= $ .10salt + $ .73labor + $ .36 capital + $ .19 plasticbag = $1.38 Cold Pack
500 g

Discussion

In this experiment we were suppose to find the best salt to use in the cold and hot packs
that the companies provided for us. To do this we used calorimetry which gave us the data to find
if the reaction was exothermic or endothermic, to find the amount that was needed to reach a
temperature of 0 for the endothermic reactions or a temperature of 65 degrees, and to find the
final cost for those salts. The calorimeter technique that was used in the experiment was used to
find the change in temperature of a system when a certain amount of the salt is added. One
mistake that could have been made during the process include contamination of the salts.
Another mistake that should be outlined is that some of the salt may have not gone into the
calorimeter which would have made the one gram measurement more accurate.
Conclusion
In this experiment, various salts were tested for effectiveness and cost. The salt that was
concluded to be the most effective as a cold pack was ammonium nitrate because it had the
highest effectiveness for the lowest price. The cost of one ammonium nitrate packed came to be
about $1.38 where the next lowest salt was potassium chloride and that came out to be $1.39.
These prices reflected the cost of the amount of the material used to reach 0 degrees celsius. For
the hot packs the most effective one came to be Calcium Chloride. The price of this hot pack to
reach the asking temperature of 65 degrees was $1.41. The next lowest priced hot pack was
Lithium Chloride at $1.55.

Bibliography
Stanton B., Zhu L., Atwood C. (2010) . Experiments in General Chemistry Featuring
MeasureNet 2nd Edition.