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13.0
.0 version Jan 2014
Large Displacement
acement Finite Element Analysis
PART 2
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CONTENTS
CONTENTS
9.0 MATERIAL LAWS
5
8
9.2.1 FABRIC LAW FOR ELASTIC ORTHOTROPIC SHELLS (LAWS 19 AND 58)
9.2.2 NONLINEAR PSEUDO-PLASTIC ORTHOTROPIC SOLIDS (LAWS 28, 50 AND 68)
9.2.3 HILLS LAW FOR ORTHOTROPIC PLASTIC SHELLS (LAW 72)
9.2.4 ELASTIC-PLASTIC ORTHOTROPIC COMPOSITE SHELLS
9.2.5 ELASTIC-PLASTIC ORTHOTROPIC COMPOSITE SOLIDS
9.2.6 ELASTIC-PLASTIC ANISOTROPIC SHELLS (BARLATS LAW)
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8
11
145
177
27
30
31
32
36
37
38
39
40
42
44
47
48
51
52
56
57
59
62
62
63
65
65
66
67
68
68
69
69
70
70
70
71
71
72
73
73
Chapter
9
MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
Isotropic Elasticity
Description
Model
Linear elastic
Hooke
Ogden-Mooney-Rivlin
Tabulated input for Hyper-elastic
Ogden material
Fabric
Fabric
Honeycomb
Cosserat Medium
Thermal Hill Orthotropic
Thermal Hill Orthotropic 3D
Crushable foam
Hyper elastic
Material
Linear elastic for orthotropic shells
Nonlinear elastic for anisotropic shells
Nonlinear pseudo-plastic orthotropic
solids without strain rate effect
Composite and
Anisotropic
Materials
Elasto-plasticity of
Isotropic Materials
Viscous Materials
Visco-elastic
Visco-plastic
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Hill
Hill (tabulated)
3-Parameter Barlat
Anisotropic Hill
Composite Shell
Composite Shell Chang-Chang
Composite Solid
Tsai-Wu formula for solid
Foam model
Johnson-Cook
Zerilli-Armstrong
Zhao
Connection material
Cowper-Symonds
Tabulated piecewise linear
Tabulated quadratic in strain rate
Rigid material
Drucker-Prager for rock or concrete
Drucker-Prager for rock or concrete by
polynominal
Connection material
Hnsel model
Ugine and ALZ approach
Elastomer
Yoshida-Uemori
Aluminium, glass, etc.
Predit rivets
Reinforced concrete
Ductile damage for solids and shells
Ductile damage for solids
Ductile damage for porous materials,
Gurson
Boltzman
Generalized Kelvin-Voigt
Tabulated law
Generalized Maxwell-Kelvin
Hyper visco-elastic
Visco-elastic
Tabulated law - hyper visco-elastic
Isotropic visco elastic model
Closed cell, elasto-plastic foam
Law number
in RADIOSS
(MID)
(1)
(42)
(69)
(82)
(19)
(58)
(28)
(68)
(73)
(74)
(50)
(32)
(43)
(57)
(72)
(25)
(15)
(14)
(12)
(53)
(2)
(2)
(48)
(59)
(44)
(36)
(60)
(13)
(21)
(10)
(59)
(63)
(64)
(65)
(78)
(27)
(54)
(24)
(22)
(23)
(52)
(34)
(35)
(38)
(40)
(62)
(66)
(70)
-(33)
MATERIALS
Description
Model
Johnson-Cook
Law number
in RADIOSS
(MID)
(4)
Hydrodynamic viscous
Gray model
(6)
(16)
(3)
(76)
(41)
(49)
Fictitious
(0)
Multimaterials
(51)
(5)
(41)
(51)
Type
Hydrodynamic
Elasto-plastic hydrodynamic
Hydrodynamic material
Elasto-plastic hydrodynamic with
thermal softening
Void material
Void
Multimaterial
Multiphase
Materials
Explosives
These material laws are used to model purely elastic materials, or materials that remain in the elastic range. The
Hookes law requires only two values to be defined; the Young's or elastic modulus E, and Poisson's ratio, .
The law represents a linear relation between stress and strain.
The Ogdens law is applied to slightly compressible materials as rubber or elastomer foams undergoing large
deformation with an elastic behavior [34]. The strain energy W is expressed in a general form as a function of
W (1 , 2 , 3 ) :
W ( 1, 2 , 3 ) =
p
p
p
p
1
+ 2p + 3 p 3 +
K
(J 1) 2
2
EQ. 9.1.0.1
where i , ith principal stretch ( i = 1 + i , i being the ith principal engineering strain), J = 1 2 3 , relative
1
and
p .
1 = 2 = 3 =
EQ. 9.1.0.2
The strain energy function can be decomposed into deviatoric and spherical parts:
W = W ( 1, 2 , 3 ) + U(J)
EQ. 9.1.0.3
With:
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MATERIALS
(1 + 2 + 3 3)
p
K
U(J) = (J 1) 2
2
W ( 1, 2 , 3 ) =
p
i W
J i
i =
EQ. 9.1.0.4
i =
Since
i W i 3 W j U J
=
+
J i
J j =1 j i J i
EQ. 9.1.0.5
j 2 13
j 1 13 j
J
for ij, EQ. 9.1.0.5 is simplified to:
= J for i=j and
= J
= J and
i 3
i 3
i
i
i =
1 W 1 3
W
U
j
J
i
J i 3 j =1 j
J
EQ. 9.1.0.6
For which the deviator of the Cauchy stress tensor, and the pressure would be:
si =
p=
1
J
W 1 3
W
i
j
3 j =1 j
i
EQ. 9.1.0.7
1 3
U
j =
3 j =1
J
EQ. 9.1.0.8
The only deviatoric stress above is retained, and the pressure is computed independently as follows:
p = K f bulk ( J ) ( J 1)
EQ. 9.1.0.9
K =
2(1 + )
3(1 2 )
EQ. 9.1.0.10
EQ. 9.1.0.11
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0.5
. However,
= 0.495
MATERIALS
I1 = 1 + 2 + 3
2
I 2 = 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1
2
EQ. 9.1.0.14
The Mooney-Rivlin law gives the closed expression of strain energy as:
EQ. 9.1.0.15
1 = 2 C10
2 = 2 C01
1 = 2
2 = 2
EQ. 9.1.0.16
G
G1
G2
G3
G4
Maxwell model
where the shear modulus of the hyper-elastic law is exactly the long-term shear modulus G.
i are relaxation times:
i =
i
Gi
Rate effects are modeled through visco-elasticity using convolution integral using Prony series. This
corresponds to extension of small deformation theory to finite deformation.
This viscous stress is added to the elastic one.
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i =1
= Gi e
v
t s
d
dev ( F F T ) ds
ds
Where, m is the order of the Maxwell model, F is the deformation gradient matrix, ,
EQ. 9.1.0.17
F = J 3 F and
1
v (t) = v (t )
J
EQ. 9.1.0.18
The purpose of this section is to describe the mathematical models related to composite and orthotropic
materials.
9.2.1 Fabric law for elastic orthotropic shells (laws 19 and 58)
Two elastic linear models and a nonlinear model exist in RADIOSS.
9.2.1.1 Fabric linear law for elastic orthotropic shells (law 19)
A material is orthotropic if its behavior is symmetrical with respect to two orthogonal plans. The fabric law
enables to model this kind of behavior. This law is only available for shell elements and can be used to model an
airbag fabric. Many of the concepts for this law are the same as for law 14 which is appropriate for composite
solids. If axes 1 and 2 represent the orthotropy directions, the constitutive matrix C is defined in terms of
material properties:
1
E
11
12
E11
C 1 = 0
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21
1
G12
1
G23
E22
1
E22
1
G31
EQ. 9.2.1.1
MATERIALS
where the subscripts denote the orthotropy axes. As the matrix C is symmetric:
12
E11
21
EQ. 9.2.1.2
E22
Therefore, six independent material properties are the input of the material:
E 11 = Young's modulus in direction 1
E 22 = Young's modulus in direction 2
12 = Poisson's ratio
G 12 , G 23 , G 31 = Shear moduli for each direction
The coordinates of a global vector
The angle is the angle between the local direction 1 (fiber direction) and the projection of the global vector
The shell normal defines the positive direction for . Since fabrics have different compression and tension
behavior, an elastic modulus reduction factor, RE, is defined that changes the elastic properties of compression.
The formulation for the fabric law has a 11 reduction if 11 < 0 as shown in Figure 9.2.2.
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MATERIALS
9.2.1.2 Fabric nonlinear law for elastic anisotropic shells (law 58)
This law is used with RADIOSS standard shell elements and anisotropic layered property (type 16). The fiber
directions (warp and weft) define the local axes of anisotropy. Material characteristics are determined
independently in these axes. Fibers are nonlinear elastic and follow the equation:
= E B 2 , with
d
>0
d
EQ. 9.2.1.3
The shear in fabric material is only supposed to be function of the angle between current fiber directions (axes of
anisotropy):
= G0 tan( ) 0
if
= G tan( ) + G A 0
if
EQ. 9.2.1.4
> T
and
G A = (G0 G ) tan( T ) ,
G=
GT
1 + tan 2 ( T )
with
0 = G0 tan( 0 )
where
= 0. If
weft
warp
is an initial angle between fibers defined in the shell property (type 16).
The warp and weft fiber are coupled in tension and uncoupled in compression. But there is no discontinuity
between tension and compression. In compression only fiber bending generates global stresses. Figure 9.2.5
illustrates the mechanical behavior of the structure.
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MATERIALS
A local micro model describes the material behavior (Figure 9.2.6). This model represents just of a warp fiber
wave length and of the weft one. Each fiber is described as a nonlinear beam and the two fibers are connected
with a contacting spring. These local nonlinear equations are solved with Newton iterations at membrane
integration point.
Figure 9.2.6 Local frame definition
Weft
War
Traction
(fiber coupling)
Compression
(no coupling)
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11
MATERIALS
The Hooke matrix defining the relation between the stress and strain tensors is diagonal, as there is no Poisson's
effect:
11 E11
0
22
33 0
=
12 0
23 0
31 0
0
E22
0
0
0
E33
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
G12
0
0
G23
11
22
33
0 12
0 23
G31 31
0
0
0
EQ.
9.2.2.1
An isotropic material may be obtained if:
E11
2
EQ. 9.2.2.2
Plasticity may be defined by a volumic strain or strain dependent yield curve (Figure 9.2.8). The input yield
stress function is always positive. If the material undergoes plastic deformation, its behavior is always
orthotropic, as all curves are independent to each other.
Figure 9.2.8 Honeycomb typical constitutive curve
The failure plastic strain may be input for each direction. If the failure plastic strain is reached in one direction,
the element is deleted. The material law may include strain rate effects (law 50) or may not (law 28).
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12
MATERIALS
32
22
12
21
31
2
1
11
L
11
31
Surface forces and couples are then represented by the generally non-symmetrical force-stress and couple-stress
tensors ij and ij (units MPA and MPa-m):
ti = ij n j ; mi = ij n j
EQ. 9.2.2.3
The force and couple stress tensors must satisfy the equilibrium of momentums:
ij , j + f i = ui
ij , j ikl kl + ci = Ii
where f i are the volume forces, ci volume couples,
the signature of the perturbation (i,k,l).
EQ. 9.2.2.4
In the often used couple-stress, the Cosserat micro-rotation is constrained to follow the material rotation given by
the skew-symmetric part of the deformation gradient:
1
2
i = ijk u j , k
EQ. 9.2.2.5
The associated torsion-curvature and couple stress tensors are then traceless. If a Timoshenko beam is regarded
as a one-dimensional Cosserat medium, constraint EQ. 9.2.2.5 is then the counterpart of the Euler-Bernoulli
conditions.
The resolution of the previous boundary value problem requires constitutive relations linking the deformation
and torsion-curvature tensors to the force- and couple-stresses. In the case of linear isotropic elasticity, we have:
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13
MATERIALS
EQ. 9.2.2.6
eijSymm. and eijSkewSymm. are respectively the symmetric and skew-symmetric part of the Cosserat
deformation tensor. Four additional elasticity moduli appear in addition to the classical Lam constants.
Cosserat elastoplasticity theory is also well-established. Von Mises classical plasticity can be extended to
micropolar continua in a straightforward manner. The yield criterion depends on both force- and couple-stresses:
f ( , ) =
3
(a1sij sij + a2 sij s ji + b1ij ij + b2 ij ji ) R
2
EQ. 9.2.2.7
where s denotes the stress deviator and ai, bi are the material constants.
Cosserat continuum theory can be applied to several classes of materials with microstructures as honeycombs,
liquid crystals, rocks and granular media, cellular solids and dislocated crystals.
EQ. 9.2.3.1
where the coefficients F, G, H, L, M and N are the constants obtained by the material tests in different
orientations. The stress components ij are expressed in the Cartesian reference parallel to the three planes of
anisotropy. EQ.9.2.3.1 is equivalent to von Mises yield criteria if the material is isotropic.
In a general case, the loading direction is not the orthotropic direction. In addition, we are concerned with the
plane stress assumption for shell structures. In planar anisotropy, the anisotropy is characterized by different
strengths in different directions in the plane of the sheet. The plane stress assumption will enable to simplify EQ.
9.2.3.1, and write the expression of equivalent stress eq as:
eq = A1 112 + A2 22 2 A3 11 22 + A12 12 2
EQ. 9.2.3.2
R=
1
A2 = H 1 +
r90
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R
1+ R
H=
A3 = 2 H
1
A1 = H 1 +
r00
1
1
A12 = 2 H (r45 + 0.5) +
r00 r90
EQ. 9.2.3.3
14
d
r =
d 33
H + (2 N F G 4 H )Sin 2 Cos 2
=
F Sin 2 + G Cos 2
MATERIALS
EQ. 9.2.3.4
eq is compared to the yield stress y which varies in function of plastic strain p and
(law 32):
y = a ( 0 + p )n . max(, 0 )m
EQ. 9.2.3.5
0 = a ( 0 )n .(0 )m
EQ. 9.2.3.6
The strain rates are defined at integration points. The maximum value is taken into account:
d d y d
d
= max x ,
,2 ( xy )
dt
dt
dt dt
EQ. 9.2.3.7
In RADIOSS, it is also possible to introduce the yield stress variation by a user defined function (law 43). Then,
several curves are defined to take into account the strain rate effect.
It should be noted that as Hills law is an orthotropic law, it must be used for elements with orthotropy properties
as Type 9 and Type 10 in RADIOSS.
( , y ) = Hill y = 0
Where, Hill is the Equivalent Hill stress given as:
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15
MATERIALS
For Shell
hill = F yy 2 + G xx 2 + H ( xx yy )2 + 2 N xy2
Where, F , G , H, N , M , L are Six Hill anisotropic parameters.
For the yield surface a modified swift law is employed to describe the isotropic hardening in the application of
the plasticity models :
y = y0 ( p0 + p )
0
0
with y is the initial yield stress, p is the initial equivalent plastic strain and p is the equivalent
plastic strain and n is an material constant.
D=
d p
f
( , )
Where, f is a plastic strain fracture for the modified Mohr fracture criteria is given by :
Anisotropic 3D model
0
f = y
c2
1+ c
cos( ) + c1 + sin( )
3
6
3
6
3
(1 c3 ) sec( ) 1
c3 +
6
2 3
2
1
1
n
with:
= 1 2 arccos
27 J 3
=
3
2 vmises
3 ( xx + yy + zz )
=
vmises
0 1 + c 2
f
1
f = y f 3
f1 + c1 + 2
3
3
c 2
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1
n
16
MATERIALS
With:
1
27 2 1
f1 = cos arcsin
3
2
3
1
27 2 1
f 2 = sin arcsin
3
2
3
3
f 3 = c3 +
(1 c3 ) 1 1
2 3
f1
y = y0 ( 0p + p )
D D
with = c
Dc 1
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MATERIALS
The first case can be modeled by an isotropic material where the composite property is defined in element
property definition as explained in Chapter 5. However, in the case of composite shell with orthotropic layers the
definition of a convenient material law is needed. Two dedicated material laws for composite orthotropic shells
exist in RADIOSS:
Material law COMPSH (25) with orthotropic elasticity, two plasticity models and brittle tensile failure,
Material law CHANG (15) with orthotropic elasticity, fully coupled plasticity and failure models.
These laws are described here. The description of elastic-plastic orthotropic composite laws for solids is
presented in the next section.
11 = E11 (1 d1 ) 11
22 = E22 (1 d 2 ) 22
EQ. 9.2.4.1
12 = G12 (1 d1 )(1 d 2 ) 12
Figure 9.2.11 Shear strain
where d1 and d 2 are the tensile damages factors. The damage and failure behavior is defined by introduction of
the following input parameters:
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MATERIALS
Figure 9.2.12
9.2. Tensile behavior of composite shells
(1-dmax) E
9.2.4.2 Delamination
The delamination equations are:
31 = G31 (1 d 3 ) 31
EQ. 9.2.4.2
23 = G23 (1 d 3 ) 23
EQ. 9.2.4.3
where
Let
d 3 is the delamination damage factor. The damage evolution law is linear with respect to the shear strain.
= 312 + 232
then:
for
d3 = 0
= t
for
d3 = 1
=m
EQ. 9.2.4.4
EQ. 9.2.4.5
Where
F1 =
F11 =
F44 =
c
1y
t
1y
c
1y
t
1y
c
12 y
t
12 y
F2 =
MATERIALS
c
2y
2t y
F22 =
F12 =
2t y
c
2y
F11 F22
is the reduction factor. The six other parameters are the yield stresses in tension and compression for the
orthotropy directions which can be obtained uniaxial loading tests:
1yt
F ( ) < 1
: elastic state
F ( ) = 1
F ( ) > 1
EQ. 9.2.4.6
( )
For F = 1 the cross-sections of Tsai-Wu function with the planes of stresses in orthotropic directions is
shown in Figure 9.2.13.
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MATERIALS
F ( ) = 1
2
2t y
12t y
1
1cy
1t y
12c y
2c y
12
F ( ) > 1 , the stresses must be projected on the yield surface to satisfy the flow rule. F ( ) is compared to a
maximum value F (W p ) varying in function of the plastic work W p during work hardening phase:
If
F ( ) = F (W p ) = 1 + bWpn
EQ. 9.2.4.7
with:
b = Hardening parameter
n = Hardening exponent
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MATERIALS
W pmax ,
If one of the two conditions is satisfied, the material is ruptured. The evolution of yield surface during work
hardening of the material is shown in Figure 9.2.15.
Figure 9.2.15 Evolution of Tsai-Wu yield surface
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The model will allow the simulation of the brittle failure by formation of cracks. The cracks can either be
oriented parallel or perpendicular to the orthotropic reference frame (or fiber direction), as shown in Figure
max
9.2.16. For plastic failure, if the plastic work WP is larger than the maximum value WP
for a given element,
then the element is considered to be ruptured. However, for a multi-layer shell, several criteria may be
considered to model a total failure. The failure may happen:
If WP > WP
max
If WP > WP
max
If WP > WP
max
If WP > WP
max
If WP > WP
max
If WP > WP
max
If WP > WP
max
If WP > WP
max
The last two cases are the most physical behaviors; but the use of failure criteria depends, at first, to the analysts
choice. In RADIOSS the flag IOFF defines the used failure criteria in the computation.
Figure 9.2.16 Crack orientation
In practice, the use of brittle failure model allows to estimate correctly the physical behavior of a large rang of
composites. But on the other hand, some numerical oscillations may be generated due to the high sensibility of
the model. In this case, the introduction of an artificial material viscosity is recommended to stabilize results. In
addition, in brittle failure model, only tension stresses are considered in cracking procedure.
The ductile failure model allows plasticity to absorb energy during a large deformation phase. Therefore, the
model is numerically more stable. This is represented by CRASURV model in RADIOSS. The model makes
also possible to take into account the failure in tension, compression and shear directions as described in the
following.
Wp
F W p , = 1 + b ref
Wp
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1 + c ln
EQ. 9.2.4.8
23
MATERIALS
with:
Wp
Wp
: plastic work,
ref
b
n
c
The last equation implies the growing of the Tsai-Wu yield surface when the dynamic effects are increasing. The
effects of strain rate are illustrated in Figure 9.2.17.
Figure 9.2.17 Strain rate effect in work hardening
F44 =
( )
EQ. 9.2.4.9
12 y
Another modification concerns the parameters Fij in EQ. 9.2.4.5 which are expressed now in function of plastic
work and plastic work rate as in EQ. 9.2.4.8:
F (Wp ) = 1 = F1 (Wp ) 1 + F2 (Wp ) 2 + F11 (Wp ) 12 + F22 (Wp ) 22 + F44 (Wp ) 122 + 2 F12 (Wp ) 1 2
n
1cy = 10c 1 + b1c (W p1c ) 1 + c1c Ln
o
n
2c y = 20c 1 + b2c (W p2c ) 1 + c2c Ln
o
n
1t y = 10t 1 + b1t (W p1t ) 1 + c1t Ln
o
EQ. 9.2.4.10
n
2t y = 20t 1 + b2t (W p2t ) 1 + c2t Ln
o
n
12 y = 120 1 + b12 (W p12 ) 1 + c12 Ln
o
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24
MATERIALS
where the five sets of coefficients b, n and c should be obtained by experience. The work hardening is shown in
Figure 9.2.18.
Figure 9.2.18 CRASURV plasticity hardening
The CRASURV model will allow the simulation of the ductile failure of orthotropic shells. The plastic and
failure behaviors are different in tension and in compression. The stress softening may also be introduced in the
model to take into account the residual Tsai-Wu stresses. The evolution of CRASURV criteria with hardening
and softening works is illustrated in Figure 9.2.19.
Figure 9.2.19 Flow surface in CRASURV model
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25
MATERIALS
11 > 0
e = 11 + 12 1.0
S1
S12
2
f
0 failed
EQ. 9.2.4.11
11 < 0
0 failed
EQ. 9.2.4.12
e = 11 1.0
C1
2
c
e = 22 + 12 1.0
S2
S12
2
m
0 failed
EQ. 9.2.4.13
22 < 0
2
2
2
22 C2
12
0 failed
22
+
1
1.0
e =
+
C2 S12
< 0 elastic plastic
2S12 2S12
2
d
EQ. 9.2.4.14
If the damage parameter is equal to or greater than 1.0, the stresses are decreased by using an exponential
function to avoid numerical instabilities. A relaxation technique is used by gradually decreasing the stress:
[ (t )] = f (t ) [ d (tr )]
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EQ. 9.2.4.15
26
With: f (t ) = exp
and
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t tr where:
t = the time,
tr = the start time of relaxation when the damage criteria are assumed,
T=
d 22
)
d 12
[ d (tr )] = the stress components at the beginning of damage (for matrix cracking [ d (tr )] =
9.2.5 Elastic-Plastic Orthotropic Composite Solids
The material law COMPSO (14) in RADIOSS allows to simulate orthotropic elasticity, Tsai-Wu plasticity with
damage, brittle rupture and strain rate effects. The constitutive law applies to only one layer of lamina.
Therefore, each layer needs to be modeled by a solid mesh. A layer is characterized by one direction of the fiber
or material. The overall behavior is assumed to be elasto-plastic orthotropic.
Direction 1 is the fiber direction, defined with respect to the local reference frame
9.2.20.
Figure 9.2.20
(r , s , t ) as shown in Figure
For the case of unidirectional orthotropy (i.e. E33 = E22 and G31 = G12 ) the material law (53) in RADIOSS
allows to simulate an orthotropic elastic-plastic behavior by using a modified Tsai-Wu criteria.
ij (t ) , and strain rate, dij, from global reference frame to fiber reference frame.
ij (t + t ) = ij (t ) + Dijkl d kl t
3. Transform the lamina stress,
EQ. 9.2.5.1
The elastic constitutive matrix C of the lamina relates the non-null components of the stress tensor to those of
strain tensor:
{ } = [D]{ }
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EQ. 9.2.5.2
27
MATERIALS
The inverse relation is generally developed in term of the local material axes and nine independent elastic
constants:
1
E
11
11
22
33
=
12
23
31
21
E22
1
E22
31
E33
32
E33
1
E33
1
G12
0
1
G23
Symm.
0 11
22
0
33
0 12
23
0 31
G31
where Eij are the Youngs modulus, Gij shear modulus and ij Poissons ratios.
EQ. 9.2.5.3
ij
EQ. 9.2.5.4
with:
Fi =
F12 =
c
i
1
2
30-Jan-2014
t
i
(F11F22 )
Fii =
1
F23 = F22
2
it
c
i
28
MATERIALS
( )
is the yield stress in direction i, c and t denote respectively for compression and tension. f W p
represents the yield envelope evolution during work hardening with respect to strain rate effects:
f (W p ) = (1 + B W pn )1 + c. ln
0
EQ. 9.2.5.5
where W p is the plastic work, B the hardening parameter, n the hardening exponent and c strain rate coefficient.
f (W p ) f max
= max
y
EQ. 9.2.5.6
max
= y 1 + c. ln
0
1 + c. ln
max = max
f max
= max
y
max
= y 1 + c. ln
0
max = max
30-Jan-2014
29
MATERIALS
E33 = E22
EQ. 9.2.5.7
G31 = G12
The orthotropic plasticity behavior is modeled by a modified Tsai-Wu criterion (EQ. 9.2.5.4) in which:
F12 =
( )
2
45 c
y
1
(F11 + F22 + F44 ) + F1 +45Fc 2
2
y
EQ. 9.2.5.8
where y is yield stress in 45 unidirectional test. The yield stresses in direction 11, 22, 12, 13 and 45 are
defined by independent curves obtained by unidirectional tests (Figure 9.2.23). The curves give the stress
variation in function of a so-called strain v :
45 c
v = 1 exp(Trace[ ])
EQ. 9.2.5.9
ij
User defined
Yield curve ij
Compression
Traction
v = 1 exp(Trace[ ])
9.2.6 Elastic-plastic anisotropic shells (Barlats law)
Barlats 3- parameter plasticity model is developed in [100] for modelling of sheet under plane stress assumption
with an anisotropic plasticity model. The anisotropic yield stress criterion for plane stress is defined as:
F = a K1 + K 2
+ a K1 K 2
+ c 2K 2
2( e )
EQ. 9.2.6.1
where e is the yield stress, a and c are anisotropic material constants, m Barlats exponent and
are defined by:
K1 =
30-Jan-2014
xx h yy
2
K1 and K 2
EQ. 9.2.6.2
30
xx h yy
K 2 =
2
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+ p 2 ( xy )2
where h and p are additional anisotropic material constants. All anisotropic material constants, except for p
which is obtained implicitly, are determined from Barlat width to thickness strain ratio R from:
R R
a = 2 2 00 90
1 + R00 1 + R90
EQ. 9.2.6.3
c = 2a
R 1 + R90
h = 00
1 + R00 R90
The width to thickness ratio for any angle
2 m ( e )
R =
where
F
F
+
yy
xx
EQ. 9.2.6.4
direction. Let = 45, EQ. 9.2.6.4 gives an equation from which the
2m( e )
F
F
45
xx yy
1 R45 = 0
EQ. 9.2.6.5
It is worthwhile to note that Barlats law reduces to Hills law when using m=2.
30-Jan-2014
31
MATERIALS
= a + b np 1 + c ln
m
1
0
EQ. 9.3.1.1
where:
n = Hardening Exponent
c = Strain Rate Coefficient
= Strain Rate
m = Temperature exponent
298
melt 298
melt is the melting temperature in Kelvin degrees. The adiabatic conditions are assumed for temperature
computation:
= i +
Eint
C (Volume)
EQ. 9.3.1.2
Where:
Cp = the specific heat per unit of volume
30-Jan-2014
32
MATERIALS
Chard in this material law is same like in /MAT/LAW44. More detail for Chard see 9.3.3.
d d y d
d
,2 ( xy )
= max x ,
dt
dt
dt dt
1
2
xy = xy
EQ. 9.3.1.3
EQ. 9.3.1.4
d dEi / dt
=
dt VM
EQ. 9.3.1.5
EQ. 9.3.1.6
30-Jan-2014
EQ. 9.3.1.7
33
MATERIALS
For thin-walled structures, the equivalent strain is computed by the following approach. If is the main
component of strain tensor, the kinematic assumptions of thin-walled structures allows to decompose the inplane strain into membrane and flexural deformations:
= z + m
EQ. 9.3.1.8
t
2
t
2
Ei = dz = E 2 dz = E (z + m ) dz
2
EQ. 9.3.1.9
Therefore:
t
2
1
2
Ei = E ( z + + 2 m z ) dz = E 2 z 3 + m2 z + m z 2
3
t
t
2 2
2
m
EQ. 9.3.1.10
Ei = E 2t 3 + m2 t = E eq2 t
12
eq =
1 22
t + m2
12
EQ. 9.3.1.11
EQ. 9.3.1.12
= z + m
EQ. 9.3.1.13
Admitting the assumption that the strain rate is proportional to the strain, i.e.:
m = m
EQ. 9.3.1.14
EQ. 9.3.1.15
Therefore:
EQ. 9.3.1.16
Referring to EQ. 9.3.1.12, it can be seen that an equivalent strain rate can be defined using a similar expression
to the equivalent strain:
eq = eq
eq =
30-Jan-2014
1 2 2
k t + m2
12
EQ. 9.3.1.17
EQ. 9.3.1.18
34
MATERIALS
For solid elements, the strain rate is computed using the maximum element stretch:
eq = max
EQ. 9.3.1.19
The strain rate at integration point, i in /ANIM/TENS/EPSDOT/i (1<i<n) is calculated by the following
expression:
1 (2i 1)
1tb
2 n
i = m
Where:
EQ. 9.3.1.20
1
2
1
l = m tb
2
u = m + tb
/ANIM/TENS/EPSDOT/UPPER
EQ. 9.3.1.21
/ANIM/TENS/EPSDOT/LOWER
EQ. 9.3.1.22
f (t ) = a (t ) + (1 a ) f (t 1)
where:
EQ. 9.3.1.23
a = 2 dt Fcut
dt = time interval
Fcut = cutting frequency
f = filtered strain rate
30-Jan-2014
35
MATERIALS
+ C5 pn
= C0 + C1 exp C3 + C4 ln
EQ. 9.3.2.1
where:
= Plastic Strain
30-Jan-2014
36
MATERIALS
The damage is neglected in the model. The work hardening model is similar to the Johnson Cook model (law 2)
without temperature effect where the only difference is in the strain rate dependent formulation. The equation
that describes the stress during plastic deformation is:
1 1p
= a + b 1 +
c
where,
n
p
EQ. 9.3.3.1
a = Yield Stress
b = Hardening Modulus
n = Hardening Exponent
c = Strain Rate Coefficient
= Strain Rate
30-Jan-2014
37
MATERIALS
Figure 9.3.4 Isotropic and Kinematic hardening models for deformation decrease
(a) Isotropic hardening
This law is available for solids and shells. Refer to the RADIOSS Input Manual for more information about
element/material compatibilities.
= ( A + B np ) + (C D mp ). ln
where:
+ E k
0
EQ. 9.3.4.1
p = plastic strain
= strain rate
A = Yield stress
B = hardening parameter
n = hardening exponent
C = relative strain rate coefficient
D = strain rate plasticity factor
m = Relative strain rate exponent
E = strain rate coefficient
k = strain rate exponent
In the case of material without strain rate effect, the hardening curve given by EQ. 9.3.4.1 is identical to those of
Johnson-Cook. However, Zhao law allows a better approximation of strain rate dependent materials by
introducing a nonlinear dependency.
As described for Johnson-Cook law, a strain rate filtering can be introduced to smooth the results. The plastic
flow with isotropic or kinematic hardening can be modeled as described in section 9.3.3. The material failure
happens when the plastic strain reaches a maximum value as in Johnson-Cook model. However, two tensile
strain limits are defined to reduce stress when rupture starts:
t 2 1
t 2 t1
n+1 = n
30-Jan-2014
EQ. 9.3.4.2
38
1
t1
If
MATERIALS
t2
When
1 > t 2
y = y 0 ( p ) f ( p )
EQ. 9.3.5.1
where p is the pressure defined by EQ. 2.7.2.1. Drucker-Prager model described in section 9.3.6 gives a
nonlinear function for f p . However, for steel type materials where the dependence to pressure is low, a
simple linear function may be considered:
( )
y = y 0 ( p ) C p( p )
EQ. 9.3.5.2
where C is user defined constant and p the computed pressure for a given deformed configuration.
Chard in /MAT/LAW36 is same like in /MAT/LAW44. More detail for Chard see 9.3.3.
Figure 9.3.5 Piecewise linear stress-strain curves
1
= 1
0
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The principal strain rate is used for the strain rate definition:
d
d
d 1 d x d y
=
+
+ x y
dt 2 dt
dt
dt
dt
d xy
+
dt
2
EQ. 9.3.5.3
F = J 2 A0 + A1P + A2 P 2
EQ. 9.3.6.1
where:
1
sij sij
2
P = pressure
A0 , A1, A2 = material coefficients
Figure 9.3.6 shows EQ. 9.3.6.1 in the plane of J 2 and P. The criterion expressed in the space of principal
stresses represents a revolutionary surface with an axis parallel to the trisecting of the space as shown in Figure
9.3.7. This representation is in contrast with the von Mises criteria where yield criterion has a cylindrical shape.
Drucker-Prager criterion is a simple approach to model the materials with internal friction because of the
symmetry of the revolution surface and the continuity in variation of normal to the yield surface.
The pressure in the material is determined in function of volumetric strain for loading phase:
P = f ( )
EQ. 9.3.6.2
where f is a user defined (law 21) or a cubic polynomial function (law 10). For unloading phase, if the
volumetric strain has a negative value, a linear relation is defined as:
P = C1
<0
EQ. 9.3.6.3
For unloading with a positive volumetric strain, another linear function may be used:
P = B
>0
EQ. 9.3.6.4
In RADIOSS Drucker-Prager model is used in laws 21 and 2. Neither of these laws can reproduce the
monodimensional behavior. In addition, no viscous effect is taken into account.
30-Jan-2014
40
MATERIALS
J 2 and P.
3
2
MATERIALS
2
1
Crack orientation
Layer cracking
The elastic-plastic behavior of the material is defined by Johnson-Cook model. However, the stress-strain curve
for the material incorporates a last part related to damage phase as shown in Figure 9.3.10. The damage
parameters are:
t1
m1
The element is removed if one layer of element reaches the failure tensile strain,
MATERIALS
n = eff (1 d )
EQ. 9.3.7.1
1 =
2 =
(1 d1 )E
2
E
12 =
v 2
E
v 1
E
EQ. 9.3.7.2
EQ. 9.3.7.3
12
EQ. 9.3.7.4
(1 d1 )G
1 =
E (1 d1 )
(1 + v 2 )
1 (1 d1 )v 2
EQ. 9.3.7.5
2 =
E
( 2 + (1 d1 )v 1 )
1 (1 d1 )v 2
EQ. 9.3.7.6
d=0
= m
d=1
A linear damage model is used to compute the damage factor in function of material strain.
d=
t
m t
EQ. 9.3.7.7
The stress-strain curve is then modified to take into account the damage by EQ. 9.3.7.1. Therefore:
=E
m
( tp )
m t
EQ. 9.3.7.8
m t t tp
EQ. 9.3.7.9
The mathematical approach described here can be applied to the modeling of rivets. Predit law in RADIOSS
allows achievement of this end by a simple model where for the elastic-plastic behavior a Johnson-Cook model
or a tabulated law (36) may be used.
30-Jan-2014
43
MATERIALS
fc
f ( m , J 2 , f c , f b , ) c = 0
EQ. 9.3.8.1
where:
m =
I1
= mean stress
3
30-Jan-2014
3 3 J3
2 J 23 / 2
44
MATERIALS
A schematic representation of the failure surface in the principal stress space is given in Figure 9.3.12. The yield
surface is derived from the failure envelope by introducing a scale factor k( m , ). The meridian planes are
presented in Figure 9.3.13.
The steel directions are defined identically to material law 14 by a type 6 property set. If a property set is not
given in the element input data, r ,s , are taken respectively as direction 1, 2, 3. For quad elements, direction
3 is taken as the direction.
Steel data properties are:
E = Young's modulus
= Yield strength
E t = Tangent modulus
Uniaxial compression
Uniaxial tension
1
Biaxial tension
Biaxial compression
30-Jan-2014
45
MATERIALS
Failure
Failure in
compression
Failure in
traction
vonm
fc
Yield in
compression
1.5
Yield in
traction
1.
0.5
P
fc
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
MATERIALS
dam :
0 1
o
If
< dam = 0
If
dam Edam = (1 )E
1
+ (1 )
2
This implies an isotropic damage with the same effects in tension and compression. The inputs of the model are
the starting damage strain dam and the slope of the softening curve Et as shown in Figure 9.3.14.
For brick elements the damage law can be only applied to the deviatoric part of stress tensor sij and
Gdam =
Edam
. This is the case of law (22) in RADIOSS. However, if the application of damage law to
2(1 + dam )
stress tensor
ij
The strain rate definition and filtering for these laws are explained in section 9.3.1. The strain rate
may not affect the maximum stress value
30-Jan-2014
max
may or
47
MATERIALS
max
= y 1 + c. ln
0
1 + c. ln
max = max
max
= y 1 + c. ln
0
max = max
initial state of
the material
Growth of the
existing microvoids
Nucleation by
decohesion of the
matrix-particules
interface or by fracture
of the inclusion
Coalescence of
mircovoids
and ductile fracture of
the matrix
30-Jan-2014
48
MATERIALS
The constitutive law takes into account the void growth, nucleation and coalescence under dynamic loading. The
evolution of the damage is represented by the void volume fraction, defined by:
f =
Va Vm
Va
EQ. 9.3.10.1
Where Va , Vm are respectively the elementary apparent volume of the material and the corresponding
elementary volume of the matrix. The rate of increase of the void volume fraction is given by:
f = fg + fn
EQ. 9.3.10.2
[ ]
fg = (1 f ) Trace D p
EQ. 9.3.10.3
Where Trace[Dp] is the trace of the macroscopic plastic strain rate tensor. The nucleation rate of voids is given
by the following expression:
fn =
fN
S N 2
1
M N
2 SN
EQ. 9.3.10.4
Where fN is the nucleated void volume fraction, SN is the Gaussian standard deviation, N is the nucleated
effective plastic strain and M is the admissible plastic strain.
The viscoplastic flow of the porous material is described by:
eq2
3
=
+ 2q1 f cosh q2 m
evp
2
M
2 M
= eq + 2q f 1 + q f
evp
1
3
M2
Where
eq the
EQ. 9.3.10.5
if m 0
is the
f = f
f = f + fu fc ( f f )
c
c
f F fc
Where:
1 + q3 f 2 if m > 0
if f f c
EQ. 9.3.10.6
if f > f c
1
*
, f ( f F ) = fu .
q1
30-Jan-2014
49
MATERIALS
f * = fF
f * = fN
Nucluation
Growth
Coalescence
f * = fC
f*
M =
: Dp
(1 f ) M
EQ. 9.3.10.7
Where is the Cauchy stress tensor; M is the admissible plastic stress and Dp is the macroscopic plastic
strain rate tensor which can be written in the case of the associated plasticity as:
D p =
evp
EQ. 9.3.10.8
with evp the yield surface envelope. The viscoplastic multiplier is deduced from the consistency condition:
=0
evp =
evp
EQ. 9.3.10.9
evp
evp
evp M
evp
:C :
A2
M M
f
e
evp
evp
(1 f ) : I + A1 A2
EQ. 9.3.10.10
where:
evp
1 M N
SN
; A = f N e 2
A2 =
1
(1 f ) M
S N 2
30-Jan-2014
EQ. 9.3.10.11
50
MATERIALS
The main characteristic of CONNECT property is the time step is independent on the element height, only on the
section surface area. Hence, it can be used for glue or spotweld connections, with null height distance.
Element definition:
The element local coordinate system is constructed in the mid-plane section between the bottom and top faces.
The orientation is the same as in RADIOSS shell elements:
Figure 9.3.19 Points 1a, 2a, 3a and 4a are in the mid distance between bottom and top face nodes
t
4a
3a
1a
2a
The local element system is fully corotational (not only convected), local deformations are thus independent on
rigid element rotations.
MATERIALS
The element has four Gauss integration points placed in the mid plane section. Element deformation in each
point is constructed using nodal displacements and linear function forms in the following way:
Dzz = sum(Ni*Vzi)i=5,6,7,8 - sum(Nj*Vzj)j=1,2,3,4
Dxz = sum(Ni*Vxi)i=5,6,7,8 - sum(Nj*Vxj)j=1,2,3,4
Dyz = sum(Ni*Vyi)i=5,6,7,8 - sum(Nj*Vyj)j=1,2,3,4
Vx, Vy, and Vz being nodal velocities in local corotational system and Ni the function forms.
Its important to note that these independent variables are not deformations but relative displacements
(velocities).
The element has only three strain components traction/compression in normal (Z) direction and both
transverse shears XZ and YZ. Actually, in-plane shear, as well as lateral tractions/compressions does not give
any resistance forces. Its a pure connection element and is not intended to be used in independent way. Both
upper and bottom faces have to be tied to different structural parts.
Material law:
The elastic-plastic behavior is modeled independently in normal and tangent (in-plane) directions in each Gauss
integration points, using user defined functions for work hardening curve. There is no coupling between normal
and shear direction in the material law. The hardening model is purely isotropic. Different number of hardening
curves may be defined in each direction, for different values of deformation rate.
For a given strain rate, a linear interpolation between corresponding curves is used to find the value of the yield
stress for the actual plastic elongation.
Deformation rates may be optionally filtered. In this regard, the law is similar to the classical elastic-plastic
tabulated approach.
Nodal forces are assembled using stress components calculated in each Gauss integration point, and additional
treatment is performed to assure global force and moment balance at every time step.
Input parameters for material law:
The material stiffness parameters are input as total element rigidity per section area, which is equivalent to the
Young and shear modulus per height unit [kg / (m s)].
The hardening functions are expressed as engineering stress relative to plastic elongations.
Element stability:
The element does not have its own elementary time step. Corresponding nodal time step is calculated using
nodal masses and stiffness to assure the numerical stability. In RADIOSS v12.0 the nodal time step is imposed to
the whole model, in the next releases the elementary time step is option is maintained if chosen in the engine
input file, only the connection material elements will use nodal time step.
30-Jan-2014
52
MATERIALS
(t )
0
D (t ) =
EQ. 9.4.0.1
The creep behavior is mainly composed of three phases: (i) primary creep with fast decrease in creep strain rate,
(ii) secondary creep with slow decrease in creep strain rate and (iii) tertiary creep with fast increase in creep
strain rate. The creep strain rate is the slope of creep strain to time curve.
Another kind of loading concerns viscoelastic materials subjected to a constant tensile strain,
the stress,
defined as:
0 . In this case,
(t ) which is called stress relaxation, gradually decreases. The tensile relaxation modulus is then
E (t ) =
(t )
0
EQ. 9.4.0.2
Because viscoelastic response is a combination of elastic and viscous responses, the creep compliance and the
relaxation modulus are often modeled by combinations of springs and dashpots. A simple schematic model of
viscoelastic material is given by the Maxwell model shown in Figure 9.4.1. The model is composed of an elastic
spring with the stiffness E and a dashpot assigned a viscosity . It is assumed that the total strain is the sum of
the elastic and viscous strains:
=e +v
EQ. 9.4.0.3
Figure 9.4.1 Maxwell model
The time derivation of the last expression gives the expression of the total strain rate:
= e + v
EQ. 9.4.0.4
As the dashpot and the spring are in series, the stress is the same in the two parts:
e =v =
EQ. 9.4.0.5
The constitutive relations for linear spring and dashpot are written as:
= E e
then
= E e
EQ. 9.4.0.6
= v
EQ. 9.4.0.7
Combining EQ. 9.4.0.4, EQ. 9.4.0.6 and EQ. 9.4.0.7, an ordinary differential equation for stress is obtained:
= E
30-Jan-2014
or
= E
EQ. 9.4.0.8
53
where
MATERIALS
is the relaxation time. A solution to the differential equation is given by the convolution integral:
(t ) = E e[ ( t t ') / ]
t
t
d (t ' )
d (t ' )
dt '
dt ' = R (t t ')
dt '
dt '
EQ. 9.4.0.9
where R(t) is the relaxation modulus. The last equation is valid for the special case of Maxwell one
one-dimensional
model. It can be extended to the multi-axial
axial case by:
(t ) = Cijkl (t t ')
t
d (t ' )
dt '
dt '
EQ. 9.4.0.10
where Cijkl are the relaxation moduli. The Maxwell model represents reasonab
reasonably
ly the material relaxation. But it
is only accurate for secondary creep as the viscous strains after unloading are not taken into account.
Another simple schematic model for viscoelastic materials is given by Kelvin-Voigt
Voigt solid. The model is
represented by a simple spring-dashpot
dashpot system working in parallel as shown in Figure 9.4.2.
Figure 9.4.2 Kelvin-Voigt model
= E +
EQ. 9.4.0.11
When = 0 (no dashpot), the system is a linearly elastic system. When E=0 (no spring), the material behavior
is expressed by Newton's equationn for viscous fluids. In the above relation, a one-dimensional
dimensional model is
considered.. For multiaxial situations, the equations can be generalized and rewritten in tensor form.
The Maxwell and Kelvin-Voigt
Voigt models are appropriate for ideal stress relaxation and
and creep behaviors. They are
not adequate for most of physical materials. A generalization of these laws can be obtained by adding other
springs to the initial models as shown in Figures 9.4.3 and 9.4.4. The equations related to the generalized
Maxwell model are given as:
= i + 1
=
=
EQ. 9.4.0.13
Ei
1
E1
EQ. 9.4.0.12
1
1
EQ. 9.4.0.14
MATERIALS
The mathematical relations which hold the generalized Kelvin-Voigt model are:
= e +k
EQ. 9.4.0.15
= e + k
e =
k =
V
Et
k =
The combination of these equations enables to obtain the expression of stress and strain rates:
= e + k =
+ k
EQ. 9.4.0.16
= k + Et k
= E
(E + Et )
EQ. 9.4.0.17
EEt
EQ. 9.4.0.18
The models described above concern the viscoelastic materials. The plasticity can be introduced in the models by
using a plastic spring. The plastic element is inactive when the stress is less than the yield value. The modified
model is able to reproduce creep and plasticity behaviors. The viscoplasticity law (33) in RADIOSS will enable
to implement very general constitutive laws useful for a large range of applications as low density closed cells
polyurethane foam, honeycomb, impactors and impact limiters.
30-Jan-2014
55
MATERIALS
The behavior of viscoelastic materials can be generalized to three dimensions by separating the stress and strain
tensors into deviatoric and pressure components:
t
eij
sij = 2 (t )
kk (t ) = 3K (t )
t
EQ. 9.4.0.19
kk
d
EQ. 9.4.0.20
where sij and eij are the stress and strain deviators.
P = K kk + Pair
EQ. 9.4.1.1
with:
Pair =
P0
;
1+
V
1 + 0
V0
EQ. 9.4.1.2
and:
kk = ln
V0
EQ. 9.4.1.3
is the volumetric strain, , the porosity, P0 the initial air pressure, 0 the initial volumetric strain and K
the bulk modulus. For deviatoric behavior, the generalized Maxwell model is used. The shear relaxation moduli
in EQ. 9.4.0.19 is then defined as:
(t ) = Gl + Gs e t
EQ. 9.4.1.4
Gs = G0 Gl
EQ. 9.4.1.5
where
G0 is the short time shear modulus, Gl the long time shear modulus and is the decay constant,
The coefficients
30-Jan-2014
with
s , Gs and Gl
s =
s:
s
Gs
EQ. 9.4.1.6
are defined for the generalized Maxwell model as shown in Figure 9.4.5.
56
MATERIALS
m =
I1
is the mean stress, the deviatoric stresses sij at steps n and n+1 are computed by the
3
expressions:
sijn = ijn ij mn
=1
for i = j else = 0
EQ. 9.4.2.1
EQ. 9.4.2.2
with:
G + Gt
2G.Gt
sij = 2Geij
sij (t ) +
e
0 ij
0
( for i j )
EQ. 9.4.2.3
G + Gt
G.Gt
sij = Geii
sii (t ) +
eii
0
0
( for i = j )
EQ. 9.4.2.4
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57
MATERIALS
E
Ae + B
G = Min
,
2(1 + v ) 2(1 + v )
Gt =
EQ. 9.4.2.5
Et
2(1 + vt )
EQ. 9.4.2.6
In EQ. 9.4.2.5 the coefficients A and B are defined for Young's modulus updates ( E
= E1 + E2 ).
K + Kt
KK t
dP
= C1 Kkk C2
kk + C3
kk
dt
3 + 2 0
3 + 2 0
EQ. 9.4.2.7
where:
K=
3(1 2v )
Kt =
Et
3(1 2vt )
1
P = kk
3
kk = ln
V0
EQ. 9.4.2.8
EQ. 9.4.2.9
EQ. 9.4.2.10
EQ. 9.4.2.11
0 are the Navier Stokes viscosity coefficients which can be compared to Lame constants in elasticity.
2
V
+ 0 is called the volumetric coefficient of viscosity. For incompressible model, kk = 0 and
and
and
0 =
. In EQ. 9.4.2.11, C1, C2 and C3 are Boolean multipliers used to define different responses. For
example, C1=1, C2= C3=0 refers to a linear bulk model. Similarly, C1=C2=C3=1 corresponds to a visco-elastic
bulk model.
For polyurethane foams with closed cells, the skeletal spherical stresses may be increased by:
Pair =
P0
1+
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EQ. 9.4.2.12
58
MATERIALS
the porosity, P0 the initial air pressure. In RADIOSS, the pressure may
polymers,
elastomers,
dummy paddings,
hyperfoams,
hypoelastic materials.
In compression, the nominal stress-strain curves for different strain rates are defined by user (Figure 9.4.7). Up
to 5 curves may be input. The curves represent nominal stresses versus engineering strains.
Figure 9.4.7 Nominal stress-strain curves defined by user input functions
The first curve is considered to represent the static loading. All values of the strain rate lower than the assumed
static curve are replaced by the strain rate of the static curve. It is reasonable to set the strain rate corresponding
to the first curve equal to zero. For strain rates higher than the last curve, values of the last curve are used. For a
given value of , two values of function at for the two immediately lower 1 and higher 2 strain rates are
read. The related stress is then computed as:
a
1
= 2 + ( 1 2 )1
2 1
EQ. 9.4.3.1
Parameters a and b define the shape of the interpolation functions. If a = b = 1, then the interpolation is linear.
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59
MATERIALS
The coupling between the principal nominal stresses in tension is computed using anisotropic Poisson's Ratio:
))
EQ. 9.4.3.2
t is the maximum Poisson's ratio in tension, c being the maximum Poisson's ratio in compression, and R, the
exponent for the Poisson's ratio computation (in compression, Poisson's ratio is always equal to c ).
In compression, material behavior is given by nominal stress vs nominal strain curves as defined by the user for
different strain rates. Up to 5 curves may be input.
The algorithm of the formulation follows several steps:
1. Compute principal nominal strains and strain rates.
2. Find corresponding stress value from the curve network for each principal direction.
3. Compute principal Cauchy stress.
4. Compute global Cauchy stress.
5. Compute instantaneous modulus, viscosity and stable time step.
Stress, strain and strain rates must be positive in compression. Unloading may be either defined with an
unloading curve, or else computed using the "static" curve, corresponding to the lowest strain rate (Figures 9.4.9
and 9.4.10).
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60
MATERIALS
It should be noted that for stability reasons, damping is applied to strain rates with a damping factor:
n1 + RD ( n n 1 )
EQ. 9.4.3.3
The stress recovery may be applied to the model in order to ensure that the stress tensor is equal to zero, in an
undeformed state.
An hysteresis decay may be applied when loading, unloading or in both phases by:
= H min (1, (1 e (t ) ))
Where, H is the hysteresis coefficient, and
EQ. 9.4.3.4
Confined air content may be taken into account, either by using a user defined function, or using the following
relation:
V
1
V0
Pair = P0
V
V0
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EQ. 9.4.3.5
61
MATERIALS
The relaxation may be applied to air pressure: Pair = Min (Pair , Pmax ) exp R p t .
dp
= Kkk
dt
EQ. 9.4.4.1
G (t ) = G + Gi e i t
EQ. 9.4.4.2
Gi
with
G1
G2
G3
G4
The components of the stress tensor are uncoupled until full volumetric compaction is achieved
(Poisson's ration = 0.0).
The effect of enclosed air is considered via a separate Pressure vs Volumetric Strain relation:
Pair =
with:
P0
1+
V
1 + 0
V0
EQ. 9.4.5.1
EQ. 9.4.5.2
MATERIALS
E + Et
EEt
ijs (t ) +
ij t
EQ. 9.4.5.3
E = max(E , E1 + E2 )
The full stress tensor is obtained by adding air pressure to the skeletal stresses:
, or y = A + B (1 + C )
ij (t ) = ijs (t ) (Pair ij )
EQ. 9.4.5.4
W(C) =
2 i i
1
+ 2i + 3i 3 + Ji 1
2 1
i=1 i
N
EQ. 9.4.6.1
Where:
C is the right Cauchy Green Tensor, C = F tF with F the deformation gradient matrix
, 0
(1 2 )
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and
1
2
63
MATERIALS
Note that for rubber materials which are almost incompressible: the bulk modulus is very large compared to the
shear modulus.
The ground shear modulus is given by:
N
= i
EQ. 9.4.6.2
i =1
W (C ) = W (C ) + U ( J )
EQ. 9.4.6.3
Where C = F F , F = J 1/ 3F
S0 =
W
W
W
U
=2
=2
+2
= S 0dev + S 0vol
E
C
C
C
EQ. 9.4.6.4
With E = 1 (C I )
2
S 0dev = 2
W
U
vol
and S 0 = 2
are the deviatoric and volumetric parts of the second Piola-Kirchhoff stress
C
C
tensor S0.
Rate effects are modeled through visco-elasticity using a convolution integral using Prony series. This
corresponds to an extension of small strain theory or finite deformation to large strain. The rate effect is applied
only to the deviatoric stress. The deviatoric stress is computed as:
Mi
EQ. 9.4.6.5
i =1
1
W
Q i (t ) + Qi (t ) = i DEV [2
(t )]
i
i
C
EQ. 9.4.6.6
lim Q i ( t ) = 0 , t
i [0,1] , i > 0
Qi is given by the following convolution integral:
d DEV {2 C W [C ( s )]}
i t
Qi (t ) =
exp (t s ) / i
ds
ds
i
0
EQ. 9.4.6.7
Where:
= G / G0
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Mi
1 = + i
i =1
64
MATERIALS
Mi
i = Gi / G 0
G0 = G + Gi
i =1
1
dev () = ( : C )C 1
3
G0 is the initial shear modulus;
G0 should be exactly the same as the ground shear modulus . G is the long-
term shear modulus that can be obtained from long-term material testing.
The relation between the second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor S = S
dev
1
FSF t
det F
EQ. 9.4.6.8
The reader is invited to consult references [101], [102], and [118] for more details.
Johnson-Cook model for strain rate and temperature dependence on yield stress (law 4),
Elasto-plastic hydrodynamic materials with von Mises isotropic hardening and polynomial pressure
(law 3),
RADIOSS provides a material database incorporated in the installation. Many parameters are already defined by
default and give accurate results. Some of them are described in the following sections:
energy and pressure equations are solved simultaneously.
= (A + B pn )1 + C ln
(1 m )
0
p = C0 + C1 + C2 2 + C3 3 + (C 4 + C5 )En
where
EQ. 9.5.1.1
EQ. 9.5.1.2
melt
0
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MATERIALS
Sij = 2 veij
EQ. 9.5.2.1
p = C0 + C1 + C2 2 + C3 3 + (C 4 + C5 )En
EQ. 9.5.2.2
= Kinematic viscosity
v=
by:
EQ. 9.5.2.3
C 4 = C5 = 1
En 0 =
P0
EQ. 9.5.2.4
EQ. 9.5.2.5
A perfect gas allows compressibility and expansion and contraction with a rise in temperature. However, for
many situations, especially very slow subsonic flows, an incompressible gas gives accurate and reliable results
with less computation.
C0 = C2 = C3 =C 4 = C5 = E0 = 0
EQ. 9.5.2.6
C1 = 0 c 2
EQ. 9.5.2.7
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MATERIALS
Incompressibility is achieved via a penalty method. The sound speed is set to at least 10 times the maximum
velocity.
This classical assumption is not valid when fluid and structures are coupled. In this case, set the sound speed in
the fluid so that the first eigen frequency is at least 10 times higher in the fluid than in the structure.
= (A + B pn )
EQ. 9.5.3.1
p = C0 + C1 + C2 2 + C3 3 + (C 4 + C5 )En
where
EQ. 9.5.3.2
= / 1
0
Et + t = Et
1
(t + t + t ) 1 1
p
p
2
t +t
t
pt + t = F ( )t + t + G ( )t + t p Et + t
EQ. 9.5.3.3
EQ. 9.5.3.4
where F ( ) = C0 + C1 + C2 + C3
2
G ( ) = C 4 + C 5
Input requires Young's or the elastic modulus, E, and Poisson's ratio, . These quantities are used only for the
deviatoric part. They do not need to be consistent with the bulk modulus, C1. The plasticity material parameters
are:
A = Yield Stress
B = Hardening Modulus
n = Hardening Exponent
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MATERIALS
The coefficients C4 and C5 are used to control temperature effects. The initial energy per unit volume, En0, is
also required. Simulations involving temperature effects can increase computational time substantially since
energy and pressure equations are solved simultaneously.
Em = E c + c p Tm
EQ. 9.5.4.1
Where E c is cold compression energy and Tm melting temperature supposed to be constant. If the internal
energy E is less than E m , the shear modulus and the yield strength are defined by the following equations:
fE
G = G 0 1 + b1pV 3 h(T T0 ) e E Em
y
Where
= 0 1 + b 2 pV
b1 , b2 , h and
0 = 0 1 + p
EQ. 9.5.4.2
fE
h (T T0 ) e E E m
EQ. 9.5.4.3
]n
EQ. 9.5.4.4
max .
The material pressure is defined by a polynomial equation of state as in law 3 (EQ. 9.5.3.1).
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68
MATERIALS
Type
Description
CHANG
CONNECT
Chang-Chang model
Failure
ENERGY
FLD
Energy isotrop
Forming limit diagram
HASHIN
JOHNSON
Composite model
Ductile failure model
LAD_DAMA
POWER_DAM
PUCK
SPALLING
Composite delamination
Composite delamination
Composite model
Ductile + Spalling
TBUTCHER
TENSSTRAIN
WIERZBICKI
Traction
Ductile material
WILKINS
XFEM_FLD
XFEM_JOHNS
Johnson-Cook
XFEM_TBUTC
d =
EQ. 9.7.1.1
with:
where
1 + D5T *
0
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EQ. 9.7.1.2
m
VM
MATERIALS
VM :
c = m + VM
EQ. 9.7.2.1
In a similar approach, a failure criteria based on a cumulative equivalent plastic strain was proposed by Wilkins.
Two weight functions are introduced to control the combination of damage due to the hydrostatic and deviatoric
loading components. The failure is assumed when the cumulative reaches a critical value dc. The cumulative
damage is obtained by:
t
i =1
d c = W1W2 d p W1W2 ip
1
with: W1 =
1 + aP
P=
EQ. 9.7.2.2
s s
1 3
jj , W2 = (2 A) , A = Max 2 , 2 , s1 s2 s3
3 j =1
s3 s1
where:
and
d = ( r ) dt
t
EQ. 9.7.3.1
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MATERIALS
major (%)
Failure
zone
min
(%)
1/ m
EQ. 9.7.6.1
max = C1e C
2
min = C3e C
4
Where C1 , C2 , C3 ,
defined as following:
C4 , and m are the material constants, n the hardening parameter and and are
for solids:
m
VM
for shells:
m
VM
27 J 3
2 VM 3
27 2 1
2
3
with:
m : hydrostatic stress
VM : von Mises stress
J 3 = s1s2 s3 : Third invariant of principal deviatoric stresses
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MATERIALS
f
f
max
min
-1
=const
+1
t1 , a damage factor D is applied to reduce the stress as shown in Fig. 9.7.3. The element is ruptured
D=1. In addition, the maximum strains t1 and t 2 may depend on the strain rate by defining a scale
reaches
when
function.
MATERIALS
where,
r is the fracture stress
is the maximum principal stress
r = 0 (1 - D)b
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73