Theories of Personality

Test Bank for Theories of Personality Understanding
Persons 6th Edition by Cloninger (Sections 1)

Writers and philosophers tell us about human nature.
Why do we also need psychology?
1. A) Writers and philosophers ignore human
motivation.
2.
B) Psychology allows a systematic

understanding of human nature.
3.
C) Psychology is concerned with values,

which writers and philosophers ignore.
4.
D) Writers and philosophers ignore

maladjusted personalities.
Psychology attempts to understand human nature

using the method of
1.
A) science.
2.
B) literature.
3.
C) intuition.
4.
D) philosophy.
What is personality, according to your text?
1.
A) description
2.
B) dynamics
3.
C) development
4.
D) destiny
When we ask, "How do people adjust to their life

situations?" and "How does their thought affect what
they do," we are asking questions about the
__________ of personality.
1.
A) description
2.
B) dynamics
3.
C) development
4.
D) destiny
When we ask, "How do biology and experience

influence a person from childhood onward?" we are
asking questions about the __________ of
personality.
1.
A) description
2.
B) dynamics
1.
A) a person's social skills
3.
C) development
2.
B) the reaction of a person to social forces
4.
D) destiny
3.
C) the underlying causes within the

person of individual behavior and
experience
4.
D) the individual's level of adjustment or

mental health
Which of the following kinds of questions are not

addressed by personality theory?
1.
A) questions about personality dynamics
2.
B) questions about personality development
3.
C) questions about personality description
4.
D) questions about personality diffusion
When we ask, "How is one person different from

another?" we are asking questions about the
__________ of personality.
Categories of people with similar characteristics are

called
1.
A) factors.
2.
B) traits.
3.
C) types.
4.
D) sets.
Hippocrates, in ancient Greece, described sanguine,

melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic __________ of
personality.
1.
A) traits
2.
B) types
3.
C) dynamics
4.
D) factors
A measure in which a person is given a score on

some dimension, for example, a score of 61 or 85 on
a 100-point scale of "traditionality", is a __________
measure.
1.
A) qualitative
2.
B) quantitative
3.
C) factorial
4.
D) typological
How can we describe personality?

1.
A) Factors
2.
B) Traits
3.
C) Types
4.
D) All of the above
5.
E) None of the above
Which of the following does not describe a trait?

1.
2.
A) Trait scores are discontinuous

variables
B) A person is given a numeric score to
indicate how much of a trait the person
possesses
3.
C) There are many traits to describe

everyone
4.
D) A person can be described on every trait.
Which of the following does not describe a personality

type?
1. A) Membership to a type is all or nothing.
2.
B) A person belongs to one and only one

category.
3.
C) There are many different types to

describe everyone.
4.
D) A person fits into only one type.
Which of the following does not describe a factor?

1.
A) Factor scores are continuous variables.
2.
B) There are many factors to describe

everyone.
3.
C) A person is given a numeric score to

indicate how much of a factor the person
possesses.
4.
D) A person can be described on every

factor.
In the study of personality, including the influence of

society and culture allows a better explanation of
____________ differences among people.
1. A) gender
2.
B) ethnic
3.
C) cultural
4.
D) all of the above
5.
E) none of the above
A __________ allows a more precise description of

personality because it refers to a more focused set of
characteristics.
1.
A) variable
2.
B) type
3.
C) temperament
4.
D) trait
Like traits, factors are

1.
A) broad.
2.
B) quantitative.
3.
C) qualitative.
4.
D) developmental stages.
In comparison to factors, traits refer to more

__________ characteristics.
1. A) socially desirable
2.
B) broad
3.
C) specific
4.
D) changeable
1.
A) Researchers have failed to understand

individuals as whole persons.
2.
B) Researchers have failed to use

appropriate statistics.
3.
C) Researchers have ignored theory.
4.
D) Researchers have studied too many

different kinds of people.
In comparison to traits, factors refer to more

__________ characteristics.
1.
A) socially desirable
2.
B) specific
3.
C) broad
4.
D) changeable
Some research gives personality tests to a group of

people and compares their scores. What approach
does this illustrate?
1.
A) the idiographic approach
2.
B) the case study approach
3.
C) the nomothetic approach
4.
D) the clinical approach
Which of the following is not a major issue in

personality theory concerning the formation and
changes in personality mentioned in the text?
1.
A) To what extent is personality influenced by

heredity?
2.
B) To what extent can personality change as

a result of learning?
3.
C) How much change in personality can

actually occur in adolescence?
4.
D) How critical are the childhood years for

personality development?
Personality __________ refers to motivation.

One person at a time is studied using the
__________ approach.
1.
A) description
1.
A) factor analytic
2.
B) dynamics
2.
B) eclectic
3.
C) development
3.
C) nomothetic
4.
D) measurement
4.
D) idiographic
Case studies and psychobiography are examples of

the __________ approach.
1.
A) idiographic
2.
B) eclectic
3.
C) nomothetic
4.
D) correlational
Rae Carlson (1971)criticized nomothetic personality

research. Which of the following is included in her
criticism?
Personality dynamics includes which of the

following?
1. A) adaptation to the environment
2.
B) cognitive processes
3.
C) cultural influence
4.
D) all of the above
Biological influences result in differences in styles of

behavior and emotional reactions in infancy and
afterwards. Which term best describes such
differences?
1.
A) personality
2.
B) trait
3.
C) type
2.
B) the concepts of a theory.
4.
D) temperament
3.
C) used only in experimental research.
4.
D) used only in correlational research.
All of the following are dynamic issues addressed by

personality theories except
1.
A) Individual differences
2.
B) Adaptation and Adjustment
3.
C) Cognitive Processes
4.
D) Culture
Which of the following is not a major issue addressed

by personality theories?
1.
A) Descriptive issues
2.
B) Developmental issues
3.
C) Directive issues
4.
D) Developmental issues
Personality theories are tested using the __________

method.
1.
A) intuitive
2.
B) clinical
3.
C) scientific
4.
D) idiographic

A __________ is a conceptual tool for understanding
certain specified phenomena.
1.
A) theoretical construct
2.
B) psychological test
3.
C) theory
4.
D) variable
Theoretical constructs are

1.
A) obsolete in modern personality theory.
Which of the following illustrates an operational

definition of "shyness."
1. A) Shyness is caused by teasing.
2.
B) Shyness in childhood predicts shyness in

adulthood.
3.
C) Shyness is measured by a 25-item selfreport test.
4.
D) Shyness is common in adolescence.
The statement, "High self-esteem causes social

responsibility" is
1.
A) a theoretical proposition.
2.
B) a hypothesis.
3.
C) an operational definition.
4.
D) a paradigm.
A theoretical proposition is
1.
A) an abstract statement telling how two

theoretical constructs are related.
2.
B) a statement saying how a theoretical

construct can be measured.
3.
C) a prediction about observations in

research.
4.
D) a proposal to change the way personality

is developed, based on theoretical
considerations.
Which of the following illustrates a theoretical

proposition?
1. A) Frustration leads to aggression.
2.
B) Aggression includes verbal behavior (e.g.,

insulting someone) as well as physical
behavior (e.g.,
3.
hitting someone).
4.
C) Frustration can be produced by a

malfunctioning soda machine.
5.
D) Frustration is a subjective experience.
A hypothesis is
1.
A) an abstract statement telling how two

theoretical constructs are related.
2.
B) a statement saying how a theoretical

construct can be measured.
3.
4.
C) a prediction about observations in

research.
D) a proposal to change the way personality
is developed, based on theoretical
considerations.
A hypothesis is tested by
1.
A) logical reasoning.
2.
B) reviewing the published literature.
3.
C) conducting empirical research.
4.
D) examining the results of several related

studies.
The criterion of verifiability requires that theoretical

propositions be
1.
A) true.
2.
B) reliable.
3.
C) testable by empirical research.
4.
D) applicable to a variety of populations.
For a theoretical construct to be clearly understood, it

must be:
1.
A) verifiable
2.
B) parsimonious
3.
C) defined precisely
4.
D) valuable heuristically
Theories that apply to only a narrow range of behavior

are not
1.
A) comprehensive.
2.
B) refutable.
3.
C) scientific.
4.
D) empirically verifiable.
A theory that offers practical strategies for improving

human life is said to have
1.
A) comprehensiveness.
2.
B) applied value.
3.
C) generalizability.
4.
D) empirical verifiability.
Which of the following is not listed by the text as a

criterion of a good theory?
1.
A) comprehensiveness
2.
B) verifiability
3.
C) applied value
4.
D) consistency with human values
A theory that has suggested new ideas for later

theories and research, is said to have
1.
A) applied value.
2.
B) heuristic value.
3.
C) parsimony.
4.
D) empirical validity.
Which statement best describes the relationship

between theory and research?
1.
A) Theory and research are separate

disciplines within personality psychology.
2.
B) Theory influences research by suggesting

research ideas, but research has no impact
on theory.
3.
C) When research has become

sophisticated, with good measuring
instruments, theory is no longer
1.
A) validity
2.
B) test-retest reliability
4.
necessary.
3.
C) alternate forms reliability
5.
D) Theory and research mutually influence

one another.
4.
D) split-half reliability
Implicit theories of personality could be described by

all but which of the following?
1.
A) They are generally held by ordinary

people.
2.
B) They are unscientific.
3.
C) They are not necessarily incorrect.
4.
D) Their accuracy is guaranteed.
Which statement best describes personality research

methods?
1.
A) Experimental research is the best

research method. Others are now obsolete.
2.
B) Personality can only be studied by

correlational methods, since it is not possible
to do true experiments
3.
in this area.
4.
C) Personality research is best done with

large groups of subjects.
5.
D) A variety of personality research methods

are appropriate for personality research.
A personality measure that produces consistent

scores from one time to another is
1.
A) valid.
2.
B) useless.
3.
C) reliable.
4.
D) projective.
A researcher decides to see how consistent a new

personality test is by computing two scores. One
score is the total of the odd-numbered items. The
other score is the total of the even-numbered items.
What is the researcher assessing?
Which approach to reliability can be used if subjects

are tested on only one occasion, using only one test?
1.
A) test-retest reliability
2.
B) alternate forms reliability
3.
C) split half reliability
4.
D) No reliability tests are possible with only

one testing session.
Which of the following factors contributes to higher

test reliability?
1. A) homogeneous items
2.
B) a short test
3.
C) changes in the personality trait
4.
D) items that test different things
Assessing intelligence by measuring the size of a

person's head would be
1.
A) reliable but not valid.
2.
B) valid but not reliable.
3.
C) neither reliable nor valid.
4.
D) both reliable and valid.
Sam is taking a personality test for the second time.

The first time he was simply guessing at answers. The
second time, he remembers how he answered before,
and answers the same way in order to be consistent.
The test will probably be
1.
A) reliable but not necessarily valid.
2.
B) valid but not reliable.
3.
C) neither reliable nor valid.
4.
D) both reliable and valid.
In using the "known groups method" to determine

whether a test is valid, a researcher needs to test
1.
A) groups of people whom he or she knows

personally.
2.
B) subjects who agree to have their names

known.
3.
C) groups with published norms on a variety

of personality tests.
4.
D) groups which can be presumed to

differ on the construct being measured.
If a test of academic ability given to high school

students is correlated with grades during the
freshman year at college, the test has
Tests, such as inkblot tests, which ask people to

respond to ambiguous stimuli, are called
1.
A) self-report measures.
2.
B) response measures.
3.
C) projective tests.
4.
D) behavioral measures.
Behavioral measures used in personality research

include
1.
A) Real life observation
2.
B) Laboratory observation
1.
A) construct validity.
3.
C) Self reports
2.
B) test-retest reliability.
4.
D) All the above
3.
C) alternate forms reliability.
4.
D) predictive validity.
Construct validity is present when
Personality researchers use

1.
A) self-report measures.
2.
B) projective tests.
1.
A) a construct can be operationally defined.
3.
C) behavioral measures.
2.
B) a test distinguishes among criterion

groups.
4.
D) all of the above
3.
C) several research studies confirm the

usefulness of the construct.
4.
D) good measurement has been

demonstrated.
Direct self-report measures of personality

__________ research examines the relationships
among two or more variables.
1. A) Correlational
2.
B) Experimental
3.
C) Idiographic
4.
D) Psychobiographical
1.
A) are seldom used.
2.
B) are often reliable.
3.
C) always measure several personality traits

simultaneously.
1.
A) is used to demonstrate causal

relationships among variables.
4.
D) are valid even when subjects intentionally

give false responses.
2.
B) is seldom used in the field of personality.
3.
C) cannot determine causality underlying

observed relationships among variables.
Correlational research
4.
D) includes independent and dependent

variables.
Which of the following procedures can determine

cause-effect relationships?
1. A) correlational research.
tested by conducting an experiment in which the

dependent variable is
1.
A) mood.
2.
B) being in school.
2.
B) factor analysis.
3.
C) cooperation.
3.
C) experimental research.
4.
D) age.
4.
D) the case study.
A research study has shown that adolescents who

play on sports teams are more likely to be admitted to
college than those who do not play sports. From this
study, we can conclude that
1.
A) playing on sports teams causes increased

success in college applications.
2.
B) college applications cause increased

participation on sports teams.
3.
C) most college students have played sports.
4.
D) there is a relationship between playing

sports and being admitted into college
The independent variable corresponds to what a

researcher thinks is the
1.
A) cause.
2.
B) effect.
3.
C) third variable.
4.
D) uncontrollable factor.
The dependent variable corresponds to what a

researcher thinks is the
1.
A) cause.
2.
B) effect.
3.
C) third variable.
4.
D) uncontrollable factor.
A researcher is interested in testing the proposition

that being in a good mood causes increased
cooperation among children at school. This can be
A researcher is interested in testing the proposition

that watching a lot of television causes increased
aggressiveness among children at school. This can
be tested by conducting an experiment in which the
independent variable is
1.
A) watching a lot of television.
2.
B) being in school.
3.
C) aggressiveness.
4.
D) age.
An intensive investigation of an individual is called

a(n)
1.
A) bibliography.
2.
B) experiment.
3.
C) case study.
4.
D) psychoanalysis.
Psychobiography is different from case studies

because psychobiography has more emphasis on
1.
A) pathology.
2.
B) theoretical considerations.
3.
C) the individual.
4.
D) experimental methods.
Which statement best describes the relationship

between psychobiography and psychoanalytic
theory?
1.
A) Psychobiography is, by definition, based

upon psychoanalytic theory.
2.
B) In the past, psychoanalytic theory

guided much psychobiography, but the
field has broadened to
2.
B) scientific and humanistic approaches.
3.
C) human and animal theories.
3.
include other theories.
4.
D) laboratory and scientific theories.
4.
C) Psychobiography is the term used for

psychoanalytic case studies, when they are
published in non-
5.
clinical journals.
1.
True
6.
D) Psychobiography is a therapeutic
technique within psychoanalysis.
2.
False
Psychobiography is most useful for
Personality may be defined as the underlying causes

within the person of individual behavior and
experience.
Personality types are quantitative, while traits are not

quantitative.
1.
A) clarifying theoretical statements.
1.
True
2.
B) testing cause-effect relationships.
2.
False
3.
C) devising new personality measures.
4.
D) treating people with personality

maladjustments.
An approach that combines aspects of several

different theories is called
1.
A) eclectic.
2.
B) heuristic.
3.
C) nomothetic.
4.
D) experimental.
The term __________ refers to a theoretical model

that has been generally accepted by scientists in a
field (such as personality psychology).
A personality type is broader than a personality trait.

1.
True
2.
False
Most personality research is idiographic.

1.
True
2.
False
Traits, factors, and types all describe personality?

1.
True
2.
False
The idiographic approach studies one person at a

time.
1.
A) paradigm
2.
B) construct
1.
True
3.
C) theory
2.
False
4.
D) hypothesis
One major division among theories, sometimes called

the "two disciplines" or "two cultures" of psychology, is
between
1.
A) clinical and idiographic theories.
Psychobiography uses a nomothetic approach to

understanding people.
1.
True
2.
False
Nomothetic research is generally regarded as more

scientific than idiographic research.
1.
True
2.
False
Historically, culture and society have been important

considerations in the study of personality?
1.
True
2.
False

There is considerable evidence that personality is
relatively stable over a persons lifetime.
1.
True
1.
True
2.
False
2.
False
Collectivist cultures promote the personality

characteristics of extraversion and assertiveness.
1.
True
2.
False
Based on test scores, U.S. students have been

increasing in self-esteem, extraversion, anxiety, and
neuroticism.
1.
True
2.
False
The study of personality dynamics often focuses on

motivation directing behavior.
1.
True
2.
False
Personality psychologists, unlike clinical

psychologists, are not concerned with adaptation and
adjustment.
1.
2.
The scientific method requires personality

psychologists, like other scientists, to assume that
behavior is determined by causes that can be found
through research.
1.
True
2.
False
Abstract concepts in personality theory can be directly

observed but do not necessarily correspond to
observable phenomena.
1.
True
2.
False
Abstract concepts in personality theory cannot be

directly observed but do correspond to observable
phenomena.
1.
True
2.
False
True
False
Most personality psychologists think that heredity is

unimportant as a determinant of personality.
1.
True
2.
False
Experience, especially in adulthood, influences the

way each person develops toward his or her unique
personality
Operational definitions describe the practical

applications of personality theory to improving the
human condition.
1.
True
2.
False
Propositions are associated with the theoretical level

while hypotheses are associated with the level of
observables.
1.
True
2.
False
The criterion of verifiability requires that the theorist

specify observations which would refute the
prediction.
1.
True
2.
False
Disconfirmation of a theory is as important as support

found for a theory for advancing science.
1.
True
2.
False
Basic research is intended to advance theory and

scientific knowledge.
1.
True
2.
False
Theory influences research, but the opposite does not

occur.
1.
True
2.
False
A personality test which yields consistent scores on

two occasions is said to be reliable.
1.
True
2.
False
A personality test which yields consistent scores on

two occasions is said to be valid.
1.
True
2.
False
To determine test-retest reliability, it is necessary to

have two different forms of a test.
1.
True
2.
False
Other things being equal, a long test is usually more

reliable than a short test.
1.
True
2.
False
A personality test which measures what it claims to

measure is said to be valid.
1.
True
2.
False
One way of studying the validity of a test is to

determine whether it predicts behavior.
1.
True
2.
False
A test that yields the same score on two occasions is

said to have construct validity.
1.
True
2.
False
Tests that measure personality using direct self-report

measures almost always produce the same score as
those that use behavioral measures.
1.
True
2.
False
A test score should not be used to make statements

about populations (races, ages, and so on) other than
those for which there is evidence about test validity.
1.
True
2.
False
Objective measures sometimes play a role in

personality research by measuring personality itself.
1.
True
2.
False
Behavioral measures help develop an understanding

of personality in its real-world context.
1.
True
2.
False
In an experiment, the dependent variable measures

the "effect."
1.
True
2.
False
In an experiment, the dependent variable measures

the "cause."
1.
True
2.
False
It is generally difficult to manipulate a personality trait

as a cause in an experiment.
1.
True
2.
False
Experimental research is the primary method for

studying personality.
1.
True
2.
False
Constructs derived from experimental research can

be considered identical to those derived from
correlational research.
1.
True
2.
False
An intensive investigation of a single individual is

called a case study.
1.
True
2.
False
1.
True
2.
False
All psychobiography, by definition, uses

psychoanalysis to interpret an individual.
1.
True
2.
False
Psychoanalysis emphasizes the importance of

childhood experience in understanding individuals.
1.
True
2.
False
Most personality psychologists can be considered

eclectic.
1.
True
2.
False
In recent years, experts have agreed on one

paradigm in personality.
1.
True
2.
False
Psychologists in the scientific culture emphasize

experimentation over intuition.
1.
True
2.
False
Test Bank for Theories of Personality 10th Edition by

Ryckman (Sections 1)
Personality is:
A psychobiography is a case study that emphasizes

theoretical considerations.
1.
True
2.
False
To determine whether a person died of suicide,

psychologists may carry out a psychological autopsy.
1.
a. easy to define precisely.
2.
b. defined best in terms of a person's social

attractiveness to others.
3.
c. an abstraction that refers to the internal

instincts of a person.
4.
d. the scientific study of individual

differences.
There is basic agreement among personality

psychologists that personality is a(n):
1.
a. physical reality.
2.
b. instinct.
3.
c. complex abstraction.
4.
d. common genetic thing.
Theory-based predictions are called:

1.
a. hypotheses.
2.
b. psychological constructs.
3.
c. empirical observations.
4.
d. physical observations.
If people who are more dominant tend also to be

more anxious, we would say that the correlation
between the two traits is:
3.
c. leads to the accumulation of systematized

knowledge based on speculation.
4.
d. is pursued by impersonal and bias-free

scientists.
Operational definitions of concepts are important

because they:
1.
a. provide an objective and reliable basis

for communication among scientists.
2.
b. are equivalent in many respects to

conceptual replication schemes.
3.
c. allow the scientist to accumulate hard and

absolute facts.
4.
d. provide a key operation for our data and

facts.
The variables actively manipulated by the

experimenter are called:
1.
a. replication variables.
1.
a. positive.
2.
b. independent variables.
2.
b. neutral.
3.
c. control variables.
3.
c. nonexistent.
4.
d. dependent variables.
4.
d. negative.
If Bill explains Mark's aggressive behavior at a party

by saying it was caused by feelings of insecurity, we
would conclude that this explanation is a(n):
The measures of changes in behavior that occur as a

result of the manipulation of conditions by an
experimenter are called:
1.
a. dependent variable changes.
1.
a. post hoc conclusion.
2.
b. independent variable changes.
2.
b. a priori conclusion.
3.
c. control group manipulations.
3.
c. scientifically valid conclusion.
4.
d. independent constants.
4.
d. scientifically reliable conclusion.
In their study on self-affirmation, Creswell, Welch,

Taylor, Sherman, Gruenwald, and Mann found that:
Science is an enterprise that:

1.
a. leads to the accumulation of absolute

facts.
2.
b. is concerned with the description,

explanation, prediction, and control of
events.
1.
a. self-affirmation usually makes people feel

immoral, incompetent, and inadequate.
2.
b. people who affirmed themselves by

thinking about their most important
values were better able to cope with the
stress generated by a challenging task.
3.
c. stress associated with a boring task was

unrelated to study participants' cortisol
levels.
3.
c. intensive study of a person's behavior

over a period of time and in many
different situations.
4.
d. people who failed to affirm themselves

were better able to cope with the stress
generated by a boring and complicated task.
4.
d. correlation between two variables in the

person's life history that the therapist deems
important.
A perfect negative correlation would be written:

1.
a. -3.00.
2.
b. -1.00.
3.
c. -2.50.
4.
d. +1.00.
The use of the case study method:

1.
a. allows an investigator to make causal

inferences about behavior.
2.
b. may lead to serendipitous findings that

are the source of new and interesting
testable hypotheses.
3.
c. yields data that are easily applicable to

people in general.
4.
d. allows an investigator to control

systematically and account for the variables
under his or her scrutiny.
Positive correlations between variables occur when:

1.
a. high scores on one variable are

associated with low scores on another
variable.
2.
b. high scores on one variable are

associated with high scores on another
variable.
3.
c. high scores and low scores are

significantly related in a negative way.
4.
d. low scores on a key variable are related to

high scores on a second variable.
A correlational technique that allows an investigator to

assess the relationship between two variables by
eliminating the influence of other variables is called
a(n):
A "good" theory should encompass and explain a

wide range and diversity of phenomena. This
statement refers to the theory's:
1.
a. precision.
2.
b. testability.
3.
c. applied value
4.
d. comprehensiveness.
A "good" theory should stimulate thinking and

research. This statement refers to the theory's:
1.
a. error correlation.
1.
a. testability.
2.
b. crystal correlation.
2.
b. heuristic value.
3.
c. elimination correlation.
3.
c. applied value.
4.
d. partial correlation.
4.
d. precision.
The case history method involves:

1.
2.
a. the study of typical differences in

personality between people.
b. assessment of the impact of independent
variables on given dependent variables.
A "good" theory must be capable of generating

accurate predictions of behavior. This statement
refers to the theory's:
1.
a. heuristic value.
2.
b. testability.
3.
c. empirical validity.
4.
d. applied value.
A "good" theory should contain only those concepts

and assumptions that are necessary for the
explanation of events within its domain. This
statement refers to the theory's:
2.
b. data stressing the average or typical

differences between individuals.
3.
c. information on the consistencies of the

person's behavior.
4.
d. a view of the uniqueness of the person.
A highly complex abstraction which encompasses a

variety of dimensions is called a:
1.
a. rigor.
2.
b. testability.
1.
a. criterion.
3.
c. applied value.
2.
b. constructive entity.
4.
d. parsimony.
3.
c. psychological construct.
4.
d. replication.
A "good" theory leads to new approaches to the

solution of people's problems. This statement refers to
the theory's:
1.
a. precision.
2.
b. applied value.
3.
c. comprehensiveness.
4.
d. testability.
A fundamental assumption in a theory from which

hypotheses can be derived is called a(n):
1.
a. scientific method.
2.
b. postulate.
3.
c. concrete reality.
4.
d. spatial ability.
Another term for data is:

A numerical index of the probability that a particular
result occurred by chance is called:
1.
a. prediction.
2.
b. sample.
1.
a. abstraction significance.
3.
c. empirical evidence.
2.
b. statistical significance.
4.
d. postulate.
3.
c. probability norm.
4.
d. hypothetical norm.
Science involves an intertwining of two major

processes:
The establishment of a reliable relation between

variables is called a:
1.
a. research and correlational techniques.
2.
b. case studies and correlational techniques.
1.
a. hypothesis.
3.
c. hypothesis and theory.
2.
b. postulate.
4.
d. theory and method.
3.
c. prediction.
The case study method provides:
4.
d. law.
1.
a. data that are easily applied to people in

general.
A person's written or oral description of his or her own

behavior is called a(n):
1.
a. concrete behavior.
2.
b. self-report.
3.
c. experimental method.
4.
d. controlled behavior.
Predictions made before the collection of data are

called:
1.
a. a priori predictions.
2.
b. post hoc predictions.
3.
c. operational predictions.
4.
d. law predictions.
In deductive theories, the definitions of the constructs

in the hypotheses which must be stated clearly are
called:
1.
a. empirical definitions.
2.
b. operational definitions.
3.
c. literary definitions.
4.
d. conceptual definitions.

Ryckman (Sections 2)
A good example of the case study method is Freud's
analysis of the personality of:
1.
a. Leonardo Da Vinci.
2.
b. Rembrandt.
3.
c. Vermeer.
4.
d. Picasso.
One of the major postulates of self-affirmation theory

is that:
1.
a. each of us likes conflict.
2.
b. each of us has a unique self.
3.
c. some people have unique selves.
4.
d. masochism is associated with selfaffirmation.
According to Ryckman, a completely adequate theory

of personality:
1.
a. will be constructed by a personality

psychologist in the next decade.
2.
b. has already been constructed by several

personality theorists.
3.
c. will never be constructed.
4.
d. was once constructed in the early 1900s

by a French physician.
If Jim observes Karen's behavior in a number of

situations and concludes that she has a "decent
personality", personality psychologists would claim
that he is:
1.
a. defining her personality accurately.
2.
b. using the layperson's definition of

personality.
3.
c. defining her personality scientifically.
4.
d. basing his judgment on an objective

assessment of her behavior and attitudes.
An explanation of a phenomenon given after its

occurrence is called a(n):
1.
a. a priori explanation.
2.
b. previous explanation.
3.
c. post hoc explanation.
4.
d. postulate.
There is basic agreement among personality

psychologists that:
1.
a. personality theories are all the same in

terms of the predictions they make.
2.
b. personality theories typically study

identical phenomena.
3.
c. the kind of theories that theorists

construct depend to some extent on the
theorists' personalities.
4.
d. personality theories provide unequivocal

hypotheses which yield highly consistent
data.
1.
a. Freud's views had heuristic value for

the professor.
2.
b. Freud's theory had little value for the

professor.
3.
c. Freud's theory was so economical that the

professor couldn't wait to test it.
4.
d. even though the professor believed the

theory was completely accurate he decided
to test it anyway.
Theories that are created from a solid base of data

are called:
1.
a. deductive theories.
2.
b. hypothetic-deductive theories.
3.
c. inductive theories.
4.
d. generalized deductive theories.
Theories that are invented in order to account for

facts are called:
1.
a. inductive theories.
2.
b. generalized moral speculations.
3.
c. metaphorical inductive theories.
4.
d. deductive theories.
When experimenters provide study participants with a

description of the true nature and purpose of a study
after it is completed, we can conclude that:
1. a. participants have not given their informed
consent.
2.
b. participants have been debriefed.
3.
c. the experimenters are unethical.
4.
d. the experimenters can now proceed to

solicit the participants' informed consent.
The law of effect is a theoretical summary statement

that was based on a(n):
1.
a. deductive approach to theory construction.
2.
b. inductive approach to theory

construction.
3.
c. a set of general theoretical propositions.
4.
d. a priori theorizing.
If Professor Judson is stimulated to do research on

dreaming after reading Freud's The Interpretation of
Dreams, we could say that:
In the Katz, Fromme, and D'Amico study which

examined the relationship between personality traits
and various illicit behaviors, it was found that:
1.
a. low sensation seekers were more likely

than high sensation seekers to engage in
heavy drinking.
2.
b. high and low sensation seekers both

tended to engage in the same level of illicit
drug use.
3.
c. high sensation seekers abstained from

heavy smoking, whereas low sensation
seekers did not.
4.
d. high sensation seekers were more

likely than low sensation seekers to
engage in heavy drinking.
The groups in an experiment that provides baseline

data so that the effectiveness of the independent
variable manipulation can be accurately assessed is
called the:
1.
a. assessed group.
2.
b. dependent group.
3.
c. control group.
4.
d. independent group.
Studies which provide some information on causeand-effect relationships are called:

1.
a. correlational studies.
2.
b. independent studies.
3.
c. case studies.
4.
d. experiments.
If Larry believes that John will start a fight with

someone at the next party if he drinks too much beer,
we would say that this belief is Larry's:
4.
d. uninformed consent form.
Theories which consist of a set of assumptions from

which hypotheses are derived and then tested are
called:
1.
a. axiom.
2.
b. data.
1.
a. inductive theories.
3.
c. philosophy.
2.
b. data theories.
4.
d. hypothesis.
3.
c. questionnaire-based theories.
4.
d. deductive theories.
In an experiment, the group that does not receive the

experimental treatment is called the:
1.
a. independent group.
2.
b. dependent group.
3.
c. control group.
4.
d. study group.
Recorded observations of phenomena are called:

1.
a. data.
2.
b. propositions.
3.
c. postulates.
4.
d. hypotheses.
A "good" theory should help to solve problems that

are of concern to people. This statement refers to the
theory's:
1.
a. basic value.
2.
b. parsimony.
3.
c. applied value.
4.
d. testability.
When the exact purpose of an experiment is

explained to a study participant after the experimental
session, it is a(n):
1.
a. experiment.
2.
b. debriefing.
3.
c. consent form.
One limitation of defining personality in terms of the

social attractiveness of the person is that it:
1.
a. defines personality in terms of a moral

evaluation of the person being evaluated.
2.
b. assesses personality as primarily rooted in

biology.
3.
c. prevents the description of the

personalities of certain people.
4.
d. is that only women can be defined in

terms of physical attractiveness.
If people who are more intelligent also tend to be less

anxious, we would say that the correlation between
the two traits is:
1.
a. positive.
2.
b. negative.
3.
c. neutral.
4.
d. nonexistent.
The study participants who experience the intentional

alteration of a factor(s) in an experiment is called the:
1.
a. control group.
2.
b. partial correlational group.
3.
c. unmanipulated group.
4.
d. experimental treatment group.
Research findings that are based on testing

hypotheses are:
1.
a. never determined statistically.
2.
b. always considered absolutely proven.
3.
c. always determined statistically.
1.
a. positive correlation.
4.
d. nearly always irrelevant to the study's

objectives.
2.
b. negative correlation.
3.
c. curvilinear correlation.
4.
d. lack of association between the two

variables.
Prominent thinkers in the philosophy of science

contend that:
1.
2.
3.
4.
a. there is only one theory in each of the socalled mature sciences, not many competing
theories.
b. it is rare for any single theory to
achieve unquestioned leadership or
dominance in a discipline.
c. psychology is a mature science because it
has only a single theory.
d. psychology and physics are the only
disciplines to use competing theories to
explain phenomena.
If Bob observes Jim's behavior in a few situations and

concludes that he has a "lousy" personality,
personality psychologists would claim that Bob is:
1.
a. defining Jim's personality scientifically.
2.
b. using the layperson's definition of

personality.
The finding which indicates that the greater the

hypercompetitiveness of students, the lower their
altruism reflects a:
A perfect, positive correlation would be written:

1.
a. +2.00.
2.
b. -1.00.
3.
c. -2.00.
4.
d. +1.00.
In an experiment, the group of study participants that

does not receive the experimental treatment is called
a:
1.
a. correlational group.
2.
b. manipulated group.
3.
c. control group.
4.
d. experimental group.
3.
c. making an objective judgment about Jim's

personality.

Schultz (Sections 1)
4.
d. basing his judgment about Jim's

personality on certain instinctual urges that
he can see in Jim's behavior.
We research theories of personality to
If Jill believes that John will start a fight if he sees her

partying with Joe, we would say that this belief is
Jill's:
1.
a. postulate.
2.
b. philosophy.
3.
c. hypothesis.
4.
d. axiom.
1.
a. agree with all theorists on their own

personality theories.
2.
b. describe their use for real-world

problems.
3.
c. show how personality theories are

superior to any other theories.
4.
d. generalize that all people are the same

across cultures.
Understanding and knowing your own personality
1.
a. will help you to diagnose others that are

different from you.
2.
b. will help you find compatible people in

your life.
3.
4.
c. will help you to avoid people who are not

perfect for your life.
d. will help determine your success and life
fulfillment.
We ________ personality in order to better

understand ourselves and others.
1.
a. correct
2.
b. exaggerate
3.
c. judge
4.
d. ignore
Your personality can be shaped by

1.
a. organic reflex reactions.
2.
b. the number and variety of your social

situations and interactions with others.
3.
c. hypnosis.
4.
d. adult neurosis.
Wundt and others created the study of psychology but

believed the subject was also linked to
1.
a. the study of physics and chemistry.
2.
b. the analysis of basic elements as they

pertain to our mind.
3.
c. culture and the variety of our interactions

with people.
4.
d. all of the above.
Watson was a psychologist who focused on

___________ in the United States.
3.
c. existentialism
4.
d. cognitive processes
_______________ presents a mechanistic picture of

human beings.
1.
a. Psychoanalysis
2.
b. Education
3.
c. Medication
4.
d. Behaviorism
Freud based his theory of personality on

1.
a. the laboratory setting.
2.
b. cognitive processing.
3.
c. clinical observation of his patients.
4.
d. behaviorism.
Learned habits and response systems are attributed

to
1.
a. Jung.
2.
b. Watson.
3.
c. Skinner.
4.
d. Freud.
Behaviorism, according to __________, perceives

human beings as well-ordered machines.
1.
a. Skinner
2.
b. Watson
3.
c. Jung
4.
d. Freud
Neo-psychoanalysts focus on
1.
a. behaviorism
1.
a. their own interpretations of behavior.
2.
b. psychoanalysis
2.
b. behaviorism.
3.
c. learned responses and habits.
4.
d. the whole person in how they function

in the real world.
Social networking sites, such as Facebook, can

1.
a. increase an idealized self-image.
2.
b. help a person pretend they are someone

else.
3.
c. be as accurate as face-to-face interactions

in determining personality.
4.
d. all the answers
__________ is generally considered to have

formalized the study of personality.
1.
a. Freud
2.
b. Allport
3.
c. Jung
4.
d. Skinner
Personality can be summed up by which of the

following phrases?
1.
a. Personality is how we perceive

ourselves and also how others perceive
us.
2.
b. Personality shows that we are

deterministic, mechanical and dont change
throughout our lives.
3.
c. Personality involves the interpretations of

fantasies and past recollections of repressed
memories.
4.
d. Personality is entirely based on how we

were treated during childhood.
Persona is
1.
a. a persons mechanistic behavior.
2.
b. predictable and automatic.
3.
c. like a mask used by actors in a play.
4.
d. only what others think about us.
Your personality can be

1.
a. rigid and inflexible.
2.
b. constantly changing.
3.
c. based on traits and behavior.
4.
d. all of the answers
In research, those who have a high level of social

network use
1.
a. are more extroverted.
2.
b. are more introverted.
3.
c. are more anxious.
4.
d. score higher on tests of emotional stability.
In research, shy American college students who use

text messages were more likely to experience
1.
a. a reduction in their feelings of

loneliness.
2.
b. an increase in their fears of loneliness.
3.
c. no change in their feelings of loneliness.
4.
d. an increase in emotional instability
In the past, ____ ____were more likely to be used in

research on personality theory.
1.
a. white women
2.
b. Latino men
3.
c. white men
4.
d. black men
Children who are exposed to vastly different

environments
1.
a. have vastly different personalities.
2.
b. are equally the same in personality.
3.
c. are more isolated and lonely.
4.
d. are likely to be more introverted than

extroverted.
Girls and boys are still reared according to

1.
a. the norms of the neighborhood where they

were raised.
2.
b. Does the student know what is on the

test?
3.
c. Does the test measure what it is

supposed to measure?
4.
d. Is the test reliable?
2.
b. the explicit wishes of the grandparents.
3.
c. books on parenting.
1.
a. predictive
4.
d. traditional stereotypes.
2.
b. content
3.
c. construct
4.
d. all the answers
A research study from 1940 showed that those with

more masculine jobs
1.
a. report lower job satisfaction.
2.
b. report a higher mortality rate.
3.
c. report higher rates of depression.
4.
d. report higher rates of job burnout.
Types of validity include __________ validity.
Reliability is
A limiting factor in research of personality is that

subjects
1.
a. come from only cultural and ethnic

samples.
2.
b. are paid and easily conform to how the

researcher wants them to respond.
3.
c. are mostly college students.
4.
d. are mostly children and adolescents in

treatment.
Reliability involves
1.
a. consistent results on multiple

administrations of a test.
2.
b. a reliable indicator of the validity of a test.
3.
c. a reliable score for the person taking the

test.
4.
d. a valid profile of a person taking a test.
Which question best clarifies the meaning of validity?

1.
a. Has the test been taken by many people?
1.
a. the consistency of the responses to a

test.
2.
b. when a test measures what the test is

supposed to measure.
3.
c. used to validate and predict behavior.
4.
d. the scores from different tests.
The most widely used self-report personality test used

today is
1.
a. the Rorschach Inkblot Technique.
2.
c. the Myers-Briggs Indicator.
3.
b. the MMPI.
4.
d. the Thematic Apperception Test.
The MMPI, in its different forms, is used with

1.
a. adults only.
2.
b. adults and adolescents only.
3.
c. only children.
4.
d. adults, adolescents and children.
The MMPI is NOT appropriate for

1.
a. those with lower intelligence.
2.
b. those with lower reading skills.
3.
c. children.
4.
a. they are designed to be taken by children,

adolescents, and adults.
2.
b. they are designed for people of all ranges

of intelligence.
3.
c. they are designed to be scored

accurately.
4.
d. they are designed for people with all

ranges of reading ability.
When taking a self-report inventory, people may be

more honest with their answers if
1.
a. an online test is given.
2.
b. a paper-and-pencil test is given.
3.
c. a person wants to look good on their

answers.
4.
d. a person takes a test in the classroom.

Schultz (Sections 2)
A projective test of personality
1.
a. clearly describes an objective viewpoint of

personality.
2.
b. projects a persons fears, needs, and

values through the test.
3.
c. is based on the behavioral theory of

personality.
4.
d. is based on a model created by John

Watson.
The Rorschach Inkblot Technique is given

1.
b. to objectively interpret the values, needs,

and fears of a person.
3.
c. only to patients in a psychiatric hospital.
4.
d. to people of a wide range of age.
d. all the answers.
Self-report measures of personality are advantageous

because
1.
2.
a. only to adults.
In research for the Rorschach, conclusions on validity

and reliability are
1.
a. mixed.
2.
b. highly accurate and precise.
3.
c. invalidated.
4.
d. considered valid and reliable, since the

test is so popular.
The Thematic Apperception Test was developed by

1.
a. Sigmund Freud.
2.
b. Morgan and Murray.
3.
c. Carl Jung.
4.
d. John Watson.
The Thematic Apperception Test is a(n)

____________ test.
1.
a. valid and reliable
2.
b. objective
3.
c. projective
4.
d. multiple-choice
The ____ ____ is a widely used technique for

personality assessment.
1.
a. classroom exam
2.
b. achievement test
3.
c. intelligence test
4.
d. clinical interview
In the assessment of personality, research shows
1.
a. a higher level of depression in girls than in

boys.
2.
b. a higher rate of depression in women than

in men.
3.
c. a gender bias or stereotype for women

diagnosed with depression.
4.
d. all the answers.
__________ may affect the results in the assessment

of personality.
Case study data collected with the clinical method

1.
a. is more objective.
2.
b. reveals the truth about the person.
3.
c. is more precise than correlation methods.
4.
d. is more subjective.
A(n) ____________ is a technique for determining the

effect of one or more variables on behavior.
1. a. experiment
1.
a. Maturation
2.
b. case study
2.
c. Living conditions
3.
c. projective test
3.
b. Culture
4.
d. clinical observation
4.
d. Poverty
__________ students are more self-critical than

_________ students in assessment of personality.
The _________ variable is manipulated, while the

___________ variable is the measure itself.
1.
a. independent/dependent
1.
a. European / American
2.
b. dependent/independent
2.
b. Australian/ American
3.
c. experimental/independent
3.
c. American/ Japanese
4.
d. control/independent
4.
d. Japanese / American
People from collectivist cultures ___________ than

those from individualistic cultures.
1.
a. tend to be more self-critical
2.
b. tend to be less self-critical
3.
c. tend to be about the same in self-criticism
4.
d. tend to exhibit greater optimism
Online or virtual research is advantageous because

1.
a. there are objective and reliable sources

such as Wikipedia.
2.
b. users tend to be older and more proficient

with this kind of research.
3.
c. users are younger and more proficient

with this kind of research.
4.
d. results of online research show a

significant improvement over other research
methods.
Traditional Hispanic and Asian cultures tend to

1.
a. seek therapy more frequently than Whites.
2.
b. seek therapy less often than Whites.
3.
c. not seek therapy at all.
4.
d. keep their distress hidden and only reveal

this distress with close family members.
The correlational method of research compares

1.
a. the relationship between multiple

variables.
2.
b. the relationship between children,

adolescents and adults.
3.
c. the relationship between several cultures

and ethnic populations.
4.
d. the relationship between two variables.
The primary limitation for the correlation method is

1.
a. multiple regression.
2.
b. using statistical analysis.
3.
c. determining cause and effect.
4.
2.
False
A test-taker tends to make himself appear

unacceptable on a self-report inventory.
1.
True
2.
False
Self-report inventories remain the most objective

approach to personality assessment.
1.
True
2.
False
d. analyzing the variable.
John Watson formed the movement called

existentialism.
1.
2.
Online testing is less expensive and less timeconsuming than conventional classroom tests.
True
1.
True
2.
False
False
Freud is known as the founder of psychoanalysis.

1.
True
2.
False
Ethnicity and culture are considered widely variable in

the study of personality.
1.
True
2.
False
Reliability of assessment techniques is intended to

measure a certain test and its scores.
1.
True
2.
False
The MMPI is considered a projective measure of

assessment.
1.
True
2.
False
The MMPI is not appropriate for people with limited

reading skills.
1.
True
There is a significant difference in scores between

online tests and paper-and-pencil tests.
1.
True
2.
False
Projective tests are totally accurate and objective in

their ability to describe personality.
1.
True
2.
False
Projective tests have low reliability and low validity,

but are widely used anyway.
1.
True
2.
False
The Rorschach Inkblot tests can be widely used for

ethnic minorities rather than the MMPI.
1.
True
2.
False
Clinical interviews and behavioral assessments are

routinely done for assessment of personality.
1.
True
2.
False
One reason people use the term personality is to

convey:
1.
a. that no other person will behave in the

same manner as another.
2.
b. that a persons actions in a situation are

determined by genetics.
3.
c. that a causal force within a person is

influencing their behavior.
4.
d. none of the above
Men are more often diagnosed with depression than

are women.
1.
True
2.
False
Test Bank for Perspectives on Personality 7th Edition

by Carver
When laypersons use the term personality, they
generally refer to _________, whereas when
personality psychologists use the term, they generally
refer to _________.
1.
a. generic ideas about things everyone has

in common; specific traits of particular
people
2.
b. specific traits of particular people;

concrete concepts about personality
3.
c. concrete concepts about personality;

specific traits of particular people
4.
d. specific traits of particular people;

abstract concepts about personality
The term personality conveys a sense of _________

about an individuals qualities.
1.
a. diversity
2.
b. consistency
3.
c. complexity
4.
d. inevitability
In the study of personality, consistency involves

looking for continuity across:
1.
a. time.
2.
b. similar situations.
3.
c. situations that are relatively different from

each other.
4.
d. all of the above
The personality concept helps us to:

1.
a. understand the behavior of others.
2.
b. predict how people will behave in certain

situations.
3.
c. understand our own behavior.
4.
d. all of the above
The term personality describes a sense of:

1.
a. personal distinctiveness.
2.
b. internal conflict.
3.
c. morality.
4.
d. all of the above
Which of the following did Allport say about

personality?
1.
a. It's simply an accumulation of bits and

pieces.
2.
b. It is not inextricably tied to the physical

body.
3.
c. It is a causal force that determines

behavior.
4.
d. It is generally displayed in just one way.
Allport's definition of personality includes all of the

following points EXCEPT the idea that personality:
1.
a. has organization.
2.
b. is a causal force.
3.
c. shows up in patterns.
1.
a. explain and modify behavior.
4.
d. is a purely psychological concept.
2.
b. describe and modify behavior.
3.
c. describe and explain behavior.
4.
d. explain and predict behavior.
No two personalities are exactly alike. This is

captured by the notion of:
1.
a. genetic differences.
2.
b. differences in socialization.
3.
c. individual differences.
4.
The two basic functions of theories are to:
A good personality theory should be:

1.
a. abstract.
2.
b. testable.
3.
c. correct.
4.
d. all of the above
Intrapersonal functioning describes:

1.
a. the dynamic organization of systems

within the person.
2.
b. the interactions between individuals within

society.
3.
c. individual differences in behavior.
4.
d. the degree of consistency of an

individual's behavior across settings.
The idea that our behavior at a given time stems from

the motives we hold at that time emphasizes the
concept of:
1.
a. individual differences.
2.
b. internal consistency.
3.
c. intrapersonal functioning.
4.
d. personal distinctiveness.
The broader a theory is:

1.
a. the more likely it is to be ambiguous.
2.
b. the more likely it is to be correct.
3.
c. the more likely it is to make clear

predictions.
4.
d. the more likely it is to deny scientific facts.
In characterizing Freud's ideas about testability, it is

most accurate to say that he:
1.
a. insisted that his theoretical ideas be

supported by research.
2.
b. preferred that his theoretical ideas be

supported by research but recognized that
some of them were untestable.
3.
c. was not interested in whether or not

his theoretical ideas were supported by
research.
4.
A theory is a:
1.
2.
a. scientifically proven set of facts.

b. set of ideas that are not supported by
scientific data.
3.
c. summary statement about events.
4.
d. laypersons speculation about a

phenomenon.
Which of the following is NOT a legitimate criticism of

a psychological theory?
1. a. It is too parsimonious.
2.
b. It is based on laboratory animals in

artificial settings.
3.
c. It is based on the theorists experiences

conducting therapy.
3.
c. how trait differences are expressed in

behavior
4.
d. It does not stimulate enthusiasm.
4.
d. all of the above
Which of the following criteria should a good theory

fit?
1. a. It should be parsimonious.

by Carver
The motive perspective on personality suggests that:
2.
b. It should feel right.
3.
c. It should be testable.
4.
d. all of the above
1.
a. motives are the sole determinant of

behavior.
2.
b. motives wax and wane in different

contexts.
3.
c. motives are not deeply embedded in the

person.
4.
d. motives are exclusively genetic.
A theory is parsimonious if it:

1.
a. can predict behavior accurately.
2.
b. contains few assumptions.
3.
c. is testable.
4.
d. is able to stimulate research.
The best theories are characterized by:

1.
a. parsimony.
2.
b. substantial research support.
3.
c. intuitive appeal.
4.
d. all of the above
According to William James, people prefer theories

that fit their:
1.
a. aesthetic needs.
2.
b. emotional needs.
3.
c. active needs.
4.
d. all of the above
According to the trait perspective, _________ is a

major focus.
1.
a. what traits are most important
2.
b. how many traits are important
The inheritance and evolution perspective:

1.
a. is the only biological perspective on

personality.
2.
b. could suggest that aspects of

personality exist because they were
adaptive millennia ago.
3.
c. emphasizes how a parents social

experiences will influence his or her childs
personality.
4.
d. all of the above
According to the biological process perspective:

1.
a. personality is purely genetic.
2.
b. all nervous systems function the same

way.
3.
c. nervous system processes, but not

hormonal processes, influence personality.
4.
d. both nervous system and hormonal

processes influence personality.
The view that human nature incorporates a set of

internal pressures that compete and conflict with each
other reflects the:
1.
a. trait perspective.
2.
b. dispositional perspective.
3.
c. psychosocial perspective.
4.
2.
1.
a. People are complex.
2.
b. Personality is organized.
3.
c. People synthesize and move toward

goals.
4.
d. all of the above
d. learning perspective.
Which of the following perspectives is most closely

aligned with the psychoanalytic perspective?
1.
Which of the following is an assumption of the selfregulation perspective?
a. the meta-theoretical perspective

b. the dispositional perspective
3.
c. the phenomenological perspective
4.
d. the psychosocial perspective
The social learning perspective emphasizes:
Newer theories in personality psychology tend to

_________ than older theories.
1.
a. explain more aspects of personality
2.
b. explain fewer aspects of personality
1.
a. constancy in personality.
3.
c. rely more on case studies
2.
b. change in personality.
4.
d. be less parsimonious
3.
c. school and peer influences on personality,

but not family influences.
4.
Accurate assessment of personality is necessary:

1.
a. to conduct valid research on

personality.
2.
b. for making smart hiring decisions.
3.
c. for treating mental illness.
4.
d. all of the above.
d. parental influences but not peer

influences.
According to the organismic perspective on

personality:
1.
a. sex drive has a primary influence on

personality.
2.
b. people do not have free will.
3.
c. every person has the potential to grow

into a person of value.
4.
d. environment is less important than

biology.
When we describe personality, we reduce a large

amount of information to a smaller set.
1.
True
2.
False
Psychologists typically use the term personality to

refer to specific characteristics of specific persons.
The cognitive perspective suggests that:

1.
a. mental organization influences how

people think but not how they behave.
1.
True
2.
False
2.
b. human nature involves deriving

meaning from experiences.
3.
c. personality does not exist.
1.
True
4.
d. all of the above
2.
False
When psychologists use the term personality they are

likely referring to an abstraction.
Personality psychologists generally agree on a single

definition of personality.
Two core themes in personality psychology are

individual differences and social functioning.
1.
True
1.
True
2.
False
2.
False
One reason to use the term personality is to

communicate continuity in personal qualities.
1.
True
2.
False
Personality refers to consistency across similar

situations but not consistency across very different
situations.
1.
2.
The concept of intrapersonal functioning describes

the dynamic processes that occur within the
individual.
1.
True
2.
False
Although they differ in other ways, all personality

theories give equal emphasis to individual differences
and intrapersonal functioning.
True
1.
True
2.
False
False
One reason to use the term personality is to suggest

that a person's behavior is caused by internal forces.
1.
True
2.
False
The term personality suggests that a few

characteristics can summarize what a person is like.
Theories must explain complex phenomena more

complex than, for example, the behavior of individual
nerve cells.
1.
True
2.
False
A good theory needs to generate novel predictions.

1.
True
2.
False
According to Allport, personality has little to do with

the physical body.
1.
True
2.
False
Identical twins have identical personalities, even if

they try to conceal this.
1.
True
2.
False

by Carver
1.
True
2.
False
Because personality is a broad construct, personality

theories must be broad and complex.
1.
True
2.
False
The explanatory aspect of personality theories is

more subtle than the predictive aspect.
1.
True
2.
False
The fewer things a theory has to account for, the more

likely it is to be ambiguous.
1.
True
2.
False
A theory is sufficient if it provides an explanation for

known facts; it need not allow you to make new
predictions.
1.
True
2.
False
Most personality theories have some ambiguity,

making it unclear exactly what their predictions should
be.
1.
True
2.
False
Theories should be open to the possibility of being

disconfirmed as well as to the possibility of being
supported.
1.
True
2.
False
Results from psychological research often fail to fully

support predictions.
1.
True
2.
False
Good theories should contain as many theories as

possible.
1.
True
2.
False
Personality psychologists only use objective

information when evaluating theories.
1.
True
2.
False
The trait perspective suggests human nature is a set

of relatively permanent qualities embedded in a
person.
1.
True
2.
False
The motive perspective on personality argues that

motivations are constant across contexts.
1.
True
2.
False
The inheritance and evolution perspective argues that

many aspects of personality exist because they were
adaptive for humans that existed millennia ago.
1.
True
2.
False
According to the biological processes perspective,

nervous-system functioning is important in
determining personality, but hormonal functioning is
not, because hormone levels fluctuate so rapidly.
1.
True
2.
False
Sigmund Freud is most closely associated with the

biological process perspective.
1.
True
2.
False
The psychosocial perspective is historically linked to

the psychoanalytic perspective.
1.
True
2.
False
The social learning perspective on personality

emphasizes constancy rather than change.
1.
True
2.
False
The belief that people tend naturally toward selfperfection is one of the roots of the self-actualization
perspective.
1.
True
2.
False
The cognitive perspective on personality focuses on

the notion that self-actualization is a fundamental part
of human nature.
1.
True
2.
False
Each perspective on personality generally begins with

a different conception of human nature.
1.
True
2.
False
Newer personality theories tend to be aimed at all

aspects of personality whereas older theories tended
to focus on more specific aspects of personality.
1.
True
2.
False
If a particular theory does not cover the entire domain

of personality, it is not a valuable contribution to the
field.
1.
True
2.
False
Assessment techniques often differ from one

theoretical approach to another.
1.
True
2.
False
Assessment techniques are an important part of

applied psychology.
1.
True
2.
False
Each theoretical perspective suggests different things

about normal behavior, but similar things about
abnormal behavior.
1.
True
2.
False
Each theoretical perspective suggests different ways

to promote behavior change.
1.
True
2.
False

Theories of Personality

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Test Bank for Theories of Personality Understanding

Persons 6th Edition by Cloninger (Sections 1)

B) Psychology allows a systematic

C) Psychology is concerned with values,

D) Writers and philosophers ignore

Psychology attempts to understand human nature

What is personality, according to your text?

When we ask, "How do people adjust to their life

When we ask, "How do biology and experience

A) a person's social skills

B) the reaction of a person to social forces

C) the underlying causes within the

D) the individual's level of adjustment or

Which of the following kinds of questions are not

A) questions about personality dynamics

B) questions about personality development

C) questions about personality description

D) questions about personality diffusion

When we ask, "How is one person different from

Categories of people with similar characteristics are

Hippocrates, in ancient Greece, described sanguine,

A measure in which a person is given a score on

How can we describe personality?

D) All of the above

E) None of the above

Which of the following does not describe a trait?

A) Trait scores are discontinuous

C) There are many traits to describe

D) A person can be described on every trait.

Which of the following does not describe a personality

B) A person belongs to one and only one

C) There are many different types to

D) A person fits into only one type.

Which of the following does not describe a factor?

A) Factor scores are continuous variables.

B) There are many factors to describe

C) A person is given a numeric score to

D) A person can be described on every

In the study of personality, including the influence of

D) all of the above

E) none of the above

A __________ allows a more precise description of

Like traits, factors are

In comparison to factors, traits refer to more

A) Researchers have failed to understand

B) Researchers have failed to use

C) Researchers have ignored theory.

D) Researchers have studied too many

In comparison to traits, factors refer to more

Some research gives personality tests to a group of

A) the idiographic approach

B) the case study approach

C) the nomothetic approach

D) the clinical approach

Which of the following is not a major issue in

A) To what extent is personality influenced by

B) To what extent can personality change as

C) How much change in personality can

D) How critical are the childhood years for

Personality __________ refers to motivation.

Case studies and psychobiography are examples of

Rae Carlson (1971)criticized nomothetic personality

Personality dynamics includes which of the

D) all of the above