jac | Modern persian language around confidence + Team to speak, understand and write modern persian {progress quickly beyond the basics “explore the language in depth also available in a Book/CD package taxa Modern persian Fee) narguess farzad ‘Do you want to caver the basies then progress fast? Do you want to communicate in a range of situations? © Do you want to lear Modern Persian in depth? "Modern Persian starts withthe basics but moves at an energetic ace to give you a good level of understanding, speaking and writing. You vil have ots of opportunty to practice the kind of language you wil need to be abe to communicate with ‘confidence and understand Modern Persian utr, Bom in kan, Narguess Farzad was educated in Tehran and the Univers of London, where she now teaches Persian language ‘and iterature at the Schoo! of Oriental and Atcan Stuch. «Visit wara.books. mograw-hil/com to 888 our complete range of books. Cover @ © Arthur ThévenarvCorbis & Dome inthe Tomb of Moshtagh-All Shah, Kerman, an the leader in self-learning with more than 500 titles, covering all subjects be where you want to be with teach yourself us $16.95 /can $26.05 i i iyourself modern persian narguess farzad Fer over 80 yoo, more than 50 milo people have amt over becs re teach yoursetl sy th eeressive eau. be whore you vert to be vith teach yourselfFoc Ur ene ce coat ule 199 Men Pt, n,n, 214458. ‘ha ly 25 er rx 135 G4 Ls py 0800-1700, tay 1 ns main vena eo We Forshee canter Cte Sens, OBS, Bk, OF ‘SoneRSSTUSR mone tana fa se 808 a rec mp ere rt sgpempente teeters rtetrems rere ‘os, ti, ies comuteg gettin ashen hh any Catan Penton ar loge ea bt te om Be freon ba Livy Cons Cty Cd anh Fret stn 20 Henao, $8 Eon Rl, Lod. 3, Fret ton S20 sil Conan Ts een pba 20, ‘etme your ne egos mat Ho Hen Co © 2008 rant Farad In ren, Aaa ay ete de UK ony, ied yaoi Coda foray sean cane, [ac poopy nese rayon sera ars seen, weapon [rte ae tte rts nh Cyaan ge Li Ft hee aun eens reg as ereucin| ay eo! a oprah [Sg ey Ln 0 ese Cae anon WIT LP ns Areva peng ee Une Ss oie 178, a art ‘Fike pals ay beeen wet ay om ans Fd tatorrste Se otha ee wits paren he ase Pipies"eGha Bata fr Madde Egueton. sition of Hosar Hen ‘Eden Roe anon Hb at 8 Wes Rg, Behn, Seeing eee es ite ioeenamie eee eerste Saeco esr Hsin le sper a new nwa ard yal poet ad ‘drow oud gor sunt The gag aa manag pecs ‘Set Setamexenomenine fecaeuy ang lognsionamear 199 876 ar sd Boe ane 207 006 ‘ntrodution iting and pronuneation 28 ‘eetings and meting people ‘esting pel, saying goodbye and 20d ight, saying thankyou, youre welome' and ‘pase saying Gays of the weak, monte an seasons sumbers sing and wring carina an cial numbers and uaying ‘nouns, forming plural, sing ‘hs, “tat ese’ and those grammar reference unit whore are you trom? what do you de saying where you ae from, aking how someone i, ging basic ‘personal ntermation sang your atonal and occupation {amily nds and oer people ving more persona information using panouns, describing characteris using adjective, essing aml elatonstps and associations w a8 $]U9]U09; 5)o 0 ” “ stra’ highest montin ng ‘than MU Everest? forming an sig the comparative, amgiring two things, forming and ing the supra whore I It what? whose i i why? ‘king questions abou time, place and tons taking about posession (ine, your, et), using aueston words, 20 ag chebel #40 eo 0 30 ALS paniah 0+ 50 cask shast + 60 lai haftad V+ 70 lake bashtad As 80 gh navad 4+ 90 Formation of the hundreds is almost regula, withthe exception ‘of 100, 200, 300 and SOD. Again, you will spt the presence of the unit number in the two, three and five hundred. Listen to the recording as these numbers are read out: se sad $+ 100 cons devise ++ 200 nee ssad ¥** 300 Shaglaychabaread + 400 siaily pansad 8*+ $00 nds sheshsad + 600 Lata hficad V** 700 atta hashtad A+ + 800 shag roksad ++ 900 “There are mo ieepularitis in forming the thousands: IiaS oF ezar or yekezar V+ ++ 1,000 oa.gs dohezar ¥ ++ 2,000 a ix pomectr 8 ++ 5,000 i 08 dabrbezar V+ ++ 10,000 ip ay #90 afbear 6" 37,000 and soon ‘The cardinal numbers always come before the noun, object oF the person tha is counted, which is similar to English Joa aerators Bice Len pie tal SO cag ace bith pon msi 25 panna Rinseabeattipetiiakarsbeipe sey eutecntoneadt Persian, This means that, unlike in English, nouns in Persian sayin she angola after sambers Exercise 1 1 Waite che following numbers in Petsian in digits: 6, 12,25, 34, 7,0, 107,358, 819, 4, 987, 1086, 26,903 2 Wht th ans n wot Pern fory-rwo, elven, ight thineen fore, sixipnine, one Hhanied ‘and yrone, two hundred, One thousand si atelier 3 Gy these nurters out loud in Persian, and write them in Engle VeAT TTS Vas eMhe AAT CATT 4 Timosar ian Pesan thee books, ong bor ign cars 0 Counting words or qualifying nouns (One major, dicence between, Persian and English i dat usually a singular, sometimes idiomatic, qualifying word is inserted between the number and the counted noun. Depending fon the reference book you choose, these qualifies are also [knowin as ‘counting words’ ‘classifies, “numerative words’ oF “counters, These qualifiers are rarely used in English but to give you the idea, consider these examples: =; 300 bead of Jersey cows four tems of clothing three batches of bread two rounds of golf two dozen eggs four pais of shoes ten volumes of poetry ‘The words head, items, batches, rounds, dozen, pairs, and volumes typically precede a certain type of noun. ‘The following may also help to explain the point further, although the words shoal, herd and flack are ‘collective nouns in English and usualy refer to large numbers of the following 4 school o shoal of fish {herd of cattle 4 flock of geeseein ne ei hn ee ee ee eee Many South Asian languages have these classifiers that must ome ae cardinal sue, the een sat sone, To Surman languages have many cases used fo round things, foetal things, animals and birds, et. In comparison to these Tanguages’ Persian has fewse classes fo you teat, youl be pleased to know! “The most common of the Persian qualifying nouns is 5 4, roughly tansatd ae item and it can accompany almost any Gumted noun (but as tobe more than one) withthe exception of expressions of time, Units of ime such a8 hou, minute, day, ‘month, ete alceady act as speiicqualied nouns. (Gas the moe wily ced cnr of nuns in the gk language: ‘eHow aunts tera 29S 6 os dab 12 kolab ten hats "AS i pan ht ve books Bsa do a Khon ro den Jessa ne sad doa 100 ren Note: Remember that you cannot say A3S bs Sp yok ta etab ‘one book. £2 must follow numbers of two or more, Other common qualifying words: ieee eee a eee pi See ya ae SR IER an noe ree te ease pect ge con alee ee ee cee eins ake pe ere eer seer oy ea eet eros a ee ee rae gist pee All unis of weights and measures such ta metr mee ss Liu kogcam’ llr Tite’ are used qualifying wot Nove thatthe ca pomuncation ofthe ne tn sed in Peri estat baal As te se metr parche-ye abrishami three ‘tts of silk cloth estat pS a2 Bal so do ltr shire ham charbi two izes of Tow ft mile oa bop SAS py SiS Se yok ilo 0 nim gshte hark harde one kilo and a half li.) minced meat Word order of numbers and nouns ‘The cardinal number precedes the singular noun that it refers to. If as is mostly the case, a qualifying or classifying noun is also tised then the word order is as follows: number fallowed by qualifying word, followed by the noun in its singular lal J shee chahar nafar rani four Ianians (lit, four ‘persons Iranian’) SAS cite 4 pay oft hafsh five pairs of shoes Spe ys cae Gl Sy yeke dane sb ur do t2 mowe one (seeditem) apple and two (tem) bananas ala 355 9 da ru t's ten days holiday or breake © Ordinals Ordinal numbers. in Persian are generally formed by the addition ofthe suffix ¢_-om, tothe cardinal number. In English, the ordinals are made’by adding -t, nd or-rd to the fist three rhumbers and to their compounds thereafte, eg. 21st, 22nd, 23rd, and by adding - to the subsequent numbers, eg. filth, ‘tenth, 20¢h, 126¢h, Although the sufix-om is added to all cardinal, the frst three ‘ordinals in Persian are slightly ieregular This is because the Arabic word dpi aval ‘first is much more commonly used inPersian than the equivalent Ieian word 4&4 yekom. “Te Iasian¢&yekom is, however, sed in ql the compounds, Such as by we Bsto yekom 2150 py san y nee Sado hatiteo yekom STIs. Morcover the subsequent numbers yo do ‘oto! and 4 Xie’ in Pesan end inthe short wows and Therefore, we have to compensate for he two short vowel (one atthe end eke numeral and the ater athe begining of he suix-om) oming topcther byte aditon of 9 betwen the vowels 0 nd Cos E¥ gre vom ult doa bi) don toed com e+ 50 +.0m = (a0 se-om but evo third Hens the change of" and"€t0'¥: i rman il ri soho ae Reesor is pe each tar i ea ct ce al Look at the following comparison table: cee es aoe eghdowon fas ton “The ordinals aftr the fest chree, however, are very regula a8 they are in English. So, n English the ordinals of numbers from four t0 100,000 and beyond, with the exception of any compound number ending in one , Wo oF three, are formed by the addition of th. In Persian, too, the ordinals ofall numbers from € su¢ (four) upwards ae formed by the addition of ‘om to the last element of number (se following table Of ‘comparison. Poles doom peSepoon and so on thoughout the number system. es eee eae eet ios aban Reeling meuibie-eotd heen eadhalos ee eerie Mae tees stale of Sie, fo ap ls fev peel cnnthaiari Tied oa tent techy oe ce inet ae thane oun 2m cod Pi ee ae eee Fer el et TS sea higher a ete ces formes one flier hefaiere harem the arta eck Se ee aa i pl file avval the frst film Exercise 2 1. @Write these numbers in Persian, and say the ordinal and sara forms 2,6 10,1, 28,41, 125, 94. 2S gece pata So eleO Plurals Listen to the recording where the nouns “book” 1S ketab and "boy ay pesar are used, fist in the singulas, chen quantified with fumbers, in combination with this’ and ‘tha’ and, finally, in the plural: book: hetab hs. ‘wo books) do ketab obs 9 five bookts) any ketab five (tems of) book(s) pan) 1a ketab those (it that) five book(s) pan) ketab thee (lit this) ro book(s) do ketab books setabha these (lit this) books in Retabsha boy pesar cone boy sek pesar so boy(s) do pesar to (numbers of) boys) do a pesor that boy an pesar those (it that) boys an pesar-ha ‘these (lit this) two boy(s)__ do pesar Forming the plural “Tec are several ways of making plas in Pena. 1 The most common way is by adding aL bat the end of a tou Th is amet che oqivalent of adding an fo English ouns to form the plural and lrmost commonly sed with non. iin inate ng: (5S book + a= Lb aS oF Ups books flower + =U dor ifs ener ee 2 By adding the plural ending olan. However, he plural ending ‘im only ever ured for animate beings ncloding the nouns for rowing things such as tre oF her) or nouns and adjectives ‘feng ing igs and oe ommonly ond i ie ‘writen languages Wherever posible, the ending 3 joined to the word = ioe magia vp vba fiatas Sesser a 1 aed dageman 9 gts lage men Sis6 cid 6g = 0156 children Sa aildaugter +g! = hia’ gil, dangher Other uses of dn gj plural ending 1 In the writen language, particularly in a literary text, che plueal ending 1 ax can also be used for animals: So sag dog > Gia sagan dogs sol ash horse + Glee asban horses bx morgh bird + olay morghan birds oe shir lion > Shashi ions 12 When adjectives such as ‘good!, ‘young, ‘great’, bad? ete. are sed in writen literary language to refer toa group of people such a ‘the good” or ‘the young’ the plural ending clan is use wae Hhub good + Slag kbuban the good ‘lye javan young + Sllya javanan the youth Suhe bozorg great + 51S, 5p bozorgan the great ‘ss bad bad ~+ ha, badan the bad ‘Note: These adjectives inthe plural never follow nouns; rather they are used as nouns.In the examples just given, when the adjectives qualify 20) man bing end in the to long vowels and, the plial ending becomes a ls yam instead of! ar Lats dana wise -+ gLls danayan wise ones, the wise SLelanls nabinayan blind ones, the ‘sS:8. sokthangu spokesperson, speaker > SlysSiss Ssokhangugan the speakers >) selene majeraju adventurer > Slayalele majerainan BS) the adventures Similarly, when nouns or adjectives attributable to living things ‘end in the shore vowel e, indicated by the sign «/s the plural ending changes to c\S gam and the final vowel sgn of «eis ar sy hc as “6 GA gt Cen cfidish oes ‘oy Seeroen ty 2 seh eeepc angry cot dara srase cL daemegat te argos ncn tee Plural of units of time and place “The plural of units of time and adverbs of place are always made with Us ba. Time Sap rez day -* agg, mecha days Le shal night + gc shaba nhs sca aft eck > La aa hafteba weeks Le mab month + La sla mabsha months sal year+ ge saha years Le slat hour + Yel sa'atha hours Place ‘ “49S keshuar country ~+ LS kesbuarha counties Sig jangal forest + Ug1Sia jangalha forests ot shabr city, town ~ Lagat shabrha cities, owns Other plurals In addition to the methods just explained, other ways of forming the plural exis in Persian that deal almost exclusively with forming the plurals of Arabic words in Persian. These Fange from ‘feminine plurals to duals’ and the bro Its not necessary at ths stage in the book to spend time on formation of these plurals. eo plurals, "Note: In Persian, a quantified noun, ie. a noun accompanied by a number, nver takes the plural. This means that, for example, the moment you specify how many books, apples of tours: you are referring to, you use the singular own, Remember, ‘numbers are always followed by nouns in the singula, not in| the plural ‘one book lds books Loss ‘0 books lS yo lit two hook and not La aS 93 thousand books aS ya ten boys ayo Exercise 3 1 Pat the following words into the plural: 65 Si yp wae SLAIES Jy OBL ale 2 Translate the following plrals into Persian: cities, boys flowers, cas, women, days, summers pens, tains, the young, the wise, thre sister ten bids to hoursPWIUN BOUSIOJOI Jewwes6 Moving a step further Allthe Ione words and single phrases of greeting and the names of the days ofthe week, numbers and plural should have built, ‘up good store of vocabulary for you. So now itis ime to stat forming proper sentences, starting with the very simple and adally working towards underanding and wing Pesan Before we can go on, however, we need to look at the most common terminology’ that is used ro describe grammar and rules of forming verbs, enses and so on. Luckily the rules of Persian grammar are felaively logical and quite simple and, compared to many other languages spoken inthe Middle East, can be learned rather effortesly. Familarzing yourself with these technical terms and "argons’ will therefore make it easier to follow the subsequent unit. Grammatical glossaries and meanings ‘Syntax and word order Fin of all its important ro note tha the simple and normal ‘word order in Persian is Subject object - verb ie. T-cat-saw In English, of course, the word order is: Subject verb — object 1 saw (the) eat Gradually, we willbe able to introduce other elements into the sentence and will end up with the following Subject ~ adverb of time - adverh of manner ~ direct object — indirect object ~ adverb of place ~ verb. But, for the rime being, let us focus on the fundamental components ofthe sentence. ‘Subject {Tin the example sentence.) The subject is the doer othe agent ‘or performer ofthe action in the sentence 0 enna)‘yun souniyer sean BP Object {cat in the example sentence.) The object is « noun or equivalent fr a string of words forming a clause, towards which the action ‘of the verb is directed or on whom the action is performed. Vers (saw in the example sentence.) The veth is a word that ‘expresses an action, a state or feeling or what is becoming of, ‘or happening to, someone or something. have to tel you that these rules are nor always followed in the spoken language and you may often hear native speakers of Persian using the subject-verb-objec order in the sentences, which would bring it closer to the English sentence structure ‘This word order makes it harder to follow whats going on, because the listener has to wait unt the speaker gets to the end af the tence bore he can work our what action is Being liscussed! Jost remember that in this book the verb in our Persian Sentences is the final component in the sentence, however, in diferent situations the word order may be moved around inthe Sentence, There i not mach point in going into details of all the ‘ways the word order cules can be broken as this is usually done in archaic prose, in the colloquial language or in syized texts sch as film scripts of novels. Fora sentence with the verb ‘to be’, that is ‘am, ar, is, were was’ the order i: subject ~ predicate ~ ‘to be’ (known as the ‘copula. In such sentences, the subject can be a noun, a phrase fora pronoun, and in more advanced language, the subject ofa sentence can be an infinitive for example “The word order, of course, becomes more complex as we learn more and more about the language. A slighty more advanced Sentence will have other components such as question words (interrogatives) adverbs and direct as well as indirect objects land then the sentences can become even more complex as We Took at relative clauses and conditional sentences for example. ‘The objective ofthis book, however, sto teach you the basics of the grammar and, hopefully, you will beable to built on this functional knowledge and take i further. I have tried to explain the meaning of technical terms or {grammatical jargons that Ihave used in the following unis, a5 {tis impossible to avoid them totally. Besides you only ever need to learn these words once and they will always come handy ‘when you try to learn another new language De xercise 1 ‘What form of gretings would you use if you were asked to say: ‘good mornin’, ‘good afternoon, Maryam’, “thank you very mich, Reza boy, A safe joey ood mi den and gentlemen’? haa Bozor Mosque ane Madrasah Comes,é0p noA op }eym Zwoy {this unit you wil learn how to + say where you are from 1 ask how someone is 1 give asie prsonal infomation + Say your nationality and ‘ccupation noA aie B194yM Dialogue Listen to Mary n (M) and Babak (B) greeting each other and enquiring after each other’ health. Maryam then introduces a ‘ew frend, Yasaman (Y) to Babak. (Note the use of plural verb endings to show respect and formality) < ox zugoge pele Seashy sets pine phe Sle il te Ssh dag pla ae clad gee em a gk sinus US Oe pase pede salah SoPasibhar Lipset PO sl Sc ree oe Sta abt LA ph SL Gay he aL col aes pute ly pa ial 3 Ae Sapna es Sakae sale pape a Lat pa ab ph pice enh cep funn te tal pag gh ay penta a ‘maryam jan, slam! Dahl abak jan, salam, sobh-bokbeyr cheton? ‘mers, qorbinat, bad ristam, to chotor? Kuby? ‘yl Rhubam, mers ‘maryam jan tanha hast? fa, Babak, ba duetam hastam, ba dustam, ysaman yasaman hn babak ast. Babak naqgash ast ‘Salim ylsaman kom. khoshvaqtam. shom@ in! hata? bale, man rani hastam, val mdaram rus ast sho ale hola haste? Set ae ae . eee ore 8) 70zox 0 ‘man shiz hastam. shoma mes-e manam dineshis hastig? a, man daneshunistam man ‘aks hasta. baht baht che Khubl maryam, emshab manzel hast? bale, mano yasaman emshab mance hast. Hi, (deat) Maryam ‘ou Hi (Sean Babak, good morning. How ar you? ‘Thanks, kindof you to ask (it. | am your saci) (Var) nt bad, How are you? Ae you wel? (a) very wel thank you Maryam (Gea, are you alone? No, Babak, am with my ond. With my fend ‘Yasaman, Yasaman this 's Babak. Babak i (2) panto. Het. Helo, (mise) Yasaman, Pleased to meet you. Are you (6) tranian? Yes, Iam iranian, but my mother is Russian. Whers are you pl) from? Tam from Shiraz it. am Shiraz), Are you a student ke Maryam? No, Lam et (a) student, | am a) photographer. ‘Wow Gres! Maryam, ae you at hore tonight? Yes, Yasaman and | are at home tonight. alone sree {su my, pays my friend panter osnvagt —_forunat, happy om shor, contracted form of am, . etm knoshvagtam I'm happy ‘Russian youl) ative of, also to have a king for st) question word whore? I, sitar to aneshju nistam student gative of tobe, Le. lam not photographer sin of exclamation ‘meaning wonderful, lovely hom, house “ahs baht baht rmanzet Present tense of ‘to be’ “The dialogue shows you the simple forms ofthe present tense ‘of the verb ‘to be’ as in Tam’, you are, ‘we are, ee “The Persian verb ‘to be’ can be expressed in rwo ways: in the fall form of condensed. In English, you can say either ‘Tam a student of Tim a student’. In other words, there isa fll, stand alone form ofthe verb like ‘Iam’ and there is an abbreviated, ‘contracted form like ‘Pa’ ‘The fll form of the verb ‘to be’ in Persian expreses a slightly different state from its English equivalent. It means more ‘to exist or ‘there is? than ‘to be’, while the English variation is really a matter of style: formal or colloquial Before we go on any further and look at the Persian form of ‘to be ite important for you to note that the Persian verbs ‘to be? and ‘to have’ are totally iregular. This means that they have rules of theie own and do not fic wholly in the more or less regula system of verb conjugation that applies to other Persian ‘yetbs, Having said that, they are very easy to learn and geting {grips with them cary on will make some furure grammatical, ‘explanations a lt simpler to follow. Bonckop wom _auoiy nok ome 0Teena op wim wus nok am so 0 Full forms of ‘to be’ in the present tense ‘The six cases of the fall present tense of the verb to be are shown inthe following table The following table illustrates how the endings correspond to the fll form ofthe verb and tothe personal pronosns. ‘Spear [thee ket eas] Sra Pat aa bata am (eins btn we ze int hat you ae a had you ae a hat wh thi hae | saan hata thy, thes, tose ar | The fe liom inp eis malo ene ha Ba sey eros eee eee Seg nanan hasan ar esas sed ee in Tor eng ae ae ee eee mes ee a oe es she ice sae are ay 2) thas sping owe sso ea tty ‘The distinction is not so important in colloqu Persian. spoken Attached, contracted forms of ‘to be’ in the present tense As already mentioned the verb ‘to be’ can alo appeat as an ached ending, not distillar 10 you're nice’ ae opposed {0 Sow arene preset tee of the th bes tached fom, consis simpy of sk personal cadings or Sulfises. I yu lok at he fl form, you wil ce that the short Suffices are jst the endings of he Rl form. These abbrevited Sulfites are then fix onto te preceding word inthe sentence Liter on inthe book, when we look more closely forming Persian verbs these same endings, with one exception, wil Be ted a the compuliory suffixes of all verbs “The attached forms of tobe’ are found in the following table: ‘Spar Plat pom lan poe a you ae spd you ae “atthe ake, Sond hy hese ate SO sae paw Lo wep a ae Fe bre berlyn yee [thee mp tien am SI bth en > soe | GLE they sth > ae ‘The full, complete example of the verb ‘to be wel’, used in the dialogue in this unit, is a5 follows: Peta oe Payk puaswalgaca nos belie is wll nye 4p 2 oh Saat eee) ee Laer edge a TU they are well ph iT 9-4 (okztHL) Combination or clash of vowels ‘As we mentioned earlier inthis book, Persian doesnot allow for ‘Tong and a shore vowel to come rogethes, this means, for ‘example, that che sound e cannot follow the sound a or w. Tis ‘combination of vowels, ofcourse, does not happen in words, hhowever, whenever there is @ need to join a short and a long ‘vowel together, as we oceasionaly have to do to form verbs, we ‘must insert a buffer between the two vowels to ensute that Both ‘vowels ean be pronounced easly. ‘There are clear rules for doing this. When short forms of the ‘verb tobe’ are joined to words ending in -« (C), such a8 say ache, and -! (gh an lef used as a buffer and inserted between the ewo vowels Singular Plural Tama child gape wwe are children gal Ape you (sing) area child gl 4p you (pl) are children! 4g hae, she isa child coal ay they are children si gyswctrrenewemin B A) Or using cn haste, meaning ‘ited’ as an example Singular Plat Tam red pi ck ve are ied ch You sing) are tred gl ick you (pl) are red a ck shin ised ud ck, they ae tied ac How about a word ending with the long vowel «sie Lu! ira, ranian’? Singular Plural 2 peilal pl gala! we ae Iranian pl lel you (sing) are Iranian tila! hae, she its Iranian eerste Sala ld And a word ending in long vowel 5 1, lke 245 khoshru, ‘cheerful you (pl) are Iranian sell alt ‘they are Iranian Singular Plural am cheerful pagyeg you (sing) are cheerful we are cheerful paystd you (pl) are cheerful ats seat he, she, its cheerful they are cheerful si,% 8, Seuss Negative form of the present tense of ‘to be’ ‘The negative ofthe present tense of the verb ‘to be" is formed by adding the personal subject endings to the verb oat mist ‘There are no short forme for the negative verb of to be Singular Plural Tam not pias you (sing) are not yas wwe are not pata you (pl) are not sags hae, she itis not cas they are not sans Coen titan Tam (nbn ab they ac aian il Sb eanaas pony eo ER paereeeet ee eine boy og Since Persian verb forms always tell you who the subject or the “doer’of the verb is, the additional use of personal pronouns is snot always necessary; however thei use emphasizes the person of the subject. For example: Tam st Csi pte hi i i 2 BB Asking questions in Persian {Perens the equivalent fl te Engh cueston word uch fs yy where, Who 8 nd ore toe; however one ofthe teatet oye ts frm a qpsiono y somening tn etek Sind pa’ one by ie your rawness thaw vey onmonm sparen Pars eapacay arenes Who be {Sino tre reoning and yor ot trea tthe ange of eveyone “They ar ranian. a-ha ira astand. ata Ale (4) ‘They ae Iranian’? (as opposed to Are they ania?) Anca iran bastard? Sasa Sl (Yl) Totran is expensive, tebra geran ast. sul SLE Sb Tehran is expensive? fas opposed to Is Tehran expensive?) tehra gera ast? Soul AS SL Exercise 1 Rewrite the following sentences using the short forms of the ‘verb to be, then translate them into English: Sa Sigal ot Zon nak op eu undsnotewenin & (pOiepnatan wm (v0 sided ly on She ghd SuIoT 1 se nl Leal ing says Las of Seats Cones Exercise 2 Translate these sentences into Persian: 1 This peach is delicious. 2 Maryam isa painter 3 You (pl) are tired 4 Lam young. 5 Weatein Tehran, Exercise 3 Give fall negative answers to the following questions cl gael fay oh 2 cont ly Spas Mtg Ge si ue he Gal souBU Lat Exercise 4 Revwrte the dialogue, using the short forms of the verb “to bet wherever appropriate a1doed 49y}O pue spuony ‘Ajuuey In this unit you wil learn how to + give more pereonal information using pronouns + deserve characteristics using adjectives + describe family relationships and associationsaoa ons pe spun ey SO Dialogue Listen to the conversation between Maryam and Ani, who Tare fase Koen maedced WUE, Cope er oar a ete peas ciel cul ul oe gs Gal Sl pene cl Go Ube se Sasa Gynt Ula hs Lp pe! i Saphan Busts nego Lad pn FUL ERY Ge tle Pea soub age joey La ulipal set Slat Ge Saal pal i tas Le pp LE MAE Noulah cays Ue plan phe Siprgaehes dame Sh Ls ce abs ycul oe cah lab segs lente seed Se 0 Sesal asifaLs als atlas ie I ted Slabatea) 8 Hels pe cad iLegeabe i Seles SUL ol gue ghle gsc Shiels Maryam (ar, this is my ind Ai Ari, Maryam is ny cousin, Hi Maryam, Are you Darus’s cousin? Yes, lam his cousin. Ave you end of his? ‘am Darius’ casemate, What's your sumame? My surame is Akhavan ‘Akhavan? Are you not Sara's brother? ‘Yes, Lam Sara's older brother. e Sara your Wend? Yes, Sara my very good fend and Sara and my E>x>z>z> 0 A ™ a ™ a birthdays are onthe same day Really? How interesting! So your birthday is next month? Yes. When fs your bithday/? My birthday Iso the month of Aban, Maryam, wher Is your house? My nouse Ison Sa'dl Avenue. Whereis your house? ‘Our house i n Qohak ‘ tamiy name, sumame tit (so bith) yekruz it. one day, meaning the same Se dey oo Jed ‘rabic word structure as aver hag meaning realy, serevsy che? what? and voatve exciamation 8g. inPow wonder sated interesting le pas 0, In tat case, therefore ow mah month: moon he fayende next tre tl bale es ri tay when? ws ane ous, tomo oa oj? ror? wes aor ina nie ee Khiyaban——croot, avenue otepus spe my Steel door panel stahan, 170 eetury Personal pronouns [ Sagar Foal ix Samant Unie ia “Gee {, shoma you 3rd lathes, ie | hl /eslanha they Persian has an honorific system of pronouns. Something similar happens in French, when you have to choose between ‘tu’ and, “yous” when addressing @ person. In general, all the plural pronouns can be used to indicate formality and respect. For example, in an Ianian primary classroom, children rarely refer torthemselves in che fist person singular but refer to themselves fs "we" in order to show humility and cespect towards the teacher. Similaly the thed person plural ‘they’ can be used £0 refer to a singular chied partyin a formal seting and to show fespect, (Incidentally, be warned that the formal pronouns can falso be used to show disdain and contempt!) As you can see, thece are two second person pronouns: “5 fo, is used at times of great intimacy to address close friends, Toved ones and children [Las shoma, as well as its function as the second person plural ‘pronoun, is used to address a singular person to observe formality and to indicate respect between strangers and elders as wel as in the peer groups, Exercise 1 How would you address or refer to the following in Persian? Use the appropriate pronoun, 1 Your new, elderly neighbour, 2 Your closest friend, 3 The bank manager 4 Your cousin's smal child, 5 The immigration officer How to describe something or someone?: linking nouns, adjectives and pronouns Before Being able o use the pertonal pronouns in even a simple eee eee Gris ca and then giving more infrmation cach ay your ler brother oh Ble ee we most lear one ofthe most Fandanental characteris ofthe Penian language Both in writen and in spoken Persian, we must show an agreement and correspondence between nouns, pronouns, adjectives and prepositions. We must be able to demonstrate ‘possession or close association, Look atthe following English construction: ‘my fast, beautiful, ‘expensive, thoroughbred, young horse’ In tis example, there isno sign in the scrip or any indication when spoken, that joins the adjectives (young, fast, beautiful, ete) 10 one another oF ultimately to the possessor (imy’) and from there onto the noun (horse) ‘The native speaker of English knows, and the learner will son understand, that these adjectives tellus something about the rpoun (‘horse’) they describe and that the whole ‘package’ belongs toa first person speaker, demonstrated by ‘my’ In Persian, however, s noun, the adjectives that describe it and the ovner that postesser the whole thing, must be treated a= pearls strung together by a thread that runs through them. In‘other words, a sound or a writen sign must hold the whole ‘construction together This, at times, invisible chord or link, i known asthe ezae,lierally meaning ‘addition’. fe sounds like the vowel cas “end” or "ye" as in "yes" The complete rules for writing it wil be given a lle further on in ths unit, but first let us see how the adjective works in Persian. Adjectives Adjectives in Persian are remarkably similar to adjectives in English with one exception. In Persian, an adjective follows the foun it qualifies or describes, instead of preceding it, a6 isthe ‘ase in English. In Persian this combination of a noun and is Adjective (or adjecives) is held together by the ezafe, a vowel that connects the two. For example, ‘blue pencils pal medadce abi in Persian, as if yous were sayings “penci-e-blie. Here is a trick to help you work out the correct Persian order ‘of nouns and adjectives. Write down your English noun and the adjective that describes i, Write the Persian equivalen of each English word underneath ic and then read the Persian words in the natural direction ofthe language, that is from right to lef ‘This should give you the correct order of nouns and adjectives as spoken or readin Persian. You should be able to see thatthe adjective i following the noun i describes: oie, peel er ane So, adjectives in Persian always follow the noun they qualify or describe and ae joined tot By the vowel eo ye ifthe noun ends ina long vowel suchas aor «s. ah cope — Su ola — ae ly oe es pS Sly hie ~ [A group, i.e. aoun « atebutive adjective, may in its turn be ‘qualified by another adjective: IAS SS my — SE “shy small oy? ‘cold dark night ‘When two or more adjectives qualify the same noun in the same way, they are co-ordinated: Oboe yigh La = alan y ule y's Writing rules for the ezafe link between noun-adjective, noun-pronoun, noun-noun ‘There are three ways of ‘writing down’ this basically vocal “Tink” inthe script, by adding ether an —, ug or «to the word, which is then followed by an adjective ora possessor Remember, the firs ewo signs of — and + are only ever uted in the script either to help a beginner orto avoid ambiguity ‘The following table sets out the rule for the use ofthe exafe to create a link between the noun, adjective and pronoun oF ‘nother noun: 1 If the word ends ina consonant (egg Sig J) always se — pronounced ea in a 2 Ifthe word end in short inal vowel (eg lent, ) ahwaye se + pronounced ye a ia yesterday 3 Ifthe word ends inthe long vowels or 2 (1s) always ue ‘Pronounced yea in yesterday. ‘The third option must aluays be used if words ending with long vowels or y stich asl pa foot, or ga mir hair are then linked to an adjective, a pronoun oF another noun. Reminder: The short final vowel is denoted by the silent b, in ‘words like cla Rhdne house’ or gy bache ‘hil. © Use of pronouns ‘me’, ‘you’ etc. i agbesaien ag ddentennstien ened hoy, See ete eae ae emma ce, As be lked wr spech so much so that he Bal wo the Salen eeecacrcn eres ezafe, which will either sound like ¢ as in ‘egg’, or a ye as in ‘yesterday’. &2 “Try seading te fllowing examples, paving ll aeons the vocalization, bur fist listen to dividual words being ead BE) oer withou ther being linked | y & ‘obs ketab book caiman me, mine, my a es ketabre mon my book (li. bok of me) cote apple Se shin eweet ga man my anton shiin sweet apple Se pet esse shine man ny et apple (ci sec dase AU As fend (oi sok songs dase Khub-e Alt Alls good frend ale pyr igh cogs dus-e Rhub-e baradare Ali Ali's brother's good friend lit. good friend of Ali's brother) sas bane house Sib: bozorg big, lange $0 you (sing.) BSL: khane-ye to your (sing) house FSF, Gls Whane-ye bozorg-e to your (sing.) big house eJUb UGS ketabve farsi Persian book + eld GUS hetabre farsi-ye mam my Persian book perma baie sles shah black haw cays muy sith lack hair ele shee expe mug siyahve Ali Al's black hair [Note that hair’ mu ends in along vowel and therefore the exif link to the adjective mast bea ye. Similarly “house” Rhane fends in a short final vowel (using the letter €0 represen this vowel) and must be linked tothe adjective with aye, indicated by the diacritc » [Summary 1 In Persian, unlike in English, adjectives always follow the ‘oun: that means you will have to say “apple sweet, “book. big’, ‘weather good’, ‘woman noble. 2 Similarly, the possessor always comes after the possessed thing, or at the end of the package ifthe possessed comes. ‘with adjectives; that means we ave to say “book my’ or “hook Persian my’. Short cut Remember that in translating a simple English nown-adjctive expression, you can write out the Persian translation of each ‘word directly underneath the corresponding English words and then read the end result from right to left; this should give you the translation of your English phrase —> my book yy as > my Persian book Lenten cot feo ee gs = And, of course, the reverse will also work. If you want to translate the Persian into English you can just read the Persian from lef to right! Let's return to the original construction now (page 38) and see if we ean work out how to say ‘my fast, beautiful, expensive, ‘thoroughbred, young horse Persian From left to right “+ my fast beautiful expensive thoroughbred young horse Now, write the Persian for each word underneath the Engl sash see 1 4 st ytt Sesh Le OLS deal “Then, choose the appropriate exafe ending for each noun or be yelAdes by looking the at eer I consonant long fora shor vowel? [Now read the linked words fom right to left and, bingo!, you should gee spit ls SIS Jal Slo st (This exaggerated construction was made upto illustrate the function of the. ezafe. In. practice very long. descriptive constructions sich a these ae broken into salle units and Tinked togetber with ‘and-) Exercise 2 (a) Read the following constructions and then and translate them into English: dee sSes ght Sangh Ba payeghast ash willy St lees pales gine eas Gr cya glastba f satya gle (b) Translate the following into Persian: Sweet grapes 6 Old, historic city. Maryam’s Russian fiend. 7 Cold, sunny day. Mr Ahmadi’ car 8 Her neighbour Large, nize room. 9 My green umbrella, Handmade, Kashan carpets, 10 Old, kind men, (c) Translate the following passage into Persian: ‘My name is Ali. [am Iranian, Lam a student in Tehran. Thi my sister Maryam. Maryam’s birthday is in December. Her friend's brother is my classmate. His name is Mehrdad. Mehrdad’ har is brown. His house i in Afshar Avenue, (4) Here are some more useful adjectives. Can you join them up withthe nouns in the other column? G Talking about yourself and your family [Now that yo hye 1 ink words thax belong topes, you can says very bas ems about your famiy Remember ‘stl havent got fra sig verbs lente, so ere we sv only concentrate on saying things Ike my ster jour husband "our gandlther ere Jn onder to do tio you need to we the relevant penoasl ‘pronoun chosen from these given in she able earn he Si an ink evo the apprpsat member of he fray. Tis vocabulary ist should he Trondaion [Now | Trontin | [as ear ct | toe u ack te ood eh va [fue | ul Feaneive a i eld vwestheai olden 26 =i ae gs Tord ang we confortable — Sle" Pama rescoot ons pe spun ‘The terms for cight sets of cousins (eg. son/daughter of maternal aunt): (a as / Ws jag pear Kale doar kale ob is [ag esard' dobar da gat jabs / gat ny pesar~'ams | dokbtar-‘amu fe ibs / Kae jg Petar‘ame /doktar‘ame ‘And motherinaw (wo cases) and atherinlaw (wo cases) ash le [ike madorcan dar showhar aston | 5.04 pedar-zan | pedar-showhar So, how would you say ‘my brother’ your (sing) husband’, bur ster “my (daughter of mateal sunt) Sain and ‘iver uncle grandmother? Here are the answers baradare man showkare te mmadareanba khahare ma cota Sas dokbtarkhaleye man shesgae Bsus le madar-bozorgee ‘amu-ye u Exercise 3 ‘Translate into Persian 1M ranmoter i 92 erode er nme or 2. She is my cousin. (daughter of my mother’s sister) 3) My uncle (paternal) is your father’ friend, 4 Our brother is a doctor 5 1w (sister of husband) and ous sister ate in ‘Theis sister London today. Q ‘Sutfixed’ or ‘attached’ possessive endings Listen to the dialogue between Amie and Maryam and see if you can sot dfeent way of expresng poses, without the use of pronouns: Sela ys seas pie heS tly Gesalyh 9 Ly spuye culate coal iS Lal i San LEBEL ly nk SL a Gag lg et obbe Mi wher is my bag? A Yeurbag? Mm ——_Yes: my black bag. ‘A Ab. yur black bag. shee. Mana, where re Reza ands sito? They ae at our neighbours, but thelr cari outside in the tet a7 i i &In the dialogue, Maryam, looking for her bag, did not say: (Ge i hfe many bag Bat steady sid kfm which WF Snother way of saying exactly the same thing "my bag. Rather than ising the pronoun’ Ga man, Maryam used an attached posesive ending. Similar, when she denied the Solour of her ba she did not say! Go awe iS ie stale ‘man bot pan 4S hie syaham meaning ny Black bag No sooner hae you got wed to he function ofthe persona Pronouns out tem expressions show poresson, {sin iy fend or your ear, than is eto learn another, sry of expressing the sme ching, thi te by ing tached Pronoun subsites, Tht could be a new concept or you there inno exact equivalent in Engh The proper ame forthe tached. pronodm ia lfxed poses pronoun which means you sac or fx ito the end ofthe noun Writing rules ‘The attached possessive personal pronouns are showin on the left in the following table, while the fll, subject pronouns are listed on the sight. “ached poseive pronoun | Standalone mec promo] eal ge Feet te ere eters teins ath pers ier 3 thee LA his hers 5 | they Ual/olta hs she gt The postestive suffixes ar attached directly to words ending in consonants andthe fog vowel SEAS ~ Gogh — olaiable — Sy als However, a buffer neds tobe inserted berween words ending twith the final, shore vowel c,.y » and de singular atached Donsesives (Sci) The butlers the ale Bigs-cigi- iow. ‘The plural atached pronouns, howeves, do not need to be separated from the final short vowels by a buffer: OU GS 90 tee gl ol Following Tand y vowels a (i. ye) buffer is inserted between the noun and he atached poseessive age — apat — SLiylytigs ~ pals ; i i &Exercise 4 “Translate the following possessive constructions using both the stand-alone and the attached pronouns! 1 my brother his friend 2 their horse 7. your (sing.) book 3 ourhowse 8 my kind (paternal) uncle 4 your (pl) lack dog 9. her grandmother 5 theirumbrela” 10 our city Exercise 5 “Transat into English PB lene 1 hungry) Say 1 Says GT SL VO cyt (nn, weather) gig 1 gs Tkyoung) lye ibe VF (sunny) alti age gig 1 (smal, young) SS 24 (clever) yale aad f (kind) stare SiStoee Ysa orudent) gpatst © bE Swe A gad le wuatale # 28.9 be ee V8 (sont) 5 lemon) aad ¥ ue wc Sse T (open vido al county) 6 19 (old) pee 4 (ete fsland) as 1 Hypssea heal ale vail aly shut) Obi clane HE S55 ol slaye od eu eS YO 6S ae cat ba 8 3h Exercise 6 ‘Choose your own nouns and adjectives (or groups of adjectives) from the following table to create at least fen noun-adjectve + cexafe constructions and number them using the Persian ‘numerals, “Translate into Persian: 1 My brother 2. Your small ca, 3. Big, expensive house, 4 His comfortable (sal) room. 5 Cold cup (alas) of ea. 6 Our golden’ 7. Cheap, black shoes, 8 Delicious, sweet apples, 9 Hungry ( small + AGS StS uchaktar pretty ~+ prettier Sues © 5 iba > sitar Bigs © Sob bozorg + bozorgtar important -* more important jigs pe inchem + chemtar ‘As you sce from the lst example, while the formation of the ‘comparative is not always regular in English, you can aways form. ‘the comparative in Persian by ac ‘a 33 -tar to the adjective. smaller laige ~ lags “The comparative follows the noun inthe exact same way asthe adjective or pronoun and is linked to the noun with the ezafe Rhanesye bozorgtar 58,5, 3aLa ‘more important news Khabar-e mobersar aga golbaye cater — las la Bleak Slt ye Se BLS oles Ate! | Maryam and Babram have bought a largee house in North Tehran larger house prettier flowers 83 ie My gh on SS yg Y 2. My younger son doesn't go to schoo et. ‘The superlative is formed by adding a 3 tarin to the noun or, ifyou lke, an go in tothe comparative. Again this is similar to adding an “es? to an English noun to form the superlative: esl + est = smallest ARIS = Tt SS seuchaktarin 0 add an 2 tothe comparative: AS = Ot SS retry peter preter asiles © las — Lass siba + sibatar+ sibaarin Iacge > larger + largest cesi8yie + Sie + Se bozorg-+ bosorgtar-+ boxorgtarn important more imporgant “+ mos important Casas Shape ge ‘oben -+ mobamtar-* mabemtarin Note: Unlike the adjective and the comparative, the superlative doce not follow the noun but comes before it and there is 80 ‘exafe link between the superlative and the noun it describes sua Moonee bocorgir Bra large house Rhane-ye bozorg larger housethe biggest house bozorgtarin khaneb «SLs cu 3852 important news —_khabar-e mahem eae more important news Khabar-e mobemtar aga ya the most important news mohemtarin Rhabar jas ‘yx age prety flowers golba-ye iba bs le prettier flowers golha-ye vbatar las ele the prettiest flowers zibatarin golha (4K oussls “Tehran isthe largest city in Ian tern bozorgarin sabre iran at sl a 8 asia Le My brother's best end lives in an old house. bebtarin dus « baradaram dar yk Khave-ye qadimi zendeg mi-konad. BS 4 S53 usd GLAS 9 ply “Yald’ (winter solstice) isthe longest night ofthe yea, shabre‘yaldabolandarinshabe sa ast. ced ln a stat ale Other irregularities Occasionally, the adjective and its comparative are different words and again there i a parallel for this in English: good -» better“ best. “The same thing can apply tothe adjetive ch bub good in Persian too faa hub, bebtar, bebtarin oul — Sem gue Although you can use 5345 too but this is less common: hub, Rhubtar, Kbubtarin — Gstagh — sgh © ah ‘Showing the degree of comparison Tio nn in snes ae compared ty he eof om alec Gli cers neue col tsi allows you two es of word pier tsexpts any Perea tere bee ieee lla colder than Shiraz, = “This sentence can be translated in ewo ways in Persian: Si sel Bee shat al ole! fi sce Sat gi gee 8 Y iy Both sentences are perfectly correct and commonly wed. ryou | Took ar them closely the second sentence i perhaps close othe English: Word order as the comparative adjeive, colder, separates the two nouns (cites) at are’ being. compared Jgnoring the verbs shown in parentheses, see how closely the sentences compare: 3 Tehran is) colder than Shire (cut) Shab I age Ses In theese sentence, howeve the preposition jae separates the two noune that are being compared, and the comparative Sdjctive follows the second noun First sentence: cal — 330 — 3heh J OL6 Literally: Tehran than Shira ~ colder i. Inthe case, 3 az than always comes efor the noun or object thatthe staadardor bass of comparison. In the second sentence the word order is closer tothe English, especially if you were to move the verb to the end of the sentence! et abt laa oes ‘Tehran colder than Shira ~ is Here are some more examples: 93 + Fu al ale I EAL ose ‘motorsiklet-e babak as mashine abmad tondiar miravad. Babak’s motorbike goes faster than Ahmad’s car, snl jh gah hie 3) gaa ht _ghaza-ye hen ax ghaza-ye taylanditondear ast. Indian food is hore than Tha fod. (Note: 5 tond means both fast and “spcy-hot.)90 atinoaetonrscens: & al See I Sind he UY SE sgoke ale kheyl qashangta az gore mika ast “Tulips are mach preter than carnations (Note: ua ‘very’ adverb of intensity, can precede a comparative) psy gilage 44 Ld I 3as5 gh ‘ma Kheylizudtar az soma be mebmanirasidim: ‘We arrived atthe party much earlier than you. Sere Lc 205 aban farsi sakb-tar ast ya zabanve‘arabit Is Persian (language) more difficult or Arabi?" See Gk doe he a ‘hasan bishtar pul darad ya bizhan? Has Hasan got more money or Bizhan? (Note the use of jt bishtar as ‘more’) Exercise 1 anslae the following into Persian. “Theis house is nearer to the shops. ‘Maryam’ brother is much taller than my brother ‘The tallest gic in the room is Brazilian. lis house is much bigger than mine, but my garden is bigger 5 They work much harder than you. {6 You speak better Persian than Maria, 7 Tonight is warmer than las night. 8 9 oo Ba “This isthe longest night ofthe year “My bestfriend lives near the park. 10 This film is very long, longer than "Dr Zhivago’ Exercise 2 a ‘Translate the following sentences into English: Ste lh Sa ty Seal Sgptd I eS Spal i cole pale ie el Y iy fale oS ly onl Sie (SE ons 7 i abies stn, HLA TG LE ¢ scl 344 Sane 3! Galle ype! D exercises ‘Take part ina conversation with Amis to practise comparing. ‘return’ is ej, ing” is aL, ‘ike’ as in similar’ is a, and bend i asa footbaling term i 13S gh OF ae 2% You | lefahan or Tehran bigger? Amit Sel S59 Sh 8 I Gal UT cl Ge SL You Yes, London is biager than Taha. But the weather in Tetvan fs warmer amir SSL GLA LY Sel AS 5s AE Se LL, You My house nearer tothe ey conve but sanch's ree isthe nearest to the par Ait Sess Jnl (bases You The House of Sand and Fog’ it vry good, Retun of the King's betor but the best im fs'Bond ko Beaten D exercise + Maryam wants to know your opinion about her new dress ‘Translate the English into Persian and see if you can understand what Maryam is saying? You Maryam, what a lovely cross! Maryam ol pyalys old Sel ease iF led You Is yur sister cier or younger than you? Maryam Sup s6 3h SS Oe I Jor oe pa Sa a81 SI éAUM } asOyuM ~}JeuUM é SI a104M In this unit you wil earn how to + ask questions about imo, pace and actions + tak about possession (mine, ‘your, ete) + Understand diferent functions of question words G Dialogue At the London Film Festival, Maryam meets someone who studies Persian and has been to Ian. She asks him about his ‘tips where he has been, for how long, when and how did he get around: S55 Ob 4 leg Lae SU ob TY Je Snape bale ale se abate pa ale se Sap sS oodles hs Slat aleve pS he Sbal S cladd he thet ol Sho lly Sap olsen gba! Obed ode 4 sau S sie gl de te pS oe gen ule y cases Leelea Lae (eee ot eee “ What year dle you travel to ran? P | went t ran in the year) 2002. " How many months were you ran? P was thee (in ran fortwo and hal months " is you travel within ran? P ‘Yes travelled to mos ofthe large iranian tes. “ For example (io) which cties? P To Vand, Shira, Esfahan, Hamedan, Tabi an, of course, Tera. “ How dia you get around fit, traveled by which me P ravoled mostly by plane, bus and private car. he? what? te, he sai? what yar? guia be 2 as raft id you nd person pL) go os Ira used for forayi aim oom ge wn aoe Interrogative adjectives, adverbs and se dotezie tho year 2002 Jl odo i pronouns ratam wet, as efor yo art aig he Pein quo words ih worth ‘mentioning several geneal points about them. Persian guestion hand? how many? i ‘words sem, onthe whole, fo begin withthe leets ‘KS or ‘ch mth ma “ similarly to the English question words, which often bein % Sich the wit sound. Another importane pont i that while all bua you fend parson pt) wore st English question sentences start off withthe question words, ae at ‘ Such as “where are my glasses "how did you get here? ‘who e ‘eae that man? and ao onthe Persian question word’ place in budem Jas ra 2 Sentence where you expect find te answer. For example eS 1 if you ask “who brought these lower’ then the Persan : 2 innerrogative "who, wil goat the beginning of the question tel isc, witin wa Sve, une ware ang hth oe of he aon {fe we are enguirng about the identity ofthe “subjetof the ey much ve many rs Sentence, which always sis at the beginning of the Persian tmoetfert you nd person pl) raved pS oils Seatnce or immediately afte the adver of tine However ie oe ee, Deere Ereats} Te edTaec oan te corte, ser al be some ae ve “4 nearer the wet, where we expec fo ind adverbs of pace. So the whe : ‘order would be your brother whet is. You wil son get used Uotlowed by an ezte (o see {o che face that unlike English, the Persian incerrogatives do not ‘most of many of havea fixe opening place inthe sentence but ther position shah, shart ety, cies es vor you would expet of th oun, adc or ade Bonorg aye, big, reat Sh Persian interrogatives may be wsed as pronouns i, replacing sstarkardam (reveled ase nouns or subjects such as who} what and "which one a8 at F jetives, when they ae followed by nouns asin "which book’ jn fer sae for stance ‘at country’ how many days" and ‘what kind of. 07 osu? neh? fay ae abr for example whe’, where Why an bate ofcourse s “2 ou The question words in the dialogue a interrogatveadesives, oe wit, by u sch as what yep? l= ag Bow many months Lig, which vases moans, tat, ees cities Lage phi (rare of wand) ways havapeyma aeroplane Lats O Dialogue otobus tus ies Listen otis dialogue between Maryam and Al paying special Beane ag a tention to the positon of question words inthe sentences shake! personal priate waaamas cag owe dy ee 20 M a M a ™ a ™ a ™ a ™ a ™ A Heipt aS tes gle pig Lidge af sas al pets de tS pla Sapte abcd pal soe mast te 9 Sh Sie Se Seseashe pe ol Brew earereay fat Loe Sy fshalasseantan le Sab ose Ube SH IS Ah Se saith SUS Sy GLa 4 wash oe A, where were yu ast ight? Isnt he cinema Wat im id you soe? "sw arma comcy (Sr) Wat was calle? (hat was snare?) Itvas ead Fou Wedangs and a Funct How was I twas very god and funny. Who id you go to cinema wit? i wth whom.. | went wth Farhad. ‘Why dnt you go with your tancte? Because she was very busy (hada lot odo) ‘What time aid you get home? it. returned) Irturned home at 1 o'lock. knane bargasht! ewet yadah bergashtam how’? fury with ughtor wth who, whom? wy? fence your fancée soe you no 0 as ocasse See was buny Ot hac wor) tls IS wren? “as tales ou eu sng) returned eh here means o'ock heurot sebe etoren sl retuned Soe mana am Bn oo 20Th aie sum Gown anor Grouping of question words Interrogative pronouns The following are the main interrogative pronouns: (2) 45 0F 4S (ki) ‘who’, pronoun Spe gS Who was ie? ‘Subhas gS Ul Who are they? (b) 4 oF age “what” as a pronoun (‘what things’) and as adjective ‘which’ (Which book’ or ‘what a nice man’) Sel ep Ge alt What have you brought for me? SiS (4p) oe 93 4 pare What did Maryam tell you? (cei “which on’ pronoen (otitis not ‘whch boot or Si tea ar" mae fa ine ete SES 45 O43! Which one of these wo. books do they want? alga gl Interrogative adverbs ‘The following are some common adverbial question words or intercogative adverbs: ied mae Teo lssaion Weed ama ten ge? Bus raeledatos Greg (0) lig “why ald ue alr oF 4a abr (@ hy ‘how alo Sq bp how many’ (6) sais “how much’, Use of mal JL., ‘property’ to show ownership ‘To express possession in Persian and to distinguish between “this is my book’ and “this book is mine’ you place the noun JL ml, lit. “property” after the possessed and before the possessor. Note that the word JL. i linked by an ezafeto the possessor but is not vocally linked to the possessed: soul be Jle Gs of This house is mine. (lite my property) soulgl Jl Lis oul These hooks are mine. SN SUIT JL gage ee lly cl BUF Su Je glib gaol “Those two chairs belong 0 this room but this wooden chair belongs to that room. Note: You can introduce a question without using any ofthe interrogate words bur instead using the particle WI (294) ‘This is wsually done in written Persian SemmLad Je GUS oo! Ul aya in ket male shomast? Is this book yours? onl LS lly TL aya an palto gerdn ast? Is that coat expensive?” In spoken Pesan, guesions, tht donot, contain an intertogaive word are orally indeed by a rsng Intonation at te end ofthe sentence rather han the use of a Answers to questions Both Ibe cherd and ly bale mean ‘ys’, but the difference terweeh them i that Bale isthe postive answer toa postive (attrmatve) question, For example, ifthe answer 0s your brother here is postive then we must se tly bale as the inka Al total ojaly Ul But ifthe question is negative and the answer is positive then lo cbend ust be used Tayour brother not here? tami st sly Yes, he i here, cule! LyeExercise 1 Translate the following dialogue into English B if Sen Jase ote 55 Weg’ a renee cushions. WS cel cel sl Le ced Go Ila Sine Sons Jl aS oly s le JL IS al psalye JUS g E som Led Ug Sola ned eal, ails lay boa sane fom lay A pReR ea og cea anin, Helse pa sly SeslerlepiG | a D Exercise 2 Give your own answers to the following questions in Persian: ecieee Galea) fey LE JHU pal ula Lah LS Soneg Leb sits sale pl onl (SL Saga Ls GS Lo TBS esl Lay LY Sasi getalu LTA Saulesabe sabe LT 4 Sol sig Wale 16 7 SayI|SIP pue soyl] In this unit you wl lean how to + use the vob ‘to have! past and present) + say some more about yourselt «talk about your tkes and slatesO Dialogue and tall to each other about some kes and di SASS Se he Ges ALES oe pol seb oe ASS pile pel cel Se pal 3 ae ES Set 9 eel Ot pale oem tea ale iu te Se GA pode y al SLI ppg ib anys GLE paths pi peal oth Soe gs SaBS Lk SL cd Slys Ete Sele a GB y ons Seokssalet gale pl phe gulp Se hy IG sald Ge Saat Go UE glo aad gh ome Gl yaad Lal pal pale eal poss Ge cel 8! ‘some pus som 3 80 weal cles pile IS ghd oe Aba 59 oul G8 ple pay lb cogs skp dante ys Oe pul oy Lg oe ones pba Say alSapal Se usgetl sh yoy Ply ps std lS mtg eee sks NS A a9 sD ya Sega comge sya ghde 93 ese sto 9 All Bk ly puts ngs gail lit Oe Ae ashy pols omg ia li SIE ply Ay pols Senge ah Sle hie ta Oe sda ba Go AB hares as Sag tobe tae Spd SASS gle he ee Ge 199 A es G0 9 oh oengs JUS 9 JUD uals Sag lah el lab gs oe pals Listen to Maryam and Dariush tell us more about themselves Dion on age metal ih, 1220-130 entry "have a bother and asstr. My brother is younger and ny sister solder My younger other's name Is Reza My sister's name is Nasi. Thad a white cat in cthldhood and my brotor has a black rab. My sister, "Nazrin, dose not tke animals in the house. My father 8 etist and my mother @ painter We have a nice house in the centre of the cy. My mother an father have many fends and acquaintances. Darush, how ‘many brothers and sisters do you have? "don't have ister and only have a brother My brothers name fs Ares | have very many fends. My house is outside the oly. My bother and have a horse. The name of ou horse is ‘Rash’. am very ‘uy during the week and have no time for ing. had ‘several foreign frend at schoot two French boys, one ‘American ané an Egyptian gt. The Eaypton git, the ‘American boy and myself had bieyele, but the two. French boys ed not have 8 bike. DDarush, do you tke French food? Yes, the French food, but | ke Persian and Lebanese food more, How about You? also very much ike Persian food. However, my sister ies Japanese food. Do you ke mus, tis and sports? "ike jazz, pop and classical musi. My brother kes football and basketball and I really ike tennis. We both realy tke police fms ‘comm pu somvaher beracar uchaktar ozorgtar Nasrin pi knargush siyan nyt ust pie boy's name ts name ‘hiehood write had abt he, she has ny sister anima reuse, home sual fan, here king negative marker doos not have contre oy we have very much oh phaikas hand 18 srt nederam ‘Ardesbit oyil aya Knane-ye man, akneh hate seb dram baray-e vvagt nadécom madres hand 18 enaryt ad ‘scquantance thoy rave (2s question how many? you have don't have ony boy's name very much my house it house of mie) outsTo have ageaie aera ee eee aged a oe eed arn ee ee ee ee te bei aeteenperrtetsay ie pe fee res ers cere ears enc runes cea eee eee aren eae cee roe ar ; Ta tty i es tn ten of a ete ain uke sna cae ee eee te eee lage ee aoe Ee epee emi ate oeeearied rince Present tense of isis ‘to have’ ‘The present stem of gts iss dar. However, the standard present tense formation formal (shown in full im Unie 13) anmot be applied t0 this verb in its entirety. ‘The irregular nature of ‘to have’ in Persian dictates that this verb does not take any prefixes in its present tense forms. ‘Therefore che general formula which is: presen tense = subject, fading presen stem +, -n as tobe moifed fo the verb ‘The modified formula is: present tense of endings + 1 dar “The six forms of the present indicative of ‘to have’ are: Js = subject ule dara have esl drm we have sls dari you (pl) have Sols daand they have sols dar you have jl dard he, she, i has “The negative present tenses of ‘to have’ are ‘Singlar Pharal Teese (Oe eee 2 qgulab nadari you do not havel ay,lai nadarid you (pl) do ae $ iB otal ha dot anid ty doo ot have have Exercise 1 ‘Translate into Persian: 1. Maryam and Amir have a very nice, small hous. 2. don't like Japanese food, bu ike Lebanese food. 3 They have alot of work tomorrow. 4 Do you have any friends in Paris? 5 My brother's wife has si uncles (maternal) Exercise 2 “Translate into English: pale SLiLe Rg lays S353 GLEaAS 59 SS LE Ss eh SS hs STi gly GA GLb Gy G4 oat Selina 9) ANS Gl el Pag SSS Se 9 SS ELBA ET Ss Se SES ese Set elon outer oe Shays IS ol Wb ees wl Past tense of jistls For the simple past we follow the standard formula that helps us form all past tense verbs: past tense = subject ending + past ‘Subject endings are che same asthe endings ofall Persian verbs thet eel you who he docr of the ve) i, There compulsory and without them the verb will be incomplete ‘They tell us exactly who the subject of any action is and therefore, unlike English, we do not need to use a subject oe om oesom pur som pronoun in a Persian sentence. The subject pronouns were Giscussed in deeal earlier in the book but the following table ists the verb endings for use inthis u Singular Plaral 1st Lp am ‘we pein And you yg + you seid 3a she 5 no sfc for past temses | they and “s'-ad is never used with the past tense verbs: this means that the thied person singulae of Persian past tense verbs does not have an attached subject marker or sufix. ‘The pase stem of, which leaves us Luis formed by dropping the ¢-~am ending a daeht. ‘The sx forms of to have’ inthe simple past can be seen inthe following table Singular Plural 1 ila dashtam tha (pl dashtim we had 2 pil dasht you had sasbls dashtid you (ph) ha 3) cable dasht he she ichad | siSbls dashtand they had ‘The six negative forms are shown in th following table. ‘Singular Plural 1 pals madashtam tid | pls nadashti we did oc have athave 2 bls nadashti you did | 41 nadashtid you igh) not have id not have 3 cbhbnadashe he she, ie | siblsi nadasbrand they id not have id not have [Remember that there is no subject suffix (or ending) for the thied person singular in any of the past tense verbs. Exercise 3 ‘Translate the following sentences into Persian: ‘We had two car i Iran. She had a horse, swo cats, chickens and rabbits in her house in Turkey. “They had several frends in Tehran. How mach money did you have yesterday? 1 did noe have a television but had an old radio, Exercise 4 Fil the gaps with an appropriate past cense form of the verb to| have or the correct subject pronoun: 3 semis pur sox eatin ngs aie abil oe Y tea Waly cays pha ee cle— 1 Shee eee + Shor wsdl Scbiwel fF t gas dog side Ll © ‘Advanced use of present and past forms of fo have" In more advanced use of language, the verb to have’ in och resend pst fer, a ned aay vod Expresing the sene of progression of an action, i. that an Scion i taking place right now or wil take place imminently, or that it was taking. place when it was superseded of Interrupted by another action. In the present tense For example, someone is telling you to “Hurry up and gee going’. The response might be: il es pls Lam comingt (Or someone asks, ‘What is Ali doing just now?" The reply: “pa ga 1 se Allis reading his book ight now)enue paw com 3 Inthe past tonso "What were you doing when I ale ast night? p28 eo Ls 25 $5 SA A Be gt 98 3 ps Twas abou to leave when the phone rag. li, leaving though the dor) ageaslpSbla Twas watching television. The indefinite: ‘a’ or ‘one’ added to nouns, ‘some’ ‘The status of a noun in Pecsian it not exactly the same as itis iE and of ingot ne onespond exacly 10 what we understand by these terms a Engi “The Persian noun appears instead in two ways, the ‘absolute and the nowapeciie. What do we mean by thee terme? The oun in ts absolute state is a noun with no attachments m0 lfc or any other ‘bits joined ont Te the word ae found ja ditionary. Such noun ean indicate both a very speci Singular word andthe generic In English, the generic whichis she ena e rnehing ow ing, ered by the plural For exarnpls, JS gol ower means both "She lower, about which we know something already, and “lower in general a nT ike to have flowers inthe house” How do you render the sense ofa house’ ‘a book’ ofa car’ in Persian, that is, how do you form the non-specific also known as the indefinite in Persian? Broadly speaking, & noun becomes indefinite, of non-specific in Persian through the addition of the suffix (or attachment) cs to its pure form as found in a dictionary. indent This i, of course, not at all dissimilar to che way in which a non-specific English noun is formed, except the ‘a's not fixed ‘onto the English words the gis joined onto the Persian word i possible: ‘a book’ simply means any old book, as in I found a ook on the shelf not a paticlan specific hook: eat boy ook a oun The indefinite is expense in three ways in Persian: 1 by adding an othe end ofthe noun as just demonstrated 2 by puting the word ‘one, x yek, before the definite 43. by sing both <4 and (the most common spoken form) Look at these examples: book ketab il = « + hook) Ws one book yekketab l38 = VS + (one) a book yok Rett AS Sa = gS + Sy Ik ewo or more nouns ae joined bythe o-ordinat va and reall non-pecie Gadefnite), the indefinite maker yg +i ‘added to the final one only, the group being regarded as a whole: (bro) eigen gy pen ln ys “The ig is only added to the last word in the group, whichis 5tSagh Modkar bio. Writing rules ‘That’ all there is to the formation of non-specific words in Persian! Before we move oa, hoveever, we must look at how to add an go the end ofa word that already ends with a vowel ‘words such as Ui aga ‘gentleman's y bu ‘smell; iu sini ‘way’; and la khane house’ IE the noun ends with a final, shore vowel or the ‘silent’ he, the indefinite «g is spelt with an alef + Le. (gl, that is still pronounced as # house Roane gl Gls = 5 (I) + Gl Care must be taken to distinguish berween the final, silent he, ‘which is simply an indicator of the presence ofa final shore ¢ vowel, and the real letter he, which is a true consonant and therefore the indefinite article g can join onto it directly: some poe comcome pus oom those hanes gh ska a child Bachesil pe (piece of uit mies lagna As opposed to words that end in che leer Js mountain ub asS {4 moon mb gale 4 path o oad rahi al, Similarly, if word ends inthe long vowel is fe, lite sen oF a phe ei wl a cha sandal han = agg () + chair sandal lan Other vowel endings " f the word ends in ether an 2 such asf aga “gentleman or 1.38 ye mu hae, the g ofthe indefinite marker is simply ‘oubied & compensate for two vowels coming together: a gentleman agai a = (a, one) y¢+ gentleman aga Ul athair mci saga = ila, one) a+ hair mu ya ‘An alternative to doubling the «s of the indefinite marker is inserting a hamze over a bearer (3) berween the final long, vowels 1a-and w and the indefinite arile a foot pai aly oF ule ah ml gage OF ine ye Writing rules at a glance Example | Indefnte | Example | Vowel ending ‘ing ‘oor ere wh | el hie 6 (oe Kol a be fori peg oe e * ’ aul if ui 1 “The indefinite marker zs ean accompany a plural as wel as a singular word and the plural, non-specific noun will be translated a some instead of ‘ot ‘one’ some books ketabhiri yalyahsS some cities shabrhi gaye If the most common form of Persian plural ie. La ba, is used ‘then the plural ofall nouns formed inthis way wil inevitably fend with the long vowel |2-and the indefinite of all plurals made this way wil always be ala OF ila , that isthe ye wil be doubled. For example: some books ui plas orgs some girls alates soe floes poor Vases dlls oral gile Exercise 5 Form the indefinite of the following: 2 sets on a er ok aS wa Cag aAShya 4 ayo Ama od ob a ~ i. ou ey 6 Ercas@ THE He lingo Pi sm she nome bor Peer some cities some fruits a child ‘some pu com SEyun edueJejou Jewuwei6 “Time for another pause fo log at some more grammatial ‘terminology before we start on learning proper verbs and al he differen vnses tha we need. Verbs: Verbs are words or phrases that express what someone oF something is doing or feeling, oF the state somebody or fomething is in or is becoming, In many Indo-European languages, verbs can be grouped together according to the way they behave or conjugate. In some languages, and English is an example, verb conjugation is very simple. For example, the verb ‘to cost possesses only three forms: ‘cost, costs" and ‘costing. (Similac the verb “to cut.) Persian verbs are not a simple ro conjugate as English verbs but ‘compaced to German or French, for example, they are sill alot taser to learn. Persian has developed a very logical, system for verb conjugation. There are very simple formulas thatthe learner ‘can quickly grasp in order to arrive at the correct form of verbs for any sentence. However, ike most other languages, Persian verbs are either regular or iregular. The icreguarity of a Persian ver affect it only in the present tenses (as in travel’ “you are going’ or ‘they want o sll). Otherwise the formulas for conjugation of verbs are very straightforward. Before we start on the verbs itis important to get used to certain terminology Tn many languages a verb consists of che following pars Infinitive This is the form by which he verb is usually listed in dictionaries oe referred to In English there is only one pattern for infnitives, Ie i always “to read’, ‘to speak’, ‘to dance’. In Persian, as we shall see very soon, infinives fall into three distinct patterns. Root This isthe most basic form of che verb to which other prefixes cor suffixes are added to form other parts. "Do" isthe root of ‘to 60 encom mee Bdo’ and ‘ing’ ores" can be alded to create other forms ofthe same verb “The Persian verb has two roots or stems asi is also sometimes called. [find it easier to think ofthe infinitive ofthe verb as an fgg with the egg white and the exg yolk as its two roots oF ‘tems. Each ean be separated from the whole and, by adding Giferent ingredients tothe roots, other forms ofthe verb can be ide, in exactly the same way that mayonnaise or meringues an be made, starting with the base material of either an egg yolk or an egg white o ; i ? i 4 60 Mood This is, if yu lke, how a verb expresses itself to tell us whether itis indicative, subjunctive, conditional or imperative (as fiving commands). For a culinary equivalent think of mi hocolate, plain ‘chocolate, white chocolate and. cooking chocolate as diferent moods of the same verb Indicative mood states a real action such asl arrived yesterday’ fo Tam writing a ete’ Subjunctive is the mood for expression of the desired, the anticipated, the feared, the possible, obligatory, doubelul implied or conditional action, e.g "| hape to go to Iran in the summer, ‘He may find a cheaper ticker or “They don’t want (0 leave London, but he has to find a new job! 1u1e9| In other words, in opposition to the indicative, which i the ‘mood of real action, the subjunctive is used in situations where the realization of the action isnot considered as certain 6u 4e Tense ‘This isthe form ofthe verb indicating the time of the action, as in pastor present or future ete: T went to Canada last summer “They are sitting in the eae’, ‘We will bein Europe next July’ é noA a In this unit you wil learn how to + use simple vos + form the simple past tense 1 use dtferont vrbe for ‘situations Inthe past@ Dialogue Listen tothe informal chitchat between two people finding out about what the other does. Listen closely tothe verbs appearing, atthe end ofeach sentence: as aS Ll La spine sails Ge de Sales eo hs obo asl eal Salyers pay LS, plo es OLS pe Sask Ald og Le BUA ue Gals oe sas, $ ole gl 4S Lab ABS ob pa Sb Sansgs Sled 3 JL sig. pagel ls Sas ob GS 2 Ob 4 Saag Jl ka SHS US. Pi Sa lashes, Sanape gable SS ote eas 19S 2 NS psd pate at SaaS yo JIS LAS p28 g2 IS Lela olde 5 Sear sabe cLe wl SLE ay es Sebel Ly yr cyt Gl bee eh pk peal SE yc Eg eee Do you go to university hore? Yes, lama student Wat do you study ray? I study languages ‘What language do you study? | study Persian. What do you read/study? study languages to. ‘wnat language do you study? | study French \whore cid you learn Persian? learnt Persian in Taran How many years weee you in Teran? | was there fr tree years. ‘won cil you goto Tetra? | went to Tehran seven years ago. ‘Whon oi you rete? |-came back four years ago. ‘What eid you doin Taba’? Were you (a student? "No, | was not () student. I was working. Where ei you work? | worked nthe Spanish Embassy How was Tebran? “Tebran was very good (ice), but Esahan was better Teva fs vry busy and snot as beaut as Esfahan. daneshgah university miravid you go daneshju student hastam Lam cho? what? rmikhanid you read aban language bin language rmikhnam I read ham ‘also fertnce Frenchone nok se koja? ‘Vid gerefts Yd gerettam ‘che mikaraia? nakheyr abudar kar ‘ear nikardam er mikaraid ‘etarat cespania chator? chetor bud? roy Khu where? you leat Heart ‘how many? you were Iwas when? ‘you went years) ago went you returned retuned nat what cd you do? polite no Iwas not work, job worked ‘you worked embassy Spain how was it? very good sus sb Sol BS pee Bs aS ls ey Lilet ashe Sesashe ok The infinitive All Persian verbs are derived from the infinitive root. In Persian ‘ictionaris the verbs ae listed in their infinitive form. All Persian infinitives end in 3a (as all German infinitives end in-en,e. spelen). For example (235 raftan to go ‘G5 amadan to come Gish Rharidan to buy ads neshastan to sit Gun bordan to win 335 paridan to jump 5 abi ok i ean to yang davidan to run If you look more closely, howeves, you will ste that Per infinitive actually have thre distin endings which are: stan, jo -dam and gy -idan. Verb formation ‘Simple past ‘Stage | By far the easiest Persian verbs to form are the past tense verbs, that is verbs refering o actions that happened in the past. The main component that will enable ws to form our past tense verbs {she past stem. The past stem, also known as the short infinitive, is made by simply dropping the ca ending ofthe infinitive.Denman nnen 8 For example, the past stem (or short infinitive) ofthe preceding examples, ater dropping the ¢-an, willbe Infinitive Past stem (short infinitive) oft nesbast pokhe mad a wal ad say Bharid ran perid ek oof Look closely at these short infnitives. Can you work out thee ‘common features? Look even closer. What are the endings of ‘the pas stems given here as examples inthe righthand coluran? Te should be fairly obvious chat all Persian past stems end in either © tor sd, ‘The past stem in Persian has another special feature. It is identical to the third person singular past ense of that vetb, i. the same as an action done by the doer in the simple past. So jus by using the past stem on js own you can convey a very simple, bu perfectly accurate, idea in Persian, such as "Maryam ‘went’ “he jumped’, ‘Darius said” and ‘she arrived’. Bearing in ‘mind that, n Persian word order, the verb always comes atthe tend of the sentence, and that there is no gender he’ or ‘she is always ) these four shore sentences can be translated as Maryam went. 2) pare He jumped. ans! Darius said. 2S Sats She arvived. ai! How about using the following combinations as subjects (that is the agents or doers) ofthe verb to form your own sentences using those same verbs: my mothe’ “his younger brothee’, ‘our guest and, ‘her Iranian friend’? These are all thicd_ person, Singular subjects. Your sentences should look like these: [My mother went. 8) pole His younger brother jumped. .se3e SSeS aL lS gla Our guest said. Her Iranian fiend arrived. [As you can see, even before learning to form the Persian verbs in fll you can easily create shore sentences, Let's move on to Stage I Stage Il [Apart from the past stem, whichis the main component of past tense verbs, we need another ingredient before we construct a Persian verb referring to an ation done inthe past. Tis crucial ingredient isthe subyece verb ending, which is an essential pare of the Persian verb, The English verb, on its oven, doesnot tell, tos who the agent is, We say: "T went, ‘you went’ ‘we went’, “they went, ‘she went’ and so on, It is therefore crucial that 2 proper natie or a pronoun or noun is used in the English Eentence to indicate who the doer of the action is. In Persian Ihowever, the doer ofthe verl must be clearly represented inthe structure ofthe verb, which means a suffix is attached asa verb ‘ending, This will show us who the subjects. “The good news is that you will only have to learn these endings ‘once: Incidentally, once we reach the unit on present tense verbs ‘you will sce that, with one small exception, the same endings ce used for present tenses too. ‘The following table shows you the subject of the verb in the endings or suffixes in Persian and demonstrates to which pronoun or person they correspond: st Ip om and you yg Sede mo sue Conjugation, or verb formation, in Persian is so regular thatyou can actually use a simple formula to construc almost all the verbs of your choice. ‘The formula for simple past tense in Persian is: simple past = past tem + personal endings. Let us star with one ofthe simplest examples and work our way through. How would you say “I went’ in Persian? ‘To begin with, lec us find what the infinitive of the verb to go" is in Persian. The vocabulary at the back of the book or any ‘good dictionary should tll you that ‘to goin Persian is: ity raftan, Remember, though, that in the dictionary you look up ‘go’ and noe to go". ‘Can you extract che past stem from the infinitive 3335? All you hhave to do is drop the from the ending: 34) + = raft Next, look for the verb ending that corresponds to ‘T, which the table should give you as: » ~am. Now put these ingredients in our simple past formula: ‘went’ = ¢ + iy = glk raftam. How about ‘you went"? Again as inthe above example, find the corresponding subject ending for ‘you’ singular which iss -h therefore: ‘you Went = gg +3) = ky raf. [Now try ‘she went” in Persian. What isthe subject ending for third person singular that corresponds to “he” or ‘she’? The ‘able will show you that there is no ending forthe third person singular subject. So our formula will look like chs: she went” = Reminder: The tid person singular of any Persian verb refering tothe simple pastis exact the same asthe past stom ofthat vero, Note: As Persian verbs alvays contain an ending which tos us| who the subjct Is, there Is rarely ary need to use a subject Pronoun in the sentence. For example, to tanslate the sentence ‘we arrived, is enough to say pail dmacim, and it's not nacessary t0 transite th ‘wo! as Wel since the ending es im, siready indicates who i the agent of he vor to aria. However ‘Subject pronouns are used for extra emphasia, for example, we ‘want to stress the fact that it was we whe arrived and not another roup then he sentence can be tansated as assi Le ma aman, Exercise 1 ‘Complete the following sentences using the appropriate subject vee endings. i ye BLL 1 ene apd Al ilSate Ss jae Seal gal St sp Lae 58 be ates 2p GUUS 1 SL 9 pe WSL GLa 5s ats Go Ja she ASS pale y Ge maton baat So seep bt A Gnas sie LEN D exercise 2 ‘Translate the following sentences into Per 1 She came to ou house las night. 2 Tas in Shiraz for three years. 3) Wearrived in London two 4 days ago. Maryam and Ali saw a very ‘good film on Saturday. 5 Did you (sing) buy anything in the market this morning? rk Tehan coun nok eum ObAyyoinb y 306 noA pip moy é OS 919 Inthe unit you wil earn how to + doseribe how things happened oF were done + describe where things hhapponed or were done + doserbo In what manner ‘tings happened or wore done Adverbs ‘What are adverbs? Adverbs are words that affect the meaning ‘of a vet, an adjective of another adverb and are mainly used ‘to nuance the action of verbs, for example, in the sentences ‘she ran quickly" of ‘you spoke beautifully’, the words ‘quickly’ and "eautiflly’ are adverbs, giving more information about the verbs ‘ran’ and ‘spoke’ respectively An adverb can also affect an adjective asin: ‘saw a very pretty bird’. Here the adverb ‘very’ intensifies the meaning of the adjective ‘prety’ And finally, an adverb can add more emphasis to another adverb, asin ‘he walks very quickly’. Here 'very" emphasizes the sense of “uickly self an adverb describing the state of the verb “walk Before we lok at some examples of common Persian adverbs I rust remind you that in Persian, adverbs and adjectives often Took the same. For example the word ‘pretty' can mean both “Beautiful” or ‘beautifully’ depending on what part of the sentence it is used to describe sey Lab 85 LAL Your beautiful lrterarsved, asa qe Shs Lat You write heaurifully In the fist sentence, the word 23 qashang means ‘pretty and js an adjective for ‘letter’, bur, in the second sentence,

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